Astronomy. Textbook for 10th grade. Vorontsov-Velyaminov B.A.
M.: Education, 1983. - 144 p.
Textbook for 10th grade of secondary school.
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I- INTRODUCTION
1. Astronomy subject 3
2. Astronomical observations and telescopes 4
1. Features of astronomical observations -
2. Your observations 6
3. Telescopes 7
3. Constellations. Apparent motion of stars 9
1. Constellations
2. Brightness and color of stars Yu
3. Apparent daily motion of stars. Celestial sphere -
4. Definition geographical latitude 13
5. Diurnal movement luminaries at different latitudes -
6. Climaxes 14
4. The ecliptic and the “wandering” luminaries - planets -
5. Star cards, celestial coordinates and time 17
1. Maps and coordinates -
2. The height of the luminaries at the culmination is 18
3. Exact time 19
4. Counting time. Definition geographic longitude. Calendar. . 20
II- STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
6. Composition of the Solar System 22
7. Laws of motion of planets and artificial ones celestial bodies 24
1. Orbital shape and speed of movement -
2. Kepler’s second and third laws 25
8. Configurations and synodic periods of revolution of the planets 27
1. Planetary configurations -
2. Synodic periods 28
9. Disturbances in the motion of planets. The concept of tides. Determination of the masses of celestial bodies 29
1. Disturbances in the motion of planets -
2. Discovery of Neptune J0
3. The concept of the theory of tides. . 31
4. Determination of the masses of celestial bodies 32
5. The struggle for a scientific worldview * 34
6. Earth, its size, shape, mass, movement 36
1. Size and shape of the Earth -
2. Mass and density of the Earth 39
3. Proof daily rotation Earth by Foucault's experience -
4. Proof of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun 40
12. Determination of distances and sizes of bodies in the Solar system... -
1. Determination of distances -
2. Determination of the sizes of luminaries 43
III- PHYSICAL NATURE OF BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
13. Methods for studying the physical nature of celestial bodies 45
1. Application of spectral analysis -
2? Optical and radio observations 48
3. Observatories 49
4. Research using space technology....... 50
14. General characteristics planets terrestrial group and Earth 51
1. Study of the physical nature of the planets -
2. Characteristics of terrestrial planets 52
3. Earth. Atmosphere -
4. Earth. Magnetic field 53
15. Physical conditions on the Moon and its relief 55
1. Physical conditions on the Moon -
2. Relief of the Moon -
16. Planets Mercury, Venus and Mars 60
1. Circumsolar planets -
2. Mars 63
17. Giant planets 65
18. Movement of the Moon and planetary satellites. Eclipses 67
1. Satellites of the planets and the Moon -
2. Movement of the Moon 68
3. Lunar and solar eclipses 69
19. Asteroids and meteorites 72
1. Asteroids -
2. Fireballs and meteorites -
20. Comets and meteors 74
1. Discovery and movement of comets -
2. Physical nature comets 75
3. The origin of comets and their disintegration into meteor showers... 77
IV. SUN AND STARS
21. Sun - nearest star 81
1. Solar energy -
2. Structure of the Sun 82
3. solar atmosphere And solar Activity 84
22. Spectra, temperatures, luminosities of stars and distances to them... 89
1. Spectra, color and temperature of stars -
2. Annual parallax and distances to stars 90
3. Apparent and absolute magnitude. Star luminosity... 91
23. Double stars. Stellar masses 93
1. Visual double stars -
2. Spectral double stars 95
3. Eclipsing double stars - algoeti 96
24. Variables and novae 98
1. Variables of driving -
2. New stars. .99
3. Supernovae 100
25. Variety of stellar characteristics and their patterns... Yu2
1. Diameters and densities of stars -
2. The most important patterns in the world of stars 105
V. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
26. Our Galaxy 107
1. Milky Way and Galaxy -
2. Star clusters and associations 108
27. Diffuse matter 112
1. Interstellar dust and dark nebulae -
2. Light dusty diffuse nebulae.... 113
3. Diffuse gas nebulae -
4. Neutral hydrogen... 114
5. Magnetic field, cosmic rays and radio emissions 115
28. Movements of stars in the Galaxy -
1. Own movements stars -
2. Components of the spatial velocity of stars -
3. Movement of the Solar System 116
4. Rotation of Galaxy 117
29. Star systems - galaxies. Metagalaxy -
1. Normal galaxies -
2. Radio galaxies and quasars 122
3. Metagalaxy and cosmology 124
30. Age of celestial bodies. The emergence and development of galaxies and stars 127
1. Age of celestial bodies -
2. The emergence of galaxies and stars 128
3. Development of stars 129
31. Emergence planetary systems and Earth 131
32. Materialistic picture of the universe. The problem of extraterrestrial civilizations 132
Applications 134
Subject index 139
B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov – Russian astronomer, corresponding member of the Academy pedagogical sciences USSR, author of textbooks and teaching aids(in particular, a textbook for high school « Astronomy", reprinted many times).
Spent more than 30 years pedagogical work for training teachers of astronomy.
B.A. was born. Vorontsov-Velyaminov in Ekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk) in 1904. He became interested in astronomy while still studying at the gymnasium. After graduating from Moscow University, he worked at the State Astronomical Institute named after. PC. Sternberg (until 1931 – Astrophysical Institute). Here he organized and for many years headed the department of new stars and gaseous nebulae. At the same time, he carried out extensive pedagogical and popularization activities.
Crimea. Observation of a solar eclipse in 1936. Vorontsov-Velyaminov on the right
B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov was a very versatile and enthusiastic person and traveler: in 1927-1928. discovered and described a new glacier in the Caucasus, which now bears his name, wrote poetry, and studied his genealogy for a thousand years.
In the picture: Vorontsov-Velyaminov Glacier (in the vicinity of Nizhny Arkhyz)
Here is one of Vorontsov-Velyaminov’s poems.
MILKYPATH
I sometimes love autumn
See the Milky Way.
At night deeper, more inspired,
The chest breathes easier.
There, in his white twists
Long row of glitter
Overflow of timid waves
Fireflies are burning.
Tangled up in garlands
Here they burn, there they don’t.
Shine better than diamonds
Like nonsense fairy tales.
I love in his curves
The thought of resting:
I care so much about the overflows
Glitter Milky Way.
Scientific activity
Vorontsov-Velyaminov's works are devoted to non-stationary stars, nebulae, galaxies, comets, as well as the history of astronomy.
In 1930, he first studied the distribution of gases in the head of a comet and proved the rotation of the comet's nucleus.
In 1933 proposed an original semi-empirical method for determining distances to planetary nebulae. Planetary nebula-an astronomical object consisting of ionized gas shell And central star, white dwarf. Planetary nebulae are formed when the outer layers (shells) of red giants and supergiants with a mass of 2.5-8 solar masses are shed at the final stage of their evolution. A planetary nebula is a fast-moving (by astronomical standards) phenomenon, lasting only a few tens of thousands of years, with the lifespan of the ancestor star being several billion years. Currently, about 1,500 planetary nebulae are known in our galaxy.
The picture shows the Eagle Nebula (Pillars of Creation)
One of the problems in studying planetary nebulae is precise definition distances to them. For some nearby planetary nebulae, it is possible to calculate their distance from us using measured parallax (the change in the apparent position of an object relative to a distant background depending on the position of the observer) extensions: images from high resolution, obtained several years ago, demonstrate the expansion of the nebula perpendicular to the line of sight, and spectroscopic analysis of the Doppler shift will make it possible to calculate the rate of expansion along the line of sight. Comparing the angular expansion with the resulting expansion rate will make it possible to calculate the distance to the nebula.
Vorontsov-Velyaminov also proposed a method for determining the temperatures of nebula cores and developed a classification visible forms planetary nebulae, compiled several catalogs of these nebulae. The results of his measurements of the brightness of star clusters confirmed the existence of absorption in the interstellar medium.
Since 1958, discovered 1,200 galaxy systems exhibiting shape distortions, bars, and tails; called them "interacting".
Interacting galaxies- galaxies located close enough in space for mutual gravity to significantly influence the shape, movement of matter and stars, star formation processes, and in some cases, the exchange of matter between galaxies. Interacting galaxies are characterized by the presence of “tails,” “bridges,” and ejections of matter.
The picture shows interacting galaxies: the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) and its satellite NGC 5195
He is the author of the monographs " Galactic nebulae " (1935), " New stars and gaseous nebulae"(1948), " Extragalactic astronomy", works " Essays on the history of astronomy in Russia"(1956), " Essays on the history of astronomy in the USSR"(1960), etc. Author of textbooks and teaching aids. Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. Awarded the prize named after. F. Bredikhin of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), medal “For the discovery of new astronomical objects” of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
One of the minor planets is named in his honor: VoronVelya.
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Subject of astronomy
2. Astronomical observations and telescopes
1. Features of astronomical observations
2. Your observations
3. Telescopes
3. Constellations. Apparent motion of stars
1. Constellations
2. Brightness and color of stars
3. Apparent daily motion of stars. Celestial sphere
4. Determination of geographic latitude
5. Daily movement of luminaries at different latitudes
6. Climaxes
4. The ecliptic and “wandering” luminaries - planets
5. Star charts, celestial coordinates and time
1. Maps and coordinates
2. The height of the luminaries at the climax
3. Exact time
4. Counting time. Determination of geographic longitude. Calendar
II. STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
6. Composition of the Solar System
7. Laws of motion of planets and artificial celestial bodies
1. Orbital shape and speed
2. Kepler's second and third laws
8. Configurations and synodic periods of revolution of the planets
1. Planetary configurations
2. Synodic periods
9. Disturbances in the motion of planets. The concept of tides. Determination of the masses of celestial bodies
1. Disturbances in the motion of planets
2. Discovery of Neptune
3. The concept of the theory of tides
4. Determination of the masses of celestial bodies
10. The struggle for a scientific worldview
11. Earth, its size, shape, mass, movement
1. Size and Shape of the Earth
2. Mass and density of the Earth
3. Proof of the daily rotation of the Earth by Foucault’s experiment
4. Proof of the Earth's revolution around the Sun
12. Determination of distances and sizes of bodies in the Solar System
1. Determination of distances
2. Determination of the size of the luminaries
III.PHYSICAL NATURE OF BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
13. Methods for studying the physical nature of celestial bodies
1. Application of spectral analysis
2. Optical and radio observations
3. Observatories
4. Research using space technology
14. General characteristics of the terrestrial planets and the Earth
1. Study of the physical nature of the planets
2. Characteristics of the terrestrial planets
3. Earth. Atmosphere
4. Earth. A magnetic field
15. Physical conditions on the Moon and its relief
1. Physical conditions on the Moon
2. Relief of the Moon
16. Planets Mercury, Venus and Mars
1. Circumsolar planets
2. Mars
17. Giant planets
18. Movement of the Moon and planetary satellites. Eclipses
1. Planetary satellites and the Moon
2. Movement of the Moon
3. Lunar and solar eclipses
19. Asteroids and meteorites
1. Asteroids
2. Fireballs and meteorites
20. Comets and meteors
1. Discovery and movement of comets
2. Physical nature of comets
3. The origin of comets and their disintegration into meteor showers
IV. SUN AND STARS
21. The sun is the nearest star
1. Solar energy
2. Structure of the Sun
3. Solar atmosphere and solar activity
22. Spectra, temperatures, luminosities of stars and distances to them
1. Spectra, color and temperature of stars
2. Annual parallax and distances to stars
3. Apparent and absolute magnitude. Star luminosity
23. Double stars. Masses of stars
1. Visual double stars
2. Spectral binary stars
3. Eclipsing double stars - algoeti
24. Variables and novae
1. Variable stars
2. New stars
3. Supernovae
25. Variety of stellar characteristics and their patterns
1. Diameters and densities of stars
2. The most important patterns in the world of stars
V. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
26. Our Galaxy
1. Milky Way and Galaxy
2. Star clusters and associations
27. Diffuse matter
1. Interstellar dust and dark nebulae
2. Light dusty diffuse nebulae
3. Diffuse gas nebulae
4. Neutral hydrogen
5. Magnetic field, cosmic rays and radio emission
28. Movements of stars in the Galaxy
1. Proper motions of stars
2. Components of the spatial velocity of stars
3. Movement of the Solar System
4. Rotation of the Galaxy
29. Star systems - galaxies. Metagalaxy
1. Normal galaxies
2. Radio galaxies and quasars
3. Metagalaxy and cosmology
30. Age of celestial bodies. The emergence and development of galaxies and stars
1. Age of celestial bodies
2. The emergence of galaxies and stars
3. Development of stars
31. The emergence of planetary systems and the Earth
32. Materialistic picture of the universe. Problem extraterrestrial civilizations
Applications
Subject index
Format: DJVU
Russian language
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Astronomy is the science of celestial bodies. She studies the movement, structure and development of celestial bodies and their systems and applies the laws established by her to practical needs humanity. Astronomy is the oldest of all sciences: its rudiments existed in Babylon and Egypt several thousand years ago.
General information about the Universe.
Before we begin to study the basics of astronomy, let's compile general idea about the Universe around us.
The sun set, leaving a crimson dawn in the sky. This Sun rays from under the horizon illuminate the air above the Earth, high layers earth's atmosphere. Gradually everything around becomes dark, night falls.
On a moonless night, many stars sparkle in a cloudless sky. By observing their positions, you will notice that the starry sky is slowly rotating as one, with most of the stars rising and setting like the Sun and Moon. The rising and setting of all the luminaries, the visible rotation of the starry sky is a reflection of the rotation of the Earth around its axis with a period of 24 hours. But we do not feel this rotation, and it seems to us that the Universe is rotating, but we are motionless.
Except for the stars that do not change their relative position in the sky and forming random combinations - constellations, 5 bright luminaries are visible to the naked eye, which from day to day slowly move among the stars, as if wandering among them (Fig. 1). The ancient Greeks therefore called them planets (from the word planetes - wandering). The paths along which they move among the stars are loop-shaped (Fig. 18), since the planet and the observer, together with the Earth, revolve around the Sun with at different speeds and periods.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
§1. Subject of astronomy
§2. Firmament and constellations
1. Firmament
2. Constellations
3. Magnitudes and the names of the stars
4. Finding constellations in the sky
5. Moving star map
§3. Daily rotation of the starry sky and rotation of the Earth
§4. The celestial sphere and its significance for practice
1. Celestial sphere
2. Angular measurements
§5. Basic points and lines celestial sphere
1. Zenith and horizon
2. Poles and axis mundi
3. Celestial equator
4. Celestial meridian and noon line
5. Horizon points
6. Lines of the celestial sphere and the Earth
§6. Climax of the luminaries
§7. Approximate orientation of the terrain using the stars and the Sun
§8. Apparent movement of planets
Chapter I. Development of ideas about the Earth and the solar system
§9. Ancient astronomy and religious superstitions
§10. Concept of geocentric systems peace
§eleven. Revolutionary discovery of Copernicus
§12. Galileo's discoveries and the struggle of the church against science
§13. True planetary motion and Kepler's laws
§14. Determining the shape and size of the Earth
1. The sphericity of the Earth
2. Determining the size of the Earth
3. Compression of the Earth
§15. Parallax displacement and determination of distances to heavenly bodies
§16. Determining the sizes of celestial bodies
§17. Law universal gravity and its consequences
1. Law of gravity
2. Movement of the Moon and Earth gravity
3. Movement of celestial bodies and determination of their masses. Earth mass
4. Ebbs and flows
5. Disturbances in the motion of planets. Discovery of the planet Neptune
§18. Evidence of the Earth's daily rotation
§19. Annual parallax of stars as evidence of the Earth's revolution around the Sun
§20. Artificial satellites Earth and space flights
Chapter II. Basic practical applications astronomy and methods of studying luminaries
§21. Equatorial coordinates and star map
§22. Horizontal coordinate system
§23. Methods practical definition coordinates of the luminaries
§24. Relationship between the height of the pole above the horizon and the type of sky with the geographic latitude of a place
1. Pole height and latitude
2. View of the starry sky depending on the position of the observer on Earth
§25. Zenith distance of the luminaries at the moment of their culmination and determination of geographical latitude
§26. Apparent movement of the Sun along the ecliptic
1. Annual changes in the midday height of the Sun and the appearance of the starry sky
2. Ecliptic and zodiac
§27. Changes in the daily path of the Sun above the horizon at different latitudes;
§28. The Earth's revolution around the Sun and its consequences
§29. Measuring time
1. Hour angle and time measurement
2. True solar days
3. Average solar time and the equation of time
§thirty. Time keeping systems
1. Local, zone and maternity time
2. Date line.
3. Accurate time service
§31. Determination of geographic longitude
§32. Calendar
1. Old and a new style
2. Origin of the month and week
3. Calendar era
§33. Astronomical observations in navigation and aviation
§34. Astronomical methods for studying celestial bodies
1. Telescopes and photography
2. Spectral analysis
3. Determination of the chemical composition, velocities and temperatures of celestial bodies
4. Concept of radio astronomy
5. Soviet astronomical observatories
Chapter III. Physical nature of bodies solar system
§35. Moon movement and phases
§36. Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
1. Causes of eclipses
2. Lunar eclipses
3. Solar eclipses
§37. Physical nature of the Moon
1. Rotation of the Moon around its axis
2. Structure lunar surface
3. Physical conditions on the Moon
§38. general review solar system
§39. Mercury and Venus
§40. Mars and the possibility of life on other planets
§41. Giant planets
§42. Minor planets - asteroids
§43. Comets, their movement and nature
§44. Meteors, or "shooting stars", and their relationship with comets
§45. Fireballs and meteorites
§46. Sun. Viewing it through a telescope and rotating it
§47. Atmosphere and chemical composition Sun
§48. Energy emission from the Sun and the frequency of solar activity
1. Radiation from the Sun and the solar system
2. Solar activity and sunspots
3. Auroras
4. The meaning of solar radiation and sources of its energy
Chapter IV. Stars and star systems. Structure of the Universe
§49. Annual parallax and distances to stars
§50. Luminosity and movement of stars and solar system
§51. Temperature and size of stars
§52. Double and variable stars
§53. Star clusters. Milky Way and Galaxy
§54. Other star systems - galaxies
§55. Diffuse matter
§56. Infinity of the Universe
Chapter V. Origin and development of celestial bodies
§57. Raising the question of the origin of celestial bodies and their age
§58. Origin of planetary systems
§59. Development of stars. Sun and nebulae. Eternity of the Universe
Applications
Alphabetical index.