Regional culture. Lipetsk region from ancient times to the end of the 18th century

Distinctive features . The lands of the Lipetsk region began to be developed much later than their more successful northern neighbors. After the cities and fortresses that stood here were ravaged and destroyed during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, for a long time These lands were ruled by nomads. And only at the end of the 16th century these lands began to be revived, new fortresses were built and defensive lines. IN late XVII- at the beginning of the 18th century the first industrial enterprises, new cities are being built, including Lipetsk.

Today the Lipetsk region is the most important industrial region central Russia. In terms of industrial production per capita, the region ranks first in the Central Federal District and third in the Russian Federation. This is one of the few donor regions that do not receive subsidies from the budget. The largest production of refrigerators and freezers (Indesit) is located here, as well as metallurgical enterprises, which provide the region with 4th place in the Russian Federation in the production of steel and rolled products. Since 2007, a special economic zone “Lipetsk” has been operating here, which has given an additional impetus to the development of the region’s economy.

On the lands of the Lipetsk region there are many monuments of nature, history, culture, and architecture. For example, in the Lipetsk region there is the smallest nature reserve in Russia (and perhaps in the world) - “Galichya Mountain”, famous for its unique vegetation. Another interesting object is Borkovsky Castle, made in the Gothic style. And in the Zadonsky district there is a Safari Park, which is interesting to visit for both children and adults.

Geographical location. Lipetsk region is located in the western part of the Russian Federation, in Central Black Earth Region. Its neighbors are: Kursk, Oryol, Tambov, Ryazan, Tula and Voronezh regions. The region is part of the Central Federal District.

The Lipetsk region is in 71st place among Russian regions in terms of territory. Its relief changes from west to east - from highlands (about 250 m above sea level) to lowlands. The largest rivers are Don and Voronezh.

Population. The Lipetsk region has a population of 1,162,235 people. Although natural population growth is still negative, it is decreasing every year, and in a few years it may even finally exceed zero. Although 92.55% of the region's residents are Russian, even this population is heterogeneous. Different areas of the region have their own characteristics due to the fact that the Lipetsk region was formed from the lands of several provinces. Ukrainians make up 0.84% ​​of the population, Armenians - 0.61%.

The share of the urban population is 64%, and this figure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 20-30 years. Share male population - 45,6%.

Lipetsky Theatre of Drama. Photo by sinekvan (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/sinekvan/)

Crime. The Lipetsk region is a very calm region, which is confirmed by its 64th place in the ranking of regions in terms of the number of crimes. Domestic crimes committed while intoxicated mainly predominate.

Unemployment rate. The Lipetsk region is in 8th place in terms of unemployment, which in 2012 amounted to 3.56%. For this we must say thanks to the Lipetsk industry, which provides work to everyone who seeks it. But as far as payment for work is concerned, the situation here is very prosaic. In 2012, the average salary in the region was 17,274 rubles. per month, which is not so much for the Central Federal District. Very low wages are observed in light industry, retail trade, service sector. The highest average salaries (37.7 thousand rubles) are in the field of financial activities.

Property value. average cost square meter in Lipetsk - 50,764 rubles, and the price increase over the year was 10%. You can buy a one-room apartment here for 1.1 - 1.2 million rubles, but the bulk of offers start from the level of 1.5 million rubles. and higher. Two-room apartments are sold in the range of 1.8-2.2 million rubles, but for elite offers the prices are higher. For a good three-room apartment they ask for a minimum of 2.6 million rubles.

Climate Lipetsk region is temperate continental. In January average temperature−15°С, in July +22°С. Precipitation amount is 500-575 mm per year. In recent years, winter has become increasingly severe: frosts reach minus thirty degrees. In summer, surprises also happen in the form of terrible, sweltering heat.

Cities of the Lipetsk region

An ancient Russian city, mentioned back in 1146. During the Mongol-Tatar invasion, it was completely destroyed, and began to be restored only in 1591. Now the population of Yelets is 106,978 people. This is the center of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. Limestone is mined in its vicinity, and the famous “Yelets lace” is a long-standing local folk craft. Among the city's problems, it is worth noting crime, dilapidated communal infrastructure, and lack of work.

Mud- this city with a not very pleasant name was founded in 1868. According to legend, this name was given to the village under Peter the Great, who, while driving through these places, got stuck in the local black soil. Now 46 thousand people live in this city. Mud is the center of mechanical engineering and the food industry. The black soils in the vicinity of the city are really excellent, which is why they were included in the city coat of arms.

Lipetsk region in the 18th centuries.

In the 17th-18th centuries, the territory of the current Lipetsk region was part of the Azov province, where the Russian fleet was born. The revival of the ancient settlement, the first mention of which in chronicles dates back to the 13th century, is associated with the name of Peter I. Having chosen the city of Voronezh as the location for the shipyards, Peter I was preoccupied with finding the nearest sources of metal. Rich deposits of iron ore, the abundance of forests needed for furnaces, and the presence of rivers made the Lipetsk region a center of metallurgy. In 1703, in accordance with the decree of the reformer tsar, the construction of two ironworks began in the village of Lipskie Studenki on the Lipovka River (a tributary of the Voronezh River) - the water-operated Borinsky Metallurgical Plant and the Upper Metallurgical Plant, and the workers' village "Lipetsk Ironworks" was created. . Subsequently, the Kuzminsky and Nizhny Lipsky ironworks arose. In 1709, their settlement was named the Lipskiye Zavody settlement.
In the first quarter of the 18th century, Lipetsk state-owned factories gradually expanded, turning into the production base of the Voronezh and Baltic fleets. In Peter's times, 500-600 people worked at the factories, engaged in the production of metal, cannons, bombs, pistols, and muskets. Here anchors and dredges were made for the needs of the fleet. Metallurgists annually produced for Peter's army an average of more than 21 thousand tons of cast iron, about 200 tons of iron, 400 kg of wire, 500 naval guns, 1,500 fuses, 200 blunderbuss, 500 pistols.
Peter the Great's travel palace was built at the Lipetsk factories, where the Tsar stopped on his way from Moscow to Voronezh. The Tsar's Lipetsk travel palace was made of wood and consisted of only three chambers, and the walls inside were plastered with clay mixed with straw. But it was precisely in such toiler settlements, lost in the Russian expanses, that the material basis was created at that time Russian glory, the metropolitan luxury of Moscow and the classical beauty of St. Petersburg, great victories, great culture and the great history of our country.
The cloth and hat factories produced more than 4,000 meters of cloth, 1,800 arshins of baizes, and 10-20 thousand sailors' and soldiers' hats. There was also hosiery and leather production. To provide raw materials, sheep were raised: the number of herds reached 15 thousand heads. In the first decade of the 18th century, private enterprises also operated on the territory of present-day Lipetsk: 64 forges and 30 blast furnaces, but they were closed because they competed with state-owned enterprises. In Lipetsk there were 1 stone and 3 wooden churches, 2 flour mills, 6 drinking houses and 16 shops. In 1789, the first educational institution was opened - the Small Public School.
September 16, 1779 - by Decree of Catherine II, the Lipskiye Zavody settlement officially received the status of a district town of the Tambov governorship with the name Lipetsk. The city included two settlements - Dikinskaya and Lipetskaya, together with factories, as well as the villages - Korovino and Dikinskaya. At that time, about 6 thousand people lived here. On August 16, 1781, Lipetsk received its coat of arms. Under the Tambov provincial coat of arms (a beehive and three golden bees) there is a spreading linden tree, as a symbol of antiquity and prosperity, like the family tree of a revived city.
Attempts at restoration made during the Russian-Turkish wars (1735-1739; 1768-1774; 1787-1791) were unsuccessful. Moreover, in 1755, state-owned factories were sold to Prince P.I. Repnin, who turned out to be a bad and greedy owner and brought the factories to complete disorder, until after 16 years the treasury bought them back. By 1795, fuel resources were depleted, forests were cut down, and the Lipetsk blast furnaces and forges, unable to withstand the competition of factories in southern Russia, fell into disrepair and were closed.

Lipetsk region in the 19th centuries.

In 1806, a large fire occurred in the wooden, chaotically built-up Lipetsk, after which the city began to be built according to General plan, with straight, wide streets and buildings made of stone and brick. Resort buildings, a hotel, and an entertainment hall were built. Noble and merchant mansions appeared on Dvoryanskaya Street (now Lenin Street).
In 1809, a public library was opened at the resort. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I visited the Lipetsk resort. For this event, the Tambov nobility built a wooden gallery in the Lower Park, where a ball was held on July 22, at which the emperor himself was present and took part in the dancing. Since then, the ball was given annually and was attended by nobles from neighboring provinces; in honor of the ball, illuminations and fireworks were held in the park. On the stage of the resort hall, visiting troupes gave performances based on plays by Russian and foreign playwrights. Famous musicians and actors from Moscow and St. Petersburg theaters performed on the Lipetsk stage.
In 1839, in Lipetsk, at the expense of the St. Petersburg merchant Pavel Nebuchenov, who was healed at the Lipetsk resort and moved here, a memorial obelisk to Peter I was opened. Near the Lower Park, in the middle of a steep descent called Petrovsky, he threw a pointed spire high into the sky. For a provincial town this was a big event. By order of the governor, a guard was posted at the monument. Cast by master Ivan Fedorov at the Tambov Ironworks, the obelisk still has symbolic significance for the city today - its bas-reliefs reflect the history of Lipetsk. One of them depicts the forge of Hephaestus and the blacksmiths raising their hammers over a lightning arrow. Another talks about natural resources the edges. In the center is the reclining goddess Hygeia, leaning on a vessel. Water pours from a vessel. The snake on the chest of the goddess is a symbol of the healing nature of Lipetsk mineral water.
In 1867, kumys therapy was introduced at the Lipetsk resort, and in 1871, mud therapy. From 1869 to 1916, the weekly newspaper “Lipetsk Summer Leaf” was published at the resort from May 15 to September 15, which published advertisements for doctors, pharmacies, shops, as well as gossip columns. In 1891, the Golden Alley of the Lower Park, leading from the Kurhaus to the Petrovsky Pond, was illuminated for the first time with electric lights.

Lipetsk region at the beginning of the 19th century.

In general, despite the fact that the Lipetsk resort also saw periods of decline, it was extremely popular among the capital’s nobility, especially during periods of numerous wars, when it was unpatriotic to visit European resorts. In 1907, at the World Exhibition in Belgium, the Lipetsk resort was awarded the Grand Prix Diploma, and six years later received the highest award at the All-Russian Hygienic Exhibition in St. Petersburg.
In January 1918, Lipetsk became the base of one of the six created in Soviet Russia air squads. At the Lipetsk Higher Flight Technical School, 300 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 7 air marshals, and 13 cosmonauts improved their flying skills. Legend claims that Goering himself studied here before the war.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the metallurgical life of the city revived again. In 1902, with the participation of Belgian capital, the construction of two blast furnaces was completed, which laid the foundation for the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant, which produced the first cast iron on July 15, 1902, and in 1931 another giant was founded - the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NLMZ, now Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant - NLMK), which began operations on November 7, 1934. The construction of a metallurgical enterprise, conceived as a plant with a full metallurgical cycle, became a turning point in the biography of Lipetsk. It was NLMK that brought Lipetsk world fame as an industrial center. Since the 30s, Lipetsk has turned from a small provincial town surrounded by greenery into a large one. industrial center Chernozem region. In 1943, a decision was made to build the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which was awarded orders and awards more than once.

Lipetsk region during the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis twice invaded this region. The first time was in October 1941, when the front was approaching the Lipetsk region. On the territory of the Lipetsk Territory, Soviet soldiers fought stubborn defensive battles against the advancing Nazi hordes. After the capture of Efremov, the Germans launched an attack on Lebedyan, Yelets, Zadonsk and Kastornoye. The bloodiest battle was for the Yelets railway junction, which was of great strategic importance on the distant approaches to Moscow. The Nazis threw part of the second army at Yelets - a large railway junction, from where roads went in five directions. The enemy concentrated three infantry divisions on a narrow section of the front. However, using significant superiority in manpower and equipment, German troops on the evening of December 3, 1941 met Soviet troops on the outskirts of the city. The struggle continued with the same ferocity within him. Until ten o'clock in the evening on December 3, the city communications department and the power plant were working. On the night of December 3–4, the enemy captured the city.
In November and early December, the Nazis occupied fully or partially the Izmalkovsky, Dolgorukovsky, Stanovlyansky, Yeletsky, Terbunsky and Volovsky districts.
On July 7, 1941, a fighter battalion was organized at the Lipetsk city department of the NKVD. The city is declared under martial law. Battalion detachments guarded factories and institutions; caught spies and saboteurs. Their headquarters was located on Revolution Square. In 1941, the 591st aviation fighter regiment was formed in Lipetsk.
The second time - in July 1942. The fascist German command undertook great offensive operations towards Stalingrad and the Caucasus. They began on June 28 with an offensive in the Voronezh direction. Soviet troops, under pressure from superior enemy forces, were forced to retreat to the east. In July, fascist troops again invaded our region. They occupy part of the Volovsky and current Terbunsky districts. This time the Nazis were in our region for about 7 months. On January 24-26, 1943, the troops of the Voronezh and Bryansk fronts went on the offensive. The occupied territory of what is now the Lipetsk region, part of the Voronezh and Kursk regions, was liberated from the Nazis.
The invaders were finally expelled from this land in 1943. Like the entire country, cities and villages suffered irreparable losses. Of the 246 thousand residents of the districts and cities that were part of the Lipetsk region who were called up, 128.5 thousand people did not return from the war. ABOUT highly appreciated feats of arms fellow countrymen of the Lipetsk region is evidenced by the fact that for their exploits in the Great Patriotic War, 173 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Lipetsk region in the post-war years

In the post-war years, intensive restoration of the destroyed economy was carried out - industry and Agriculture. The decision to create a powerful metallurgical production in the center of Russia and to form the Lipetsk region was decisive for the high pace of development of Lipetsk and other cities and villages. The Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant was built by the whole country, but primarily by the Lipetsk region. For the construction of new workshops and production facilities of one of the country's largest metallurgical enterprises, a powerful construction base was created and the transport infrastructure was developed. With the obvious dominance of metallurgy, measures were taken to develop mechanical engineering, chemical, light, food and other industries. The economic potential of the region was used to boost agriculture, technical re-equipment of production, and solve social problems. This made it possible to provide the population of the region with agricultural and livestock products and supply food to other regions.
During the existence of the region, a powerful production and technical potential has been created. For success in the development of the national economic complex, on July 4, 1967, the Lipetsk region was awarded the Order of Lenin. The center of the region - Lipetsk - has turned from a small county town into a half-million-strong one modern city with developed infrastructure.
In the last decade of the 20th century, new enterprises were created on the basis of foreign technologies - the “Stinol” refrigerator plant and the “Progress” juice and nectar production plant, the products of which are well known outside the Lipetsk region. Small and medium-sized businesses are developing, especially in the food and light industries, trade, catering and consumer services.

LIPETSK REGION is a subject of the Russian Federation.

Ras-po-lo-zhe-na in the southern part of the Central fe-de-ral-no-go ok-ru-ha. Area 24.0 thousand km2. Population 1163.3 thousand people (2009; 1159.0 thousand people in 1959; 1230.2 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Lipetsk. Administrative-territorial division: 18 districts, 8 cities.

Government departments.

System-te-ma or-ga-nov of state power ob-las-ti op-re-de-la-et-xia Kon-sti-tu-tsi-ey of the Russian Federation and the Us-ta-vom Li-pets- Coy region (2003). State power in the region is ossu-sche-st-v-la-et-sya Li-pets-kim ob-la-st-nym Council of de-pu-ta-tov, ad-mi- no-st-ra-tsi-ey about-las-ti, other-mi or-ga-na-mi state power about-las-ti, about-ra-zue-we-mi in co-from-vet -st-vii with the Us-ta-vom of the region. The Regional Council is the highest and only acting body for the granting power of -las-ti. So-sto-it of 56 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-paradise on the basis of everything-generally equal and direct-from-bi- rational law with a secret government for a period of 5 years (50% of de-pu-ta-tov must be sent out across the region but to the bi-rational ok-ru-gu about the number of go-lo-sovs given for the list of kan-di-da-tov in de- Pu-ta-you, you-move-with-bi-ra-telial volumes). The highest executive body of the region is ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion. System-te-ma of executive organs of state power of the region, structure-tu-ra and in a row for-mi-ro-va-niya ad-mi-ni -st-ra-tions about-las-ti op-re-de-la-yut-sya behind-ko-nom about-las-ti. The head of ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion is the highest official of the region, who is my gender regional Council on the representation of the Pre-zi-den-ta of the Russian Federation.

Nature.

Relief. The territory is located in the center of the Eastern European Plain, at the junction of the eastern part of the Middle -Russian elevation and Oksko-Don plain. The relief of most (75%) of the territory (to the west from the valleys of the rivers Vo-ro-nezh and Sta-novaya Rya-sa) is represented by the high-shen-ny-mi (height up to 259 m, highest point of Li-pets-koy region-las-ti) hill-mi-sty-mi and po-lo-vol-ni-sty- mi are equal-n-on-mi, strongly-but-distributed-to-li-on-mi rivers, ov-ra-ga-mi and bal-ka-mi (gus-to-ta ov -razh-no-ba-loch-noy network up to 1.1 km per km2). In the valleys of many rivers of the right-hand river Don, you often come to the surface from the limestones that form life. vo-pis-nye os-tan-tsy, rocks, can-o-o-o-ra-z-ny gorges and cramps (Vor-gol-skie rocks, Ga-li-chya mountains, etc.). Shi-ro-ko developed karst (crows along the slopes and bottoms of ba-lok, pro-va-ly, cave-ry, blind gully, etc.), active ridge erosion and flat washout, landslide processes. In the eastern part of the Lipetsk region there are low-lying (height 150-170 m) flat, weakly divided (up to 0.3 km per km2) equal to the abundance of dishes at the water level and at the top - areas above the floodplain ter-races of the Vo-ro-nezh river; ak-tiv-na suf-fo-ziya.

Geo-logical structure and useful resources. The territory is located on the north-eastern slope of the Vo-ro-nezh-skaya an-tek-li-zy of the Russian plate of the ancient Eastern European platform. Depth-on-behind-le-ga-niya ar-hey-sko-ran-not-pro-te-ro-zoy-go-go-cry-stal-lic fun-da-men-ta less than 1 km . The wasp-daughter case includes: de-von car-bo-nat and ter-ri-gene from-lo-zhe-niya (from-vest-nya-ki, do-lo-mi-you, mer-ge-li, sand-cha-ni-ki, clay-ny, alew-ro-li-you) with inter-layers of gypsum, which have been exposed -va-yut-sya along the river Don and its tributaries; middle-not-Jurassic and wide-spread-country lower-not-sands, sands, clays; neo-ge-new ter-ri-gene sediments lying in the local pro-gi-be, stretching along to -li-ny rivers Vo-ro-nezh. Quaternary from-lo-zhe-niya on the water-times the ice-became-to-you (wall-lunar loam-lin- ki), water-but-ice-ni-to-you-mi (sand-ki, su-pe-si, su-glin-ki) from-lo-zhe-niya-mi, per-re-kry-you -through-the-blood-with-the-forest-with-the-view-of-the-sug-lin-ka-mi. In the valleys of the rivers, especially in the eastern part of the region, the distribution of all-lu-vi-al-nye na-no-sy (dog -ki with gravel, loam-lin-ki) and swampy from-lo-zhe-niya (peat).

There are places of flu-so-vykh from-vest-nya-kov (Ar-ga-mach-skoe, Ol-sha-nets-koe, So-kol-sko -Si-tov-skoe, etc.) and do-lo-mi-tov (Dan-kov-skoe); cement made from lime-stones, clays and loams (So-kol-sko-Si-tov-skoe, Chi-bi-sov-skoe, Be-re-zov-skoe); technological iz-vest-nya-kov (Ol-sha-nets-koe, Khme-li-nets-koe), construction iz-vest-nya-kov, do-lo-mi-tov and sand-cha-ni-kov (Tyu-shev-skoe, Cher-kas-skoe), for-mo-voch-nyh (Li-pets-koe), glass and construction sand-kov, high-melting and light-melting clays, peat and sa-pro-pe-la (in the eastern part of the las-ti region), mineral dyes. From north-ve-ra to south pro-tya-gi-va-et-sya zo-na ti-tan-tsir-ko-nie-vykh dew-sy-drink. The Li-pets-kaya region is home to significant amounts of underground mineral waters and medicinal peat beds -zey, on the basis of some activities, the Lipetsk resort is one of the oldest in Russia (since 1805).

Climate. Natural conditions are all very beneficial for the life of the village. The climate is moderate, but con- ti-nen-tal, with clearly you-ra-wives this year. Winter is moderately cold, with thick snow cover; The average temperature in January is -10 °C. The summer is warm, long-lasting; The average temperature in July is 19-20 °C. Average precipitation amounts are 450-550 mm; 3/4 of them are in the warm period of the year (from April to October). A thick snow cover is forming in the 1st December of December, going down towards the end of March - to - cha-lu ap-re-la (average height 25-35 cm). The duration of the growing season ranges from 180 days in the north to 185 days in the south.

Inland waters. The average long-term surface runoff, formed in the Lipetsk region, has become 2.55 km3 per year. The river network is well developed (density 0.23 km/km2), there are 127 rivers over 10 km long, more more than 400 small rivers and streams. Almost all of them (except for the one about the one in the extreme north-east of the Ra-no-va river - at the of the Oka River) at the river Don. In the central part of the territory, the sub-me-ri-dio-nal-but per-re-se-ka-yut the largest rivers in the region, the Don (long- in the region of Lipets-koi region 315 km) and Vo-ro-nezh (298 km). Other significant rivers: the right-hand pri- ki of Do-na - Kra-si-vaya Me-cha, Co-sna with the pri- tions of Olym and Vor-gol, Sn-va, as well as the rivers of the river Vo-ro-nezh - Sta-no-vaya Rya-sa, Yagod-naya Rya-sa, Ma-ty-ra, Us-man. For rivers flowing along the Central Russian elevation, in general, more significant uk -lo-ny and faster than for the rivers of the eastern part. The feeding of the rivers is mixed. Among the many lakes, but not large in area (total area 14.8 km2), there are floodplains lake-ra-sta-ri-tsy. In the Lipetsk region there are about 1,780 ponds and over 310 small water reservoirs with a total volume of 426.3 million m3, mainly for the needs of agricultural and communal water supply. The largest-neck in the las-ti region Ma-tyrskoye water-storage (area 45 km2) on the river of the same name is used mainly for rivers living near the cities of Lipetsk and Grya-zi.

Soil, plant and living world. Ter-ri-to-riya Li-pets-koy region is located in the forest-steppe zone. In the soil-vein of the blood there are pre-ob-la-yes black-but-ze-we, which cover up to 80% of the region's territory . The most widespread and typical (including powerful, containing gu -mu-sa up to 10%), in a lesser degree - pod-zol-len-nye black-no-ze-we. Gray forest soils appear as separate entities among the black forest soils. Along the rivers, there are al-lu-vi-al and lu-go-black-earth soils, on the above-sing-men- ny bo-ro-vykh ter-ra-sakh le-vo-be-re-zhy river Vo-ro-nezh - der-no-vye. In the south-eastern region, so-lo-di and so-lon-tsy are found in separate parts.

As a result of many and intensive agricultural development, steppe vegetation conservation -there was only a small amount of study on the slopes of river valleys and baloks, mainly in particularly oh-ra-ny areas natural territories. The representations of different-herbs-but-evil-trees, different-of-herbs-but-howlings, pet-ro-fit-nesses (for-pas-de-de) and ha-lo-fit-nye (in the south-eastern) steppe. Uni-cal-ny rocky groups from the West-nya-ko-vyh-on-the-same-with-high-local-concentration-tra-ci- her species of plants, including rare and re-licious ones (kos-te-nets hair-like, shi-ve-ker-ria by -dol-skaya, onos-ma simplest-shaya, thyme-yang from-vest-nya-ko-vy, etc.). Places where steppe bushes grew (thorns, pine trees, steppe cherry, bean). Forests account for 7.6% of the territory (2003), all of them are from non-seeds to the category of protective and have They have an important pro-erosion and protective meaning. On-sa-zh-de-niya so-dreams are usually-vein-noy and mixed-shan-doo-bo-in-s-dream-new forests (su-bo-ri) for-ni- ma-yut 38% forest-on-covered area, oak-ra-you (from du-ba che-resh-cha-to with an admixture of maple-on the rest) ro-li-st-no-go, clear-nya usually-but-ve-no-go, bir-ry-zy-hanging, with a developed under-forest, etc.) - 37%, birch trees, aspen trees (secondary ones in the north, indigenous axes groves in the east behind -bo-lo-chen-nyh in-ny-zhe-ni-yah) and black-ol-shan-ni-ki - 25%. The most significant forest masses are located on the left bank of the Vo-ro-nezh river, in the valley -not the Usman River (Usmansky Forest). On the floodplains and terra-sahs of large rivers in the eastern part of the las-ti region there are not many large bo-lo-ta - hyp-but-tra -vy-nye, evil-ko-vo-oso-ko-vye, sphag-new-new (oh-ra-nya-y-ya according to the TELMA/UNESCO program as the southernmost sphag- new bo-lo-ta in Europe). Ter-ri-to-riya Li-pets-koy ob-las-ti from-li-cha-et-sya to-ta-precisely-with-high-local-different-how-ra -winter flora (796 plant species per 100 km2), in the Red Book of the RSFSR 2% of plant and mushroom species are outside the fields ( Russian hazel grouse, pro-lom-nick Ko-zo-Polyan-skogo, feathery howl, beautiful howl, etc.).

The living world is represented by both forests and steppe views. On the territory of the region there are 62 species of mammals, 167 species of birds nest. In the forests there are many bel-ka, ko-su-la, ka-ban, li-si-tsa, ku-ni-tsa, bar-suk, rarely seen there is an elk, a noble deer, a wolf. Among the typ-pic-but steppe species, there is a stable number from in-ro-nok, re-sang, then like a speckled sus-lik, a big tush-kan-chik, steppe pe-st-rush-ka and other meeting -they live mainly in the oh-so-territorial regions. The Red Book of the Russian Federation includes 29 species of bells (including vy-hu-khol, ba-lo-ban) and 11 species of bes-po -ringing night (including the steppe bumblebee, ba-boch-ka-mo-zi-na) animals. In the 20th century, he-dat-ra and an eno-vid-naya so-ba-ka spread across the territory of the region, followed by re-acc -li-ma-ti-za-tion in Vo-ro-nezh-sky za-po-ved-ni-ke - beaver, blessed deer. The waters are home to 44 species of fish, including sterlet (Don), bream, pike-perch, ide, pike, asp, etc.

Condition and protection of the environment. The main ecological problems of the Lipetsk region are: soil degrada- tion following the development of no-no erosion (about 50% of agricultural land from-not-se-but to ero-zi-on-but dangerous, ero-di-ro-va-but 11%) and de-gu-mi- fi-ka-tions, at-mo-sphere pollution of the air (especially in the city of Lipetsk, at the share of 87.5% of atmospheric emissions come from stationary sources). There are pockets of contamination of radio-radio-nuk-li-da-mi territories as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (on the za-pas-deux and se-ve-ro-za-pas-deux - Kras-ninsky, Sta-nov-lyansky, Dan-kovsky, Lev-Tolstovsky districts ). According to the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources (382.4 thousand. t, 2007) Li-petskaya region li-di-ru-et among the subjects of the Central Federal District. The main contribution to the pollution of the at-mo-sphere comes from the No-vo-li-pet-kiy metal-lur-gic com-bi-nat. For several years now, Lipetsk has been one of the cities with the highest level of air pollution. mo-spheres and the most un-blessed ecological situation. Discharge of polluted wastewater 114 million m3 (2007), the main sources of pollution of surface waters - pre-principles cities of Lipetsk, Yelets, Dankov. The main pollutants of the surface and underground waters are coal birth and nit-ra-you.

In the system of especially oh-native natural territories, accounting for about 7% of the area of ​​the region, - the smallest state natural reserve in Russia, Ga-li-chy Mountain, Vo-ro-Nezhsky reserve ( partly in the Lipetsk region), about 20 landscapes (for example, Dob-rovsky) and zoo-lo-gi-che ( for example, Us-man-sky) for-kaz-ni-kov re-gio-nal-no-go-zna-che-niya, den-d-ro-logical park Le-so-steppe experience-but -lek-tsi-on-no-station, ecological park Za-Don-sky, numerous natural monuments, including geo -lo-gi-che-skie (Horse-Ka-men, Ka-men-naya mountain), hydro-lo-gi-che-skie (lake An-d-re-ev-skoe, Spas-skoye), landscape-shaft-nye and landscape-shaft-no-bio-lo-gi-che-skie (bo-lo-Klu-k-ve-noe, bo-lo-Raz-rez-noe , Kazatskaya steppe), den-d-ro-lo-gi-che-skie (Lower park of the city of Lipetsk, park in the village of Pal-na-Mi-khai-lov-ka).

Population.

Most of the village of Lipetsk region is composed of Russians (95.8%). The same people live here: Ukrainians (1.1%), Armenians (0.4%), Azerbaijanis (0.3%), white-lo-ru-sy (0.2%), tsy-ga-ne (0.2%), ta-ta-ry, they say-da-va-ne, Germans and Georgians ( all - 0.1%), etc. (2002, census).

Since the 2nd half of the 1990s, the number of villages in the Lipetsk region has been steadily decreasing (for 1995 -2008 by more than 80 thousand people) as a result of natural population decline. Characterized by low birth rate (10.8 per 1000 inhabitants, 2008) and high mortality rate (17.1 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality rate is 7.0 per 1000 live-days. The migration inflow to the village (16 per 10 thousand inhabitants) of the pen-si-ru is about 10% of the natural decline in the village (at the end of 1990- x years - about 50%). The share of women is 54.5%. Proportion of youth working age (up to 16 years) - 14.7%, older working age -sob-no-th age - 24.0%. The average life expectancy is 67.5 years (men - 60.7, women - 74.9). Average population density 48.4 people/km2; The densest regions are the Le-be-dyansky, Lipetsky, Us-mansky and Yelets districts. The share of the urban population is 64.1% (2009; 30.2% in 1959; 62.2% in 1989). Large cities (thousands of people, 2009): Lipetsk (502.5), Yelets (111.2), Grya-zi (46.4), Dankov (22.2), Le -be-dian (20.7).

By page

Lipetsk region.

Research work.

Performed

Denisova Tatyana Anatolevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU Secondary School No. 10ig. Mud

Gryazinsky municipal district

Lipetsk region

2015

Explanatory note.

The relevance of research - The work is dedicated to the anniversary of the formation of the Lipetsk region.

Application area– extracurricular activities, local history lessons, history lessons, literature lessons (regional component)

Age age for which the work is designed is 13-17 years old.

Forms– research work on the historical and cultural past of the Lipetsk region.

Implementation methods – scientific and practical conference, presentation of research activities, correspondence excursion to the most beautiful places in the region.

Logistics – presentation, exhibition of books dedicated to the Lipetsk region.

Target: use of national and regional opportunities in the education and upbringing of students;

revival of interest in the spiritual origin of ancestors, understanding of the enduring value of Russian folk culture and cultural heritage native land;

education of patriotism.

Tasks: gain additional knowledge about the history of your region;

get acquainted with the origins of metallurgy in the Lipetsk region, the development of the Lipetsk mineral water resort; the emergence of a flight school in Lipetsk;

learn about the development of the region after the formation of the region;

get information about where the main attractions of the region are located.

Table of contents.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………pp. 4-5

From time immemorial……………………………………………………….. page 6

Century XV ΙΙ ………………………………………….…................p. 7-9

Century XV ΙΙΙ …………………………………………………......p. 10-11

Lipetsk region in the 19th century...................................................... ...p. 12-13

Lipetsk region at the beginning of the 20th century. …………………………… pp. 14-15

Lipetsk region during the Great Patriotic War ……………….... ........................................ .................... pp. 16-17

Century XX………………………………………………………… p. 18

Sights of the region………………………………...pp.19-26

Conclusion……………………………………………………………... page 27

List of used literature……………………......... pp. 28-29

Application................................................. .................................. presentation

Introduction

« Love your land, know its features,

its wealth, its history - on these best

feelings for their native places and is brought up

true patriotism..."

M.I. Kalinin.

Small Motherland is not a geographical concept, it is in the heart of each of us. The Lipetsk residents are lucky - we not only admire the classic Russian beauty of our native land, but also respect its history with reverent respect.

The region is rich in historical and cultural monuments. In the cities and villages of the region, grateful descendants preserve the memory of the courage of the Russian people, who, by the will of fate, found themselves on the path of the Golden Horde and stopped it; about the fateful acts of Peter the Great. Our land is rich in talents who create magnificent works of art, decorative and applied arts. Products of Lipetsk craftsmen can be found in many museums in Russia and abroad. These are the finest Yelets lace, the famous clay Romanov toy, as well as a unique Lipetsk Khokhloma. (Slide 2).

People living on Lipetsk soil are proud that world-famous writers Ivan Bunin and Mikhail Prishvin, the outstanding travel scientist P.P. were born here. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and one of the founders of aerodynamics S.A. Chaplygin, revolutionaries G.V. Plekhanov and L.P. Radin. From here, Alexei Stakhanov, an innovator in the coal industry, left along a dusty country road.

We grew up here, learned to understand the world twice Hero Socialist Labor Nobel Prize winner physicist N.G. Basov and People's Artist of the USSR composer T.N. Khrennikov... The ancestors of A.S. lived here. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov. Spent here last days of his life L.N. Tolstoy.

All of them became successors to the great Russian science and culture, preserved, developed and multiplied its best achievements.

The Orthodox Church plays a significant role in preserving spirituality. Far beyond the borders of the region, and even Russia, the names of Tikhon of Zadonsk, Illarion of Troekurovsky, Feofan the Recluse, Ambrose of Optina, associated with our region, are known.

Zadonsk has become the spiritual center of Russia, where pilgrims come and come from many cities and countries.

There is a city in the Lipetsk region that is a year older than Moscow. This is “Elets – the father of Russian cities. It has about 200 architectural and historical monuments. Yelets is included in the Revival program.

Today Lipetsk is known as a major producer of steel and rolled products, juices and mineral water, and as a training center for Russian aviation pilots.

From the depths of centuries...

According to archaeologists and historians, the territory in which given time The Lipetsk region is located and has been inhabited since ancient times. Even before the arrival of the Mongol-Tatar army, there were the cities of Yelets, Dobrinsk (now the village of Dobroye), Dubok (now the village of Dubki, Dankovsky district), Staroye Gorodishche (village of Bogorodskoye, Dankovsky district), Vorgol (destroyed), Onuza (destroyed), Voronozh (destroyed ), Lipetsk (destroyed) and others. During the Mongol-Tatar yoke, many fortified cities were destroyed.

At the very beginning of the period of fragmentation, the lands of the Lipetsk region belonged to the Chernigov principality. After 1202, that is, after the death of the Chernigov prince Igor Svyatoslavovich, Yeletskoye, Lipetskoye and Vorgolskoye appeared appanage principalities. (Slide 3). Taking advantage of weakness Principality of Chernigov, the Ryazan princes captured all the lands of the upper Don, the Voronezh River and annexed them to their possessions. The newly acquired territories in the south of the Ryazan Principality were subsequently assigned the name “Ryazan Ukraine”.

Ukraine (old ukraina, ukraina, in later sources outskirts) - in Rus' until the 18th century, the name of the military borderlands and lands located on the border with dangerous neighbors, similar to Western European marks (from Latin margo, “edge”). The population of these lands, subject to frequent raids, was called in Rus' Ukrainians, Ukrainians or Ukrainian people.

The territory between Oskol and Yelets was called the outskirts. In the Russian-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th century, “foreign places”, “Ukrainian places”, “Ukrainian places” are mentioned, which mean Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk. In an agreement between two Ryazan princes 1496 are named “our villages in Mordva, Tsna and Ukraine.”

Century X VΙΙ…

The revival of the region began after the expulsion of the nomads. For comparatively short term (end XVI- beginning of the 17th centuries) fortified cities were rebuilt: Dankov, Talitsky fort, Yeletskaya fortress, Lebedyan.

In 1635, the construction of a powerful fortified line began - the Belgorod abatis line. Construction of the feature was completed by the end of the 1640s. Among the new objects are 18 fortified cities and 2 fortified areas with a system of forts, ramparts, ditches and fences in the Komaritsky volost near Sevsk and in Lebedyansky district. Within the Lipetsk region, the Belgorod abatis line included small fortresses: Sokolsk (in the northern part of Lipetsk), Dobry (Dobroe), Usman, Demshinsk, as well as many villages and hamlets. (Slide 4).

In the 17th-18th centuries, the territory of the current Lipetsk region was part of the Azov province, where the Russian fleet was born. This origin is associated with the name of Peter I. (Slide 5).

Having chosen the city of Voronezh as the location for the shipyards, Peter I was preoccupied with finding the nearest sources of metal. Rich deposits of iron ore, the abundance of forests needed for furnaces, and the presence of rivers made the Lipetsk region a center of metallurgy.

In 1692-1693, in the Romanovsky district, on the banks of the White Well, a water-powered iron smelting plant was built, which was built by Kuzma Semenovich Borin. A settlement was formed around (today the village of Borinskoye). Since 1696, Borin began supplying products to the Voronezh shipyards.

In 1700, a decision was made to create metallurgical and cannon factories on the palace lands of the Romanovsky district (the center is the village of Romanovo). In 1703, near the village of Lipskoye, the first blast furnaces of the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant began to burn. The upper dam was 116 meters long, 18 meters wide and 5.5 meters high. Today its remains are the dam and pond of the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant. (Slide 6).

The construction of the plant was supervised Tula master Mark Vasilievich Krasilnikov and Ivan Timofeevich Batashov. The manager of all factories at the beginning of the 18th century was Christopher Otto. The four domnitsa had a height of 2.12 meters; they were located in the northern part of the dam. Each was designed to smelt 21 thousand pounds of pig iron per year. In the center of the dam there was a hammer factory with water wheels.

The factories used three mines - Studenetsky (Studenki village), Romanovsky (Syrsky; in the village of Syrsky) and Studenetsky (Donskoy; in the village of Donskoye). There was also a mine in Kamenny Log. (Slide 7). Today, between Gorky Street and the bridge along Tereshkova Street, you can see a funnel on the site of an ancient mine shaft. Another adit of a previously existing mine was opened during the construction of garages not far from the Church of the Transfiguration (located on Papin Street).

The enterprise expanded, and soon there were not enough hammering, drilling, and weapons workshops. We began construction of the Nizhny Plant - on the current Karl Marx Street (Lower Park). Its main workshops were commissioned in 1712. At that time, both factories had two dams, a blast furnace and weapons yards, and several hammer and drilling workshops. A village was formed next to the plant, then the settlement Lipskie Iron Plants.

In 1705, a hammer anchor plant was built in Bolshaya Kuzminka. It had weapons assembly workshops. The Kuzminsky plant, at which there was a dam 384 meters long, was a “remelting” plant - it did not have its own domain and only forged cast iron from the Verkhne-Lipetsk plant into high-quality steel. (Slide 8).

All four Lipetsk factories were under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty, and since 1743 - the Berg Collegium. In the first quarter of the 18th century, the capacity of the Lipetsk plant allowed it to produce 76 thousand pounds of cast iron per year (500 guns).

In Peter's times, 500-600 people worked at the factories, engaged in the production of metal, cannons, bombs, pistols, and muskets. Here anchors and dredges were made for the needs of the fleet. Metallurgists annually produced for Peter's army an average of more than 21 thousand tons of cast iron, about 200 tons of iron, 400 kg of wire, 500 naval guns, 1,500 fuses, 200 blunderbuss, 500 pistols.

Peter the Great's travel palace was built at the Lipetsk factories, where the Tsar stopped on his way from Moscow to Voronezh. The Tsar's Lipetsk travel palace was made of wood and consisted of only three chambers, and the walls inside were plastered with clay mixed with straw. According to archival data, wooden buildings were located on Starobazar Square, now Revolution Square. (Slides 9,10). The palace burned down in 1806.

According to Lipetsk local historians, another palace was built at the beginning of the 18th century between the current villages of Filatovka and Kuzminki near the Lipetsk-Chaplygin highway. The traveling palace itself has not been preserved, but a unique find was discovered in its place - a large casting of a section of so-called bayonet cast iron from the Lipa ironworks, as well as many household items from the Peter the Great era.

In addition to the factories, there were cloth and hat factories, which produced more than 4,000 meters of cloth, 1,800 arshins of baize, 10-20 thousand sailors’ and soldiers’ hats. There was also hosiery and leather production. To provide raw materials, sheep were raised: the number of herds reached 15 thousand heads.

Century X V ΙΙΙ…

In 1755, the Lipetsk state-owned factories were sold to Prince P.I. Repnin, who turned out to be a bad and greedy owner and brought them to complete disorder. After 16 years, the treasury bought the factories back. By 1795, fuel resources were depleted, forests were cut down, and the Lipetsk blast furnaces and forges, unable to withstand the competition of factories in southern Russia, fell into disrepair and were closed. The equipment was transported to Lugansk.

In the first decade of the 18th century, private enterprises also operated on the territory of present-day Lipetsk: 64 forges and 30 blast furnaces, but they were closed because they competed with state-owned enterprises. In Lipetsk there were 1 stone and 3 wooden churches, 2 flour mills, 6 drinking houses and 16 shops.

On March 1, 1789, the first educational institution was opened - the Small Public School, which was supported by merchant funds. The duration of training was two years, no tuition fees were paid. The subjects taught were reading and writing, arithmetic, catechism, sacred history, reading the book “On the Positions of Man and Citizen,” penmanship and drawing. Ivan Fedorovich Protopopov was appointed the first teacher. Before the opening of the school, Lipetsk mayor P.T. Burtsev reported on December 29, 1788 to the Tambov order of public charity that for the Small Public School “the house of the merchant Kirill Zabazarny was assigned, which consists of readiness and other needs such as: tables, benches are in all repairs and children for the first case 35 people were recruited ", and the Lipetsk society pledged to maintain the school at its own expense. The merchant's house, as it turned out, was not suitable for housing an educational institution. IN next year caretaker Koshkin and director of Tambov public schools A.A. Zhokhov was informed in the order: “The Lipetsk school is not covered and is in a low-lying and damp place in a bad situation, the roof has collapsed,” the teacher was not given “a well-deserved salary for the Genvar, May and September thirds,” the stoves in winter time are not heated, “which is why young children felt their health was damaged and their learning had stopped.” Protopopov repeatedly appealed to the merchant society, the magistrate, the city Duma, the order of public charity and the Tambov governor with a request to put the premises in order, but the requests remained unsatisfied. Over time, the merchants also lost interest in enlightenment. On October 31, 1799, the civil society of merchants and townspeople refused to support the school. For only ten years, it was possible for young Lipetsk residents to overcome at least one step towards big science.

On September 16, 1779, by Decree of Catherine II, the Lipskiye Zavody settlement officially received the status of a district town of the Tambov governorship with the name Lipetsk. The city included two settlements - Dikinskaya and Lipetskaya, together with factories, as well as the villages - Korovino and Dikinskaya. At that time, about 6 thousand people lived here. On August 16, 1781, Lipetsk received its coat of arms. Under the Tambov provincial coat of arms (a beehive and three golden bees) there is a spreading linden tree, as a symbol of antiquity and prosperity, like the family tree of a revived city. (Slide 11).

In the 18th century, the growth of large landownership continued. The Lipetsk region, rich in black soil, became the breadbasket of the state. Subsequently, it became widely known as a mineral water resort.

Lipetsk region in the 19th centuries.

In 1806, in the wooden, chaotically built-up Lipetsk there was a big fire, after which the city began to be built according to the General Plan, with straight, wide streets and buildings made of stone and brick. (Slide 12). Noble and merchant mansions appeared on Dvoryanskaya Street (now Lenin Street). (Slide 13).

In 1805, the Lipetsk Mineral Waters resort was established, which soon gained all-Russian fame. In terms of the quality of natural remedies - mineral waters and ferruginous mud - Lipetsk was compared with the best European resorts. Resort buildings, a hotel, and an entertainment hall were built. (Slide 14).

In 1809, a public library was opened at the resort.

In 1820, Emperor Alexander I visited the Lipetsk resort. For this event, the Tambov nobility built a wooden gallery in the Lower Park, where a ball was held on July 22, at which the emperor himself was present and took part in the dancing. Since then, the ball was given annually and was attended by nobles from neighboring provinces. In honor of the ball, illuminations and fireworks were held in the park. On the stage of the resort hall, visiting troupes gave performances based on plays by Russian and foreign playwrights. Famous musicians and actors from Moscow and St. Petersburg theaters performed on the Lipetsk stage. (Slide 15).

In 1839, in Lipetsk, at the expense of the St. Petersburg merchant Pavel Nebuchenov, who was healed at the Lipetsk resort and moved here, a memorial obelisk to Peter I was opened. Near the Lower Park, in the middle of a steep descent called Petrovsky, he threw a pointed spire high into the sky. For a provincial town this was a big event. By order of the governor, a guard was posted at the monument. Cast by master Ivan Fedorov at the Tambov Ironworks, the obelisk still has symbolic significance for the city today - its bas-reliefs reflect the history of Lipetsk. One of them depicts the forge of Hephaestus and the blacksmiths raising their hammers over a lightning arrow. Another talks about the natural resources of the region. In the center is the reclining goddess Hygeia, leaning on a vessel. Water pours from a vessel. The snake on the goddess’s chest is a symbol of the healing properties of Lipetsk mineral water. (Slide 16).

In 1867, kumys therapy was introduced at the Lipetsk resort, and in 1871, mud therapy. (Slide 17).

From 1869 to 1916, the weekly newspaper “Lipetsk Summer Leaf” was published at the resort from May 15 to September 15, which published advertisements for doctors, pharmacies, shops, as well as gossip columns. (Slide 18).

In 1891, the Golden Alley of the Lower Park, leading from the Kurhaus to the Petrovsky Pond, was illuminated for the first time with electric lights. (Slide 19).

Lipetsk region at the beginning of the 20th century.

In general, despite the fact that the Lipetsk resort also saw periods of decline, it was extremely popular among the capital’s nobility, especially during periods of numerous wars, when it was unpatriotic to visit European resorts. In 1907, at the World Exhibition in Belgium, the Lipetsk resort was awarded the Grand Prix Diploma, and six years later received the highest award at the All-Russian Hygienic Exhibition in St. Petersburg.

On May 18, 1911, the small county town of the Tambov province Lipetsk was visited by the emperor’s youngest and most beloved son Alexandra III Michael. (Slide 20).

By 1917, Lipetsk was a provincial town, the same as thousands of other small towns Russian Empire. (Slide 21).

In January 1918, Lipetsk became the base of one of the six air squadrons created in Soviet Russia. At the Lipetsk Higher Flight Technical School, 300 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 7 air marshals, and 13 cosmonauts improved their flying skills. The German aviation school "Star" was located in Lipetsk. Legend claims that Goering himself studied here before the war. (Slide 22).

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the metallurgical life of the city revived again. In 1902, with the participation of Belgian capital, the construction of two blast furnaces was completed, which laid the foundation for the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant, which produced the first cast iron on July 15, 1902, and in 1931 another giant was founded - the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NLMZ, now Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant - NLMK), which began operations on November 7, 1934. The construction of a metallurgical enterprise, conceived as a plant with a full metallurgical cycle, became a turning point in the biography of Lipetsk. It was NLMK that brought Lipetsk world fame as an industrial center. (Slides 23,24).

Since the 30s, Lipetsk has transformed from a small provincial town surrounded by greenery into a large industrial center of the Black Earth Region. In 1943, a decision was made to build the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which was awarded orders and awards more than once. (Slide 25).

Lipetsk region during the Great Patriotic War

(Slide 26). During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazis twice invaded the Lipetsk region. The first time was in October 1941, when the front was approaching the Lipetsk region. On the territory of the Lipetsk Territory, Soviet soldiers fought stubborn defensive battles against the advancing Nazi hordes. After the capture of Efremov, the Germans launched an attack on Lebedyan, Yelets, Zadonsk and Kastornoye. The bloodiest battle was for the Yelets railway junction, which was of great strategic importance on the distant approaches to Moscow. The Nazis threw part of the second army at Yelets - a large railway junction, from where roads went in five directions. The enemy concentrated three infantry divisions on a narrow section of the front. However, using significant superiority in manpower and equipment, German troops on the evening of December 3, 1941 met Soviet troops on the outskirts of the city. The struggle continued with the same ferocity within him. Until ten o'clock in the evening on December 3, the city communications department and the power plant were working. On the night of December 3–4, the enemy captured the city. (Slide 27).

In November and early December, the Nazis occupied fully or partially the Izmalkovsky, Dolgorukovsky, Stanovlyansky, Yeletsky, Terbunsky and Volovsky districts.

On July 7, 1941, a fighter battalion was organized at the Lipetsk city department of the NKVD. The city is declared under martial law. Battalion detachments guarded factories and institutions; caught spies and saboteurs. Their headquarters was located on Revolution Square. In 1941, the 591st aviation fighter regiment was formed in Lipetsk. (Slide 28).

In July 1942, the fascist German command launched large offensive operations towards Stalingrad and the Caucasus. They began on June 28 with an offensive in the Voronezh direction. Soviet troops, under pressure from superior enemy forces, were forced to retreat to the east. In July, fascist troops again invaded our region. They occupy part of the Volovsky and current Terbunsky districts. This time the Nazis were in our region for about 7 months. On January 24-26, 1943, the troops of the Voronezh and Bryansk fronts went on the offensive. The occupied territory of what is now the Lipetsk region, part of the Voronezh and Kursk regions, was liberated from the Nazis. (Slide 29).

The invaders were finally expelled from this land in 1943. Like the entire country, cities and villages suffered irreparable losses. (Slide 30). Of the 246 thousand residents of the districts and cities that were part of the Lipetsk region who were called up, 128.5 thousand people did not return from the war. The high appreciation of the military exploits of fellow countrymen of the Lipetsk region is evidenced by the fact that for their exploits in the Great Patriotic War, 173 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. (Slide 31).

Century XX...

Directly as a subject of the Federation, the region was formed by decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR dated January 6, 1954 from areas of five neighboring regions. (Slides 32, 33).

The region included: from Voronezh region: the city of Lipetsk, Borinsky, Vodopyanovsky, Grachevsky, Gryazinsky, Dmitryashevsky, Dobrinsky, Lipetsk, Molotovsky, Talitsky, Usmansky, Khvorostyansky and Khlevensky districts; from Oryol region- the city of Yelets, Volynsky, Dolgorukovsky, Yeletsky, Zadonsky, Izmalkovsky, Krasninsky, Stanovlyansky, Chernavsky and Chibisovsky districts; from Ryazan region- Berezovsky, Voskresensky, Dankovsky, Dobrovsky, Kolybelsky, Lebedyansky, Lev-Tolstovsky, Troyekurovsky, Trubetchinsky and Chaplyginsky districts; from the Kursk region - Bolshe-Polyansky, Volovsky and Terbunsky districts.

Now in the Lipetsk region there are 18 rural districts, 8 cities and 4 urban districts in the city of Lipetsk.

On July 4, 1967, the Lipetsk region was awarded the Order of Lenin for its success in the development of the national economic complex.

The area of ​​the region is 24.1 thousand km². According to this indicator, the region ranks 71st in Russia and last among the 5 regions of the Central Black Earth economic region.

Population - 1176 thousand people (2011) - 3rd place in the Central Black Earth economic region and 45th in Russia. (Slide 34).

Sights of the region.

The territory of the Lipetsk region has preserved a rich historical and cultural heritage. A significant part of it is represented mainly by architectural monuments that are located in the cities of the region. They convey the unique atmosphere of the Russian province. Ex's are of interest noble nests» Stakhovichi, Muromtsevs, Nechaevs, Khvostovs, Kozhins and others. The true architectural masterpieces of the Lipetsk region are many spiritual shrines - city and rural churches, as well as several monastery ensembles, including the well-known Zadonsky Bogoroditsky, Troekurovsky Ilarionovsky, Sezenovsky Ioanno-Kazansky, Eletsky Znamensky, Lebedyansky Trinity monasteries. The natural “masterpieces” are unique: Galichya Mountain, Plyushchan, Vorgol Rocks, Morozova Mountain, exceptional in their picturesqueness and richness of flora and fauna.

Tourism is becoming one of the key areas of development of our region. We invite you to virtual tour to the sights of our region.

Galichya Mountain.

Galichya Mountain is one of the smallest and most unique nature reserves not only in the Lipetsk region, but throughout the world. Now total area unusual place is 230 hectares. It consists of several remote tracts of the Lipetsk region: Galichya Gora (19 ha), Morozova Gora (100 ha), Plyushchan forest tract (39.5 ha), Bykova Sheya (30.1 ha), Vorgol rocky tract ( 30 hectares) and Voronov Kamen (11.4 hectares).

The main object of protection in this beautiful place– this is a rare flora, groups of petrophytes on outcrops of ancient limestone and typical forest-steppe communities. The reserve is famous for its incredibly rich and unique fauna and vegetation. Linden forests, rocks, sedge and feather grass steppes, oak groves and upland birch forests that make up Galichya Mountain form bright plant groups and are considered the standards of nature in the Lipetsk region.

Today, 100 estates have been preserved in the region, which have artistic, aesthetic, scientific, educational and practical significance. (Slide 35).

Museum-Estate "Dolgorukovsky Region" .

The estate museum is located in the Dolgorukovsky district of the Lipetsk region. “Dolgorukovsky Land” is not only a collection of local history rarities; a variety of things are stored in this unique and beautiful place: an iconostasis installation with unusual stucco molding - papier-mâché, which has nothing to do with the monastery.

The territory of the museum-estate is a continuation of the collection of various rarities: the bell tower on which Kozma Prutkov sits and looks towards the Zhemchuzhnikovs’ estate, a rock-barn with instructions grandiose battles– Borodino, Kulikovo, Poltava, Grunwald, “Shelter of Boyarina Morozova.” Rurik, Olga Razumovskaya, and Prince Dolgorukov are also here. In the courtyard of the museum there was also a place for General Ivan Rusiyanov, a hero of the Great Patriotic War. (Slide 36).

Znamenskoye estate.

The owners of the Znamenskoye estate (now the village of Veshalovka, Lipetsk district) throughout the XVIII centuries there were Tatishchevs. The Church of the Sign was built from 1768 to 1784 at the expense of Y.A. Tatishchev, son of Tsar Peter I’s favorite orderly A.D. Tatishcheva. The author of the project is believed to have been the famous Russian architect Vasily Bazhenov. The basis for this judgment was the features of the architectural techniques used by the author. Moreover, it is known that cousin owner of the estate Y.A. Tatishchev Pyotr Alekseevich Tatishchev (1730-1801) was a member of the board of trustees of Moscow University. In 1765 he paid off the debt to V.I. Bazhenov Academy of Arts for his retirement trip to Europe. However, no documents have yet been found confirming Bazhenov’s involvement in construction in Znamensky (Veshalovka).

At the beginning of the 19th century, the rich Lipetsk landowners Kozhins became the owners of Znamensky. Mikhail Ivanovich Kozhin begins building a manor palace, laying out a huge park with terraced ponds and an orchard. From the palace, which resembled a medieval castle and was destroyed after the revolution, only part of the corner tower has survived today.

Restoration work has been underway at the Church of the Sign since 1987. In 1999-2003, a large volume of repair and restoration work was carried out on the facades of the monument under the supervision of architect N.N. Smirnov and the State Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Lipetsk Region. The interiors of the temple have been prepared for painting, and landscaping has begun. (Slide 37).

Borkovo Castle

The Borki estate is one of the most beautiful and interesting places in the Lipetsk region. This is the only one in the Lipetsk region historical monument, made in the English Gothic style. The palace ensemble was built in 1902-1903. designed by the famous architect A. I. von Gauguin. The stylized medieval estate with loopholes included main house, services, beautiful park and pond.

The castle was intended for Prince A.V. Romanov, but he practically never visited these places. A few years later, in 1915, the estate was sold to the landowner Sheremetyev, and in 1917 the castle was plundered by vandals. Currently, the castle belongs to S. A. Gribanov and since 2009, work has been underway to restore the entire estate complex. (Slide 38).

Grand Ducal Church .

In the city of Yelets, Lipetsk region, there is a majestic and beautiful Grand Ducal Church, built in 1882-1913. designed by architects E. I. Vilfart and A. S. Kaminsky. The temple was attached to a chapel erected in memory of Alexander II, who was killed by the Narodnaya Volya.

On the north side of the church, a house of charity was built in memory of the Romanovs. In the southwestern part of the house there is a decorative tower, completed with a spire covered with beautiful golden tiles. The western and southern facades are richly decorated with glazed ceramic tiles. On the street side, the House of Charity and the Grand Ducal Church are surrounded by a common fence and form a single architectural complex, designed in the Art Nouveau style. (Slide 39).

Stakhovichi Estate

15 kilometers north of Yelets in the village. Palna-Mikhailovka, there is an estate noble family Stakhovich. In 1820, a wooden manor house was built here in the style of Russian classicism. In 1907 it burned down, and in 1910 a stone one was built in its place, which has survived to this day. The manor park, spread out on both sides of the Palna River, has survived.

Another landmark of Palna is the church-mausoleum in the form of a rotunda with a portico and a dome on a drum, built according to the plan of the Moscow architect D.I. Gilardi.

Palna-Mikhailovka gained all-Russian fame in connection with the economic, social and cultural activities of the first Palna natives - the brothers Mikhail Alexandrovich and Alexander Alexandrovich Stakhovich.

Mikhail Alexandrovich is known as a poet and playwright, writer, musician-theorist, local historian and public figure. Alexey Alexandrovich Stakhovich is the author of theatrical and literary memoirs.

Guests of this rich noble estate at different times there were outstanding cultural figures: A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, I. Repin, K. Stanislavsky and others (Slide 40).

Lotarevo estate.

Under the leadership of Prince L.D. Vyazemsky, from the 70s of the 19th century, to the north of the village of Korobovki in the current Gryazinsky district, the vast landowner estate of Lotarevo began to be created. A large princely house was built here, an English park with sculptural groups and fountains and a garden were laid out. The estate had its own power plant, which provided lighting for 500 light bulbs and the operation of fountains in the park. The estate had a farm yard with a cowshed, a poultry house, a pigsty, a dairy barn, a livestock barn, workshops, a stud farm, barns, a glacier, a working stable, greenhouses and other buildings.

The boundaries of the estate were lined with forest belts, planting material for which it was taken from our own tree nurseries. A ten-field crop rotation was introduced on the estate. Five large ponds with dams and spillways were built. They irrigated 150 acres of fields and gardens. The estate had 3,700 acres of land.

Thanks to the proper organization of field cultivation, the estate received high and stable crop yields, despite the occasional drought. The estate had 1,700 head of Swiss dairy cows, 2,500 head of Ramboulier merino sheep, and 500 head of Yorkshire pigs. There was our own stud farm for Oryol trotters. Percheron, half-breed and Arden horses were bred for economic purposes. The estate had its own reserve “Lotarevskaya Steppe” - 200 hectares of unplowed virgin feather grass from time immemorial. It was used only for walking the horses of the own stud farm. All fields of the estate are planted with forest belts, multi-field crop rotations and irrigated agriculture are introduced.

Under Prince L.D. Vyazemsky, on his family estate "Lotarevo", organized one of the best stud farms of Oryol trotters in Russia. The estate was recognized as one of the most prosperous farms in Russia. (Slide 41).

The bridge built by Prince Vyazemsky in the 19th century (Knyazhnaya Baygora village).

It was built by the talented engineer Ivan Genrikhovich Gringof in 1911. And Prince Boris Leonidovich Vyazemsky financed the construction. The cost of the bridge in 1911 prices was 20 thousand rubles. The bridge layout is three spans of 15 meters each, plus coastal consoles of 2.5 m each. The supports consist of two columns connected by three horizontal and two diagonal connections. The roadway surface of the bridge - cobblestone pavement on a sandy base - has been preserved since its construction.

Testing of the new bridge began on November 10, 1911. Speaking about the construction time (3.5 months), you are once again amazed at the skill of I.G. Gringoff organized construction, his punctuality and scientific foresight, since reinforced concrete as a building material began to be used in Russia only at the beginning of the 20th century. (Slide 42).

Demetrius of Thessalonica Church.

The Church of Demetrius of Thessalonica is an Orthodox church of the Lipetsk and Yelets diocese. Located in the village of Korobovka, Gryazinsky district, Lipetsk region.

The first wooden church in Korobovka was brought from the village of Knyazhaya Baygora through the efforts of the landowner Nikolai Vladimirovich Velyaminov.

In 1879, Prince Leonid Dmitrievich Vyazemsky ordered the design of a new stone church in St. Petersburg from the famous Russian architect Maximilian Evgenievich Mesmacher. In 1879-1883. Messmacher built a new stone Demetrius Church.

In the documents of 1911 one can read: “The church is warm, stone, built in 1883 at the expense of Prince Leonid Vyazemsky. The throne is in the name of St. Great Martyr Demetrius. The parish was opened in 1841. In the family crypt of the Vyazemsky princes there is a sculptural work of white marble icon "The Lamentation of the Virgin Mary", in the natural height of a person, the work of a famous professor Royal Academy arts in Rome Masini". The crypt was located in the chapel of St. Lydia under the altar of the temple. Saint Lydia was considered the heavenly patroness of the daughter of Leonid Vyazemsky. The Vyazemskys and their immediate family Velyaminov. From the crypt there was an underground passage to the burials of more than early years. The entrance to the crypt was from the temple. Vyazemsky acquired the sculptural marble group “Lamentation of the Virgin Mary” during his trip to Italy. Now this sculpture is in the storerooms of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. The temple had an oak carved iconostasis, as well as a copper chandelier weighing 52 pounds. 64 candles were inserted into it, which, as they burned, independently moved outward using special springs.

On the bell of the Demetrius Church there was an inscription taken from the epigraph to Schiller’s “The Bell”: “Vivas voco, Mortuos plango. Fulgura frango" (“I call the living, I remember the dead, I hum in the fire”), to which Prince Vyazemsky added - “I save people in a snowstorm.”

An iron fence was built around the temple, and inside it were two schools with apartments for teachers. Both schools were also built at the expense of Leonid Vyazemsky. Before the First World War, in the church fence, Prince B.L. Vyazemsky built another school.

The church operated until 1938. Then it was closed.

On May 24, 2011, the grand opening of a memorial plaque to L.D. took place on the façade of the church. Vyazemsky. It is written on the board: “In the crypt of the Church of St. Demetrius of Thessalonica, its creator, a prominent statesman of Russia, hero of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, cavalry general, Prince Leonid Dmitrievich Vyazemsky, 08/19/1848 - 11/24/1909, is buried.” (Slide 43).

Conclusion.

Take a look at the map of the European part of Russia. In its center, between fifty-second - fifty-four degrees of northern latitude and thirty-eighth - forty degrees of east longitude, the Lipetsk region lies in an irregular pentagon. Our region is one of the youngest administrative entities on the map of the Russian Federation, created on January 6, 1954 from parts of neighboring regions. The Lipetsk region united Voronezh hospitality, Ryazan patriarchy, Kursk valor, and Oryol thoroughness. And if we take into account that previously our lands were part of the Tambov province, then without exaggeration we can say that our small homeland is the heart of Russia!

Having followed the history of the region, starting from ancient times and ending with the 21st century, it can be argued that the past and present of the Lipetsk region are interesting and educational.

The territory of the Lipetsk region has preserved a rich historical and cultural heritage. Lines by A.S. are dedicated to many places in the region. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina. (Slide 44).

There is such a land

What is ringed by Koltsov’s song,

Blue-eyed Ryazan,

Nightingale Kursk Bulge.

There is such a land -

Flesh from the flesh of Orel and Tambov,

What has become supreme

Both our homeland and our destiny

And whatever the winds
We were not greeted with a chest,
Ancestors will be with hope
Look after us.
There is no higher homeland
No love, no sadness
No joy, no light
There is no homeland.

B. M. Shalnev.

Literature.

Andrievsky A.E. "Historical and statistical description of the Tambov diocese. 1911."

Astakhov, V.V. Protected nature of the Lipetsk region: At the turn of the millennium / V.V. Astakhov, Yu.V. Dyukarev, V.S. Sarychev. - Lipetsk: Photo-Prof-TASS, 2000.

Vodarsky Ya.E. Population of Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. // Historical archive. 1959.

Vyazemsky // Lipetsk Encyclopedia: in 3 volumes / ed.-comp. B.M. Shalnev, V.V. Shakhov. - Lipetsk, 1999. - T.1.

Danilov V. Exemplary owners of the Lotarevo estate / / Lipetsk Land: historical heritage: culture and art / ch. ed. A.M. Tarunov. - M, 2003.

Spiritual and contractual letters of the great and appanage princes XIV-XVI centuries M.-L., 1950 (DDG).

Zhirova, I. A. Essays on the history of entrepreneurship in the Lipetsk region at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century / I. A. Zhirova, O. N. Fedorova. - Lipetsk: Center for Printing, 2006.

Land of Lipetsk: historical heritage: culture and art / ed. A. M. Tarunov. - M.: Scientific Information Publishing Center, 2003.

Martynov A.F. From the past of the Lipetsk region / A.F. Martynov, V.M. Zhdanov. - Lipetsk: Book. Publishing house, 1959.

Melikhov F. Peter I in Lipetsk / F. Melikhov // Cradle of the Fleet. - Lipetsk, 1995.

Lipetsk. A look through time: walks around the city and region / author. text by E. Makhanko; ph. P. Chaykin. - Voronezh: New Look, 2012.

Lipetsk region: Catalog of cultural heritage / comp. N. D. Ivashova [and others]. - M.: NIITsentr, 2008.

Lipetsk Encyclopedia / comp. V. V. Shakhov, B. M. Shalnev. - Lipetsk: Lipetsk Publishing House; Ryazan: Galion, 2000. - T. 2. - ISBN 5-221-00168-3.

Samotsvetov I.A. "Reference book on the Tambov diocese for 1876."

Shipbuilding and metallurgy in the Lipetsk region: History. Traditions. Modernity / ed. L. Katerinkina, comp. L. Loshkareva. - Lipetsk: Orius, 1998

Tambov province. List of populated places according to data from 1862. Published by the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [Processed by senior editor A. Artemyev]. St. Petersburg: Karl Wulff Printing House, 1866.

Electronic resources

State Archives modern history Lipetsk region.

Materials from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia.

Site materials: Princes Vyazemsky on the Lipetsk land, Lipland, Portal of Lipetsk network resources "First Lipetsk".

RIA Novosti http://ria.ru/tags/location_Lipeckaja_oblast/#13861660179314&message=resize&relto=login&action=removeClass&value=registration#ixzz2mW02SCL3

Yandex photos.

Department of Education and Science of the Lipetsk Region

Lipetsk Institute for Educational Development

Yelets State University named after.

Regional culture

Lipetsk region

from ancient times to the endXVIIIcentury

Textbook for students in grades 6 and 7

Lipetsk 2011

BBK 63.3(2R – 4 LI) I 721

Regional culture.

Lipetsk region from ancient times to the end of the 18th century.

Textbook for students in grades 6 and 7, 212 p.

Scientific adviser:

, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian History and Archeology, Yelets State University. .

Reviewers:

, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Archeology, Yelets State University. .

, candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, chairman of the Lipetsk regional organization of the Union of Writers “Military Commonwealth”, academician of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts (PANI).

, methodologist at the Department of Humanitarian Education at the Lipetsk Institute for Educational Development (LIRO).

Gorbunova G. I ., history teacher, Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation, Deputy Director for educational work of North Kazakhstan boarding school of III–IV types.

Historical material, documents, excerpts from works of fiction, colorful, tasteful and appropriately selected illustrations, a variety of non-standard, creative and problematic tasks for schoolchildren - all of the above indicates that the manual was created at a high methodological level.

The manual contains great cognitive, developmental and educational potential, which is one of the leading advantages of the work.

IN educational material the close integration of the history of the Fatherland and the native land is traced, a synthesis of the fundamentals is carried out historical science and culture.

The manual is relevant and timely; it can be useful for teachers teaching local history modules not only historical, but also literary, geographical and artistic.

Introduction. 4

Archaeological map. ............................................................................6

Part one. Our region from ancient times to the 30s. XVI century.7

§ 1– 2. Our region during the period of stone and early metal. 7

§ 3. Early iron age in our area. 12

§ 4. The territory of the Upper Don as part of Ancient Rus'.................16 § 5. Our region during the period of feudal fragmentation.............. .........20

§ 6. “The past fate of the native land.” A. Pushkin................................22

Repetition. Rus' and our region in the 13th century.................................................... .....26

§ 7. “Rus' has languished in captivity” V. Gilyarovsky…………………………......28

§ 8. “Over the Kulikovo field there are calls to battle!” M. Belyaev 31

§ 9. Lights of the Russian land. 38

§ 10. “The graves of the Slavs will rise like mounds of glory...” A. Surkov 43

§ 11. Annexation of the Yelets principality to Moscow. 48

Final review of the first part. 53

Literature for additional reading........62

Answers........................................................ ...................................................78

Literature................................................. ...........................................79

Part two. Our region in the 16th – 18th centuries………………………. 80

TO art. Our region in the 16th – 17th centuries. ….................................................. 80

§ 12. Guarding the southern borders of Russia in the 16th – 17th centuries. 81

§ 13. Our region in Time of Troubles. 86

§ 14. Creation of the Belgorod serif line.. 89

§ 15. Cities - fortresses of the Lipetsk region. . .......................................... 91

§ 16. From the history of small towns. 94

§ 17. Lands of the Romanovs and other patrimonial lands in our region. 98

§ 18–19. “Architecture is also a chronicle of the world...” N. Gogol …101

§ 20. Our region during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich......10 7

Repetition. Russia and our region in the 16th–17th centuries………………....§ 21. “Sea vessels to be”........................ ....................................114

Map. Industry in the XVII–XVIII centuries.................................... 120

§ 22–23. The birth of the first factories in Lipetsk…………. . ......................121

§ 24. From the history of the “orange city”. 126

§ 25. . "Don Liberia". ......131

§ 26. The role of Peter I in our region.................................................... ......137

Our region from ancient times to the 30s. XVI century

§ 1– 2. Our land in the depths of centuries

The hunters silently followed the trail

And they opened the battle with a loud cry,

And completed a difficult victory

Light pattern, fine carving.

Valentin Berestov

How did people of the modern world learn about the past? They are helped with this various sciences, which have a variety of sources. The oldest of them – material monuments, science studies them archeology (translated from Greek archeos – ancient, logos – word)– science of antiquity.

There are about 2,000 archaeological sites in the Lipetsk region, but there are many more. Their number increases every year as the study of their native land continues.

Archaeological sites of all eras have been found on the territory of the Lipetsk region, starting from the time of the Upper (early) Paleolithic and ending with the late Middle Ages.

Paleolithic–Old Stone Age.

On globe The Paleolithic began 3 million years ago and lasted until the end of the 4th millennium BC. e.

The most ancient human settlements on the territory of the Lipetsk Territory, in the Upper Don region, date back to the Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years - 12 thousand years ago).

During the Early Paleolithic period, tundra vegetation covered our region.

Man learned to build houses, make clothes, hunted mammoths and woolly rhinoceros, reindeer,
arctic fox and hare. Made scrapers, cutters from flint, from bone – needles and awls, used them for sewing clothes.

At this time, it gradually developed tribal community.

The presence of people in our region during the Ice Age (about 22 thousand years BC) is evidenced by finds discovered by Leningrad archaeologists and, in the village of Gagarino, Zadonsk district, 50 km from Lipetsk.

The small village became world famous. While digging a basement by a local peasant in the summer of 1924, mammoth skull bones and a bone awl 12 cm long were discovered, which indicated the presence of man in our region in paleolithic period.

An ancient human site in the form of a round dugout up to 5.5 meters in diameter was also discovered there. It was buried half a meter into the ground, had a fireplace at the entrance and a conical roof. The inside of the dwelling was lined with stone slabs.

Flint and bone stones were found in the surrounding cultural layer.

tools, decorations made from animal teeth, pieces of mineral paint and female figurines. More than 3,000 flint tools, about 600 stone tools, and more than 100 bone items were excavated. Mammoth ivory with engraving, decorations from several fangs and incisors of an arctic fox with cut holes, two pendants made of mammoth ivory.

Findings indicate that The ancient people who lived on our territory were hunters and gatherers.

6 female figurines made from mammoth ivory deserve special attention.

232" height="165">

Neolithic – New Stone Age (5–4 thousand years BC).

Beads. Cornelian.

Novonikolsky

burial ground

The finds made during the excavations of the mound became a sensation in 2004. near the village Lenino(formerly Romanovo)Lipetsk region.

A noble woman was buried in one of the burials. Her clothes are embroidered with gold beads and small gold beads, and decorated with stamped gold plaques. A funeral canopy with gold foil appliqués depicting scenes from Iranian mythology was discovered. They are made in the Sarmatian “animal style” in the form of figurines of deer and mountain goats located around central figure bird of prey.

This is Farn – the mythical bird of good luck and happiness among Iranian-speaking nomads.

Bedspread with gold

applications. Reconstruction.

Kurgan near the village of Lenino

Questions and tasks:

I. ***What finds were discovered by archaeologists of the Stone and Early Metal Period? What do they indicate?

II. What changes took place in the life of ancient people?

III. Test yourself by completing a test paper.

For every two questions you answer correctly, you get a point.

In total: for 11 – 12 points – mark "5", for 10 – 8 points – “4”,

for 7 – 5 points – “3”.

1). Linguistics is a science that studies:

A). the past according to monuments of material culture;

b). oral folk art;

V). language.

2). Archeology – science that studies the past by:

A). monuments of material culture;

b). works of oral folk art;

V). language development.

3). Records of events that took place, compiled by year, were called:

A). chronicle;

b). numerator;

V). epic.

4). glacial period arrived:

A). 700 thousand years ago;

b). 80 thousand years ago;

V). 12 – 14 thousand years ago.

5). Inequality in the human tribe begins to develop:

A). with the appearance of surplus labor products;

b). with the improvement of tools;

V). with the desire of elders and leaders, priests for primacy

wu among his fellow tribesmen.

6). Arrange the stages of state formation in chronological order:

A). union of tribes;

V). herd.

7). The state is:

A). organization of people's lives, in which there is a unified management system throughout the entire territory of residence;

b). association of people related by blood;

V). uniting people for the purpose of survival in harsh climatic conditions.

8). The Gagarin site of the Zadonsk region dates back to the era:

A). Iron Age;

b). Paleolithic;

V). Bronze Age.

9). What period do the burial grounds in the village of Novonikolskoye, Dankovsky district, belong to:

A). to stone;

b). to bronze;

V). to iron?

10). What period of history do the finds in the burial ground near the village of Lenino indicate?

A). Stone Age;

b). Iron Age;

V). Bronze Age?

eleven). Where is the archaeological site Lipetsk Lake located:

A). in the city of Lipetsk,

b). in the Lipetsk region?

12). Where a bedspread with gold appliqués was discovered, depicting the bird of happiness and good fortune Farn:

A). in Romanovo Lebedyansky district;

b). in Lenino (Romanovo) Lipetsk region;