All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Ethnocultural space of the South of Russia (XVIII – XXI centuries.” Krasnodar, November-December 2013
Tarasova T.T., Rostov-on-Don
DYNAMICS OF THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE ROSTOV REGION
The Rostov region is one of the largest regions Russian Federation. By number permanent population it ranks sixth among the subjects of the country and second (after Krasnodar region) - among the subjects of the Southern Federal District, accounting for 30.9% of its population. As of January 1, 2013, according to data Territorial body Federal service state statistics the number of residents of the Rostov region amounted to 4254.6 thousand people. Like most regions of Russia, the region is multi-ethnic. We will consider the dynamics of the size and ethnic composition of its population on the basis of materials from the All-Union and All-Russian population censuses and state statistics, using the methodology of ethnostatistical analysis.
According to the final data of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, 4,277,976 people lived in the Rostov region. Materials from previous All-Union censuses show that in the region there was steady trend growth population, however, the 2002 census already recorded the formation new trend reduction in the number of residents in the region (Figure 1).
Between the 2002 and 2010 censuses, the population of the Rostov region decreased by 126,037 people or 2.9%. During the same time, the population in the Russian Federation decreased by 1.6%, that is, the rate of population decline in the region was higher than the national rate. This is due to the fact that in the region under consideration the more unfavorable regime of natural reproduction and natural population losses are not compensated by migration growth. Despite the fact that natural decline in last years decreased slightly, the downward trend in the number of residents of the region continues to this day.
The dynamics of the population also reflects the changes that have occurred with its constituent ethnic groups. To transform the ethnic structure of the population into to the greatest extent influenced by factors such as the natural and migratory movement of ethnic groups living in the region, as well as a change in the ethnic self-awareness of representatives of a particular people under the influence, mainly, of mixed marriages or ethnocultural adaptation and assimilation.
In the last intercensus period, significant changes occurred in the ethnic composition of the Rostov region (Table 1). Let us consider these changes using the example of the most numerous nationalities in the region.
Table 1. National composition of the population of the Rostov region by the most numerous nationalities (according to the All-Russian population censuses) ?
|
Population, people 2002 |
2002 |
Population, people 2010. |
Here total number population, 2010 |
Increase (+), decrease (-) number, people. |
|
|
Whole population |
|||||
|
Cossacks |
|||||
|
Ukrainians |
|||||
|
Belarusians |
|||||
|
Azerbaijanis |
|||||
|
Dargins |
|||||
|
Moldovans |
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|
Other nationalities (not listed above) |
|||||
|
Persons who did not indicate their nationality. belonging |
The table is compiled according to: Distribution of the population of the Rostov region by nationality. Results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census. Stat. Sat. /Rostovstat/. Rostov-on-Don, 2005. SS. 9-19; Results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census for the Rostov Region. Volume 4. National composition and language proficiency, citizenship. Book 1: Statistical collection /Rostovstat/ - Rostov n/D, 2013. SS. 4-20.
Traditionally, the dominant ethnic group in the Rostov region are Russians. Their number in the region between the 2002 and 2010 censuses decreased by 139,228 people or 3.5% and amounted to 3,795,607 people. As noted above, during the same period the population of the region decreased by 126,037 people or 2.9%, that is, the rate of decline of Russians is higher than that of the population as a whole. In previous periods, there was a steady growth trend in the Russian population in the region, although the rate of their growth was slowing down. So, from 1979 to 1989. the number of Russians increased by 3.7% from 1989 to 2002. - by 2.4%. The latest population census showed for the first time a significant reduction in the number of Russians in the region (Figure 2).
The number of Cossacks (Russian Cossacks) decreased especially noticeably. As is known, for the first time in the practice of domestic censuses in 2002, data was obtained on those who consider themselves to be Cossacks. During the period under review, their number in the Rostov region decreased almost threefold (2.9 times) and amounted to 29,682 people in 2010. In Russia as a whole, the number of those who identified themselves as Cossacks also decreased significantly - from 140,028 people in 2002 to 67,573 people in 2010, or 2.1 times, but the all-Russian rate of decline in the Cossacks was lower than in the Rostov region. Despite this, the Cossacks of the region remain one of the many today, making up 43.9% of the total number of Cossacks in the Russian Federation.
If the reduction in the absolute number of Russians in the region was recorded by the 2010 census, then the decrease in the share of Russians in the total population was noted much earlier (Figure 3), that is, the long-term trend of a reduction in the proportion of Russians continues to this day, which also indicates an increase in ethnic mosaic in the region . From 1989 to 2010 share of Russians in total number of the region's residents decreased from 89.7% to 88.7%.
According to the 2010 census, in addition to Russians, 11.3% of other representatives lived in the region various peoples, among whom the most numerous are currently Armenians, Ukrainians and Turks (Table 1, Figure 4).
As population census materials show, until 1989, Ukrainians in the Rostov region were characterized by an increase in their numbers and until 2002 they remained second in number after Russians. In subsequent intercensus periods, the number of Ukrainians declined rapidly at an increasing pace - from 1989 to 2002. - by 33.7%, from 2002 to 2010. - by 34.3%. According to the latest census, 77,802 Ukrainians lived in the Rostov region, and their share of the total number of residents was 1.8%. Overall for 1989-2010. the number of Ukrainians in the region decreased by more than half (2.3 times). The decline in the number of Ukrainians was significantly influenced by the unfavorable regime of natural reproduction and the unbalanced age-sex structure. The Ukrainian ethnos was one of the first to complete the demographic transition and move to a narrowed type of natural reproduction, when the incoming generations are numerically smaller than the outgoing ones and the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate. Demographically, this ethnic group is the “oldest” (after Belarusians). Thus, the median age of Ukrainians according to the 2010 census was 56.9 years in the Rostov region versus 39.1 years in the region as a whole. There are very few young people among Ukrainians and a high proportion of elderly people. Persons under working age make up only 2% of them (versus 15.1% among the region's population), working age - 48.5% (versus 60.8% among the population) and people over working age - 49.5% (versus 24 .1% among the population) The gender ratio among Ukrainians in the region is also unfavorable: men according to the 2010 census were 39.1%, women - 60.9%, and among the entire population of the region these figures were 46.3% and 53.7 % respectively.
Among the factors that influenced the reduction in the number of Ukrainians in the region, the processes of changing ethnic identity cannot be underestimated. Ukrainians quite often change their identity to Russian. The intensive reduction in the number of Ukrainians has led to the fact that they have become, as the 2010 census data show, the third largest group in the region, giving way to the Armenians in second place (Figure 4).
At the time of the last census, the number of Armenians in the Rostov region was 110,727 people. The dynamics of their numbers is characterized by a long-term growth trend. The number of Armenians increased especially noticeably during the intercensus period 1989-2002. - 1.8 times, which occurred mainly due to their migration influx from outside the region. Subsequently, the growth rate Armenian population decreased from 2002 to 2010. their number increased by only 733 people or 0.6% (Table 1).
Thus, Russians, Armenians and Ukrainians are the most numerous and make up 93.1% of the population of the Rostov region.
A fairly new phenomenon in the ethnic picture of the Rostov region is the unprecedented increase in the number of Turks. According to the 1989 census, there were only 78 people in the region, and in 2002 there were 28,285 people (an increase of 363 times), in 2010 - 35,902 people (1.3 times). And although in the last intercensal period the rate of growth in the number of Turks slowed down, they still remain the highest among the most numerous nationalities in the region. In terms of numbers, Turks have firmly occupied fourth place in the region since 2002, and their share in the total population reached 0.8% in 2010. The main sources of growth in the Turkish population of the region were, first of all, their migration growth, as well as natural increase. A feature of this ethnic group is its predominant settlement in rural areas- 94.2% of Turks live in rural areas. In addition, along with the Roma, the Turks are the “youngest” in demographic terms, their median age according to the latest census is 23.6 years (23.5 years for the Roma), while among the entire population of the region it reached 39. 1 years
The next largest ethnic groups in the Rostov region according to the 2010 census are Azerbaijanis (17,961 people), Roma (16,657 people), Belarusians (16,493 people), Tatars (13,948 people), Koreans (11,597 people) and Chechens (11,449 people) , whose share in the region’s population ranges from 0.4% among Azerbaijanis to 0.27% among Koreans. In the period between the population censuses of 2002 and 2010, only Azerbaijanis and Gypsies increased their numbers; the numbers of other listed nationalities decreased, most significantly among Belarusians - by 38%, Chechens - by 26% and Tatars - by 22%.
The remaining nationalities of the region make up less than 0.2% of its population. Of these, special mention should be made of the Dargins and Avars, whose population growth rates are among the highest. In the last intercensus period, the number of the former increased by 23.9% (from 6735 to 8304 people), the latter - by 15% (from 4038 to 4595 people). During the same time, the greatest rate of decline in numbers was characteristic of Germans - by 38.1% (from 6840 to 4234 people) and Jews - by 36% (from 4984 to 3231 people).
It is noteworthy that the 2010 population census materials showed a sharp increase in persons who did not indicate their nationality- from 7507 people in 2002 to 69228 people in 2010, that is, 10.2 times (Table 1).
In general, according to the 2010 population census, the population of the Rostov region by largest nationalities looks like in the following way(Figure 5):
Based on the analysis, we can draw some conclusions about the changes that occurred in the ethnic composition of the Rostov region in the period between the population censuses of 2002 and 2010:
For the first time, the number of the dominant Russian ethnic group began to decline, and at a rate exceeding the rate of decline in the total population of the region;
Continues to decrease specific gravity Russians in the total population and the ethnic mosaic of the region increases;
The share of the Slavic component in the ethnic composition of the region continues to decline (the share of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians in the total population decreased from 92.6% in 2002 to 90.9% in 2010);
The largest (besides Russians) ethnic groups in the region are Armenians, Ukrainians and Turks;
Of all the nationalities, the number of which exceeds 3 thousand people, the increase occurred only among Armenians, Turks, Azerbaijanis, Gypsies, Dargins, Avars and Lezgins, the number of others decreased. The most high rates The increase in numbers was observed among the Turks and Dargins, the highest rates of decline were observed among the Germans and Belarusians.
I’ll add my 5 cents about Rostov
So, the cons:
- I’ve come to terms with Rostov’s rudeness and almost stopped noticing it, but it’s still there. Acquaintances who left for other, more northern cities(except for Moscow), they unanimously note how much friendlier and calmer the people there are. Yes, I noticed it myself, since I often visited other regions;
- people in general are more vain than most Russian cities. But it can be attributed to the fact that, after all, we have a population of over a million people, and the southernmost one at that;
- show off);
- in the city, and beyond, it is customary to litter. All the time, someone throws pieces of paper, empty packs of cigarettes, and bottles onto the road. Even on children's playgrounds there are broken glass and the same garbage lying around. It remains a mystery to me how you can crap like that in the city (street, entrance, yard, etc.) where you live;
- nature. Almost bare flat steppe (although some people like it). It is unrealistic to go out into nature for free within a radius of 50-70 km from Rostov. If it’s free, then it’s a dirty pond, a pile of garbage nearby, or just a “no place.” If the place is good, near water, trees and clean, then there is a fence and enterprising guys charge you a tribute for the use of natural resources;
- want to see what the worst winter looks like? Come to Rostov. Two weeks of snow per winter, of which white It lasts for at most three days, then it’s a dirty mess. Traffic jams - 10 points according to Yandex.
- quite hot, sultry and dull summer. Then again, some people like this too;
- in some places the architecture is completely indistinct, historical 2-story buildings next to 25-story buildings made of glass and concrete. In general, the general plan and architectural standards have long been neglected; monetary interest comes first;
- traffic jams. However, this is a problem in almost every large city.
But, of course, it's not all bad. Pros:
- In contrast to winter and summer, spring and autumn are very beautiful and moderate in weather;
- The city itself is well landscaped and equipped, the embankment is getting better and better;
- After traveling to other settlements and reviews on TV and on the Internet, I realized that Rostov has far from the worst roads;
- There are no special problems with work and earnings, especially if you know how to do something and realistically assess your capabilities, and do not suffer from the “show-off” disease (see cons);
- The city is not poor, in general it is developing quite well;
- In general, people are quite good and responsive. Many issues can be resolved quite humanly, or as our friends from the Caucasus say, “in a brotherly way”;
- The city is multinational, it’s interesting. We communicate quite normally with Koreans, Caucasians, mainly Armenians, Jews, who have become so Russified that without a passport you cannot recognize your nationality. Everyone has something to learn, especially respect for elders and treatment of children;
- Our girls are really beautiful, although after the wedding this became less important);
- Quite close to the sea, I took the train in the evening and got up there in the morning. By car, if the circumstances are successful, you can get there in about 5 hours.
In general, it’s a normal city, you get used to its shortcomings. No one bothers you to find a circle of friends based on your interests and level. The infrastructure is quite developed. Miscellaneous questions You can completely decide on a human basis, and this is very important. And people have changed a lot after the abnormal 90s, for the better.
IN currently There are approximately one thousand one hundred cities in our country. They are scattered across all expanses of our vast country, but are still more concentrated in central Russia. Sociologists attribute this to the fact that cities located in economically prosperous areas, which include regions middle zone, are the most attractive for living. We decided to tell you about two cities with similar names, but absolutely different history and population size. Already guessed what it's about we'll talk? Of course, our article is dedicated to Rostov and Rostov-on-Don - these two magnificent cities, which are real jewels in the scattering of Russian cities.
Rostov: general characteristics
Rostov is one of the most ancient cities in our country; it has a very difficult past and an equally interesting present. It is not without reason that it is considered one of the most beautiful and vibrant cities in central Russia.
The first mentions of the city in chronicles date back to the ninth century, but historians believe that in fact this date is not reliable and Rostov existed long before this date. After all, its first inhabitants were not Slavs at all.
On this moment The population of Rostov is growing steadily. Every year the city becomes more attractive and comfortable for living. According to analysts, the quality of life enjoyed by the population of Rostov is 15% higher than average level across Russia.
Location and description of Rostov
Rostov is only fifty kilometers from Yaroslavl and is located on the shores of Lake Nero. This is the largest freshwater lake in the region. Archaeologists and historians claim that it was inhabited by people already six thousand years ago and the Slavs came here to fully formed settlements and settlements. Later, the lake was often called Rostov, in honor of the city itself.
The ancient history of Rostov is reflected in large quantities historical monuments. They allowed the city to be included in the list cultural heritage countries. The population of Rostov is very proud of the fact that their hometown is a mandatory point on the travel route along the so-called Golden Ring of Russia.
Today in Rostov there are more than one hundred and fifty monuments that have federal significance. In addition to them, the population of Rostov can tell you about two hundred more places, imbued with history and related to cultural monuments cities. It’s worth visiting Rostov even for its extraordinary beauty, combining ancient mansions with modern buildings. Moreover, all the innovations do not spoil the appearance of the city at all; they fit well into the existing plan and complement the ancient facades of houses and churches.
Rostov the Great: brief historical background
Analysts' data suggest that Rostov is basically a mono-ethnic city. But few people know that this tradition did not always exist. We have already said that on the shores of the lake lived the Merya tribes, who reacted very favorably to the arrival of the Eastern Slavs on their lands. Moreover, many archaeologists claim that Rostov was literally a city divided into two parts. The Slavs settled in one, and the other was given to the indigenous peoples. Moreover, the city residents lived very peacefully, despite religious differences. The Slavs, who were Christians, built churches in their part of Rostov and did not impose their beliefs on the pagan tribes.
Over time, many other tribes began to flock to Rostov for permanent residence. The population has become even more diverse, but never in the entire history of the city has there been interethnic strife. This helped to form a single component of the city - Rostovites who know how to unite and coexist peacefully on the same territory.
Population
Rostov presents a rather amazing picture for residents of large cities. After all, even the population growth over the past five years has not brought the city to new level. According to sociologists, at the end of 2016, 30,943 people lived in Rostov. This figure is stable, and fluctuations in numbers are mainly caused by an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality in the city.
In addition, the average life expectancy in Rostov is 75 years, which is much higher than the national average. This fact associated with good environmental situation and the absence of large industrial enterprises in the city.
Population density and ethnic composition
At the moment, the residents of Rostov are represented mainly by Russians. They make up more than 95% of the city's population. The remaining 5% was almost evenly distributed among the nations that came here from other regions of Russia. They do not constitute a static value, so they are rarely taken into account in official data.
The population density is 1970 people per one square kilometer, which is a very average figure for the country among cities with a population of less than one hundred thousand people.
"The Southern Capital of Russia": general characteristics
In the south of our country, Rostov-on-Don is one of the largest and beautiful cities. Now it is rightfully considered a million-plus city. And his official history dates back to the mid-eighteenth century, and throughout his existence he has repeatedly appeared in a heroic light.
Now the city is cultural, historical and administrative center southern region. It is simply impossible to come to Rostov-on-Don and remain indifferent to it. The city captivates you literally at first sight. Moreover, every year it becomes more and more beautiful and comfortable. Six years ago, in fifth place in the ranking of cities with high quality The urban environment was set in Rostov. The population of this wonderful metropolis is proud not only of the heroic past of their city, but also of its present, filled with brilliant prospects.
For example, in next year This city will be the venue for the World Cup. This means that in the near future Rostov-on-Don will become even more beautiful and will receive a powerful impetus for further development.
City location
Rostov-on-Don and Moscow are separated by more than one thousand kilometers; the beautiful city is located on the banks of the Don River, very close to Sea of Azov. During the summer season, on weekends, residents of the city easily cover the forty kilometers of road separating the city from the sea coast.
History of the city
In the territory modern Rostov archaeologists have found the remains of settlements of ancient people dating back to three thousand years BC. But official history settlements date back to the time of Peter I. The Russian autocrat, during the Azov campaigns of the seventeenth century, appreciated the strategic importance of these territories. He wished to build a fortress here to protect Russian lands from the attacks of the Turks and Tatars, but according to certain foreign policy reasons I couldn't do this.
Therefore, Rostovites consider the founding date of the city to be December 1749. At this time, Empress Elizabeth issued a decree on the creation of the Temernitsa customs house, which, by the will of fate, was built on the site of today's metropolis.
Rostov-on-Don: population
As we have already clarified, for many years it has been classified as a million-plus city. To be more specific, we can say that already in the eighties of the last century Rostov-on-Don crossed the line of one million inhabitants and officially joined the ranks of special megacities.
At the moment, the population of Rostov-on-Don is 1,125,103 people. An impressive figure, isn't it? According to the indicator, the city ranks tenth in the country, behind the recognized leaders Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as several other cities. Sociologists believe that if population growth does not stop, then in fifteen years Rostov will be in the top five cities on this list. In Europe this Russian city ranks thirtieth in terms of population.
It is worth clarifying that the figure characterizing the population of Rostov-on-Don is more than 20% of all residents of the region. We can say that every fifth person in the region lives in this metropolis. Many analysts attribute this to the abundance of jobs, because quite often people move here from villages and nearby small towns in search of better life. Be that as it may, the city fully justifies its title." southern capital Russia".
Population density of Rostov-on-Don
Naturally, everyone major metropolis has a fairly high density of its inhabitants. This is fully reflected in Rostov. The city's population density is 3,198 people per square kilometer. These figures exceed the average for Russia.
Ethnic composition of city residents
In recent years official statistics does not reflect the real ethnic composition population. In analyst reports it looks like this:
- 93% of the residents are Russian;
- three and a half percent of the population consider themselves Armenians;
- Ukrainians in the city are about 1.5%;
- Azerbaijanis in Rostov are no more than 0.6%;
- Tatars make up approximately 0.5% of the city's population.
In addition to the nations already listed, Jews, Koreans, Belarusians and Georgians live in the metropolis. All this data is provided by official statistics, but in reality Rostov is not so simple.
The city's population is a more motley "carpet" of nations and nationalities. In the latest census, many of its residents were given the opportunity to indicate their nationality as “Cossack”. According to residents of Rostov-on-Don, there are more than twenty percent of such people in the metropolis. According to alternative data, the ethnic composition can be represented as the following data:
- Russians - 90.1%;
- Armenians - 3.4%;
- Ukrainians - 1.5%;
- Azerbaijanis - 0.6%;
- Tatars - 0.5%;
- Georgians - 0.4%;
- Belarusians and Koreans 0.3% each;
- Jews and Lezgins 0.2% each;
- 0.1% of the total population are Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Chechens, Ossetians, Ingush, Greeks, Roma and Tajiks;
- 1.7% of city residents considered themselves to be of other nationalities.
The majority of the population of Rostov-on-Don is women.
As we have seen, Rostov and Rostov-on-Don are absolutely different cities, radically different from each other. One of them can be classified as a provincial pearl in the “Golden Ring of Russia”, while the other is a real center of life and was formed under the influence of a multinational culture. But keep in mind that each of these cities is worth a visit. After all, they have ancient history and incredible beauty that attracts Russians to them.
PART II. POPULATION AND ECONOMY OF THE ROSTOV REGION
§ 8. Southern federal district
By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, on May 13, 2000, the institute of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts was formed. The creation of federal districts was carried out in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of federal bodies state power and improving the system for monitoring the implementation of their decisions. Seven federal districts were created:
Central District, with center in Moscow;
Northwestern District, center of St. Petersburg;
Southern region (originally called the North Caucasus), center of the city.
Rostov-on-Don (Fig. 23);
Privolzhsky District, center of Nizhny Novgorod;
Ural District, center Yekaterinburg;
Siberian District, center Novosibirsk;
Far Eastern District , center of Khabarovsk.
Each federal district is headed by authorized representative The President of the Russian Federation, who ensures the implementation of the constitutional powers of the head of state within the federal district.
One of the important federal districts, playing a significant role in the political, economic and social life Russia is the Southern Federal District, which includes two territories: Krasnodar and Stavropol,
three regions of Rostov, Astrakhan and Volgograd, eight republics of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia,
Karachaevo Circassia, North Ossetia Alania and Chechnya.
The total area of the district is 589.2 thousand km2, which practically corresponds to the territory of Ukraine or the territories of Austria, Albania, Belgium,
Great Britain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal and Switzerland combined. However, the Southern Federal District is the smallest district in Russia by area (Table 9).
Rice. 23. Southern Federal District of Russia, center – Rostov-on-Don
Table 9
Area, number and population density of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the Southern Federal District, 2009
Regions and subjects of the Federation | Number | Density |
||
thousand km2 | population, | population, |
||
person/km2 |
||||
Republic of Adygea | ||||
The Republic of Dagestan | ||||
The Republic of Ingushetia | ||||
Kabardino-Balkarian | ||||
Republic | ||||
Republic of Kalmykia | ||||
Karachay-Cherkess Republic | ||||
Republic of North Ossetia– | ||||
Chechen Republic | ||||
Krasnodar region | ||||
Stavropol region | ||||
Volgograd region | ||||
Rostov region |
The basis for the creation of the Southern Federal District was the North Caucasus economic region with a number of adjacent regions. Formation of the Southern Federal District within the North Caucasus economic region and the southern part of the Volga region was quite natural and objective, since the subjects of the Southern Federal District have similar natural conditions and resources.
For example, natural conditions Kalmykia, most of the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions are similar to the natural conditions of the eastern part of the Rostov region, the northern part of the Stavropol Territory and Dagestan.
The Southern Federal District has significant mineral resources,
favorable natural conditions for development modern industries industry, intensive Agriculture, a powerful transport network.
The Rostov region is especially distinguished by its reserves coal And building materials, as well as land resources.
There is also a commonality of production specialization, maritime economic ties with states near and far abroad. So,
Dagestan, Kalmykia and Astrakhan region are united coastal zone Russia,
having access to the Caspian Sea, they are united by similarities natural resources and community of maritime economic interests. On the other side,
The Rostov and Volgograd regions form a single water transport complex associated with the existence of the Volga-Don shipping canal.
In addition, there are long-standing historical connections between the territories of the Southern Federal District. So, the lands of Kalmykia and Volgograd region until 1917 they were part of the Rostov region and the Stavropol region. Walked here continuous process assimilation of peoples, there were economic contacts Central Russia with its southern neighbors (“Silk Road”, etc.).
The population of the Southern Federal District in 2009 was 22.9 million people, of which 18.5%
population of the Rostov region. The south of Russia has the highest birth rate within the country (12.9‰) and relatively low mortality (12.3‰). Dagestan has the highest birth rate (16.8‰). The area is observed
small natural population growth (0.7‰), in the Rostov region it is negative, its ethnic composition is diverse.
The subsoil of the Southern Federal District has been studied quite well, about 73% is concentrated here.
of all-Russian reserves of thermal waters, almost 41% of tungsten reserves and about
30% stock mineral waters. There are reserves of sulfur, cement raw materials, coal,
gas, oil, copper, zinc, gold, silver and lead. Oil reserves located at depths of 5 to 6 km are estimated at 5 billion tons of standard fuel.
Questions and tasks
1. On contour map designate the subjects of the Southern Federal District along with their capitals.
2. Which regions of the Southern Federal District have access to the Azov and Black Seas, and which to the Caspian?
3. Which region of the Southern Federal District is your area closest to?
Which one is it farthest from?
4. Having analyzed the data in table. 9 explain the difference in population density between the regions of the Southern Federal District. What are the consequences for nature of a high concentration of population in a certain area?
§ 9. Population and social infrastructure of the Rostov region
Population. The territory of the Rostov region has been inhabited since ancient times, about
what do traces of human sites say? In the 8th century BC. Scythians appeared on the Don,
whose main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding, at the end of the 4th century. BC. –
Sarmatians. In the VI century. BC. the first Greek settlements appeared. A trading post was founded in the vicinity of present-day Taganrog in the 5th century. BC. Greek merchants settled in the Elizabethan settlement, which became a trading center.
However, the largest of the Greek settlements was Tanais, the main center of trade with the Bosporan tribes. Its population and residents of surrounding villages were engaged in trade, agriculture, crafts, cattle breeding, fishing
catching In the fields adjacent to the city, millet, barley, wheat,
For many centuries, nomadic tribes replaced each other.
The first Slavic settlements on the Don appeared only in the 11th century, in the 15th century. fugitive peasants from central Russia rushed to the steppe expanses of the Don,
Volga region. They were called Cossacks, which translated from Turkic meant
“dares”, “free people”. The influx of Cossacks was especially significant in the 16th century.
c., then it began to form Don Cossacks and the first Cossack towns appeared (Razdory, Mityakin, Manych, Cherkassky, Monastyrsky, Medveditsky).
TO end of the 17th century there were 55 towns on the Don, in early XVIII V. already 135.
IN In 1625, about 5 thousand Cossacks lived on the Don, in 1638 about 10 thousand,
in the second half of the 17th century. 12 14 thousand, by the end of the 18th century. 225 thousand, in 1895
about 900 thousand people.
Count it up the average size annual population growth in the region from late XVII By late XVIII centuries, XVIII-XIX centuries. To do this, divide the population growth obtained for each century by
A bright page in the history of the Don region is the famous “ Azov seat» 1637-1642, when 4,700 Cossacks and 800 women heroically defended the Azov fortress captured from the Turks, opposing a 100,000-strong enemy army.
50 years later, Russian troops and navy under the leadership of Peter I returned Azov to Russia, opening access to the Sea of Azov.
The borders of the Don Army changed several times. According to the charter of 1793
Rostov district and Taganrog city government belonged to other provinces,
from 1803, the Donskoy army included Kalmyk nomads along the Sal rivers,
Kuberle, Manych, Kagalnik and others. Center in the first half of the 17th century. were,
alternately the city of Razdory, s. Monastyrskoe, Azov, since 1646 Cherkassk. In 1806
All regional institutions were transferred to Novocherkassk, in 1920 to Rostov-on-Don
on-Don. In 1937, the Rostov region was formed with its center in the city of Rostov-on-Don.
Historically, the nonresident population was concentrated mainly
in cities. So, in early XIX V. most big city was Taganrog (7.4 thousand.
people) because trade with foreign countries took place through it. The second place in terms of population was occupied by Novocherkassk (6.7 thousand people), Rostov had less than 4 thousand inhabitants.
Initially, the inhabitants of the Don were engaged in fishing, hunting,
breeding horses, and later sheep. Agriculture began to develop only in
XVIII century After the discovery of coal deposits, the formation of industry began, the population began to grow more intensively, and the impact on natural geosystems increased. Gradually the steppes were plowed up and most of the region's forests were cleared.
Currently, the population of the Rostov region is about 4.3 million people. (Fig. 24, Table 10), there is a natural population decline. Thus, natural population growth is negative. The growth of the region's population in recent years has been achieved through migration,
however, since the second half of the 90s. XX century The population is declining.
Rice. 24. Population dynamics of the Rostov region
A decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality led to a change in the age structure of the population. The share of children decreased to 14.8%, the share of elderly people increased to 23.1%. Thus, the working-age population is about 62.1% (Table 11).
Table 10
Dynamics of fertility, mortality and natural increase in the Rostov region
Fertility | Mortality | Natural | |||||||||
Table 11 | |||||||||||
Dynamics of the age structure of the population of the Rostov region | |||||||||||
Working population | |||||||||||
Aged people | |||||||||||
It is known that at birth there are 106 boys per 100 girls,
however, due to higher male mortality, the sex ratio changes over time. The gender structure of the population of the Rostov region is dominated by women (more than 53%). Average duration of life in the region for women is 74.3, for men 62.7 years.
IN national composition The population of the Rostov region is dominated by Russians 84.4%, the share of Ukrainians is 2.7, Armenians - 2.5, Cossacks - 2.1, 8.3% Belarusians,
Greeks, Chechens, Tatars, Moldovans and other nationalities. Most of of the working-age population of the region is economically active (more than 55%
population), the share of unemployed is about 1.5%.
Natural conditions, historical features development and economic development region determined the distribution of the population across the region and,
accordingly, the anthropogenic load on nature. Average density The population in the Rostov region is 43.0 people/km2.
Why in the Rostov region more high density population,
than in Russia (8.3 people/km2) and Southern federal district (38,9)?
Rice. 25. Population density of the Rostov region
The population across the territory of the Rostov region is distributed extremely unevenly (Fig. 25), most of it is concentrated in the southwestern
districts of the region (up to 62.3 people/km², 68% of the total population, 60% of cities, 61%
PGT), this territory is characterized by the most favorable natural conditions. Low density population is observed in the southeastern part of the region (up to 7.7 people/km²), from which the population migrates to other areas.
The region is characterized by both external and internal migrations. It is because of them that the number of " daily population» Rostov-on-Don on weekdays is significantly more than the “night” constant, which is associated with labor migration from nearby cities (Azov, Aksai, Bataysk, Novocherkassk) and
other settlements.
The Rostov region includes 463 municipalities,
consisting of 12 urban districts, 43 municipal districts, 18 urban and
390 rural settlements.
The level of urbanization of the Rostov region is 66.7% (Fig. 26). Almost 2/3
The entire urban population of the region lives in cities with a population of more than 100
thousand people Most large agglomeration is Rostov, 45% live here
of the entire population of the Rostov region and more than 60% of it is concentrated industrial production. To cities with a population of more than 100
thousand people include: Rostov-on-Don (1048.7 thousand people), Taganrog (264.4), Shakhty
(245.9), Novocherkassk (178.0), Volgodonsk (170.0), Novoshakhtinsk (114.7), Bataysk
(103.1 thousand people).
Rice. 26. Dynamics of the share of the urban population of the Rostov region, %
Rostov-on-Don is a millionaire city. Its population currently amounts to about 1048.7 thousand people. Since the 90s of the XX century. The city is characterized by negative natural growth, partially compensated by migration. In recent years the situation in regional center began to stabilize, primarily due to an increase in the birth rate. The most populous districts are Voroshilovsky (196.4 thousand people),
Pervomaisky (158.7), Sovetsky (156.5 thousand people, Fig. 27) districts, the leading industrial enterprises cities, which are in complex with high density population (multi-storey buildings predominate), creates a tense environmental situation.
Questions and tasks
1. Analyze the table. 10, fig. 24. During what periods did the population of the Rostov region grow more intensively? What is this connected with?
2. How have the birth rate, mortality rate and natural population growth of the Rostov region changed in the last decade? What explains the current negative population growth in the region?
3. According to the table. 9, 10, count how many people are born and die every year in the Rostov region? What is this connected with?
4. How in Lately changed age structure population? What reasons contributed to this?