Is it important for everyone to know what time it is in other parts of the world and in Russia? Why do people in Moscow say: “ Good night!”, and at the same time in Vladivostok the greeting sounds: “With Good morning! This lesson will help you gain an understanding of time differences across Russia. During the lesson, you will learn how local time differs from zone time, what the “date line” is, how many times a year you can celebrate the New Year in Russia.

Subject: Geographical position Russia

Lesson: Time differences in Russia

1. Introduction

Our country stretches from west to east for almost 10,000 km, and this feature of its geographical location influenced the time difference on the territory of Russia. (see Fig. 1)

Rice. 1. Extent of Russia from west to east

2. Local time

Day is a natural unit of measurement of time. Noon- exactly this high position sun in relation to the observation point. Noon occurs simultaneously for all points of one meridian - from Northern to South Pole, i.e. along the entire meridian the time is the same. This time is called solar time, or local

St. Petersburg, Cairo, Ankara, Harare (Zimbabwe), and Pretoria have approximately the same local time, since the longitudes of these settlements differ slightly.

Difference in longitude between two settlements just 1º will provide a 4 minute difference between their local time. The earth does full turn 360º in 24 hours, or 1440 minutes, therefore, it rotates 1º in 4 minutes. So the difference in longitudes between Moscow (37° east). and St. Petersburg (30° E) is 7º, thus, the local time of these settlements differs by 28 minutes (i.e., almost half an hour). (See Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Differences in local time between Moscow and St. Petersburg

3. Standard time

In a relatively large territory, using local time in everyday life turns out to be inconvenient: it is necessary one system countdown. For example, having moved from the western outskirts of Moscow to the eastern one, we must set the clock forward one and a half minutes, and having moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg - almost half an hour ago. Therefore, most countries in the world have adopted a system standard time.

It was proposed in 1878 by the Canadian engineer Sandford Fleming (see Fig. 3), which in 1884 was adopted at the International Astronomical Congress in the USA (Washington), where 26 countries were present.

Rice. 3. Sandford Fleming (1827-1915)

According to S. Fleming's idea, the entire surface of the globe is conventionally divided by meridians into 24 time zones, each 15° (1 hour) long in longitude. (see Fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Time zones

At all points in each time zone, the time corresponding to the middle meridian of that zone is set. The entire belt lives according to the time of its middle meridian. The time difference between neighboring meridians (time zones) is exactly 1 hour, and the minute and second hands move the same all over the Earth. The belts are counted in the direction from west to east. Accordingly, when moving from west to east hour hand translated forward, from east to west - backward.

Rice. 5. Time zone counting scheme

Belts are designated by Roman numerals. The zero belt, also known as XXIV, is taken to be the middle meridian of which is Greenwich. Greenwich time is considered worldwide ( sometimes the term Western European is used) . (see Fig. 6)

Rice. 6. Zero time zone

Widely used name Central European time is the time of the 1st time zone.

The 180° meridian opposite the Greenwich meridian is date line. This line runs from pole to pole along the 180° meridian with some deviations so that countries and archipelagos do not intersect with it. (See Fig. 7)

Rice. 7. Date line

As already noted, time zones start from the zero (Western European) time zone. Most European countries (with the exception of Great Britain and Portugal) are located in the I (Central European) time zone, as well as Kaliningrad region Russia. Moscow is located in II ( Eastern European) time zone. Moscow standard time, the middle meridian of which is 30 centuries. d lies a little west of St. Petersburg, differs by one hour from the Central European one.

4. Russia on time zone map

Geographically, Russia is located within 11 time zones - from II to XII

(from the extreme western point - the Baltic Spit (19º E) - to Ratmanov Island - the extreme eastern point of Russia (169 W). (see Fig. 8-9). The difference between them is 172 º (172 º: 15 º =11.5 hours).

Rice. 8. Extreme western point Russia

Rice. 9. Extreme eastern point of Russia

Rice. 10. Time zones of Russia

On land, the boundaries of time zones that have a submeridional extension are drawn not strictly along meridians, but along natural boundaries (mountains, rivers) and administrative boundaries. At the same time, the entire territory of one or another subject of the Russian Federation - republic, territory, region - turns out to be in the same time zone.

5. Maternity and summer time

In fact, the time difference between Moscow and, for example, Berlin or Paris is not one, but two hours. This is due to the fact that throughout Russia there is de-crete time differing by one hour from standard time.

In 1930, by government decree (decree), the clock hands were moved one hour ahead compared to standard time. This was done with the aim of more full use during daylight hours, and therefore in order to save electricity. Maternity time of the II time zone, where Moscow is located, is called Moscow time.

Since 1981, in Russia from March to September it operates summer time. On the last Sunday in March, the clock hands were moved one more hour ahead compared to maternity time. Since 2008, returning to maternity time usually took place on the last Saturday of October by moving the clock hand back one hour. Since October 2011, transfer to winter time is not implemented.

6. Conclusion

. Day- a natural unit of measurement of time.

Time on a given meridian is called local, and within a time zone - waist.

Due to long distance territory of Russia from west to east, it is located in 11 time zones - from II to XI, but the real time difference between two points located on the territory in Russia is 9 hours.

Valid throughout Russia maternity time, differing from the zone one by 1 hour.

Homework

1. Using the time zone map, determine in which time zone your republic, region, city is located?

2. What changes will occur when crossing the International Date Line from west to east? From east to west?

1. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 hour 8th grade / author. V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze

2. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade / auto. V.P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom

3. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. Textbook 8th grade / Pyatunin V.B., Customs E.A.

4. Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and economy / ed. "Drofa" 2012

5. UMK ( educational and methodological kit) "SPHERES". Textbook “Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade" author. V. P. Dronov, L. E Savelyeva. Atlas.

Problem books

1. Tasks by time zones.

2. Assignments for preparing for the Unified State Exam in Geography ( online tests) on the topic “Time zones”.

3. Algorithm for solving problems of determining zone and local time.

Other lessons on this topic

1. Time zones on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Russia on the time zone map.

Find out more on the topic

1. Standard time.

3. Actual information by time zones and time differences between cities and countries.

4. Time zones (video).

5. Time zones of Russia.

7. Reduction of time zones in Russia.

8. Date line and time zones of the Earth.

Virtual and real experiments

1. Determination of maternity and summer time in Russia.

2. Interactive map time zones of Russia. From it you can determine current time V various points countries.

The Earth makes a complete revolution around its axis of 360 degrees in 24 hours (days). IN different places globe located on different meridians, i.e. having different longitudes, at the same moment the clocks show different times.

Solar time at points located on the same meridian is called local time. To find out the difference in local time between two geographical objects, need to know geographic longitude these points. Multiply the difference between longitudes by 4 minutes (since the time difference between neighboring ones is 4 minutes) and get the time difference. Since at each specific moment of the day it is different, even on neighboring meridians, it is inconvenient to use. Therefore, by international agreement, standard time was introduced. To do this, the entire surface of the Earth is divided into 24, 15 degrees of longitude in each.

From west to east, so at points located Eastern time there will be more days.

Time at points located within the same time zone is called zone time. Within each zone, time is set according to the local time of the median meridian of that zone. For example: a zero belt is a belt whose middle meridian is Prime Meridian. This same belt is the 24th. From here the belts are counted to the east. The time difference between zones is equal to the difference between time zone numbers. For example: the time difference between the 2nd and 3rd zones (3 - 2 = 1) is 1 hour. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn strictly along meridians, but take into account administrative boundaries.

It is located in 11 time zones - from the 2nd to the 12th, but the 11th and 12th zones are combined into one, so the time difference between the extreme western and eastern points of our country is 10 hours.

Examples of problem solving

Task No. 1

Determine the local time at if it is 12 o'clock in Novosibirsk.

Solution:

Because local time - solar time at points located on the same meridian, we determine the longitude of Vladivostok and .
Vladivostok - 132° east. d., Novosibirsk - 83° east. d.
We determine the difference between these settlements (in degrees) - 132° - 83° = 49°
Because 1° = 4 minutes, then 49 multiplied by 4 minutes = 196 minutes (3 hours, 16 minutes).
Because in Novosibirsk it is 12 hours, and Vladivostok is located further east (which means the day starts earlier there) 12 + 3 hours 16 minutes = 15 hours 16 minutes.

Task No. 2

Determine the standard time in Murmansk if it is 18:00 in Yakutsk.

Solution:

Let us determine where these cities are located. Murmansk - 2nd time zone, Yakutsk - 8;
We determine the difference in time zones - 8 - 2 = 6 time zones (each time zone is 1 hour difference);
If it is 18 hours in Yakutsk, Murmansk is located further west, which means there is less time there - 18 - 6 = 12 hours.

Lesson 3. Time Zones

Local (solar) time – time set for this place on the ground; depends on the geographic longitude of the area. Local time is the same for all points located on a given meridian. The difference in the local time of two places is equal to the difference in the longitudes of these places.

Standard Time – this is the time within a time zone; local time of the central meridian of the belt. The Earth's surface is divided into 24 time zones (numbered 0 to 23) each 15º (1 hour) long.

Summer time. It was introduced for fuller use sunlight and energy savings. When switching to daylight saving time on the last Sunday in March, the clocks are moved forward 1 hour. Daylight Saving Time keeps us 1 hour ahead of standard time until the clocks turn back on the last Sunday in October. Currently, the question is being raised about canceling the change of clocks to daylight saving time and back.

How to determine local time

As you already know from the 7th grade geography course, at the same moment in different points of the planet, lying on different meridians, there will be different local (i.e. solar) time. You know that this is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. The time will be the same only at all points lying on the same meridian. So, on the western and eastern outskirts of even one settlement, local time will be different.
This difference will increase with increasing distance between the meridians.

So, on neighboring meridians, drawn through 15°, the difference in local time will be 1 hour; drawn through 1º - 4 minutes; drawn through 1" (one minute, one degree is divided by 60 minutes) - 4 seconds (these are the angular distances they rotate points of one meridian for specified periods of time).

In this case, the local time on the meridian located to the east of any point will be ahead of the time in it, and on the more western meridian it will be behind. For example, if local time in Kyiv is noon (12 o’clock), then in Donetsk it is already 12 hours 29 minutes, and in Lviv at this moment it is only 11 hours 33 minutes 56 seconds.
Therefore, to set exact time at different points, knowing it at one of them, you need to carry out such calculations.

Determine the geographic longitude of settlements:
a) Kyiv - 30° 34"E;
b) Donetsk - 37° 49"E;
c) Lviv - 24° 03"E.

Set the difference in longitude between points (in degrees and minutes):
a) between Donetsk and Kiev - 37° 49" - 30° 34" = 7° 15"E;
b) between Kiev and Lvov - 30° 34" - 24° 03" = 6° 31"E.

Convert the difference in longitude (from degrees and minutes) to the difference in time (in hours, minutes and seconds):
a) 7°15" = 7 ∙ 4 min + 15 ∙ 4 s = 29 min;
b) 6° 31"= 6 ∙ 4 min + 31 ∙ 4 s = 26 min 4 s.

The found values ​​show the difference in local time on the meridians drawn through Kyiv, Lviv and Donetsk.

To the time we know in Kyiv (12 hours) add (in the case of Donetsk, which lies to the east of Kyiv) or subtract from it (in the case of Lvov, which is located to the west of Kiev) the resulting value:
a) if it is 12 o’clock in Kyiv, then the local time in Donetsk will be 12 hours + 29 minutes = 12 hours 29 minutes;
b) if it is 12 o’clock in Kyiv, then the local time in Lviv will be 12 o’clock – 26 min 4 s = 11 h 33 min 56 sec.

Time zones and standard time

It is almost impossible to use local time, which is different in each location, in everyday life. For convenience, standard time is used all over the world.

For this, as you know, Earth conventionally divided by meridians into 24 stripes (according to the number of hours in a day) - into time zones (15 ° longitude each).

In all points of one belt, they agreed to consider the time the same. Standard time is taken to be the local time of the meridian passing through the middle of this zone (middle meridian).

Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23 in an easterly direction: the middle meridian of the 0th zone is the Greenwich (primary) meridian, the 1st zone is the 15° east meridian. longitude, 12th zone - 180th meridian, 23rd zone - meridian 15°W. The time of the 0th zone is called Western European, 1st - Central European, 2nd - Eastern European.

The zone number indicates the zone time at the moment when it is midnight on the Greenwich meridian. The time difference between two neighboring zones is 1 hour. Moving around the globe from west to east, we must move the clock hand one hour forward when crossing the boundaries of each subsequent zone, and moving westward - one hour back.

The location of Ukraine relative to time zones is convenient: 95% of its territory lies in the second zone, only Lugansk and parts of Donetsk and Kharkov regions- in the 3rd zone, and a small part of the Transcarpathian region - in the first zone. However, in practice, for convenience, the boundaries of time zones on land are drawn not strictly along the meridians, but taking into account state borders.

Therefore, the entire territory of Ukraine is assigned to the second time zone. Standard time in our country corresponds to the average time for the second zone of the meridian 30º, which passes almost through Kyiv. Therefore, in Ukraine, standard time is also called Kyiv time.

According to the time zone of the second zone, in addition to Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Moldova, Romania, and Turkey also live in Europe.

All of Ukraine's western neighbors, the countries of Central and most countries of Western Europe use Central European Time, while Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland and Portugal use Western European Time. In the Russian territories adjacent to the borders of Ukraine there is a so-called Moscow time, which is 1 hour ahead of Kiev.

Practical work No. 1 (continued)

Goal of the work: Learn to determine the position of a country in time zones.

Exercise:

Determine the standard time in Lisbon, Madrid, New York, Beijing, if it is 6 pm in Kyiv.

Determine what time it is in cities located 10º, 25º, 40º east and west of Kharkov, if it is 9 o’clock in Kharkov?

Determine the difference in local time between extreme western and extreme eastern points Ukraine, if one degree is equal to four minutes (1º = 4 minutes).

Mark on contour map meridians are the boundaries of the II time zone and label the areas where:

Local time = standard time + minutes;

Local time = standard time - minutes

Local time = standard time.

Homework: read §3, do practical work in the workbook and on the contour map (if possible). Additionally: write down definitions of concepts and find interesting information about universal time, maternity time, date line.

Dimensions and shape of the territory of Russia. Difference between time zones by longitude. What new did you learn in the lesson? Algorithm for determining standard time. Difference in time. Advantages and disadvantages large territory. What time will it be in Yakutsk if it is 10.00 in the afternoon in Blagoveshchensk. Shape of Russian territory. What time zones is Russia located in? Complete the tasks. Advantages. Dimensions of the territory.

“Time zones of Russia” - Igor Akinfeev, goalkeeper of the CSKA football club. Ratmanov Island. Types of Earth movement. Time is different on different meridians. Airplane. Longitude difference. Where a new day begins on Earth. In what time zone should the locality be located? Russia on time zone map. How many time zones are there in our country? Is it convenient to use local time? Time zones of Russia. Standard time.

“Map of time zones in Russia” - Boundaries of time zones. Practical work. International standard time. Locality. Date line. Change the clock. Russia. Get acquainted with Russia's position in time zones. Terms and concepts. Translate of time. Time. Work and sleep. Local time. Map of world time zones. Moscow time. Meridian point. Standard time. Maternity time.

“European part of Russia” - Volga region. Fertile soils. Types of EGP. Mark and label the deposits on the map. North Caucasus. Central industrial region. What is this. Ural economic region. Natural resources. Agroclimatic conditions. Types of industries economic region. European part Russia. Specialization. The area has a multi-ethnic population. Why was an aluminum plant built in Volgograd?

“Administrative-territorial division of Russia” - Millionaire cities. Volga-Vyatka ER and Central Black Earth ER. Volga-Vyatka ER. Povolzhsky ER. Amur region. Krasnoyarsk region. The edges. Murmansk region. Ural ER. Buryat autonomous region. Main areas of specialization. Economic map West Siberian ER. Mari El Republic. Republic of Tatarstan. North Caucasus ER. Square. Autonomous okrugs. Economic map of SCER. Federal districts.

“Economic regions of the Russian Federation” - Dairy and beef cattle breeding. Vladimir Kolomna. Feedstock. Decipher logic circuit. Composition of the region. Branches of specialization. Mechanical engineering. Geographical dictation. Obninsk Territorial structure settlements and economy. Stages of economic development. Economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth region. Statistics. EGP. Region. Central Black Earth region.

The relationship between longitude and time.

This dependence allows the longitude of a place to be expressed in time and, conversely, time to be expressed in angular values, which is necessary when solving problems related to timing.

Taking into account that the Earth makes a full rotation of 360° in 24 hours, we can establish the following dependency between longitude and time:

15° = 1 hour; 1° = 4 min; 15" = 1 min; 1¢ = 4 s; 15" = 1 s; 1" = 1/15 s.

Example. GMT Tgr= 4 hours 20 minutes; longitude of the point lв= 90°.

Solution: 1. Convert the longitude of the point into time units: lt= 90: 15 = 6 hours.

2. Determine local time: Tm = Tgr + lв = 4 hours 20 minutes + 6 hours = 10 hours 20 minutes.

Standard time(T n) - local mean solar time of the middle meridian of a given time zone.

In 1884, by international agreement, the standard time system was introduced. The essence of standard time is that the entire surface of the Earth is divided into 24 time zones, from zero to 23 inclusive. Each belt occupies 15° of longitude.

Beyond the middle meridian zero belt Greenwich is adopted, from which longitudes are calculated. The middle meridians of neighboring zones are separated by 15°, which corresponds to 1 hour of time. The belts are counted towards the east. Each time zone has a single time for the entire time zone, which corresponds to the local mean solar time of the middle meridian of that zone.

The number of a time zone is equal to the longitude of its mean meridian, expressed in time, and shows how many hours the time of a given zone is ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. On all the middle meridians of the zones, standard time coincides with local time, and at the boundaries of the zones, standard time and Greenwich time differ by 30 minutes. Standard time can be calculated by the following formula:

Тп = Tgr+ N, where N is the time zone number.

The boundaries of time zones are drawn taking into account state and administrative boundaries in such a way that the population individual country, edges or regions maintained a single reckoning of time.

To determine the time zone of a particular locality, use time zone map , which is available in the Aviation Astronomical Yearbook (AAE) for the entire globe.

To determine what time zone a given location is in, you need to find it on a time zone map. If this point is not on the map, it is marked on the map according to its geographical coordinates, then by its position it is determined in which time zone it is located.

GMT (Universal Time) (Tgr) - mean solar time at the Greenwich meridian, starting at midnight.

Greenwich Time is based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis.

The time of the Earth's rotation can be determined using astronomical observations or calculated from sidereal time. However, Greenwich time, determined by astronomical observations over time, will not correspond to the value of universal time, which is calculated by sidereal time. For this reason, the International Time Bureau (ITI), as international standard time entered new term

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)- atomic time, adjusted to be as close as possible to the mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian.

Atomic time is uniform, the beginning of its counting is combined with the universal time scale. According to the recommendations of the BIE, atomic time is adjusted so that the discrepancy between UTC and mean solar Greenwich time does not exceed 0.5 s.

International means of transport and communications, including civil aviation, coordinate their work according to UTC.

In practice, solving problems related to time calculation, it is necessary to determine Greenwich time using the local time of a given point and vice versa:

Tgr= Tm ± l ,

Where Tm _ local time; l - longitude of the point, eastern or western.

Example. Tm = 10 hours 20 minutes; longitude of the point l V= 90°. Determine Greenwich Time.

Solution: 1. Convert the longitude of the point to time: l t = 6 hours

2. Determine the time: Tgr = Tm - l V= 10 hours 20 minutes - 6 hours = 4 hours 20 minutes.

Maternity time (TD)- time zone time, changed relative to standard time by decision of the authorized body of the state:

T d = T n ± n h ac.

Maternity time is used for the purpose of more complete use of daylight by the population for reasons of saving electricity used for lighting enterprises and residential premises.

Summer time (T l) – changed, by decision of the plenipotentiary government agency maternity time, according to which annually, on summer period the clock hands are forward, and with the beginning winter period- back.

Daylight saving time is used in many countries, for example, England, France, and the USA.

Moscow time(T Moscow time) - Moscow maternity time, or standard time of the third time zone.

Consequently, Moscow time during maternity time is 3 hours ahead of Greenwich time.

In practice, it is necessary to determine standard and maternity time at a given point using Moscow time:

Dependence between times.

The transition from one time measurement system to another is performed using the formulas:

T m = T gr ± l; T d = T n + n h ;

T gr = T m ± l; T n = T d–n h ;

T gr = T n - N;

T n = T gr + N

T m = T n – N ± l; T gr = T Moscow time – 3h;

T n = T m ± l +N;

where N is the number of the time zone in which the location is located.