3 sentences with separate inconsistent definitions. Practical task in OGE format

An inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty is that it cannot always be easily distinguished from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. It is difficult to find a good text that does not contain these sentence parts, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which we present below, are an attribute only of written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence

The secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same secondary ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called minor members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions high, cloudless. The predicate – occupied. Its group: complement horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. Thus, complements are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions – adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances – adverbs or gerunds, as well as nouns.

Sometimes the secondary term is ambiguous: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk departed without delay.

The minor term to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (which?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both an adverbial (lies (where?) on the paws) and a complement (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is the definition

Definition - such a minor member of a sentence to which you can ask questions: “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Whose?”

There are agreed and inconsistent definitions. The gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

The attribute can be an adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, participle, or even an infinitive. They distribute subject, object and adverbial clauses.

For example:

The last leaves hung on frozen branches.

The definition of latter refers to the subject leaflet; the definition frozen refers to the adverbial adverbial object on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of a sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to go to a stuffy city.

The role of the definition “village” is very interesting here, without which the subject “resident” would have no meaning. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in this example the subject is a villager.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can express the following meanings:

The quality of the item (a beautiful dress, an interesting book).
Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
Time (December holidays – holidays in December).
Relation to another object (clay vase - vase made of clay).
Belonging (maternal heart – mother’s heart).

Agreed Definition

Agreed definitions can be used in the following parts of speech:

Adjective (child's toy, deep lake).
Pronoun (your car, some quantity).
Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
Numeral (eighteenth fighter, first student).

There is agreement in gender, number and case between this definition and the word to which it refers.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

The following agreed upon definitions are presented here:

· history (whose?) ours – pronoun;

· history (what?) majestic – adjective;

· centuries (how many?) twenty – numeral.

Typically, the agreed definition in a sentence comes before the word it refers to.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive type is inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Infinitive verb.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) with classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: the person (which?) is friendlier.

Let's look at a sentence where the definition is expressed by an infinitive:

I had a wonderful opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The example sentences discussed above suggest that this type of definition is most often found after the word it refers to.

How to distinguish a consistent definition from an inconsistent one

In order not to get confused about what definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

Find out what part of speech the definition is.
Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (coordination - agreed definition, control and adjacency - inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - communication agreement, definition meowing - agreed; box made of wood - communication control, definition of wood inconsistent.
Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it is an inconsistent definition. Examples: meeting (what?) with investors – the definition is inconsistent, it comes after the main word; deep ravine - agreed definition, comes after the main word.
If the definition is expressed in a stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: she was (what?) neither fish nor fowl. Phraseologism neither fish nor fowl acts as an inconsistent definition.

The table will help to distinguish between consistent and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	Inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numeral.	1. Noun with or without preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Type of communication	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Adjacency.
Position	Before the main word	After the main word

The concept of separation

Situations often arise when a sentence contains separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require highlighting with appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks; it should not be confused, for example, with commas for homogeneous terms, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different signs when isolating is a gross mistake, which indicates a lack of understanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more common phenomenon than isolating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
How are the members of the sentence involved in isolation expressed (the actual definition and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty – numeral.

Separating agreed definitions

If the agreed definition comes after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

It is a participial phrase. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participial phrase, which is found after the word being defined, basket.
It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, everything that was happening in the yard was visible. Here the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is necessary to put commas, because this phrase is located after the word glass, which is defined.
Definitions must be separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is located before the word days; accordingly, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
Definitions are not common and are found in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definitions black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the conjunction and. There may be this option: The southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, there is no conjunction, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word it refers to, so there is no need to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from your home, you feel loneliness in a special way.

The definition of far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is unclear.

The isolation of the agreed definition located before the word being defined is necessary if it has the meaning of reason or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult trek, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition of “exhausted by a long trek” is isolated because it is used in the meaning of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by the difficult trek, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition of not yet greened has a concession meaning: despite the fact that the trees have not yet greened up, they are elegant and festive.

Separating inconsistent definitions

Isolated, inconsistent definitions are quite rare. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed upon new one, so it must be separated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by chance we met Andrey, covered in dust and tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is associated with the agreed upon tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases where there are separate inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in ironed uniforms, happy and satisfied.

In this case, there is no need to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed ones: happy, satisfied.

In classical literature one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearine candles, in traveling silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in greatcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to take their shift to the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In the sentence from Turgenev’s work, the inconsistent definition in traveling silver chandeliers is isolated, but the sentence of the same construction by Tolstoy is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks for definitions in greatcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in greatcoats.

Application as a special type of definition

A special type of definition is application. It is always expressed by a noun. A distinction must be made between applications and inconsistent definitions. The latter are associated with the defined word through control, while between the application and the main word there is agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white robe made the guys murmur.

In the first case, we have an engineer application. Let's prove this by bending the main thing and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. Between the words, the coordination connection is clearly visible, accordingly, we have an application in front of us. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - women in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is management, so we see an inconsistent definition here.

In addition, the application simply names the object differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of attribute of it.

Segregation of applications

A single application is usually hyphenated: sister-mistress, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will be separated. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is isolated. Examples:

1. Should she, an excellent student, take care of the test?

Here the application to the excellent student refers to the pronoun she.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We separate the application reason because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. The brave captain, the thunder of the seas, easily navigated any reefs.

The application thunderstorm of the seas is a common one (thunderstorm of (what?) seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone’s favorite, received the best gift.

The application everyone's favorite is used after the defined word girl.

Applications with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification are isolated (with it there is a conjunction like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. – You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (meaning of reason).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning “as” is not isolated. For example:

As a school subject, mathematics develops logical thinking well. – As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. There is no need for separation.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be highlighted with a dash. For example:

The other sisters, Elizaveta and Sophia, are also similar.

The application Elizaveta and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so it is separated by a dash.

Inconsistent definitions: examples. Agreed and non-agreed definition

If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

The definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that the word being defined answers the questions: “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?” and their case forms. There are agreed and inconsistent definitions in Russian.

For example, “I loved watching the big beautiful white bird.”

The defined word is “bird”. From him the question is posed: “which one?”

A bird (what?) large, beautiful, white.

Definitions in this sentence characterize an object according to the following characteristics: size, appearance, color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed upon, and " white"– inconsistent. How do agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones?

Definitions " big, beautiful" – agreed, they change when the defined word changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

bird (what?) large, beautiful;
bird (what?) big, beautiful;
a bird (what kind?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white"– inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

bird (what?) white;
birds (what?) are white;
a bird (what?) is white;
bird (what?) white;
about a bird (what?) white.

Therefore, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we have found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The former change when the main word changes, while the latter do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the item is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, or consistent pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is “the material from which the object is made.”

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the item

Very often it is necessary to indicate why an object exists, then inconsistent definitions are used that mean “the purpose of the object.”

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is absent from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions with the meaning “accompanying subject attribute” are usually used.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of item ownership

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relationship of an object to another object.

Distinguishing inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Supplements are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and are not formally different from inconsistent definitions. It is only possible to distinguish between these minor members from a syntax point of view. It is therefore necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

Complements refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions refer to nouns, pronouns indicating the subject.
For additions we pose questions of indirect cases, and for definitions we pose questions “which?”, “whose?”

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?” and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by possessive pronouns.

IN her a light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His my friend didn’t come (whose friend?).

IN their the garden had the most delicious apples (in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in the simple comparative degree

If a sentence contains an adjective in the simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a feature of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by an adjective in the simple comparative degree.

Grandfather built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interesting to me.

Everyone wants a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions; in such cases they have the meaning of a characteristic in quality, direction, place, method of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what kind?) outward.

The room was bright with a window (what kind?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

The need (what kind?) lives ineradicably in the heart. be in love anyone.

The division will perform a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what kind?) feel yourself as a human being.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Isolation of inconsistent definitions in the Russian language

Separating inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the word being defined - a common noun - are not prone to isolation.

At the back of the garden there was a long barn (what kind?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what kind?) with broken edge.

Girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (which one?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (what?) survive at all costs owned him all the time.

Inconsistent definitions that appear after the main word - a common noun - are isolated only if it is necessary to give it special semantic significance. Let's consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same jacket , from gray wool, she left the room as if the whole year of separation had never happened.

This vase , with a broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions appear before the word being defined, they are most often separated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long elegant dress, the sister seemed taller and more mature.

In a long skirt and with bare arms, a girl stands on stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always separated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Let's consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She, with braids to the waist, went out into the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Marya Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and told the girl who came to remove the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange rim, hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in OGE format

Among the exam tasks there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete such a task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. Next is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the one you need.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet, and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After some time, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Shepherd dog with a black stripe on its back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent isolated definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) In a raincoat and a white robe, she seemed different to Nadya than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing her.

5) She saw several new wrinkles spreading from the wings of her nose to the corners of her lips.

6) Only the mother’s gaze remained the same, the same as Nadezhda wore in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She was beaming with joy.

2) Today they called her mother.

3) Didn’t all the neighbors hear this girl with dark hair screaming:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself still didn’t understand whether she was calling her.

Conditions for separating inconsistent definitions

A) Definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions)

1. if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Today she,in the new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Noun definitions are separated, if separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence:

After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where in a black dress, with a black mesh on his head , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Noun definitions are separated, if they form a series of homogeneous members with a preceding or subsequent separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people,colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arsenyev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement and clarify the idea of a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, wearing a cap on the back of his head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

5. Noun modifiers are usually isolated, if they refer to a noun that characterizes a person by degree of relationship, position, profession, etc. The noun attribute in this case gives additional characteristics to the person. This definition is often common, that is, it contains dependent words. Quite often there are several such definitions.

Came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

1) When placing punctuation marks, it is very important to correctly determine the type of minor member expressed by the noun, since this can be not only a definition, but also an addition, a circumstance.

Wed:Came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came out in a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

3) Isolation of inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun is often not mandatory, but optional. If the author wants to give an additional characteristic to a person, if the isolation of the definition serves as a way of deliberately separating the phrase from the neighboring predicate, then such a definition is isolated.

Women, with a long rake in his hands , wandering into the field (Turgenev).

In this case, I.S. Turgenev wanted to emphasize that the turnover with a long rake in his hands does not apply to the predicate are wandering, and to the subject women (“women with rakes”, not “walking with rakes”).

4) Isolated inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field. – Women with rakes in their hands, wandering into the field.

B) Definition, expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective

1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a phrase with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, are usually isolated, since in meaning they are close to a weakened, secondary predicate. Therefore, such definitions can be replaced by a subordinate clause or an independent clause. Such phrases usually appear after the word being defined and have dependent words:

Force , stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). – Wed: This force was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often the noun being defined is preceded by another, agreed upon definition. In this case, the definitions have a connotation of explanation (meaning “namely”):

Short beard, slightly darker than hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other Guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the defined noun:

But at other times it wasn’t person more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed by the infinitive form of the verb

1. The definition expressed by the infinitive form of the verb (infinitive) is isolated (using a dash), if it has an explanatory meaning and the words viz. can be placed in front of it. In oral speech, such infinitive definitions are preceded by a pause:

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten And die (Bryusov).

2. Definition expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), is not isolated if it forms a single phrase together with a noun. Typically, such definitions appear in the middle of a sentence and are pronounced without pauses:

Thought marry Olesya came to my mind more and more often (Kuprin).

Note! G

1) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition, expressed by an infinitive, is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay – for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Varieties of isolated members of a sentence Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

Agreed definitions, expressed by adjectives or participles with dependent words, are isolated in postposition in relation to the word being defined or being torn away from it, i.e. distantly located. For example: At its gate stood a wagon drawn by three Tatar horses (P.); The distant murmur of the sea, reaching into the thicket of these forests, gave them mystery (Paust.); It was a spring night full of large stars (Paust.); A huge man in his scalloped suit comes out of the entrance Akindinov (Pan.); In the next small room, on the sofa, covered with a hospital gown, the master lay in deep sleep (Bulg.); Dawn came, and Kazbek, shrouded in snow, lit up in the window with a double-headed fragment of crystal. Such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning, which is especially clearly revealed in the presence of adverbial words that extend this definition - with the meaning of reason, time, etc. This mysterious depth of the ocean is trying to get out, ominous and pale from long-restrained anger (Cor.); I also don’t want to believe my soul, which has been tired for a long time (Bl.); Here is my bird, once cheerful, swinging a hoop, singing on the window (Bl.).

Single definitions in postposition are isolated, although such isolation is necessary only when logically isolating a noun, which is explained by the following definitions; in the absence of emphasis, definitions become the semantic center of the statement and are not isolated. Wed: Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road (P.). - Along the winter, boring road, a troika of greyhounds is running. If there is a definition before the noun, postpositive definitions are necessarily isolated, since they acquire the character of an additional message: Long clouds, red and purple, guarded his peace (Ch.); It is impossible for a young man in love not to spill the beans... (T.). Wed: It is impossible for a person in love not to spill the beans (logical emphasis on the adjective, which denotes a constant attribute).

If the agreed definitions refer to words that are lexically defective, i.e. those in need of definitions, then they are not isolated: Ostrodumov looked focused and efficient (T.).

Single definitions in postposition are necessarily isolated when conveying a semi-predicative meaning: Seryozha, embarrassed, stood aside (N. Ostr.). Wed: Seryozha was embarrassed and Seryozha stood... Such a definition, along with this, can have a circumstantial meaning: The mother, tired, collapsed on the bed (fell down, because she was tired and the mother was tired and collapsed on the bed).

Definitions related to personal pronouns are isolated in any position. They always have a semi-predicative meaning. For example: She, pale, motionless, like a statue, stands and gazes at his every step (Ch.); Healthy, young, strong, they grabbed Antipas, almost lifted him into the air and threw him onto the deck (Seraph.). Wed: She is pale... and She stands...; They are healthy, young, strong and They picked up... Rare cases of non-isolation of such definitions emphasize their unusualness associated with the author's perception.

Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles are always isolated. They have the meaning of an additional message and are always semi-predicative: Covered in prophetic drowsiness, the half-naked forest is sad (Tyutch.); She (P.) woke up at the usual hour and got up by candlelight. Then the beast appeared, tall and shaggy, and just like many other animals, recognizing the man, he recoiled back (Sick.); The whole world is burning, transparent and spiritual, now it is truly good (Zabol.); A frowning cloud moves, huge and viscous, with a lantern in a raised hand (Sick.); Kissed, bewitched, once married to the wind in the field, all of you seem to be shackled in chains, my precious woman (Sick.).

Inconsistent isolated definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns, most often refer to proper names and personal pronouns and indicate an additional message, since a proper name is quite specific in itself and does not need constant determiners (the attribute can be temporary and necessarily with a semi-predicative meaning) , and the pronoun only indicates an object or person and therefore also cannot have a proper definition, since it is not lexically combined with an adjective. For example: Styopka, with a jagged spoon in his hands, took his place in the smoke near the cauldron (Ch.); ...Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful (M.G.).

An inconsistent definition with a common noun is isolated by emphasizing the characterizing meaning: On the cape there was a thicket growing, there was a small dirty water pump, with a thin high pipe on the roof (M. G.). Wed. without underlining: Lasting the procession was a short, limping foreigner with a crooked eye, without a jacket, in a white tailcoat vest and tie (Bulg.).

Definitions expressed in the form of the comparative degree of the adjective are less common and are usually isolated in the presence of an agreed definition before the noun being defined: A short beard, slightly darker than hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K.T.).

Agreed and inconsistent definitions are often combined in a homogeneous series, for example: Without a hat, barefoot, in a torn jacket over a dirty shirt, in trousers stained with mud, he looked like a farm laborer (M. G.); The image of the future mistress of the house burned hotly before him, tall, a head taller than him, full-breasted, strong, she proudly and smoothly walks around the yard... (M.G.).

Definitions expressed by the infinitive can also be separated. The function of an additional characterizing means is especially clearly revealed in the presence of an agreed definition with the word being defined; it is in this case that the defining infinitive is isolated, for example: She was pursued by a secret dream - to go into the partisan underground (Fad.); So I have only one dubious pleasure left - to look out of the window at fishing (Kupr.); ...Two groups of partisans defending the grove near the Donets had to stay longer than the others and demonstrate, as it were, a last desperate attempt to cross the river (Fad.). Such infinitive phrases, as a rule, are complicated by explanatory meaning.

An infinitive definition, applied to the word being defined without other definitions characterizing it, is not separated from the noun, i.e. is not isolated, for example: On the same day, Frunze gave the order to Chapaev to move with his division from Ufa to the south... (Furm.).

What is a stand-alone inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition), are isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded along the streets and boulevards. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Usually such inconsistent definitions are isolated:
if they refer to one’s own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, was sitting on the sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and extraordinary;
if they refer to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position held, and so on, since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something.
Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject: Women, with long rakes in their hands, wander in the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a phrase with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated: But at another time there was no more active person than him.
Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, in front of which the words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or to stay - for themselves, for their loved ones. But if, according to the conditions of the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika Asakova

Isolation is highlighting in writing with punctuation marks, and in oral speech with intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of a sentence that answers the question: Which one? Whose? , is emphasized in the sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word according to the method of control or adjacency. For example: a staircase (which one?) to the attic. To the attic - inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Navy borscht is an agreed definition (it has the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high-class players. High-class players are an inconsistent definition.
For your information, a participial figure of speech is an agreed upon definition.

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. Its group: complement horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. Thus, complements are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances - adverbs or gerunds, as well as nouns.

Sometimes the secondary term is ambiguous: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk departed without delay.

The minor term to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (which?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both an adverbial (lies (where?) on the paws) and a complement (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is the definition

Definition - such a minor member of a sentence to which you can ask questions: “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Whose?”

There are agreed and inconsistent definitions. The gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

The attribute can be an adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, participle, or even an infinitive. They distribute subject, object and adverbial clauses.

For example:

The last leaves hung on frozen branches.

The definition of latter refers to the subject leaflet; the definition frozen refers to the adverbial adverbial object on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of a sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to go to a stuffy city.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can express the following meanings:

The quality of the item (a beautiful dress, an interesting book).
Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
Relation to another object (clay vase - vase made of clay).
Belonging (maternal heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Agreed definitions can be used in the following parts of speech:

Adjective (child's toy, deep lake).
Pronoun (your car, some quantity).
Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
Numeral (eighteenth fighter, first student).

There is agreement in gender, number and case between this definition and the word to which it refers.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

The following agreed upon definitions are presented here:

· history (whose?) ours - pronoun;

· history (what?) majestic - adjective;

· centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Typically, the agreed definition in a sentence comes before the word it refers to.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive type is inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Infinitive verb.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) with classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: the person (which?) is friendlier.

Let's look at a sentence where the definition is expressed by an infinitive:

I had a wonderful opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The example sentences discussed above suggest that this type of definition is most often found after the word it refers to.

How to distinguish a consistent definition from an inconsistent one

In order not to get confused about what definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

Find out what part of speech the definition is.
Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (coordination - agreed definition, control and adjacency - inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - communication agreement, definition meowing - agreed; box made of wood - communication control, definition of wood inconsistent.
Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. The main word is most often preceded by an agreed upon definition, and after that by an inconsistent definition. Examples: meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it comes after the main word; deep ravine - agreed definition, comes after the main word.
If the definition is expressed in a stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: she was (what?) neither fish nor fowl. Phraseologism neither fish nor fowl acts as an inconsistent definition.

The table will help to distinguish between consistent and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	Inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numeral.	1. Noun with or without preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Type of communication	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Adjacency.
Position	Before the main word	After the main word

The concept of separation

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than isolating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
How are the members of the sentence involved in isolation expressed (the actual definition and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separating agreed definitions

If the agreed definition comes after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

It is a participial phrase. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participial phrase, which is found after the word being defined, basket.
It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, everything that was happening in the yard was visible. Here the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is necessary to put commas, because this phrase is located after the word glass, which is defined.
Definitions must be separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is located before the word days; accordingly, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
Definitions are not common and are found in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definitions black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the conjunction and. There may be this option: The southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, there is no conjunction, but the definition is still isolated.

In a country far from your home, you feel loneliness in a special way.

The definition of far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is unclear.

The isolation of the agreed definition located before the word being defined is necessary if it has the meaning of reason or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult trek, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition of not yet greened has a concession meaning: despite the fact that the trees have not yet greened up, they are elegant and festive.

Separating inconsistent definitions

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed upon new one, so it must be separated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by chance we met Andrey, covered in dust and tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is associated with the agreed upon tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases where there are separate inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in ironed uniforms, happy and satisfied.

In this case, there is no need to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed ones: happy, satisfied.

In classical literature one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

In the sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in traveling silver chandeliers is isolated, but the sentence of the same construction by Tolstoy is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks for definitions in greatcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in greatcoats.

Application as a special type of definition

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white robe made the guys murmur.

In the first case, we have an engineer application. Let's prove this by bending the main thing and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. Between the words, the connection of agreement is clearly visible, accordingly, we have an application in front of us. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - women in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is management, so we see an inconsistent definition here.

In addition, the application simply names the object differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of attribute of it.

Segregation of applications

A single application is usually hyphenated: sister-mistress, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will be separated. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is isolated. Examples:

1. Should she, an excellent student, take care of the test?

Here the application to the excellent student refers to the pronoun she.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We separate the application reason because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. The brave captain, the thunder of the seas, easily navigated any reefs.

The application thunderstorm of the seas is a common one (thunderstorm of (what?) seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone’s favorite, received the best gift.

The application everyone's favorite is used after the defined word girl.

Applications with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification are isolated (with it there is a conjunction like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (meaning of reason).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning “as” is not isolated. For example:

As a school subject, mathematics develops logical thinking well. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. There is no need for separation.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be highlighted with a dash. For example:

The other sisters, Elizaveta and Sophia, are also similar.

The application Elizaveta and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so it is separated by a dash.

A) Definition expressed indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions)

1. if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Today she, in the new blue hood , was especially young and impressively beautiful (M. Gorky).

2. Noun definitions are separated, if separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence:

After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, wherein a black dress, with a black mesh on his head , sat Caroline(Goncharov).

3. Noun definitions are separated, if they form a series of homogeneous members with a preceding or subsequent separate agreed definition:

This crowd of people, colorfully dressed, with tanned faces And with squirrel tails on headdresses , made a strange impression (Arsenyev).

4. if they refer to a proper name, because they complement and clarify the idea of a person or an object.

Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, wearing a cap on the back of his head And in a shawl , sat on the sofa (Goncharov).

Came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck (Goncharov).

Note! G

Wed:Came out majestically mother, in a lilac dress, in lace. – Mother came outin a lilac dress, in lace.

2) If an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun is isolated, it is distinguished by pauses.

Women, with a long rake in his hands , wandering into the field (Turgenev).

4) Isolated inconsistent definitions are synonymous with subordinate clauses.

Wed: Women, with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field. – Women with rakes in their hands, wandering into the field.

B) Definition, expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of an adjective

Force, stronger than his will , threw him out of there (Turgenev). –Wed:This force was stronger than his will. This force threw him out of there.

¯ Often the noun being defined is preceded by another, agreed upon definition. In this case, the definitions have a connotation of explanation (meaning “namely”):

Short beard, slightly darker than hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin (A.K. Tolstoy); Other Guys, younger , looked at us with delight.

2. The definition with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, if it is closely related to the defined noun:

But at other times it wasn’t person more active than him (Turgenev).

IN) Definition, expressed by the infinitive form of the verb

But this one is beautiful lot– brighten Anddie (Bryusov).

Thought marry Olesya came to my mind more and more often (Kuprin).

Note! G

1) Definitions-infinitives highlighted with a dash , not a comma or colon.

2) If a separate definition, expressed by an infinitive, is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by a dash on both sides.

Each of them solved this question - leave or stay – for yourself, for your loved ones (Ketlinskaya).

But if, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted.

Since I was left alone choice – lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone , then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. Tolstoy).

Exercises for the topic

"Isolation of agreed definitions"

Exercise 1. Find isolated or non-isolated definitions in the sentences. Emphasize. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. The weather, which had been gloomy since the morning, began to gradually clear up (Arsenyev). 2. He had already opened his mouth and stood up a little from the bench, but suddenly, struck by horror, he closed his eyes and fell off the bench (M. Gorky). 3. Seized by evil despair, I saw around only these waves with whitish manes (M. Gorky). 4. Seized by some vague premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and went out into the street (N. Ostrovsky). 5. Meresyev sat silent and anxious (Polevoy). 6. A stoker who looked like a black man passed by and did not close the door near me (Bunin). 7. While the carriage, accompanied by barking, rolls with a roar along the bridges over the ravines, I look at the piles of bricks left from the burnt house and drowned in the weeds and think about what old Kologrivov would do if he saw impudent people jumping around the yard of his estate (Bunin) . 8. Pavel went into her room and sat down tiredly on a chair (Polevoy). 9. The fire of a bomb exploding near him instantly illuminated two people standing above and the white foam of greenish waves cut by the steamer (L. Tolstoy). 10. A heavy roar, unheard of by anyone, shook the air (A.N. Tolstoy). 11. Chichikov only noticed through the thick blanket of pouring rain something similar to a roof (Gogol). 12. The badger, frightened by the noise, rushed to the side and disappeared from sight (Arsenyev).

Exercise 2. Place the missing punctuation marks.

1. The girl picked a twig from a currant bush and, delighted with the aroma of the buds, caught up with her companion and gave him the twig (Prishvin). 2. In the archpriest’s father’s long beard and in his small mustache connecting to the beard at the corners of his mouth, several black hairs flash, giving it the appearance of silver trimmed with niello (Leskov). 3. His eyes are brown, bold and clear (Leskov). 4. The sky is almost not reflected in the water cut by the blows of the oars of steamship propellers by the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other ships plowing the narrow harbor in all directions (M. Gorky). 5. A long dam lined with silver poplars closed this pond (Turgenev). 6. She was wearing a white robe stained with blood and a scarf tied tightly to her eyebrows (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. Long, grasping arms raised the pine trees and they are trying to hold on to the clouds (Kuranov). 8. Angry in appearance, he was kind at heart (Fadeev).

9. Energetic, tall, a little angry and mocking, he stands as if rooted to the logs, and in a tense pose, ready to turn the rafts every second, he vigilantly looks ahead (M. Gorky). 10. The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy (M. Gorky). 11. Mountains protruded from behind the sea, looking like a flock of clouds, and clouds like snowy mountains swirled behind them (Krymov). 12. The ringing of anchor chains, the roar of coupled cars delivering cargo, the metallic scream of iron sheets falling from somewhere on the stone pavement, the dull knock of wood, the rattling of cab carts, the whistles of steamships, sometimes piercingly sharp, sometimes the dull roaring cries of loaders, sailors and customs soldiers - all these sounds merge into the deafening music of labor of the day (M. Gorky). 13. And the people themselves who originally gave birth to this noise are funny and pitiful: their dusty, tattered, nimble figures, bent under the weight of goods lying on their backs, fussily run here and there in clouds of dust in a sea of heat and sounds, they are insignificant compared to the iron colossuses surrounding them piles of goods, rattling wagons and everything they created (M. Gorky). 14. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked along the stones (M. Gorky). 15. He is a very kind person, but with rather strange concepts and habits (Turgenev). 16. But suddenly paying two hundred and three hundred rubles for something even most necessary seemed almost suicide to them (Goncharov). 17. The next day we learned that Soviet intelligence entered the city but, shocked by the monstrous picture of the escape, stopped at the descent to the port and did not open fire (Paustovsky). 18. Obviously, depressed by memories, Arzhanov fell silent for a long time (Sholokhov). 19. He looked around and saw that an overturned truck lying by the road, long since torn apart in parts, was smoking and quickly flaring up (Polevoy). 20. Dawn came, and Kazbek (Zabolotsky), encased in snow with a double-headed fragment of crystal, caught fire. 21. And enclosed in a regular square, he either rushes about and rushes for the fence, or silently flies around the garden (Shefner). 22. I never entered the house, sat on a bench and left unnoticed by anyone (Nikitin). 23. But besides the song, we also had something good, something we loved and, perhaps, replaced the sun for us (M. Gorky). 24. He stood surprised by the unexpected meeting and, also embarrassed, was about to leave (N. Ostrovsky). 25. Soft and silvery, it [the sea] merged there with the blue southern sky and sleeps soundly, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds of motionless stars that do not hide the golden patterns of the stars (M. Gorky).

Exercise for the topic

“Isolation of inconsistent definitions”

Exercise 1. Find inconsistent definitions in the sentences. Emphasize. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. One of them was Stolz, the other was his friend, a plump writer with an apathetic face and thoughtful, seemingly sleepy eyes (Goncharov). 2. Blue in the constellations lasts midnight (Lugovskoy). 3. It was Lyoshka Shulepnikov, only very old, wrinkled, with a gray mustache and unlike himself (Trifonov). 4. The desire to talk to his daughter has disappeared (Trifonov). 5. Broad-shouldered, short-legged, wearing heavy boots and a thick caftan the color of road dust, he stood in the middle of the steppe as if carved out of stone (M. Gorky). 6. And all of her in an old tunic with a faded cap on her dark blond smooth hair seemed very tired and tired to Alexey (Polevoy). 7. The next morning, Luzgina, in an elegant silk blue dress with fluffed up combed light brown hair, fresh, ruddy, plump and fragrant with bracelets and rings on her plump hands, hurriedly drank coffee, afraid of being late for the ship (Stanyukovich). 8. The elevator operator at the entrance, gloomy with sagging cheeks, greeted Lyoshka with a nod of his head (Trifonov). 9. Suddenly, an old woman with a cigarette in her mouth came out of a white door with frosted glass (Trifonov). 10. Wearing a white tie, a smart coat wide open with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone (Turgenev). 11. Elizaveta Kievna with red hands in a man’s dress with a pitiful smile and meek eyes (A.N. Tolstoy) never left my memory. 12. I am surprised that you and your kindness do not feel this (L. Tolstoy). 13. With her defenselessness, she evoked in him a chivalrous feeling of shielding, shielding, protecting (Kataev). 14. Sometimes, in the general harmony of the splash, a raised and playful note is heard - one of the bolder waves crawled closer to us (M. Gorky). 15. Suddenly everyone left work, turned to face us, bowed deeply, and some older peasants greeted their father and me (Aksakov). 16. Older kids were spinning under his arms (Rylenkov). 17. So all I have left is the dubious pleasure of looking out of the window at fishing (Kuprin). 18. She was haunted by a secret dream of going into the partisan underground (Fadeev). 19. Kirill Ivanovich felt a desire to repeat each word several times (M. Gorky). 20. On the bridge, dressed in raincoats with short sou'westers on their heads, stand the captain and the watch officer (Stanyukovich).

REPEAT! LET'S FINISH!

For example:

The high, cloudless sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: definitions high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. Its group: complement horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. Thus, complements are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances - adverbs or gerunds, as well as nouns.

Sometimes the secondary term is ambiguous: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk departed without delay.

The minor term to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (which?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both an adverbial (lies (where?) on the paws) and a complement (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is the definition

Definition - such a minor member of a sentence to which you can ask questions: “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Whose?”

There are agreed and inconsistent definitions. The gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

The attribute can be an adjective, noun, numeral, pronoun, participle, or even an infinitive. They distribute subject, object and adverbial clauses.

For example:

The last leaves hung on frozen branches.

The definition of latter refers to the subject leaflet; the definition frozen refers to the adverbial adverbial object on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of a sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to go to a stuffy city.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can express the following meanings:

The quality of the item (a beautiful dress, an interesting book).
Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
Relation to another object (clay vase - vase made of clay).
Belonging (maternal heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Agreed definitions can be used in the following parts of speech:

Adjective (child's toy, deep lake).
Pronoun (your car, some quantity).
Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
Numeral (eighteenth fighter, first student).

There is agreement in gender, number and case between this definition and the word to which it refers.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

The following agreed upon definitions are presented here:

· history (whose?) ours - pronoun;

· history (what?) majestic - adjective;

· centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Typically, the agreed definition in a sentence comes before the word it refers to.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive type is inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Infinitive verb.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) with classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: the person (which?) is friendlier.

Let's look at a sentence where the definition is expressed by an infinitive:

I had a wonderful opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The example sentences discussed above suggest that this type of definition is most often found after the word it refers to.

How to distinguish a consistent definition from an inconsistent one

In order not to get confused about what definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

Find out what part of speech the definition is.
Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (coordination - agreed definition, control and adjacency - inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - communication agreement, definition meowing - agreed; box made of wood - communication control, definition of wood inconsistent.
Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. The main word is most often preceded by an agreed upon definition, and after that by an inconsistent definition. Examples: meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it comes after the main word; deep ravine - agreed definition, comes after the main word.
If the definition is expressed in a stable combination or phraseological turn, it will certainly be inconsistent: she was (what?) neither fish nor fowl. Phraseologism neither fish nor fowl acts as an inconsistent definition.

The table will help to distinguish between consistent and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter	Agreed	Inconsistent
What is expressed	1. Adjective. 2. Pronoun. 3. Communion. 4. Numeral.	1. Noun with or without preposition. 2. Infinitive. 3. Adverb. 4. Comparative adjective. 5. Pronoun. 6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.
Type of communication	Agreement in gender, number and case	1. Management. 2. Adjacency.
Position	Before the main word	After the main word

The concept of separation

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than isolating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
How are the members of the sentence involved in isolation expressed (the actual definition and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separating agreed definitions

If the agreed definition comes after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

It is a participial phrase. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participial phrase, which is found after the word being defined, basket.
It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, everything that was happening in the yard was visible. Here the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is necessary to put commas, because this phrase is located after the word glass, which is defined.
Definitions must be separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is located before the word days; accordingly, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
Definitions are not common and are found in the sentence after the word being defined. For example: The southern night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definitions black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the conjunction and. There may be this option: The southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, there is no conjunction, but the definition is still isolated.

In a country far from your home, you feel loneliness in a special way.

The definition of far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is unclear.

The isolation of the agreed definition located before the word being defined is necessary if it has the meaning of reason or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult trek, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition of not yet greened has a concession meaning: despite the fact that the trees have not yet greened up, they are elegant and festive.

Separating inconsistent definitions

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed upon new one, so it must be separated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by chance we met Andrey, covered in dust and tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is associated with the agreed upon tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases where there are separate inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in ironed uniforms, happy and satisfied.

In this case, there is no need to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed ones: happy, satisfied.

In classical literature one can find both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in greatcoats.

Application as a special type of definition

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white robe made the guys murmur.

In the first case, we have an engineer application. Let's prove this by bending the main thing and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. Between the words, the connection of agreement is clearly visible, accordingly, we have an application in front of us. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - women in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is management, so we see an inconsistent definition here.

In addition, the application simply names the object differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of attribute of it.

Segregation of applications

A single application is usually hyphenated: sister-mistress, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will be separated. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is isolated. Examples:

1. Should she, an excellent student, take care of the test?

Here the application to the excellent student refers to the pronoun she.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We separate the application reason because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. The brave captain, the thunder of the seas, easily navigated any reefs.

The application thunderstorm of the seas is a common one (thunderstorm of (what?) seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone’s favorite, received the best gift.

The application everyone's favorite is used after the defined word girl.

Applications with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification are isolated (with it there is a conjunction like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (meaning of reason).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning “as” is not isolated. For example:

As a school subject, mathematics develops logical thinking well. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. There is no need for separation.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be highlighted with a dash. For example:

The other sisters, Elizaveta and Sophia, are also similar.

The application Elizaveta and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so it is separated by a dash.

Separate Consensus Definitions

1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Cor.); Sciences alien to music were hateful to me (P.).

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself in a given sentence does not express a lexically necessary concept and needs a definition, for example: I have not seen a more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic person (T.).

Common postpositive definitions are also not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat immersed in deep thought (P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery (Cor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.

2. Two or more postpositive single definitions are isolated, explaining the noun, for example: In the air, hot and dusty, a thousand-voiced talk (M.G.).

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is only necessary when the defined noun is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of the wise and simple life (Bruce). - The spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, walked everywhere (Bagr.).

3. A single postpositive definition is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: People, amazed, became like stones (M. G.).

4. The definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition is also related in meaning to the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here, alarmed by the whirlwind, a crake flew out of the grass (Ch.); Filled with the sun, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river (Shol.).

5. The definition standing immediately before the noun being defined is isolated if, in addition to the attributive one, it also has a circumstantial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich (I. Acute); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor (Furm.).

6. Definitions relating to the personal pronoun are always distinguished; such definitions are attributive-predicative in nature and have additional adverbial meaning. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore (T.); How, poor thing, can I not grieve? (Kr.).

Separate inconsistent definitions

1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: The headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with cloaks in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his poyark hat (L.T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or object, and the indication of the attribute in this case has the nature of an additional message clarifying the instructions, for example: Shabashkin, with a cap on his head , stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him (P.).

The same is observed with personal pronouns, which indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He, with his intelligence and experience, could have already noticed that she distinguished him (P.).

Often, the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to another (usually the subject), for example: Women, with long rakes in their hands, are wandering in the field (T.).

2. Inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective are usually isolated; in these cases, the qualified noun is often preceded by an agreed definition. For example: Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall... (Ch.).

Dedicated Applications

Isolated applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are added to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of the isolated construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter.

1. A common application is distinguished, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun; Such applications, as a rule, are postpositive; they are less common in the prepositive position. For example: a) A hospital watchman, an old retired soldier, always lies on the trash with a pipe in his teeth (Ch.); b) A faithful sister to misfortune, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and joy (P.);

2. A single application relating to a common noun is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: One girl, a Polish woman, looked after me (M. G.).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single qualified noun, for example: And the enemies, the fools, think that we are afraid of death (Fad.).

3. The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it is in postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning. For example: a) Lying under a mound overgrown with weeds, sailor Zheleznyak, partisan (Utk.); b) A fan of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field, ...Lemm over time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland (T.).

4. A person’s own name can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (such an application can be preceded by the words namely, without changing the meaning). For example: The other brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei to the smallest detail (Shol.).

5. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: It’s a shame for me, an old man, to listen to such speeches (M. G.).

6. An isolated application may refer to a word that is absent in a given sentence, but clear from the context or situation, for example: The child herself did not want to play and jump in a crowd of children (P.).

7. A separate application can be joined by a conjunction like (with a causal meaning), words by name, by surname, by nickname, gender, etc. For example: The commandant friendly advised me to leave poetry, as a matter that was contrary to the service and would not lead to anything good (P.); At the guardhouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed named Arapka (Ch.).

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