A person who at first glance stands out from the crowd can be called inadequate. If he has a quirky appearance or behavior that differs from the standard, others may consider him strange. Any deviations from the average may alarm those who are close to such an individual. But people are especially frightened by those who, despite their strangeness, are also quite active or hypothetically pose a threat to others.

Depending on the situation, a person who simply gesticulates very loudly, sharply, or laughs loudly in a public place may be considered inadequate. The fact that an individual allows himself more than others can make others wary. This kind of fear is associated with a person’s suspicion of alcohol or drug intoxication or mental illness.

Aggression

Of course, some people consider boors and hooligans to be inadequate. People who show aggression at work or in public places, who do not hesitate to make a big scandal, become personal and insulting, cause fear in more restrained individuals.

Aggression may not necessarily result in negativity. Unbridled joy and on the verge of hysteria can also become the basis for others to recognize a person as inadequate. Excessive expression of emotions, inappropriate and uncontrolled, be it anger, tears or laughter, causes a resonance in society, since it does not fit into social norms of behavior.

Quirks

Someone who has strange habits may be considered an inadequate person. People who spend their entire lives collecting collections of things that are of no value to most members of society can already count on being called inadequate. And if a hobby outgrows all boundaries and its scale resembles a mania, then, most likely, neighbors and acquaintances will begin to twist their fingers at their temples.

When a person is obsessed with some idea and lives only by it, he may look strange to others. For example, if an individual is obsessed with sterile cleanliness or total economy for no particular reason, other people perceive him as inadequate. A person lives in his own world and feels comfortable in this state. And his friends believe that he has a mental disorder and are hostile to such a lifestyle.

Standards

A person can be called inadequate by those who themselves behave completely differently. Here there is a subjective perception of the behavior and words of other people. For some, a representative of another state will no longer be adequate, because his manners do not fit into the world created within another individual.

Therefore, when labeling others, some people should think about whether they themselves are examples of inappropriate behavior for someone due to their thinking, mentality or actions.

Stalking a person is illegal. However, most people who engage in it go unpunished. The official name for this action is “stalking.” It is carried out for specific purposes and often to the detriment of the object of persecution. Only a person who is familiar with its basic motives can protect itself from stalking.

Instructions

Stalking is a very subtle form of harassment. On the one hand, the victim does not receive direct threats or physical harm, but on the other hand, he is constantly subjected to moral pressure. Experienced stalkers are able to veil their persecution so that a person will never know about it, but more often it is carried out by overly emotional and persistent individuals.

The victims of stalkers are mostly women, but their role is usually played by men. People most often begin to stalk a woman because of unrequited love, and everyone does it differently: some stalkers in this case present intrusive gifts, others send death threats, and others carry out surveillance.

Stalking is widespread among detective agency workers. In this case, it is completely legal and safe. A skilled stalker searches for information about a person using databases and professional surveillance.

Intentional stalking is often carried out for the purpose of fraud. The victim is carefully tracked down, and then presented with information that is difficult not to believe. For example, a woman received a call in the middle of the night and was informed that her son had been in an accident, knocking down a person. At the same time, the name and surname of the offspring, his place of registration and year of birth were given. Naturally, a concerned mother will transfer money only to save her child from prison. Usually the scammers know that the victim’s son is currently unable to answer the phone for some reason.

As for interpersonal relationships, stalking is explained as a hidden form of domestic violence. The most common example is divorce. Having lost “power” over his woman, a man begins to exercise it from a distance, often leading the victim to a nervous breakdown.

Despite the fact that stalking is not considered a mental illness, more often its manifestation is inadequate. A typical situation is persecution of an idol by fans. In their obsession, they are capable of anything, including the use of hidden cameras and terrible threats of violence. This is done in order to gain the attention of the desired object. There are cases in history when, due to such pressure, people committed suicide.

It may seem that stalking is harmless, but it is not. In a fit of emotion, a person obsessed with persecution can drive the victim to mania, and he himself cross the line and commit real murder. People who are attacked by stalkers are advised to contact law enforcement agencies.

Sources:

• Stalking a person - who are stalkers in 2019
• Stalking (persecution) in 2019

Tip 3: How to help a person when he is in an inadequate state

There are different types of inappropriate states: from shock to aggression during alcohol intoxication. If a person is acting strangely, he needs help, not accusations. Each case has its own approach, and if doctors are not around, first aid must be provided so that the person does not harm himself or others.

Inappropriate behavior is actions that are not typical for a person. Sometimes they appear suddenly as a result of external influences, sometimes they can be encountered regularly, and this may indicate a mental illness. If you notice something unusual in your loved ones, it is better to consult a doctor; in the early stages, many diseases are not difficult to cure, but advanced forms may even require hospitalization.

State of shock

A state of shock can occur for various reasons. It occurs during fires, disasters, natural disasters or accidents. If something terrible happens before a person’s eyes or he himself becomes a participant in a tragedy, he may experience shock. In such conditions, a person does not react to external circumstances, repeats some words, and cannot always move normally. When in shock, a person may cry, scream, or even fight with those who try to help them.

If you see a person in shock, sit him down in a safe place. Find something warm to wrap him up in as he may feel chills. And start talking to him. You have to look her in the eyes to bring her back to reality. Ask distracting questions, you can repeat after him the words he says, this helps you come to your senses. Stroking or light slapping on the back works well, but only if the person lets you in and doesn’t push you away.

Describe your surroundings to him so that he comes back to reality. Look at the objects around you and name them, this will help you concentrate on the moment. There is no need to talk about the tragedy or mention the cause of the condition; it is important to move the train of thought in a different direction.

Drunk aggressor

If you encounter a drunk person who is threatening you, find a way to distract him. Say something that will change his attention, preferably something unexpected. At the moment of his confusion, try to escape from him. If the actions take place indoors, do not provoke him or start arguing, this will only anger the person. To calm him down, you need to lock him in a separate space and call the police.

You should not put sedatives into the food or water of a drunk person. Interaction with alcohol can give an unpredictable reaction, even death is possible. Remember that the person does not understand what he is doing, and it is better not to take risks, but to turn to specialists.

Behavior change

If your loved one has become very withdrawn or very active, and there are no apparent reasons for this, it is worth taking a closer look. Inappropriate behavior may be a sign of mental disorders. Schizophrenia at the initial stage simply changes a person, makes his character completely different. And if you observe this, consult a doctor.

Forgetfulness may be a sign of sclerosis or incipient dementia. If a person occasionally starts talking or answers off topic, this may be the first sign. At the initial stage, such things are easy to cure or prevent their development, so do not allow complications.

The editors of Lantern received a letter from Vladimir Rykov with a request to “spread information about the possible danger that lurks on the streets of our city.” The young man shared his fears: he and his wife and child periodically walk in Victory Park and meet one person there who “moves throughout the park, carries all kinds of garbage with him and, the strangest thing, pesters passers-by with a request to take a photo of him and send him photo on his page on VKontakte.”

Rykov wrote that the man they had repeatedly encountered “has a shabby appearance and strange things in his hands.” The author of the letter also studied the page of this unusual passerby on VKontakte. According to him, “the page is simply replete with very strange and sometimes frightening information. There are even videos with his participation, where he does not hesitate to use expressions addressed to various people, including those containing threats.” The author of the letter says that about 10 thousand people have subscribed to the VKontakte page of the person walking in the park. The applicant believes that the Belgorod resident referred to in the letter may pose a danger to himself and others, so he asked the editor for advice on what to do in this situation.

Soon after Vladimir Rykov’s letter, the editor received several more requests asking attention to the entry in the “Black List” group. Belgorod" with a request to parents to have conversations with their children and recommend that they not approach a person who walks around the city center.

- It’s not clear what’s in his head. He begs, asks for money (including from children), eats out of trash cans, collects bags of garbage, has an unpleasant smell, and has problems with the law. He posted a photo of his apartment on the page (but one of the children came to him and took these photos). He speaks threateningly about all residents of Belgorod, calls for reprisals, hates everyone, demands someone’s corpses on Belgorod Square, but he has more than 9 thousand subscribers, children read him. Unfortunately, the police will not respond until he has done something,” writes one of the Belgorod residents.

The author of the entry asks: “Is there any service at all that deals with such people? He needs medical care, and he needs to be protected from society, especially since his page is filled with negativity, obscenities and calls to “punish everyone.”

This post has received over 500 comments. Opinions can be conditionally divided into “defending”, whose authors talk about the need to help such people, and “condemning” - their authors point out the danger emanating from the hero of the recording.

After these requests, we turned to experts and learned from them what to do and who to contact if it seems that someone around us is behaving inappropriately and poses a danger to other people.

“It’s safer for doctors not to admit a patient to the hospital”

Psychiatrist Carolina Manachinskaya, referring to the federal law “On psychiatric care and guarantees of the rights of citizens during its provision,” explained that psychiatric care is provided upon a person’s voluntary application or with his consent.

- An exception is those cases when examination and treatment are possible only in a hospital setting, and the mental disorder is severe and can pose an immediate danger to the person or others. Also, the basis for forced placement in a hospital may be a person’s inability to independently satisfy basic life needs, or the likelihood that, if assistance is not provided, significant harm will be caused to a person’s health due to a deterioration in their mental state without psychiatric help, the specialist said.

Carolina Manachinskaya explained that the decision on the validity of hospitalization is made by a commission of psychiatrists at a psychiatric institution. It must be convened within 48 hours of the person's involuntary hospitalization.

If hospitalization is considered justified, then the conclusion of the commission of psychiatrists is sent to the court within 24 hours. It is usually reviewed within five days from the date of hospitalization, and then the judge makes a decision on the need for involuntary hospitalization.

When a person's behavior may pose a danger to others, an ambulance is usually called. He is taken to the hospital, but they do not begin treatment without his consent, and he is simply under observation. A few days later a lawyer arrives and checks whether human rights are being violated, and then we have to wait for the court’s decision. Now the laws have become stricter, and psychiatrists are held criminally liable for the fact that a person may have been hospitalized inappropriately. In some ways, this can tie doctors' hands. It is easier and safer not to admit a patient to a hospital than to treat “forcibly”. If a person is not registered, there is no reason to place him in the hospital, even if his condition worsens.

The psychiatrist says that current legislation does not currently provide for any preventive measures in relation to the mentally ill.

If the patient behaves calmly in the presence of a psychiatrist, then he is not in danger of involuntary hospitalization. In fact, it is only possible if the person is under dispensary observation and his behavior is clearly destructive.

Carolina said that if a person thinks that a passerby on the street is behaving inappropriately and may be dangerous for him, he should try to exclude contact with him and not attract attention to himself.

If it happens that you have to communicate with this person, you need to behave calmly, speak in an even voice, and not ask questions. On the Internet, the security rules are the same: it is better not to start correspondence, not to comment on his posts, not to give your personal data, because this can lead to people starting to figure out and persecute you, advises Karolina Manachinskaya.

Contact the police - officers must respond

The head of the information and public relations department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Belgorod region, colonel of the internal service Alexey Goncharuk, said that in such situations, police officers are also guided by the law “On psychiatric care and guarantees of the rights of citizens in its provision.” Based on this document, they determine the indications for the need for medical intervention.

- In cases where a police officer suspects that a person is mentally ill, he can call an ambulance at the place of residence of this person or to the police department, if he is located there. A person’s behavior in such a situation should reflect actions that pose a threat to him or others.

In other cases, information regarding such citizens is sent by law enforcement agencies to the chief physician of the regional clinical psychoneurological hospital.

The police are also obliged to help health workers deliver to specialized medical institutions those people who are summoned there by court decision, but they do not comply with this decision. In case of involuntary hospitalization, the degree of aggressiveness of the patient is taken into account. If he has objects with him that could cause injury, they are confiscated.

The head of the information and public relations department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Belgorod region recalled that police officers, together with medical workers, must monitor people suffering from mental disorders, alcoholism or drug addiction and posing a danger to others. This is done in order to prevent possible crimes and administrative offenses. If information about a person was provided by medical workers, and he is registered as a preventive at one of the territorial police departments, preventive work is carried out with him: police officers systematically come to his home at least once a quarter to assess his condition.

Alexey Goncharuk explained that when one of the residents in an apartment building litters his apartment and staircase with garbage, has many animals, and does not comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, he is also subject to his own legal norm.

- The owner of a residential premises is obliged to maintain it in proper condition, preventing mismanagement of it, to comply with the rights and legitimate interests of neighbors, the rules for the use of residential premises, as well as the rules for maintaining the common property of the owners of premises in an apartment building. Residents have the right to contact the police regarding such facts to record them and take action in accordance with current legislation.

The police must accept and register a statement or report of an offense, conduct an inspection if necessary, and take measures provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The police must also inform complainants about the progress of such applications and refer them to other organizations if the solution to the problem is within their competence. For example, if sanitary and hygienic standards are not observed, based on the results of the inspection, the police send information to the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities and the city department to consider bringing the perpetrators to administrative responsibility.

Learn to respect the freedom of others

Priest, psychologist Mikhail Artemenko said that if someone began to notice unusual behavior of a loved one, he could contact the Family Support Center at the Church of Peter and Fevronia.

- If people believe that their loved one is unwell, his behavior has changed, you need to find out what exactly they don’t like, what they fear. You definitely need to find an opportunity to talk with the person about whom your loved ones are worried. This conversation should be voluntary, it is necessary that the person himself wants to come talk and talk about what is happening to him. “A slave is not a pilgrim” - there is such a phrase. You can’t do anything to a person involuntarily, you can only call on him,” the psychologist explained.

Mikhail Artemenko says that the priest must understand why a person’s habitual way of life may change.

When changing behavior, it happens that we assume the influence of religious organizations of a totalitarian nature on a person. We need to rule it out or confirm it. If it is confirmed, then there will be two scenarios: if the organization’s activities are prohibited in our country, we must contact law enforcement agencies. If not, again, we can only talk. When there is a suspicion of a possible mental illness, we can give relatives a recommendation to talk to the person about visiting a neurologist or psychiatrist. Then it’s up to the relatives to see how they can persuade and correctly lead their loved one to this. In general, convincing someone to go to a psychiatrist is quite difficult; pride kicks in: “How am I sick?”

If a person exhibits violent behavior, other levers of influence may be used, for example, calling an ambulance. I would also like to add that the behavior of another, which we may not like, is a delicate issue. It’s just that we often want the thoughts and feelings of another to correspond to our ideas about them. And it is important to learn to respect the freedom of others. Maybe someone likes to go out at night and look at the stars for hours, but we don’t understand this. Those same holy fools always had behavior that was incomprehensible and inexplicable to the majority. Well, there’s another good phrase: “Judge not, lest you be judged.”

Any “other citizen” can apply

Director of the legal company "Charter" Alexandra Bereslavtseva believes that caution must be exercised in such situations.

- Before talking about hospitalization, it is necessary to establish whether there are grounds to resort to such extreme measures as forced restriction of a person’s freedom. If you don’t like that your neighbor or acquaintance is acting “strange,” this does not mean that he has mental problems. And even if there is, this does not mean that he can be forcibly hospitalized, otherwise such measures can be used for non-medical purposes and harm the health, dignity and rights of citizens.

In accordance with article four of the law “On psychiatric care and guarantees of the rights of citizens during its provision,” psychiatric care is provided upon voluntary application and with consent to medical intervention, except for cases expressly provided for by law.

Moreover, forced hospitalization or other restriction of the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders solely on the basis of a psychiatric diagnosis in accordance with the law is unacceptable.

Alexandra Bereslavtseva explained in what situations compulsory psychiatric care can be provided.

If a person poses an immediate danger to himself or others, cannot independently satisfy the basic needs of life, his health deteriorates without the provision of psychiatric care, then, on the basis of Article 23 of the above-mentioned law, a psychiatric examination of this person can be carried out without his consent or without the consent of his legal representative.

In disputes between people, you can hear the term “adequacy” almost everywhere. Each participant in the dispute tries to doubt this quality of his opponent as actively as possible, shaking his incredible adequacy in his face. Is this mysterious property really of decisive importance in the life of every person? Unfortunately, most people who use this term have a hard time understanding what adequacy is.

Adequacy is simply conformity to something. That is, a person can be adequate or inadequate regarding something; it is incorrect to use this word in itself. It follows from this that adequacy is a relative concept.

Adequacy assessment

How to understand what is adequate and what is not? No one wants to be branded “inadequate,” because this label can completely change the attitude of others towards you. Often, adequacy is understood as banal compliance with generally accepted standards of morality and behavior. Moreover, actions that are adequate in one situation may be inadequate in another. In most cases, this concept is simply a person’s subjective point of view on how others should think and behave. Therefore, if someone accuses you of inadequacy, this is not a reason to panic at all; perhaps this person simply did not like you.

Of course, there are generally accepted values ​​and moral standards, non-compliance with which is considered horrifying savagery. But don’t forget about your own values, because the majority is often wrong. And a person who builds his life according to the principle “everything is like other people” can hardly be called a conscious person, although he does not lack for adequacy. Therefore, do what you think is necessary; others will assess your adequacy.

Extremes

Of course, sometimes there are extreme cases of inadequacy. For example, when a person’s behavior is completely out of the generally accepted framework, it becomes downright dangerous and abnormal.

In most cases, this indicates mental abnormalities and sooner or later leads an overly unusual subject to a hospital. There are also opposite cases, when the poor fellow knows too well what adequacy is, trying to strictly comply with its harsh framework. This person’s opinion is fully consistent with generally accepted norms; they completely shape his inner world, leaving no room for his own conclusions.

Age appropriateness

Compliance with your age is no less important in modern society than the presence of values ​​and guidelines that are understandable and accepted by society. An adult acting like a child can look extremely strange. If a child behaves like an adult, then people find it funny or cute, but do not take him seriously.

A pathetic impression is made by adults who communicate in teenage slang, or by old people trying to look youthful.

There is a time for everything, do not forget what adequacy is when trying to become someone you are not. The younger generation needs to remember that their adult life will yet come and they will remember their bygone childhood years with envy.

People of the older generation, on the contrary, do not need to forget that childhood has already passed and there is no way to return to it, so it is worth accepting all the complexity and responsibility of adult life.

Meaning of Adequacy

Be that as it may, full compliance with social norms does not leave any space for one’s own opinion. Therefore, there is no point in chasing the notorious adequacy; it is better to listen to yourself and enjoy life. After all, what is adequacy? Just conforming to someone else's idea of ​​what is right and what is wrong. By doing what others do, you will inevitably become the same as them, completely losing your own individuality.

You should not prove to someone your adequacy or, conversely, try to impress someone with your inadequacy, trying to show yourself as an extraordinary person. To be yourself, to act as your own mind dictates, and not ephemeral “universal” norms of behavior - this is what shows the maturity and adequacy of the individual. Of course, there will always be people who want to reproach others for inadequacy and impose their worldview. But can their pathetic attempts lead a strong, independent person astray from the right path?

Inadequacy is the inconsistency of individual acts of mental activity or their totality with external circumstances. For example, paranoia is characterized by emotional inadequacy. In other words, an incomprehensible and abnormal manifestation of emotions as a response to an external stimulus, or a lack of response to the condition that awakened it. Often, a discrepancy in behavioral response is observed in subjects suffering from pathologies of a psychoneurological nature, dependence on the consumption of narcotic drugs and alcohol-containing liquids. In addition, inadequacy can be observed at the puberty stage of growing up as behavior that deviates from social boundaries. Inadequacy manifests itself more clearly when it is impossible to adapt to the environment or difficult everyday situations.

Reasons for inadequacy

In order to identify the factors that give rise to inappropriate behavior, it is necessary to understand what the concept of “adequacy” means. The definition of this term is quite vague, since the border between abnormality and normality is often blurred. For example, a certain manner of behavior in one person seems organic and normal to others, but in another person it causes condemnation and rejection. Excessive extravagance on a young lady will be taken as a manifestation of individuality and style; a similar image on an elderly lady will cause ridicule and censure. In other words, society will consider an elderly lady in an extravagant outfit inappropriate for her age to be inadequate.

Inappropriate behavior, from the perspective of psychological science, is a behavioral response that does not correspond to the surrounding reality, deviating from generally established normative postulates and rules.

Simply put, by inadequacy we mean the deviation of a person’s behavior, claims, and plans from the boundaries of established norms, elementary prudence, beyond the limits of behavior considered natural to obtain an optimal result, mutually beneficial for the subjects who are included in the interaction.

Inadequacy differs from recklessness in that a stupid individual makes mistakes and acts incorrectly due to delusions, misunderstandings of things, and skewed ideas towards an irrational view. At the same time, there is a certain certainty in his behavior. In other words, the actions of such subjects are incorrect, but quite understandable.

Inadequate individuals commit unacceptable and abnormal actions intentionally, realizing this. Acting inadequately, the subject consciously seeks to destroy or deform the established norms of society in his own favor, in order to obtain a certain benefit, material or psychological.

A state of inadequacy can occur due to the following factors:

– innate personal properties;

– individual character traits (gaminess, leadership qualities, exaggerated sexual desire);

– social living conditions;

– economic well-being;

– position in society;

– family relationships;

– serious illnesses, injuries;

– interpersonal relationships, for example, interaction with an individual showing a negative pattern of behavior;

– mental disorders;

– excess of responsibilities (the need to meet norms and standards, shortened deadlines for completing tasks force people to take on an excessive number of responsibilities, the fear of not being able to achieve what is planned is poorly reflected in behavioral response);

– consumption of alcoholic beverages;

There can be a lot of reasons that provoke inappropriate behavior, in addition to the above. However, we must remember that the essence of the problem is often multifaceted and multicomponent.

Signs of inadequacy

There are many signs of inadequacy, but they must be considered comprehensively. Individuals should not be labeled as inadequate if they discover only one of the following manifestations.

The state of inadequacy is expressed in the following actions. And above all, it is revealed in unpredictable mood changes of a polar nature (a bad mood is replaced by a good mood, a good one by a bad one), and an unexpected reaction to people (excessively impulsive behavior). The facial expressions and gestures of an individual in the described state do not correspond to what is happening. Such subjects are characterized by excessive theatricality, fussiness, excessive gesticulation, or, on the contrary, unnatural calm, inappropriate to the situation, a frozen, unblinking gaze directly into the eyes of the interlocutor.

An inadequate person tends to interrupt those talking, does not listen enough to their arguments and judgments, may not listen to others at all, or voice his own opinion off topic. Peremptory statements often slip through. Individuals in a state of inadequacy often express opinions that are completely inappropriate. They can take the subject of conversation into a completely different direction. They chat more about themselves. Their speech is filled with swear words, rude expressions, and slang phrases. In addition, they can demonstratively use abstruse sentences in ordinary everyday conversation.

In appearance, there is an inappropriate selection of clothing, a style that is inappropriate for the event or setting, pretentious or provocative outfits. The appearance also undergoes changes: brightly colored curls, an unusual hairstyle, provocative makeup. Among the sons of Adam, inadequacy manifests itself in excessive piercings, “tunnels” in the ears, many tattoos, and scarring.

Inadequate people tend to take with hostility any judgments and ideas of their opponents during a conversation, regardless of their reasoning and logic. They are also characterized by increased sensitivity, inadequate reaction to friendly teasing, jokes, and harmless jabs.

Inappropriate behavior can be expressed in suspicion, motor disinhibition, suicidal attempts or a tendency to self-harm, immoral acts, antisocial behavior, conflict, disruption of social interaction, categorical statements.

Affect of inadequacy

The described phenomenon is a stable negative emotional state that arises as a result of failure, failure and is characterized by ignoring the fact of the fiasco or unwillingness to accept responsibility for failure. It arises as a result of conditions that give rise to the subject’s need to preserve his incorrectly formed high self-esteem and an inflated degree of aspirations.

For an individual to admit his own insolvency means to go against the existing need to preserve his own self-esteem. However, he does not want to allow this. This gives rise to an inadequate response to one’s failure, which manifests itself in the form of affective behavioral reactions.

The most important factor in human existence is emotions. They provide a colorful life, allow you to give assessments, and have fun. Different pathologies can cause different variations in the distortion of emotional response.

With certain deviations (schizophrenia, some), the emotional response becomes inappropriate to the conditions in which the individual finds himself. We can distinguish such variations of inadequacy of emotions as: paramimia, parathymia, emotional, paradoxicality, echomia and automatisms.

Emotional paradox is due to the prevalence of contrastive connections. It is expressed in the desire to cause harm or trouble to individuals whom the patient himself especially loves. For example, an irresistible desire to use foul language during worship, which arises in a truly religious subject. This also includes a kind of pleasure from dental pain or pleasure from the awareness of humiliation.

All manifestations of the deviation in question can be conditionally classified into two subgroups. The occurrence of experiences that are inappropriate for a particular situation is called parathymia. For example, a person reports a joyful moment with tears. Such a change in the expression of emotions occurs when the cerebral cortex is damaged. Otherwise, emotional paradox is manifested by a weakening of normal emotional reactions to significant events against the background of an increased response to unimportant accompanying events. Such inadequacy is due to psychesthetic proportion. At the same time, the emotional reactions of an individual are difficult to predict. For example, a person remains indifferent during a tragic event, but will cry heart-rendingly over a plucked flower.

A manifestation of emotional inadequacy is considered to be grimacing, expressed in exaggerated, exaggerated, rapidly changing facial movements. The nature of the expressiveness and emotional content of the grimaces does not correspond to the situation.

Paramimia is the discrepancy between facial reactions and the content of an individual’s emotional state. It is expressed in pathological excitation of a motor nature that occurs in the facial muscles. Some arbitrariness of facial contractions, their unidirectionality, is preserved during the external manifestation of a certain emotion. Also, paramimia is manifested by contractions of individual groups of facial muscles of varying intensity. At the same time, their coordination and synergy are lost. This leads to a combination of different, often polar, facial movements.

Emotional ambivalence is found in the feeling of different emotions in relation to one object. “Uncontainment” of emotions occurs in subjects suffering from paralysis or age-related paralysis. Affects arise quickly and disappear almost instantly. Any little thing can plunge such patients into despair or make them happy.

Emotional automatisms are expressed in a feeling of foreignness of one’s own feelings. It seems to the individual that emotions are caused from the outside, and do not belong to him.

Echomimia is manifested by the automaticity of reproducing vivid manifestations of a partner’s emotions. People unconsciously copy gestures, intonation, and facial expressions.