Based on their composition, cardinal numbers are divided into simple, complex and composite. Simple numerals are words with a simple base - unmotivated and suffixed: two, five, ten, fourty, one hundred, How many, so many, fifteen, thirty; Complex numerals are words with a complex base: sixty, eight hundred(for details see § 1032, 1034). Compound numerals consist of several words (two or more), each of which is itself a simple or complex numeral: twenty five, eight hundred thirty eight. A compound numeral may include a noun with the meaning of number; For example: thousand nine hundred seventy six; (one) million five thousand one hundred ninety five. When denoting very large numbers or quantities ( billion, thousands billions) are used noun. billion(billion) trillion(a number equal to a thousand billion) quadrillion(conventional name for a number represented by a unit followed by fifteen or twenty zeros), which appear in different combinations with numerals or other nouns: one trillionfive billions eight millions one hundred thousand two hundred eighty one.

DECLINATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS

Numerals two, three, four form case forms according to the model of the mixed declension of adjectives (see § 1315). The system of their inflections in cosm. pad. is a slightly modified system of inflections of case forms of mixed cl. plural adjectives h. Number two, three, four have the following phonemic composition of inflections:

Paradigms
	dv-A	dv-e	tr-And	four-e
	dv-wow		tr-eh	four-eh
	dv-mind		tr-eat	four-eat
	like them. or gen. P.		like them. or gen. P.
	dv-skillfully		tr-name	four-me
	O dv-wow		O tr-eh	O four-eh

Numerals from five before ten and all numerals in - twenty And - ten form case forms in the third cl. nouns (see § 1187). A distinctive feature of the declension of numerals is - ten is the so-called double declension, i.e., the declination of both components: fifty, fifty, fifty. Numerals in - ten form case forms from variant stems: forms named after. and wine n. have a base on a hard consonant, and the forms of other indirect ones. pad. - for a soft consonant: fifty, But fifty.

Paradigms
	five	fifteen	fifty
	heels-And	fifteen-And	fifty-And
	heels-And	fifteen-And	fifty-And
	five	fifteen	fifty
	heels-Yu	fifteen-Yu	fifty-Yu
	O heels-And	O fifteen-And	O fifty-And

Compound numerals change according to cases. When forming case forms, it is normal to change the cases of each word included in the compound numeral.

	thousand	two hundred	eighty seven
	thousands	two hundred	eighty seven
	thousand	two hundred	eighty seven
	thousand	two hundred	eighty seven
	thousand(thousand)	two hundred	eight ten seven
	O thousand	O two hundred	O eighty seven

DECLINATION OF COLLECTIVE AND INDEFINITE NUMERALS

Collective numbers. both, two, three, four etc., as well as indefinite numbers a lot of, A little, How many, How many-someday, How many-That, some, so many,so many-That form cosm forms. pad. according to the adjective type of declension of adjectives. Collective numerals have case forms with a system of plural inflections. h. Numerals two, three, four have in them. n. inflection | 1 | (spelling - O And - e), and in the rest case forms inflections identical to inflections of the adjective declension of adjectives in its varieties hard (collective numbers with a stem on a hard consonant) or soft (collective numbers with a stem on |j|)

Number both, both forms case forms from different bases: in indirect forms. pad. husband. and Wednesday R. – basis |obj|-, in indirect forms. pad. wives R. – basis |about"ej|-.

Sometimes it happens that a very simple question can confuse a person. So, to the usual question: what is a numeral, you can hear in response the words five, two, pair, or three, dozen, ten, etc. This is all interesting, although in fact these words are not numerals, since they have gender, can change according to cases and numbers, and they also cannot be written in numbers. It follows that the above words are nouns.

In linguistics, the question of which part of speech the words billion, trillion, billion, million and thousand should be attributed to is also ambiguously resolved. After all, they have both the signs of numerals and the signs of nouns.

What is a numeral name

In Russian, a numeral is a independent part speech denoting the number of objects, their quantity and order. The questions of a numeral name are: which? How many?

Form nominative case appears as the initial form of a numeral.

Taking into account the expressed value and grammatical features Numeral names are divided into two categories:

1. Cardinal numbers (six, forty, thirty-eight).
2. Ordinal numbers (seventh, thirteenth, twenty-fifth).

Cardinal numbers

Quantitative qualitative numerals are divided into three grammatical categories:

1. Numerals expressing whole numbers.
2. Numerals expressing fractional numbers.
3. Collective numbers.

The cardinal numbers include:

1. Definite cardinal numbers (denote specific number: three hundred, five, one and a half hundred).
2. Indefinite quantitative numerals (denote an indefinite number of units: many, few, few, many).
3. Pronominal numerals: as many, as, several, as many, as many.

From the point of view of word formation features, the following are distinguished:

1. Simple numeral. Examples: seven, two, twelve.
2. Complex number. Example: seventy, fiftieth.
3. Compound numeral. Example: one hundred twelve, two hundred fifty-one, two sevenths.

Fractional numbers

Being a type of cardinal numbers, fractional numbers are necessary to indicate a fractional number. For example: five second trains, two thirds of the way.

If we consider a fractional number constructively, we can determine that in its structure the first part (numerator) is a cardinal number (five, two), while the second part (denominator) is a form genitive case ordinal numbers (for example: second, tenth, sixth).

Fractional numbers can also be denoted by mixed number. Example: five point two thirds, six point seven two.

It is necessary to decline a fractional number depending on its structure.

APRIL FIRST

Bird chirping.
The ticking of a drop.
The morning rises early
First of April.
On this smiling day
Living without jokes is bad.
If you are touchy,
Hot-tempered, forgetful,
Gloomy, quarrelsome,
Beware of the catch!

Valentin Berestov

I'M GOING TO CLASS

CM. VOVK,
Balkhash-9,
Kazakhstan

Five lessons on the topic “Numerals”

6th grade

Numeral as part of speech

First lesson

1. Introduction to the textbook material.

2. Reading survey:

What questions do numerals answer?

Give examples of cardinal numbers.

Give examples of ordinal numbers.

Why are numerals classified as nominal parts of speech?

What parts of a sentence can numerals be?

3. The teacher’s story about the origin of numerals.

At first, people used only these words to count: one two Three And a lot of. Doesn't this system of seeing the world and yourself in this world remind you of the words of another part of speech? Yes, this counting system reminds us of pronouns: I (one, first, one), you (second, other, not me), he (third) And we (a lot). Probably something like this close relationship a person’s attitude towards himself is also explained by the fact that in Russian the numeral one has all three types: one, one, one- and even plural: alone. Compare: two has only two forms - two And two, and the remaining numerals have only one form.

When the need arose for a more accurate count (for example, of domestic animals), they began to count in tens. Ten became the main word: the numbers from 11 to 19 were formed like this: one in ten is eleven, two in ten is twelve(write down both words). Form the remaining numerals orally.

Let's move on. Two tens is twenty, three tens is thirty(write it down). Four tens- ... Yes, according to the laws of logic, the word should have been fourty or fourty. But there is no such numeral in the Russian language, but there is a word fourty. Where did it come from? IN Ancient Rus' this word was used to describe a bag that contained exactly four dozen squirrel or sable skins - a set for one fur coat. Soon the bag disappeared, and in a word fourty they began to name any objects in the amount of four dozen.

From five tens formed fifty(write it down, underline the soft sign). From six tens– ... (and so on until 80, write down all the words, b underline, highlight the roots). And here again there is a violation of the pattern. Instead of ninety we have ninety.

Let's decline this numeral:

i.p. (How many?) ninety,
r.p. (how many?) ninety,
d.p. (how many?) ninety,
v.p. (How many?) ninety,
etc. (how many) ninety,
p.p. (about how many?) about ninety.

Now try to decline the numeral yourself one hundred. Draw conclusions. There was no word in Rus' thousand, but there was another word - dark. Now it remains only in phraseological units. Can you remember them? (There are tons of people, tons of people.)

At the word million interesting story. They say that when the world famous traveler Marco Polo saw the countless riches of China, he expressed his surprise: “A million!” Literally, if you translate all Italian morphemes into Russian, you will get thousands. Laughter is laughter, and the world thus received a new numeral, which means a thousand thousand.

Billion also called billion. Bi – in Latin “two”. What words do you know with this meaning? (Binoculars, binary, bisector, binomial.)

Try writing down the numbers:

Do they remind you of other words?

And the word itself number borrowed. Word sifr means "zero" in Arabic. Name the spelling in the word number.

4. Vocabulary dictation with mutual checking (after recording, students check each other’s dictation, since they are well familiar with the spelling).

Dial, action, compass, circus, gypsy, foxes, pale-faced, demonstration, operation, cylinder, cyclamen, chick, scurvy, mat, chickens, tits, gypsy, acacia, knitting needles.

Tasks

1) Determine which part of speech these words belong to.

2) Make up five phrases “numeral + noun” with any words from this dictation.

5. Before you are the words: threesome, triple, arrange, threesome, threesome.

Do you think there are numerals among them? That's right, no. Read the textbook material on page 124 and complete the exercise. 320.

6. Syntactic five-minute.

Let's write down the sentences on the board and analyze them syntactically.

7. Writing from memory.

Read the sentence written on the board and write it down from memory.

IN " Explanatory dictionary alive Great Russian language" IN AND. Dalya from above two hundred thousand words

1) Find compound adjective, explain its spelling ( great O RU ss To Wow) .

2) Find words with unstressed vowels, select test ones for them (sensible - sense, dictionary - word, alive - alive).

8. Tricky question. Behind distant lands– how much is this?

9. Conclusions at the end of the lesson.

10. Homework .

1) Find and write down 10 proverbs and sayings with numerals.

2) Write the longest numeral.

(From homework Elvira's Luts. According to the student, the longest numeral can be a number of 47 words.)

Eight hundred twenty-four decillion nine hundred seventy-three nonillion one hundred fifty-four octillion three hundred seventy-five septillion five hundred ninety-eight sextillion seven hundred forty-eight quintillion two hundred sixty-one quadrillion nine hundred thirty-one trillion seven hundred seventy-seven billion five hundred fifty-five million two hundred ninety-four thousand one hundred eighty-four.

Proverbs written out by children.

1. Seven do not wait for one.
2. Measure seven times, cut once.
3. Alone in the field is not a warrior.
4. Don’t have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.
5. Seven nannies have a child without an eye.
6. Seven troubles - one answer.
7. For one beaten, they give two unbeaten.
8. One wolf chases the sheep of the regiment.
9. One goose will not trample the grass.
10. Two people fight – the third one doesn’t interfere.
11. Two boots - a pair.
12. Two to one is an army.
13. Two are plowing, and seven are waving their hands.
14. Two bald men are fighting over a comb.
15. He had three wives and suffered from them all.
16. Forgive three times, and the fourth is sick.
17. Three money a day – wherever you want, go there for the day.
18. The fifth wheel in the cart is superfluous.

Kudelin Igor

Simple and compound numbers

Second lesson

Proverbs are tested orally by 2–3 students, additional task- the longest numeral - is written down as a dictionary dictation: the student who came up with this numeral writes on the board, and the class writes in workbooks (usually such a numeral begins with a billion).

2. Watch new material.

Look at the numerals that are found in proverbs, and at the numeral that we have just written. Are there any differences? Let's formulate a rule. Numerals consisting of one word are simple, those of two or more are compound. Let's test ourselves using the textbook. Open paragraph 57. Now let's think about one more question. Are ordinal numbers prime and composite? Give examples. Now let's get it out general rule and write it down.

3. Basic summary in a theory notebook.

4. Compose examples.

Two students go to the blackboard. One makes up examples with simple numbers, the other - only with compound ones.

One hundred divided by five b ten equals two. If you multiply four by five, you get twenty. From one NN ten subtract seven equals four. Mi LL yard divided by mi LL ion - there will be a thousand. DC ABOUT live a hundred and a pole b sot - get seven b cell

Twenty-two plus eighty-three equals one hundred and one. One thousand fifty-four minus sixty-four is nine hundred and ninety. Twelve multiplied by eleven - we get one hundred and thirty-two. Two thousand six hundred twenty three divided by sixty one equals forty three.

5. Selective dictation.

Listen to the sentences. Write simple numbers in one column and compound numbers in the other..

Two hundred and fifty years is necessary for the formation of oil.

Fourty Percent of the territory of the Netherlands, the inhabitants of this country conquered from the sea with the help of dams.

A giant rassamal tree rises above the ground at fifty–sixty meters and has a crown diameter twenty thirty meters.

If you write down everything we say throughout our lives, you will get exactly thousand volumes of four hundred pages in each.

In our Galaxy, which is called Milky Way, there are one hundred billion stars

Life on Earth began three billion eight hundred years ago.

two hundred twenty-five million years ago, dinosaurs were the masters of our planet.

6. Self-test(check with the note on the board made in advance).

7. Consolidation exercise(from the textbook).

8. Game “Make a sentence”.

Open your textbook on page twenty, find given name noun.
On page fifty-five, take the verb in the past tense, in singular, in the masculine gender (in boxes).
On page fifty-nine you will find a noun in a box - write it down with the corresponding verb.
On page one hundred and seventy-two there are two nouns in a box. Form them compound noun and enter it into a sentence.

What proposal did you come up with?
(Vyacheslav arrived at the painters-plasterers competition.)

What can you say about the numerals that were used in the game?
(They are ordinal and compound, with the exception of the first numeral - it is simple.)

Come up with a similar task for your desk buddy. And in the next lesson you can play with it. (Working out spelling standards pronunciation of numerals.)

9. Lesson summary.

10. Homework. "Journey to the Future." Imagine being transported 10–20 years into the future. Describe to us any product from the future (car, robot, watch, space rocket or something more fantastic). Write his passport using 10 compound numerals.

Spelling of soft sign in numerals

Third lesson

1. Checking homework. Exhibition of homework. (It hangs for several days so that you have the opportunity to get acquainted with all the works. Then you can award a prize for the most original idea or the most fantastic product of the future.)

2. Material for observation.

Have you noticed that in some numerals the soft sign is written in the middle of the word, in others - at the end. Can you explain this pattern? (See lesson #1.)
What does the textbook tell us about this? Let's turn to him.

3. Recording from memory.

For numerals
Soft sign one:
Either he's in the end is worth,
Or in the middle.

4. Material for discussion. Why then in the numeral fifty two soft signs?

5. Precautionary dictation.

The dictation words with missing spellings are written down on the board in advance (the same words can be written on whatman paper or a code card). All cases of spelling words with a soft sign are analyzed, and the spelling is written in with colored chalk in place of the gaps (on whatman paper and a code card - with a marker). Then what has been written is covered and students write from dictation..

Nurses, roofer, seventy, less, branches, five hundred and fifty-five, clove, herring, seventy, threshing, January, sixteen, take, October, fifteenth, earring, thinner, eighty-six, glazier, stove maker, eight hundred and eighty-eighth, cup, birdhouse .

Self-test.

6. Consolidation exercise(Ex. 325).

7. Creative dictation.

Now I will read to you an excerpt from an ancient geographical book written by a wonderful teacher, geographer and traveler Sergei Mech. This is a story about the sensations experienced at the sight of the aurora. You will write this text in the 3rd person. Write down all numerals only in words. It's clear? Let's get started.

Night was falling. The thermometer showed 38 degrees below zero. From severe frost our beards have become like tangled wires, and our eyelashes have become like icy fringe. In order not to freeze our feet, we ran near the dog sleds for about fifty minutes. At nineteen fifteen minutes we stopped for the night...
The cold prevented me from falling asleep, and I began to look at the sky. Suddenly, like a huge rainbow, an arc of the most brilliant colors in the world flashed. Every now and then thousands of red and yellow rays flew up from it. I woke up my comrades, and we began to admire the extraordinary sight. Fifteen minutes later, red fire filled the entire sky. After ten or eleven seconds the purple changed orange, and after another twenty seconds the sky turned pale green. Then two arcs appeared, which lasted in the sky for about fifteen seconds, and then broke up into a million vertical stripes. Half an hour later, this splendor disappeared, and the snowy desert again turned into gloomy and impenetrable.

Underline the spellings in the numerals.
Indicate verb prefixes.

8. Game “Guess the numeral.”

It has two roots: the first is like a noun nickel, the second – as in a noun ten.

(This numeral is fifty.)

Come up with your own word - and you can play at the next lesson with your neighbor at your desk.

9. Lesson summary.

10. Homework. § 58, ex. 328.

Quantities of cardinal numbers

Lesson four

1. Frontal survey on the topic studied.

2. Control vocabulary dictation on the topic of the previous lesson.

Six hundred masons, babysitting four children, eight hundred less than a million, roofer's assistant, eighth buoyant, shifter's request, looking for a letter, seventeen athletes, put herring on a plate, December eleventh, January frost, day three, casually.

3. Textbook material(p. 127). Basic summary.

4. Intellectual warm-up.

Replace these words with others: a dozen, damn dozen, one and a half, one and a half hundred, three (kitten), four (boy).

What words did you come up with?

Twelve, thirteen, one hundred and fifty– numerals denoting whole numbers.

One point five– fractional number.

Three, four– collective numbers.

5. Consolidation exercise(Ex. 329).

6. Selective dictation.

Exercise. Write cardinal numbers in three columns.

In the harsh Arctic expanses lies the snow-covered Wrangel Island, unknown to science until early XIX century. It is 150 km long and 75 km wide. In 1820–1824, the Russian expedition of F. Wrangel first explored this snow-covered region and compiled the first map of this area. Russian researchers tried to reach an unknown land, but each time, moving 200–300 kilometers from the mainland, they became hostages of impassable hummocks. Three of them once found themselves on a drifting ice floe, two had to swim in an unfrozen ice hole.
Only half a century later, the American captain Long managed to sail along the south coast of this island. He named this land Wrangel Island.
Now the entire island has been declared a nature reserve. For ten months - from September to June - winter reigns here. From mid-November the polar night begins, which lasts for a month and a half. The wind speed here during hurricanes reaches 120 kilometers per hour, and the height of the snowdrifts is 25 meters.
The polar day here lasts two and a half months. The island is transforming: streams are babbling, mosses, lichens, grasses and dwarf shrubs are colorful. You rarely see plants on the island more than 15 cm high. The rivers and lakes of the island freeze to the bottom in winter, so there are no fish in them. But the largest animals in the Arctic – walruses – set up their rookeries near the coast. Old males reach a length of 4.8 m and weigh 2.5 tons. But the main attraction of the reserve is the polar bear. These powerful predators, three meters long, sometimes weigh 700 kg. In the deep snowdrifts on the mountain slopes you can count up to 200 bear dwellings in winter. Three quarters of all species of animals and plants on the island are listed in the Red Book.

7. Let's check the board.

Numerals denoting whole numbers

One hundred fifty
Seventy five
Two hundred
Three hundred
Ten
One hundred and twenty
Twenty five
Fifteen
Seven hundred
Two hundred

Fractional numbers

One and a half
Two and a half
Four point eight
Two and a half
Three quarters

Collective numbers

Two
Three

8. Let's calculate the results.

This text contains 256 words. What percentage are numerals representing whole numbers?

256 – 100%
10 – X% X = 3,94%

What percentage are fractional numbers?

256 – 100%
5 – X% X = 1,97%

What percentage are collective numbers?

256 – 100%
2 – X% X = 0,8%.

9. Lesson summary.

10. Homework . § 59, ex. 330.

Practical lesson

Fifth lesson

Practicing spelling and pronunciation skills of cardinal numbers.

Tasks

1. Write the sentences by inserting the missing letters. Write all numerals in words.
2. Indicate the category, type, and case of the numerals.
3. Find and underline the adjective in the superlative compound degree.

Option I

Option II

The bee spends 0.005 seconds on 1 wing flap.

For 1.5 years Africa and South America are removed(?) from each other by 6 cm.

A person takes about 20,000 steps in 1 day, and 7,000,000 in a year. Over the course of his entire life, a person could walk around Earth 9 times or overcome the distance from the Earth to the Moon.

The longest canoe - 35.6 m for 70 people - was built in New Zealand.

Tallest building ancient - the pyramid of Cheops (146.6 m).

Numbers in Everyday life play important role, with their help, people determine the number of objects, count time, determine mass, cost and order when counting. Words that can be designated in writing by writing letters and numbers are called numerals. Another definition is: numerals are words that mean serial number item or quantity.

Grammatical signs of numerals

All lexemes denoting integer and fractional numbers, as well as the number of people, animals or objects, are a special group of words, the composition of which is fully formed and does not change.

Such units are one of the important, or, as they also say, significant parts speech and can have several designations:

The concept of number as such: five, ten, fifteen and so on;

Number of specific items: two cars, six houses;

The cumulative value of several items that were counted.

Accordingly, the questions to them sound like this: what is the count? which? How many? Depending on the meaning and the question that the numeral name answers, they are divided into several types (we will talk about this a little later).

For example: Thirty (subject) is divisible by ten. Six six - thirty six (nominal part predicate). Speaking about the place of numerals in a sentence, it should be noted that they can be both main and secondary members. Another feature is that the numeral as a part of speech is a non-replenishable group of words. All forms used orally and writing, are formed solely from the names of the numbers. IN syntactic construction a numeral as a part of speech can be either part of the main or part of minor member offers.

Note! The numeral denoting quantity and the noun associated with it always act as one inseparable member of the sentence. For example: We walked until six in the morning. Swimming pool classes start at five o'clock. The girls collected twenty-five daisies.

Types of numerals

Next you should highlight initial form the word being analyzed, what category it belongs to (ordinal or cardinal), structure (simple or compound) and features of its declension by case.

Next step is definition inconsistent symptoms. These are case, gender and number, if these can be recognized.

At the end of the analysis they describe syntactic function words in a sentence, what part of speech it is associated with and whether it is consistent with it. And although such an analysis of the name of a numeral is unlikely to be useful to anyone in life (except perhaps future philologists), but for correct use It is simply necessary to be able to produce words in speech and writing.

Numeral- one of the most simple parts speeches in Russian. Finding out a numeral is easy - just ask the question “how much” or “which”, and if the word answers it, then it is included in this group.

But inside large group Numerals are divided into several varieties. Let's look at the main ones and find out how to classify a part of speech to one type or another.

What numbers are called simple?

Main hallmark numeral is the ability to write a word in numerical form, that is, in numbers. But the records may differ greatly from each other appearance and by reading - for example, the words “ten”, “three hundred twelve” and “one thousand six hundred seventy eight”.

• The group of simple numbers includes mainly prime numbers, which are written in just one word - “six”, “nine”, “four”.
• It happens that a numeral consists of two or more digits - “twelve”, “one hundred”, “million”. It still remains simple, since there is only one word - and most importantly, only one root.

Complex numbers

But words like “sixty”, “eighty” or “seven hundred” are no longer simple. Although they are written in one word, there are more roots here. For example, the word “sixty” consists of the stems “six” and “ten”, the word “seven hundred” - from the stems “seven” and “hundred”. Such words are usually called complex, and it is very important not to confuse them with simple ones.

Compounds - numerals made up of several words

The main difference between compound numerals and the previous two groups is that they are written in several in separate words. Examples are “one thousand sixty eight”, “four hundred twenty three”, “eight hundred forty one”, “twenty two”. Almost all fractions also belong to this group - if you write them in words and not in numbers, you always get a whole phrase.

For example - “one point six”, “five ninths”, “two thirds”. The only exception- this is the word “one and a half” - with its help you can express the number “one point five”.

The rules for declension of compound numerals deserve special mention. They vary depending on the situation. Sometimes the expression is declined completely, for each word - for example, “pay for the purchase with three hundred and forty-three rubles.” But in some cases it transforms only the last part compound numeral. For example, you can take “in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.” As we see, here the case is changed only for the last part - all the rest remain in the nominative case.