Hugo Award
This award can be called one of the most democratic: its laureates are determined by voting by registered participants of the World Convention of Science Fiction Fans WorldCon (therefore the award is considered a “reader’s award”). Hugo Award - literary prize in the field science fiction. It was established in 1953 and is named after Hugo Gernsback, the creator of the first specialized science fiction magazines. The prize is awarded annually for best works in the genre of fiction, published on English language. The winners are awarded a figurine in the form of a taking off rocket. The prize is awarded in the following categories:
. Best Novel
. Best story(Best Novella)
. Best short story (Best Novellette)
. Best story(Best Short Story)
. Best book about science fiction (Best Related Book)
. Best production, large form (Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form)
. Best production, small form (Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form)
. Best Professional Editor
. Best Professional Artist
. Best semi-professional magazine (Best SemiProzine)
. Best Fanzine. Best Fan Writer
. Best Fan Artist
The list of winners of this and other science fiction awards can be found on the Russian Science Fiction website (www.rusf.ru). Separately, the John Campbell Award is awarded to the “Most Promising New Author of the Year”, which is awarded to a debut science fiction writer. Along with the Hugo Award, the Gandalf Award is sometimes awarded - not for a specific work, but for a significant contribution to the development of the fantasy genre.
Cervantes Prize
The Cervantes Literary Prize, established by the Spanish Ministry of Culture in 1975, is valued in the Spanish-speaking world no less than the Nobel Prize. The monetary part of the “Spanish Nobel Prize” is 90 thousand euros, it is awarded annually to the next laureate by the King of All Spain, Juan Carlos, in the homeland of the author of “Don Quixote” - in the town of Alcala de Henares, which is 50 kilometers from Madrid.
James Tait Award
Oldest literary award Great Britain - the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, which has been awarded by the University of Edinburgh since 1919 to the best novelists and authors of biographical works. Its laureates in different time became Evelyn Waugh, Iris Murdoch, Graham Greene, Ian McEwan.
Orange Award
For women writers in Great Britain who write in English, there is the Orange Prize. The winners are awarded a bronze statuette with the affectionate name Bessie and a check for the pleasant sum of £30,000. The jury of the award is exclusively women. http://www.orangeprize.co.uk/
Nobel Prize in Literature
The prize, founded by Swedish chemical engineer, inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel and named after him as the Nobel Prize, is the world's most prestigious and most criticized. Of course, this is largely due to the size of the Nobel Prize: the award consists of a gold medal with the image of A. Nobel and the corresponding inscription, a diploma and, most importantly, a check for a sum of money. The size of the latter depends on the profits of the Nobel Foundation. According to Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, his capital (initially over 31 million Swedish crowns) was invested in shares, bonds and loans. The income from them is divided annually by 5 equal parts and becomes prizes for the most outstanding world achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for activities to promote peace. Special passions flare up around Nobel Prize on literature. The main complaints against the Swedish Academy in Stockholm (it is the one that identifies the most worthy writers) are the decisions of the Nobel Committee themselves, and the fact that they are made in strict secrecy. The Nobel Committee announces only the number of applicants for a particular prize, but does not name their names. Evil tongues also claim that the prize is sometimes given for political rather than literary reasons. The main trump card of critics and detractors is Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov, Joyce, Borges, who were passed over for the Nobel Prize... The prize is awarded annually on December 10 - the anniversary of Nobel's death. The Swedish king traditionally awards Nobel writers in Stockholm. Within 6 months after receiving the Nobel Prize, the laureate must give a Nobel lecture on the topic of his work.
International Prize named after G.-H. Andersen
For the appearance of this prize, we must thank the German writer Jelle Lepmann (1891-1970). And not only for this. It was Mrs. Lepman who achieved that, by decision of UNESCO, the birthday of G.-H. Andersen, April 2, became International Children's Book Day. She also initiated the creation of the International Council on Children's and Youth Books (IBBY), an organization uniting writers, artists, literary scholars, and librarians from more than sixty countries. Since 1956, IBBY has awarded the International G.-H. Andersen, which with the light hand of the same Ella Lepman is called the “little Nobel Prize” for children's literature. Since 1966, this award has also been given to illustrators of children's books. The laureates receive a gold medal with the profile of a great storyteller every 2 years at the next IBBY congress. The award is given only to living writers and artists.
Astrid Lindgren International Literary Prize
The Swedish government, immediately after Lindgren's death, decided to establish a literary prize named after the world-famous storyteller. “I hope that the Prize will serve the dual purpose of serving as a reminder of Astrid and her life's work, as well as promoting and promoting good children's literature,” said Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson. The annual International Literary Award by Astrid Lingren (The Astrid Lingren Memorial Award) “For works for children and youth” should attract world attention to literature for children and adolescents and to children's rights. Therefore, it can be awarded not only to a writer or artist for an exceptional contribution to the development of children's books, but also for any activity to promote reading and protect children's rights. The monetary content of the award is also attractive - 500,000 euros. The lucky winners of the award are determined by 12 honorary citizens of the country, members of the State Cultural Council of Sweden. By tradition, the name of the laureate of this award is announced every year in March in Astrid Lindgren's homeland. The award is presented to the laureate in May in Stockholm.
Grintsane Cavour
In 2001, UNESCO declared the Grinzane Cavour Prize an “exemplary institute for international culture.” Despite its short history (established in Turin in 1982), the prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards in Europe. It received its name from the 13th century Turin castle: Count Benso Cavour, the first prime minister of united Italy, used to live there, and now the headquarters of the award is located there. the main objective"Grintzane Cavour" - communion younger generation to literature, for which purpose the jury includes both venerable literary critics and schoolchildren. About a thousand teenagers from Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, the Czech Republic, the USA, Cuba, and Japan vote for the books of the authors nominated for the award. http://www.grinzane.it/
Prix Goncourt
France's main literary prize, the Prix Goncourt, established in 1896 and awarded since 1902, is awarded to the author best novel or a collection of short stories of the year French, not necessarily living in France. It bears the name of the French classics Goncourt brothers - Edmond Louis Antoine (1832-1896) and Jules Alfred Huot (1830-1869). The younger, Edmond, bequeathed his enormous fortune to the literary Academy, which became known as the Goncourt Academy and established an annual prize of the same name. The Goncourt Academy includes 10 of the most famous writers in France, who work for a nominal fee - 60 francs per year. Everyone has one vote and can cast it for one book, only the president has two votes. Members of the Goncourt Academy at different times were the writers A. Daudet, J. Renard, Rosny Sr., F. Eria, E. Bazin, Louis Aragon... Now the charter of the Goncourt Academy has changed: now the age of the jury members of the prestigious Goncourt Prize should not exceed 80 years. Initially, the prize was conceived as a reward for young writers for original talent, new and bold searches for content and form.
Booker Prize
Any resident of the Commonwealth of Nations or Ireland whose novel in English is considered worthy of worldwide fame and 50 thousand pounds sterling can receive the Booker Prize. The award has been presented since 1969, sponsored by the Man Group since 2002, and official name awards - The Man Booker Prize. First, a list of approximately one hundred books is compiled by an annual advisory committee of publishers and representatives of the writing world, literary agents, booksellers, libraries and the Man Booker Prize Foundation. The committee approves a jury of five people - famous literary critics, writers, scientists, public figures. In August, the jury announces a “long list” of 20-25 novels, in September - six participants in the “short list”, and in October - the laureate himself. To mark the 40th anniversary of the prize, a special “Booker of All Time” award appeared. Its laureate was to be the booker, whose work was considered by readers to be the best novel in all the years of the prize's existence. In 2008, the cash portion of the prize was more than one hundred thousand US dollars (50 thousand pounds).
International Booker Prize
This prize was established in 2005 and is a “relative” of the regular Booker. It is awarded once every 2 years to the author for piece of art, written in English or available to the general reader in translation into it.
The Carnegie Medal
The word “medal” can be found in the names of many “children’s literature” awards. For example, the vast majority of writers would consider it an honor to receive The Carnegie Medal. This very prestigious award has been awarded since 1936 and has always attracted the attention of the general public. The jury consists of representatives of the librarians' association. List of laureates: http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/carnegie/list.html
IMPAC
The world's largest prize for a single literary work is 100 thousand euros. The winners receive it international award IMPAC, established in 1996 by Dublin City Council. In this city, glorified by Joyce, the award ceremony takes place. Although the headquarters of the international company IMPAC (Improved Management Productivity and Control), whose name the award bears, is located in Florida and has no direct connection with literature. IMPAC, a global leader in productivity improvement, works on projects for major corporations and organizations in 65 countries. To participate in the competition, the work must be written or translated into English and withstand tough international competition: 185 candidates have the right to nominate library systems in 51 countries. Award website
An award or award is usually awarded on a competitive basis to a person or organization for outstanding results in a particular field of activity. Below is a list of the ten most famous awards peace.
The ranking of the most famous awards opens with the Pulitzer Prize, the most prestigious US award in the fields of literature, journalism, music and theater. It was founded on August 17, 1903 by newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer. The prize has been awarded annually in twenty-one categories since 1917. The prize amount is $10,000.
MTV Video Music Awards is an annual award given by MTV for the creation of video clips. The ceremony was first held in 1984 in New York. The record holder for the number of figurines won, the so-called “Moonmanow”, is the American singer Madonna, who won 20 awards.
BRIT Awards
The BRIT Awards are the UK's most prestigious annual award, awarded for achievements in pop music. The award was first presented in 1977 as part of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee celebrations. Since 1982 it has been awarded annually. The record holder for the number of nominations is British singer Robbie Williams (17 BRIT Awards).
Seventh in the list of the most famous awards is the Grammy, an annual music award of the Recording Academy of America, founded on March 14, 1958. Awarded by voting in 78 categories of 30 musical genres. As of February 2009, a total of 7,578 awards had been given.
The Cannes Film Festival is an annual international film festival founded in 1946. Held at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès in the resort town of Cannes, in the south of France. The most prestigious award given at the Cannes Film Festival in the category for best movie is the Palme d'Or.
Fifth place in the list of the most famous awards in the world goes to the Golden Globe. This is an annual American award, awarded since 1944 to films and television films based on voting by approximately 90 international journalists based in Hollywood. The record holder for the number of nominations is Meryl Streep (29 awards).
BAFTA
BAFTA is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the arts in film, television and computer games. The organization was formed in 1947 under the leadership of David Lean. The first BAFTA Awards took place in 1948 in London. The winners receive a gold mask as a prize.
Third place in the list of the ten most famous awards in the world goes to the Booker Prize. This is the most prestigious literary award, given annually in the UK since 1969 for the best original novel written in the English language. The winner of the award receives £50 thousand.
Oscar
In second place in the list of the most famous awards in the world is the Oscar - the most prestigious American film award on the planet, awarded annually since 1929 in Los Angeles, at the Dolby Theater for various achievements in the film industry. From 1953 to the present, the ceremony has been broadcast on television in more than 200 countries. Walt Disney received the most Oscars (26 awards).
The Nobel Prize is an international annual prize awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or major contributions to culture or society. The prize was named in honor Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel, who in his will ordered part of his capital to be awarded as a reward for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. Between 1901–2015 The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 870 laureates and 26 organizations.
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Dedicated to the great Russian writers.
From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to the exhibition, dedicated to creativity Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.
A Belarusian writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2015. The award was awarded to Svetlana Alexievich with the following wording: “For her polyphonic creativity - a monument to suffering and courage in our time.” At the exhibition we also presented works by Svetlana Alexandrovna.
The exhibition can be viewed at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room. 100.
The prizes, established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding works in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, for literary works, for his contribution to strengthening peace and economics (since 1969).
The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for achievements in the field of literature, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on December 10. According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutes and societies with similar tasks and goals; university professors of literary history and linguistics; Nobel Prize laureates in literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.
Unlike laureates of other prizes (for example, physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy unites 18 Swedish figures. The Academy includes historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in society as "Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians elect a new academician by secret vote. The Academy selects a Nobel Committee from among its members. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.
Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR :
- I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
- B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
- M. A. Sholokhov(1965 "For the artistic strength and honesty with which he depicted in his Don epic historical era in the life of the Russian people")
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
- I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry")
Russian literature laureates are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents Soviet power, and M.A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920, Bunin emigrated to France.
The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left his homeland due to the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill his spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, Bunin escaped this fate. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.
In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich’s wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. From then on, Ivan Alekseevich lived with hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris came out on November 10 with large headlines: “Bunin - Nobel laureate.” Every Russian in Paris, even the loader at the Renault plant, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. Because my compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In the Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians, who sometimes drank for “one of their own” with their last pennies.
On the day the prize was awarded, November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched the “cheerful stupidity” “Baby” in the cinema. Suddenly the darkness of the hall was cut through by a narrow beam of a flashlight. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by telephone from Stockholm.
“And immediately my whole old life ends. I go home quite quickly, but without feeling anything other than regret that I was not able to watch the film. But no. I can’t help but believe: the whole house is glowing with lights. And my heart squeezes with some kind of sadness ... Some kind of turning point in my life,” recalled I. A. Bunin.
Exciting days in Sweden. IN concert hall in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Hallström on the work of Bunin, he was presented with a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715 thousand French francs.
When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very bravely by awarding the emigrant writer. Among the contenders for this year’s prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely thanks to the publication of the book “The Life of Arsenyev” by that time, the scales nevertheless tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no expense, distributes “benefits” to emigrants and donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a “win-win business” and is left with nothing.
Bunin’s friend, poet and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya, in her memoir book “Reflection,” noted: “With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to last. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa...”
Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the admonitions of the Moscow “messengers”. I never came to my homeland, not even as a tourist.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of the famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that’s why, as a child, the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won out. B. L. Pasternak's fame was brought by his poetry, and his bitter trials by "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.
The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer transferred the novel abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet creative colleagues, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
At home, the award of such an honorary prize to an “anti-Soviet novel” aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of deportation from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Evgeniy Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.
The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Rostov University A.I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied by correspondence at the Literary Institute in Moscow. When did the Great Patriotic War, the future writer went to the front.
Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was critical remarks against Stalin, found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962 the magazine " New world" published his first story - "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Most of the subsequent works literary magazines refused to print. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not give up and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich did not limit himself literary activity- he fought for freedom political prisoners in the USSR, sharply criticized the Soviet system.
Literary works and political position A.I. Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.
In 1974, A.I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. First he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the USA, where, with a significant delay, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Such works as “In the First Circle”, “The Gulag Archipelago”, “August 1914”, “Cancer Ward” were published in the West. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, traveling across all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.
The fate of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, the only Russian Nobel Prize laureate in literature, who was supported, turned out differently government bodies. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center of the Russian Cossacks. My small homeland- the village of Kruzhilin of the village of Veshenskaya - he later described it in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led a food detachment that took away the so-called surplus grain from rich Cossacks.
Already in his youth, the future writer felt an inclination to literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov came to Moscow, and in 1923 he began publishing his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections " Don stories" and "Azure Steppe". Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about life Don Cossacks during the era of the Great Turning Point (World War I, revolutions and Civil War) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov completed it in the 30s. " Quiet Don"became the pinnacle of the writer's creativity, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted the historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don." "Quiet Don" has been translated into 45 countries around the world. several dozen languages.
By the time he received the Nobel Prize, Joseph Brodsky’s bibliography included six collections of poems, the poem “Gorbunov and Gorchakov”, the play “Marble”, and many essays (written mainly in English). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the prize while already a citizen of the United States of America.
A spiritual connection with his homeland was important to him. He kept Boris Pasternak's tie as a relic and even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but protocol rules did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak’s tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was invited to Russia more than once, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. “You can’t step into the same river twice, even if it’s the Neva,” he said.
From Brodsky’s Nobel Lecture: “A person with taste, particularly literary taste, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations inherent in any form of political demagoguery. The point is not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a poor stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of an individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this applied rather than platonic sense that one should understand Dostoevsky’s remark that “beauty will save the world,” or Matthew Arnold’s statement that “poetry will save us.” The world probably won’t be able to be saved, but an individual can always be saved.”
health teenager psychological personality
The problem of health psychology is currently being studied at an interdisciplinary level within the framework of clinical, psychological and social research.
IN modern science the concept of “health” does not have a generally accepted unified interpretation and is characterized by polysemy and heterogeneity of composition (that is, it is syncretic).
According to the definition given in the preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of a person characterized not only by the absence of disease, mental and physical defects, but also by complete physical, mental and social well-being. The formulation “complete well-being”, says A.V. Shuvalov (candidate of psychological sciences, head of the psychological service of the State Educational Institution “Center for the Development of Creativity of Children and Youth “Lefortovo”), needs clarification and is criticized for weak practical orientation.
Traditionally, there are three main signs of health:
- - structural and functional safety of human systems and organs;
- - individual adaptability to the physical and social environment;
- - preservation of the usual state of health. .
I.I. Mamaychuk (Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department medical psychology and psychophysiology of the Faculty of Psychology of St. Petersburg State University) interprets the concept of “human health” as not only his physical well-being with the optimal functioning of the organs and systems of the body, but also as a subjective feeling of his health, the possibility of active social and labor activity.
In the works domestic psychologists and clinicians, health psychology is considered as a science about the psychological causes of health, about the methods and means of its preservation, strengthening and development.
The phenomenon of health today is presented in the light of its biological, psychological and social components, the role family relations, educational environment and society in its formation.
From the point of view of Professor G.S. Nikiforova, health is a systemic concept. The body is healthy if the indicators of its functions do not deviate from their known average (normal) state, and fluctuations between the lower and upper limits are acceptable. But not every deviation from the norm will lead to illness, especially since some deviation can cause illness in one person, but not in another. A person who is able to perform social functions and adapt to constantly changing external conditions can be called healthy. It follows that health manifests itself on several levels - biological, psychological and social.
It should be noted that the concept of “attitude to health” is still relatively new to psychological science. This conceptual construct is currently more descriptive in nature and was created by analogy with psychological concept"attitude".
Attitude to health, according to the point of view of R.A. Berezovskaya, L.V. Kulikov, is a system of individual selective connections of the individual with various phenomena of the surrounding reality that contribute or, conversely, threaten the health of people, as well as a certain assessment by the individual of his mental or physical condition.
Possessing all the characteristics inherent mental attitude, it contains three main components: cognitive, emotional, motivational and behavioral.
The cognitive component of the attitude towards health largely depends on the psychological competence of the individual. The latter is due to the peculiarities of everyday psychology and mental hygiene of the society and ethnic group to which the individual belongs. The cognitive component characterizes a person’s knowledge about his health, understanding of the role of health in life, knowledge of the main factors that have both negative and positive effects on human health.
The motivational-behavioral component determines the place of health in the individual hierarchy of a person’s terminal and instrumental values, the characteristics of motivation in the field of a healthy lifestyle, and also characterizes the characteristics of behavior in the field of health, the degree of a person’s commitment to a healthy lifestyle, and the characteristics of behavior in case of deterioration of health.
The emotional component of the attitude towards health, which implies experiences of one’s health or ill health, is extremely significant in the context of a person’s overall self-esteem, in determining his “life line”, “life plan”, “life style”. The emotional component reflects a person’s experiences and feelings associated with his state of health, as well as characteristics emotional state caused by a deterioration in a person’s physical or mental well-being.
Attitude to health, i.e. predisposition to maintaining or wasting health, according to L.V. Kulikov, can be considered as personal quality. He notes that many people have hidden serious contradictions in their attitude to health. On the one hand, the value of health is quite high in everyday consciousness, without reference to scientific evidence. However, in the mindset to maintain health, the severity of the effective, behavioral component does not correspond to either the amount of knowledge about health or strength emotional reactions to weaken it. Moreover, this is typical not only for healthy people, but also for those who already have quite severe health disorders.
Central location in the problem of health psychology is the study of its internal picture, which, according to V.M. Smirnova and T.N. Reznikova, is a kind of standard of health, which has a complex structure.
An individual’s attitude towards their health, expressed in awareness of its value and an active and positive desire for its improvement, constitutes the internal picture of human health (IPH).
V.A. Ananiev considers VKZ as a person’s self-awareness and self-knowledge of himself in health conditions. The study of the internal picture of health is of great importance practical significance. According to V.E. Kagan, without understanding the internal picture of health, it is impossible to understand the internal picture of the disease.
Internal picture of health - component personality self-awareness. A person’s conscious attitude to his needs, abilities, drives, motives of behavior, experiences and thoughts is impossible without close attention to his health. A person’s idea of his psychophysical state with certain experiences is reflected in various forms his attitude towards his health. In some cases, this may be an adequate attitude, in others - neglect, in others - increased attention to one’s health. Attitude to health consists of two complementary components: maintaining health (prevention and treatment of diseases) and improving health (development of biological and psychological characteristics providing high adaptation to a changing external environment).
The specificity of the “attitude to health” phenomenon lies in the fact that health is usually perceived by people as unconditionally given, the need for which is felt only when there is an obvious deficiency. Even in situations of illness, people often do not take effective measures to eliminate the disease. The reason for this inappropriate behavior rooted in contradictory nature human needs, which, as noted by S.L. Rubinstein, a passive-active character is inherent, as well as in the specifics motivational sphere personality as a whole, which determines a person’s attitude to health. It is the particular structure of the motivational sphere, in particular, the specificity of the motives for hygienic behavior, that is the main predictor of a person’s adequate or inadequate attitude towards his health.
Over the past decades, the phenomenon of “attitude to health” has undergone a transformation associated with the growth of the instrumental value of health as a resource for achieving other life benefits. Theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of health led to a change in the vector of research - from the analysis of the attributes of disease and medicine to the study of the health of a healthy individual and socio-cultural factors in the formation of health.
Within the framework of the personal model of health proposed by V.F. Sergeantov and A.A. Korolkov, the structure of health is presented as: a) attitude towards one’s own body; b) personal understanding of the essence of health and the goals of its preservation; c) knowledge of the laws of functioning of the body and the degree volitional regulation; d) individual attitude towards diseases (the degree of development of the ability to search for, actively overcome the disease state); e) the severity of personal attitudes (motives) during recovery.
Most common integral indicators attitudes towards health at the individual level are: self-assessment of health, which has temporal and territorial stability; the value of health, which ranks first in the hierarchy of values various groups population; health satisfaction, which is closely related to life satisfaction; health care activities expressed in appropriate practices.
Comprehensive rational components of health remain a matter of the future. Summarizing special works devoted to the problem of health, we can highlight a number of essentially axiomatic provisions.
- - Health is a state close to ideal. As a rule, a person is not completely healthy throughout his life.
- - To a first approximation, health is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon that reflects the modes of human reality: bodily existence, spiritual life and spiritual existence. Accordingly, it is possible to assess a person’s somatic, mental and personal (in the current terminological tradition - psychological) health.
- - Health is a simultaneous state and a complex dynamic process, including the maturation and growth of physiological structures, and the body’s work, development and functioning mental sphere, formation, self-determination and positioning of the individual. Today, the effect of mutual influence of “spirit”, “soul” and “body” on general state human health. The category “health” is initially correlative to the pole of individuality: the state of health is personified and presupposes in each specific case special examination.
- - A person can be healthy under certain living conditions (ecological and climatic features, quality of nutrition, work and rest schedule, sociocultural factors, etc.). An environment that is satisfactory for one person may be unhealthy for another. At the same time, the identification of universal health conditions allows us to formulate the principles of “health policy”.
- - Health is cultural and historical, not narrow medical concept. At different times, at different cultures The boundary between health and ill health has been defined in different ways.
To determine the state of human health, it is necessary, on the one hand, a reference basis, a stable example of well-being, integrity, perfection, and on the other, a description of the patterns of the occurrence and course of diseases. Systems act in this capacity scientific ideas about normality and pathology.
Of particular interest, notes I.I. Mamaychuk, presents an age-related analysis of the internal picture of health, in particular the study of the adolescent’s ICD. The development of this problem is important for the formation of a harmonious personality of the younger generation. Research in this direction is currently fragmented and requires further development.