The social structure of a personality characterizes both the external and internal correlation of a person with society: “external” correlation is expressed in a system of social statuses (as the objective position of a person in society) and behavior patterns (as dynamic structure statuses); internal correlation is represented by a set of dispositions (as subjectively meaningful positions) and role expectations (as dynamic side dispositions). The social structure of the individual appears in two respects: on the one hand, in an objective plan (as a system of statuses and roles), and on the other, in a subjective plan (as a system of dispositions and role expectations). In an objective sense social structure personality is a network of stable interactions of the individual with other subjects: individuals and groups. Such interactions presuppose, firstly, the presence of statuses or positions that the participants of the interaction occupy relative to each other and the entire system as a whole, secondly, regulatory requirements and expectations corresponding to these statuses and positions, and thirdly, determined by the status and regulatory requirements socially approved patterns of behavior (roles). Social status is a certain place of an individual in the social structure of society, associated with his rights and responsibilities. Each person has many social statuses, one of which can be considered the main one, and others - secondary. Depending on the life situation statuses are divided into ascribed, given by external, uncontrollable by personal circumstances, and achieved as a result of her free choice and own efforts. A social role is a socially expected pattern of behavior corresponding to a certain status.
On subjective level structural organization personalities, scientists identify dispositions (“subjective” positions), the basis of which is life position personality – a stable focus on certain values. Psychological theory dispositions belongs to Gordon Allport. Personality as a dynamic psychophysical system is built from the primary components of temperament, intelligence and physical constitution. Allport identified common features characteristic of a given culture, and personality traits– dispositions. In sociology, the founders are W. Thomas, F. Znaniecki. V.A. Yadov identifies four levels of dispositions:
Lower dispositions based on vital needs
Social fixed attitudes that manifest themselves in different specific situations
Basic social attitudes implemented in typical situations interactions between individuals
A system of value orientations related to the highest goals of the individual
Elements of the social structure of personality.
Individuality. Approaches to study.
The concepts of “person”, “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”. The problem of studying personality in sociology is one of the central ones, since to understand the essence social phenomena it is extremely important to understand what motivates everyone’s actions specific person. Individual behavior represents the basis for understanding the life of an entire social group or society. In the course of studying personality, it is necessary to provide answers to questions about the formation of personality, the place occupied by the individual in social space, the individual’s inclusion in social groups, the individual’s perception of cultural norms, and deviations from them. The quality of life and the existence of civilization will depend on how much we advance in understanding ourselves and others. Sociology answers the question of how the relationship between an individual and society is built, which predetermines human behavior.
Like everything material objects, society includes the individual as its initial element. H man- this is common generic concept, distinguishing a rational being from all other objects of nature, a biosocial category. An individual person in his natural characteristics acts as a subject of research medical sciences(anatomy, physiology) and psychology. A single representative of any social community in sociology it is customary to understand how individual. It means a further indivisible particle of society, a “social atom”. An individual person is considered not only as an individual representative of the human race, as a generic concept, but also as a member of some social group.
At the same time, a person also acts as a bearer of social qualities and properties, a certain combination of which defines him as personality; It is in this concept that man acts as the initial element of social structure. So, today in sociology the concept of “personality” is used in two meanings: 1) to designate the individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity; 2) to designate a sustainable system socially significant features characterizing the individual as a member of society. Personality - source social life, its real bearer, figure. Here are used social characteristics, showing her belonging to any social group (personality of a worker, student, businessman, etc.).
There are similarities between the concepts of “personality” and “individuality”, but there are also differences. Concept individuality usually associated with such epithets as “bright”, “creative”. Individuality is defined as a set of traits that distinguish one individual from another. Individuality can be defined as a set of traits that distinguish one individual from another at different levels: biological, psychological, social, etc.
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Individuality is not just the “atomicity” of a person, but rather a characteristic of his uniqueness and originality. In individuality, originality is valued, in personality - relative autonomy. The autonomy of the individual was highly valued by outstanding philosophers, for example, I. Kant meant by this quality a person’s ability, thanks to a certain life principles to be “master of yourself.”
Personality is an integral social quality that is formed in an individual in the process of including him in the system public relations, his mastery of the material and spiritual products of human culture. Features of the physical and neuropsychological organization of an individual are one of the conditions for the formation of personality, but its essence is determined by social factors. Individual, unique, unique, and generally significant traits are intertwined in a personality. The personality, as an active element of the social system, exercises freedom of choice, creates projects for his life, sets goals for himself and mobilizes his own will and activity to achieve them, achieves constant changes in objective social structures, in the system of social relations. In turn, objective social reality determines the direction and content of the process of personal self-creation. Basic concepts of personality. Z. Freud's concept. S. Freud (1856-1939) believed that 90% of activities human brain reflects animal instincts and fears, and only 10% contain acquired knowledge. The features of the biological heritage are complemented by the innate vital needs of a person (needs for food, activity, safety, etc.). The social arose in man along with tribal system. Then, with the advent of classes, human social behavior becomes more complex. 3. Freud viewed a person as a system of needs, and society as a system of prohibitions, taboos. The unconscious (sexual) aspirations of an individual form its potential and the main source of activity, and set the motivation for its actions. Due to the impossibility of satisfying them due to social normative restrictions, a person is forced to constantly seek a compromise between a deep drive and a socially acceptable form of its implementation.
Freud created a three-level model of personality: 1) the lowest layer (It, or Id), represented by unconscious impulses and “ancestral memories”; 2) middle layer (I, or Ego); 3) the upper layer (Super-I, or Super-Ego) - the norms of society perceived by a person. The most aggressive layers are the id and the superego. They “attack” the human psyche, due to which he is constantly in conflict with the social environment. As society develops upper layer(The superego) inevitably increases, and therefore all human history is viewed by Freud as a history of increasing psychosis.
Behavioral concept. The behavioral concept views activity as a system of reactions to various stimuli. What do they think? B. Skinner, J. Homans, human behavior is conditioned and controlled social environment through language, customs, social institutions, facilities mass media etc. Interacting with other people, an individual in any social group fights for his interests. If his behavior is encouraged, then he will be loyal to others and to social system; if he does not receive recognition, he will behave differently. But every person strives to avoid punishment and receive rewards, ᴛ.ᴇ. behavioral sociology main role allocates to the system of incentives, drawing a direct analogy between human and animal behavior.
Any “good” can be used as incentives: knowledge, power, comfort, respect, fame, money, loyalty of authorities, etc. The more valuable a reward is to a person, the more often he will demonstrate the corresponding behavior. At the same time, the more often a person experiences rewarding influences from others, the less valuable each similar subsequent action becomes for him. Voluntary interaction between partners exists as long as each of them believes that he is winning, ᴛ.ᴇ. that his “contribution” to the situation is less than the reward he receives.
Activity approach. Within the framework of the cultural-historical school L.S.Vygotsky ( 1896-1934) there was an understanding of man as an active being, pursuing his own goals and objectives, whose behavior and actions cannot be explained only from the point of view of rationality. At the root of personality lies the richness of a person’s connections with the world, manifested in subject activity, communication, knowledge. The central category of analysis, which provides the key to understanding personality, is activity. It is considered in structural and functional aspects: structural clarifies the structure of an activity, defines its elements, functional focuses on how the activity is carried out.
So, the study of a person’s activity comes down to the following: 1) determining the dominant type of activity (professional, educational, entertaining, etc.); 2) clarification of the principle of carrying out activities - forced or free, alienated or non-alienated; 3) studying the nature of the connection between various types activities (harmonious or disharmonious), the degree of their hierarchy; 4) study of the level of implementation of each type of activity. None of the above options for understanding personality exhausts this phenomenon entirely; each of them considers its individual manifestations.
Status-role concepts of personality. Role theories personalities ( J. Mead, R.Linton, R. Dahrendorf) explore the processes of an individual’s mastery of socially assigned functions-roles in the system social interactions. In the process of activity, a person interacts with various social groups. There is practically no such situation when a person completely belongs to any one group: a person is a member of a family, an enterprise team, public organization. In each group he ranks different position in relation to other members of the group. For example, the director of an enterprise, coming to a sports society, will occupy a low position there. Social status defined as the rank or position of an individual in a group. Social organization society must be presented in the form of a complex, interconnected system of social statuses occupied by individuals as members of society, citizens of the state.
To analyze the degree of inclusion of an individual in various groups and positions, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ he occupies in them, the concept of “social role” is also used. Social role- this is the behavior expected from someone who has a certain social status: you can name the status of children, the status of soldiers, officials, etc. A person may have big number statuses, and those around him have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In other words, status is a set of rights, privileges and responsibilities, and a role is an action within this set. Cultural norms are acquired mainly through training: a person becomes familiar with the customs, moral norms and laws characteristic of the status of a given role. All social statuses can be divided into two basic types: prescribed(heritable characteristics - race, gender, social origin) and achieved statuses and roles(education, merits, position). Most fully reflects social role personality in unity with her social status concept “social status of the individual”.
Elements of the social structure of personality. Personality can be considered as integrity biological, psychological And social structures. It is more related to the social structure of the individual. psychological structure, including the totality of emotions, experiences of the individual, her volitional aspirations, memory, abilities, etc. The social structure of personality includes a set of objective and subjective social properties of the individual, formed and functioning in the process of his various activities under the influence of the communities to which he belongs. The most important characteristic of the social structure of an individual is his activity, understood as self-activity and as interaction with other people, which is captured by the concept of “subject of activity”. An analysis of the structure of a personality without an analysis of the forms of its activity is impossible.
In the social structure of the individual, the following elements can be distinguished: 1) Lifestyle, or such activities, as labor, socio-political, cultural-cognitive, family and everyday life (work is perceived as the central link in the personality structure); 2) objective social needs personalities that determine her behavior; 3) ability to creative activity , knowledge, skills(they distinguish a mature personality from an individual at the stage of formation); 4) degree of mastery cultural values society, ᴛ.ᴇ. spiritual world personalities; 5) moral standards and principles, which guide the personality; 6) beliefs- the deepest principles that determine the main line of human behavior and form the core of the personality structure.
So, the personality structure is a totality, a hierarchy and a certain interaction various elements. The social structure of an individual is constantly changing, since his social environment is constantly changing ("close" - relatives, friends, acquaintances, etc. and "distant" - society as a whole). The person receives new information, new knowledge that turns into beliefs. In turn, beliefs determine the nature of a person’s actions; in this regard, socialization should be understood as a change in the social structure of an individual in accordance with the requirements of society. Personality is subject to both progressive and regressive changes, up to decay, which is characterized by the concept of destruction, and lead to deviations and deviant behavior.
Dispositional concept and personality structure. The importance of ideological and value-normative factors in the life of an individual is explained by the dispositional (Latin disposition) theory of self-regulation social behavior personality. It developed on the basis of combining two approaches - sociological, showing the social conditionality of an individual’s activity, and socio-psychological, describing the motivational structure of an individual. The founders of this theory were American sociologists F.V.Znanetsky And W. Thomas, developed Russian - V.A.Yadov And D.N.Uznadze. Disposition presupposes that an individual has a readiness to respond effectively to the macro- and microenvironment, to a changing situation. Socio-psychological prerequisites and the diversity of an individual’s relationships to the conditions of his activity were identified as a system-forming feature.
V.A. Yadov divides dispositions into higher and lower. The higher ones regulate the general direction of behavior and include: 1) the concept of life and value orientations; 2) generalized social attitudes towards typical social facilities and situations, 3) situational social attitudes as a predisposition to perceive and behave in given specific conditions. Lower dispositions - behavior in certain areas of activity, the direction of actions in typical situations. Higher personal dispositions, being a product of general social conditions and reflecting the main needs of the individual, actively influence lower dispositions. In the system of value orientations, a central axis should be identified that organizes the hierarchy of values and personality structure: this “life position of the individual”. It captures a person’s stable orientation towards certain values and is present in every person, even those who are not aware of it.
Social typology of personality. One of the central tasks of sociology is the development of a personal typology. Studying various groups of people and their social functions, sociology is interested in their generalized, typical characteristics. The problem is to determine the traits of a certain abstract personality that most fully expresses the essence of a given social group. Social personality type- a product of a complex interweaving of historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of human life.
In sociology there are various options social typology personality. So, M.Weber typification is based on the specifics of social action, the degree of its rationality, K. Marx- formational and class affiliation. E. Fromm(1900-1980) defined the social personality type as the dominant type of character that is inherent in the majority of members of the same culture, in contrast to individual character, which varies among people. The importance of social character, E. Fromm believes, is that it allows you to most effectively adapt to the requirements of society and gain a sense of safety and security. Analyzing the history of mankind, E. Fromm identifies several types of social character: receptive(passive), exploitative, cumulative, market.
IN modern sociology personality typology based on value orientations has become widespread: 1) traditionalists are focused mainly on the values of duty, order, discipline, and obedience to the law, and their desire for self-realization and independence is less pronounced; 2) at idealists a strongly expressed critical attitude towards traditional norms, independence and disdain for authority, and an attitude towards self-development at any cost; 3) for frustrated personality type is characteristic low self-esteem, depressed, depressed state of health, feeling thrown out of the flow of life; 4) realists combine the desire for self-realization with developed sense duty and responsibility, healthy skepticism with self-discipline and self-control; 5) hedonistic materialists are focused on obtaining pleasure: this pursuit of the pleasures of life most often takes the form of satisfying consumer desires.
In sociology there are also modal, ideal And basic personality types. Modal- the type that actually predominates in a given society or in social groups Oh. Ideal personality type is not tied to specific conditions, for example, comprehensively and harmoniously developed personality by K. Marx or ʼʼ new personʼʼ E. Fromm. Basic type the best way meets needs modern stage social development. Associated with the basic personality type is a system of socio-legal and moral standards reflected in constitutions, laws, public consciousness, various types of worldviews, etc. Social personality type is a reflection of how social system forms a person’s value orientations and through them influences his actual behavior.
So, market relations contribute to the development of pragmatism, cunning, prudence, selfishness, careerism and forced cooperation. And the sphere of family and personal life forms emotionality and heartfelt affection. At the same time, the reverse mechanism is also well known in sociology - the influence personal qualities on the emergence and development of social (including economic) relations of a certain type. M. Weber argued that it was changes in the sphere of consciousness, the restructuring of value orientations and attitudes towards work that gave impetus to the emergence of capitalism. A complex of certain personal qualities can accelerate social development, or, on the contrary, it can hinder it or make it completely impossible.
Foreign sociology studies social characters, characteristic of representatives of certain social groups: the type of “organizational person”, “model personality”, basic personality type, etc.
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Available applied developments(type behavior), serving as instructions for managers. An example is the popular work “Types of People and Business”. Its authors answer the question of how sixteen personality types determine success at work. Some foreign researchers six basic types personalities: theoretical, economic, political, social, aesthetic And religious. The basis for identifying these types is the prevailing social orientations. Let's say type economic man characterized by the search for material well-being.
Various problems The theory of personality was devoted to the works of such Russian thinkers as N.A. Berdyaev, I.A.Ilyin, N.K. Mikhailovsky, V.V. Rozanov, A.F. Lazursky, M.M. Rubinstein, V.S. Soloviev, S.L.Frank, and etc.
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In modern national sociology Concepts in which personality types are carriers of characteristics of certain communities (classes, social groups) are widespread. The stratification of society makes the formation inevitable various types personality (personality of a worker, intellectual, manager, doctor, engineer, etc.). There are many national personality types.
In modern Russia, the concept has developed marginal(borderline) type of personality who has broken with his social environment, but has not adapted to the new one. Today, a radical breakdown of the previously established personal-typological structure of society is taking place. The social statuses of social groups are changing and social types personalities. The formation of a new personal typology occurs with great difficulty; new basic personality types have not yet been fully formed. The person of the trading type, the speculator, has gained a certain popularity. The media and courts note the widespread prevalence of the mafia type of personality, which is fraught with the most severe consequences for society.
Topic 4. Lecture 2. Socialization of personality. (2 hours).
Elements of the social structure of personality. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Elements of the social structure of the individual." 2017, 2018.
When studying the social behavior of individuals, sociologists have to deal with a number of complex theoretical problems, without solving which it is impossible to construct a concept of personality that meets scientific criteria and needs modern practice. Such problems include the social structure of the individual.
Structure of any complex phenomena, and of course this includes human personality, represents a collection, hierarchy and a certain interaction of various elements. Any structure has a certain stability and at the same time is subject to various changes - progress and regression - up to collapse, which is characterized by the concept of destruction. Destructive phenomena in the personality structure lead to various kinds of deviations, called deviant behavior.
To a first approximation, personality can be considered as the structural value of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic components, which gives grounds for identifying the biological, psychological and social structures of personality, studied respectively by biology, psychology and sociology Biological structure personality cannot, of course, be taken into account by sociology, not only in the aspect of deformation of this structure, since this disrupts normal interactions between people. A sick or crippled person cannot perform all those functions that are inherent in a healthy person. More connected to the social is the psychological structure of the individual, including the totality of emotions, experiences, volitional aspirations, memory, abilities, etc. What is important here is not only various types of deviations, but also the normal mental field that accompanies the individual’s activity. But the sociological structure of personality is not reduced to a set of mental, essentially subjective, qualities.
Consequently, when determining the social structure of an individual, the matter cannot be reduced only to the subjective side. After all, the main thing in a person is his social quality.
Sociological structure personality includes a set of objective and subjective properties of an individual that arise and function in the process of his various activities, under the influence of those communities and associations to which a person belongs. Hence, the most important characteristic of the social structure of a person is his activity as independence and as interaction with other people, which is fixed by the concept of the subject of activity. An analysis of the structure of a personality without an analysis of the forms of its activity is impossible.
Freud's theory identifies three parts in the mental structure of personality: Id ("It"), Ego ("I") and Superego ("super-ego")
The id (“It”) is a source of energy aimed at obtaining pleasure. When energy is released, tension is relieved and the person experiences a feeling of pleasure. “It” encourages us to have sex, as well as to carry out body functions such as eating and going to the body.
The ego (“I”) controls a person’s behavior, to some extent resembling a traffic light that helps a person navigate the world around him. The ego is guided primarily by the reality principle. The ego regulates the selection of an appropriate object to overcome the tension associated with the id. For example, when the Id is hungry, the Ego forbids us to eat car tires or poisonous berries; the satisfaction of our impulse is postponed until the moment of choosing suitable food.
The superego is an idealized parent; it performs a moral or evaluative function. The superego regulates behavior and strives to improve it in accordance with the standards of parents, and subsequently society as a whole.
These three components actively influence the formation of the child’s personality. Children must follow the reality principle, waiting until the right time and place presents itself to give in to the pressure of the id. They must also submit to the moral demands made by their parents and their own emerging superego. The ego is responsible for actions that are rewarded or punished by the superego, in connection with which the person experiences a feeling of pride or guilt.
In addition, if we consider personality as a system, then we can distinguish two main subsystems, or two worlds of personality:
one is the inner, world of consciousness, hidden from others and often incomprehensible and unconsciously “living” for the individual himself;
the second is active, open to people, allowing them not only to observe external manifestations personality, but also to penetrate into it inner life, to guess what passions and their struggles take possession of a person.
Internal and outer worlds are closely related to each other. However, in every specific case this connection turns out to be ambiguous. One of its poles is the correspondence, the “coincidence” of acts of consciousness and behavior, while the other is the opposite, their complete inconsistency with each other, opposition.
For sociology, the most significant is the understanding of the transition, the transformation in the structure of the personality of a fact, a moment, a situation of activity. This process covers both varieties personality structures, and it is precisely this that should be considered the “core” of the personality as a system.
Let's start looking at inner world person. Here are needs, interests, goals, motives, expectations, value orientations, attitudes, and dispositions. Thanks to their relationship, intrapersonal motivational and dispositional mechanisms exist.
The motivational mechanism includes the interaction of needs, value orientations and interests, the end result of which is their transformation into the goal of the individual. Needs act (in relation to the individual) as the initial drivers of his activity, reflecting the objective conditions of human existence, being one of the most important forms connections between the individual and the outside world. This connection can manifest itself in the form of natural (need for food, clothing, shelter, etc.) and social (need for various forms activities, communication). At the same time, there is no sharp line between them, since the need for clothing, housing, and even food acquires a social “shell.” This is especially typical for periods of crisis development of society.
Being conscious, needs turn into the interests of the individual. They reflect a person’s attitude to the conditions of life and activity, which determines the direction of his actions. In fact, it is interests that largely determine the motives of an individual’s behavior. They turn out to be the main causes of action. “A closer examination of history,” Hegel wrote, “convinces us that people’s actions arise from their needs, their passions, their interests... and only these play the main role.”
An important element of the internal structure of a personality and a regulator of its behavior is value orientations. They reflect the individual’s orientation towards certain values and interests, and a preferential attitude towards one or another of them. Therefore, value orientations, as well as needs and interests, are one of the main factors regulating the motivation of activity. It is in value orientations, as in something concrete and definite, that the interests of an individual can manifest themselves.
Needs and interests, reflected in people’s consciousness, refracted through value orientations, lead to the formation of specific internal motivators of action, which are usually called motives of activity. This creates a mechanism of motivation, which involves implementation in the purposeful activity of the individual. The purpose of this activity is to achieve specific purpose, crowning “the efforts of this mechanism.”
Another “intrapersonal” mechanism is associated with the “dispositional” structure of personality. The disposition of a person is his predisposition to certain behavior in specific conditions, the ability to make a choice of activities. IN in a certain sense disposition is the personality orientation that precedes behavior. The mechanism itself includes the interaction of motives and incentives leading to the emergence of personality attitudes. The result of this interaction is the emergence of dispositions.
What do these elements of personality structure mean? Motives are usually understood, as noted above, as internal direct motivators to activity, which reflect a person’s desire to satisfy his needs and interests. In contrast to motives, incentives act as external incentives to activity. They usually mean numerous factors of an economic, social, political and other nature operating in the structure of an individual’s environment. Attitudes are a general orientation, the focus of consciousness on a particular phenomenon (process) of reality. Social attitudes are one of the most important regulators of an individual’s social behavior, expressing his predisposition and readiness to act in a certain way in relation to a given object. Attitudes characterize the individual’s attitude towards the environment and other people. Therefore, attitudes precede activity in time; they reflect “targeting one or another vector” of behavior. IN Western sociology attitudes are usually called “attitudes” (since the times of W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki, who introduced this term into a broad scientific circulation and did a lot to study it: In accordance with V.A. According to Yadov’s dispositional theory of self-regulation of an individual’s social behavior, there are three levels of dispositions. The highest level is the level of formation of a person’s concept of life and its implementation in value orientations. In other words, at this level, dispositions regulate the general direction of behavior and the interests of the individual. At the average level, self-regulation is carried out in the form of the formation of a generalized attitude of the individual towards social objects. As for the lower level, the formation of attitudes also occurs here, but of a more specific, situational nature, associated with the self-regulation of behavior in completely specific, directly given conditions. Externally observable actions of people leave a second aspect of activity - behavioral, in which value orientations, attitudes, and dispositions of the individual are directly and concretely reflected. Naturally, the question arises about the structure of such externally observable activity. Note that sometimes the structure of activity is identified with the structure of observed activity. This approach is, to say the least, inaccurate. But you can understand its authors, because they in this case contrast the structures of consciousness and behavior of the individual, without relating the former to the structure of activity.
The structure of activity is determined by the objective need to perform certain actions for the reproduction, functioning and development of the individual. It is determined (at the level of a specific individual) by its demographic, social, professional status, the place occupied in the system of public relations and relations. Bearing in mind the structure in its “external” expression, we note that it can also act as a unique typology of individual activity.
In socio-philosophical terms and at the level of general sociological theory, depending on the nature of the individual’s relationship to the world around him, activity is divided into material and spiritual, theoretical and practical. It is in these forms that the individual masters the surrounding world. Another classification of activity can be considered in connection with the attitude of the individual to the objective course historical process, while progressive and reactionary, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary activities are distinguished. The criterion for obtaining a new result is the basis for identifying creative or reproducing (reproductive) activity. An individual’s activities can also be innovative and routine.
Of course, these forms and types of personality activity can be studied not only within the framework of general sociological theory, but also translated into the language of empirical sociological research. However, due to sufficient general this is not easy to do.
On the other hand, there are structures of activity that are studied primarily at the level of special sociological theories and empirical research. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the structure, the basis of which is the differentiation of activity in certain areas. This can be economic, political, social, as well as production and labor, household, and educational activities.
It is clear that there are many options for structuring an individual’s activity. It is determined by the wealth of human life. All these forms and activities, determined by the system of social relations, the inner world of the individual and the way of behavior, characterize his way of life. It appears that in the process sociological research personality, the way of life turns out to be a central concept, a kind of dominant and at the same time a connecting link between its inner world, state of consciousness and the method and nature of behavior in which it is revealed outer side activities.
Concluding our consideration of the mechanisms and structures of personality, we present a diagram in which they are reflected. Like anything graphic image, it is conditional, but its advantage is that using the scheme you can get visual representation about the issues raised above.
Man is nothing more than a generic concept, which reflects the common features inherent in the entire human race. In the human environment, an individual is usually called individual person. Along with general features inherent in the entire human race, it has its own special properties, thanks to which it differs from others. Here are both natural ones - height, eye color, body structure, and social ones - intellectual level development, psychological makeup, varying degrees of spiritual culture. The concept of individuality is closely related to the concept of individual. What they have in common with the individual is that their basis is essentially biological and natural. However, in individuality it is more complex and versatile. First of all, individuality manifests itself in the natural and mental qualities of a person, and more specifically, in memory, temperament, character, and emotionality. A person’s conscious activity, in particular, his judgments, actions, and cultural needs, has individual shades. personality: every person is a person, but not every person is a person.
Unlike the individual and individuality, the essence of which is based primarily on the biological nature of man, the essence of personality is based mainly on its social qualities. The basis of personality is a stable system of socially significant traits, manifested in active participation in socio-economic and cultural life society and exerting a certain influence on what is happening in society. The role in its formation belongs to social conditions - upbringing, education, the surrounding social environment, parents. Since a person acts not in empty space, but in a collective, and more broadly, in society, he is in to a certain extent depends on them. The role of society is that it creates the necessary conditions for the emergence of individuals and the realization of their capabilities, and in creating obstacles along this path.
Social structure of personality
Structure is a collection, hierarchy and a certain interaction of various elements. Any structure has a certain stability and at the same time is subject to various changes - progress and regression - up to collapse, which is characterized by the concept of destruction. Destructive phenomena in the personality structure lead to various kinds of deviations, called deviant behavior. To a first approximation, personality can be considered as the structural value of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic components, which gives grounds for identifying the biological, psychological and social structures of personality, studied respectively by biology, psychology and sociology. The sociological structure of personality includes a set of objective and subjective properties of the individual that arise and function in the process of his various activities, under the influence of those communities and associations in which. a person enters Freud's theory identifies three parts in the mental structure of the personality: Id ("It"), Ego ("I") and Superego ("super-I") Id ("It") is a source of energy aimed at obtaining pleasure. The ego (“I”) controls human behavior. The superego is an idealized parent; it performs a moral or evaluative function. The superego regulates behavior and strives to improve it in accordance with the standards of parents, and subsequently society as a whole. These three components actively influence the formation of the child’s personality.
In addition, if we consider personality as a system, then we can distinguish two main subsystems, or two worlds of personality:
One is the internal, world of consciousness, hidden from others and often incomprehensible and unconsciously “living” for the individual himself;
The second is active, open to people, allowing them not only to observe external manifestations of personality, but also to penetrate into its inner life, to guess what passions and their struggles take possession of a person.
The structure of activity is determined by the objective need to perform certain actions for the reproduction, functioning and development of the individual. It is determined (at the level of a specific individual) by its demographic, social, professional position, place occupied in the system of social connections and relationships. Bearing in mind the structure in its “external” expression, we note that it can also act as a unique typology of individual activity. Sociologists distinguish the following personality types:
1. Traditionalists - focused on the values of duty, order, discipline; qualities such as creativity, independence, and the desire for self-realization are undeveloped.
2. Idealists - strongly expressed: critical attitude towards traditional norms, independence, disdain for authority, focus on self-development.
3. Frustrated personality type - characterized by low self-esteem, oppression, depression, a feeling of being thrown out of the flow of life.
4. Realists - combine the desire for self-realization with a developed sense of duty and responsibility, skepticism with self-discipline.
5. Hedonists - focused on satisfying all consumer desires, this is the pursuit of the “pleasures of life.”
In sociology it is also customary to distinguish modal, ideal and basic personality types. Modal type personality - the one, the cat. really prevails in a given society. An ideal type is not tied to specific conditions, it is like a “wish for the future.” The basic type is the cat. best meets the needs of the current stage of social development.
The role of the individual in history is the role played in history by an individual who, earlier, better, deeper and more fully than others, understands the new needs of the development of society, the need to change existing conditions and fights for this more decisively than others, knows how to find and indicate the strengths, ways and means to accomplish tasks facing society, people, class. In resolving the question of the role of the individual in history, Marxism-Leninism proceeds from the fact that main force in the system of conditions of material life of society is the method of production material goods. Since the main force production process are working people, then it follows that the history of society is, first of all, the history of the development of productive forces, the history of the working masses, and not the history of individual outstanding individuals, conquerors, kings, legislators and generals. It is not individuals who create society, but society and the classes that make it up that form personality; it is not heroes who create the people, but the people who create heroes and move history forward.
Personality can be viewed as the integrity of biological, psychological and social components.
1. Biological component- what is transmitted to biological level, physiological parameters of a person (healthy / unhealthy)
a set of emotions, experiences, volitional aspirations, memory, abilities, etc.
3. Social component -
a set of subjective and objective properties of an individual that arise and function in the process of their various activities. Hence, the most important characteristic of the social structure of an individual is its activity as independence and as interaction with other people. All these structural elements are found in every personality, although varying degrees. Each person, one way or another, participates in the life of society, has knowledge, and is guided by something. Therefore, the social structure of the individual is constantly changing. The individual receives new information, new knowledge. This knowledge, under certain conditions, turns into beliefs, and they, in turn, determine the nature of a person’s actions.
The structure of any complex phenomena, and the human personality certainly belongs to them, is a collection, a hierarchy and a certain interaction of various elements. Any structure has a certain stability and at the same time is subject to various changes - progress and regression - up to collapse, which is characterized by the concept of destruction. Destructive phenomena in the personality structure lead to various deviations, called deviant behavior.
The sociological structure of the individual includes a set of objective and subjective properties of the individual that arise and function in the process of his various activities, under the influence of those communities and associations to which the person belongs. Hence, the most important characteristic of the social structure of a person is his activity as independence and as interaction with other people, which is fixed by the concept of the subject of activity. An analysis of the structure of a personality without an analysis of the forms of its activity is impossible.
Value orientations appear social attitudes personality, regulate its behavior. They reflect the fundamental interests of the individual and determine the strategic direction of its activities. They manifest themselves as the individual’s life position, his worldview, moral principles. Holistic orientations are formed when an individual assimilates social experience, masters social, political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements requirements for him as a member of a social community.