Psychological structure of personality according to Platonov. The concept of the dynamic structure of personality K.K.

§ 1. The concept of personality. Socialization of personality. Structure of mental properties of a personality A person as a subject of social relations, a bearer of socially significant qualities is a person. A person is not born with ready-made abilities, character, etc. These properties

Approaches to personality structure.

Each of us has some kind of idea about personality. Most often, personality is associated with popularity, public “image,” willpower, high self-confidence, developed self-awareness, etc. In some people, these qualities manifest themselves more clearly, in others less so.

In modern psychology, there are seven main approaches to the study of personality. Each approach has its own theory, its own ideas about the properties and structure of personality, and its own methods for measuring them.

Highlight:

ü psychodynamic,

ü analytical,

ü humanistic,

ü cognitive,

ü behavioral,

ü activity

ü dispositional theory of personality.

That is why we can only offer the following schematic definition of personality:

Personality is a multidimensional and multi-level system of psychological characteristics that provide individual originality, temporary and situational stability of human behavior.

You will consider foreign theories of understanding personality on your own and fill out the table or make presentations, but we will consider in detail the understanding of personality in domestic psychology.

“Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness”

K.K. Platonov identifies the following levels in the personality structure:

• socially determined features (direction, moral qualities);
• biologically determined characteristics (temperament, inclinations, instincts, simple needs);
• Social experience (the volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);
• individual characteristics of various mental processes.

K.K. Platonov understood personality as a dynamic system, i.e. a system that develops over time, changing the composition of its elements and the connections between them, while maintaining the function.

In which he identified the following substructures (4):

• Personality orientation. The personality traits included in this substructure do not have directly innate inclinations, but reflect an individually refracted group social consciousness. This substructure is formed through education and includes beliefs, worldviews, aspirations, interests, ideals, desires. In these forms of personality orientation, relationships, moral qualities of the individual, and various types of needs are manifested. The substructure of personality orientation is closely related to legal consciousness, especially in the part that determines the subject’s attitude to compliance with the rules of law (moral principles, value orientations, worldview). Studying the orientation of an individual’s personality makes it possible to determine his social views, way of thinking, leading motives, the level of his moral development and, in many ways, predict his behavior and actions.
• Biopsychic properties. This biologically determined substructure combines the typological properties of the personality, its gender, age characteristics and pathological changes, which largely depend on the physiological morphological characteristics of the brain. The process of formation of this substructure is carried out through training. The various personality traits and properties included in all of the named substructures form the two most common substructures: character and abilities, understood as general integrative qualities of the personality. All these substructures are closely interconnected and manifest themselves as a single whole , expressing such a complex integrative concept as personality.
• Social experience. This substructure combines knowledge, skills, abilities, habits acquired on the basis of personal experience through learning, but with a noticeable influence of biologically and even genetically determined personality properties (for example, the ability to quickly memorize, physical data underlying the formation of motor skills and so on.).
• Individual characteristics of mental processes. This substructure combines the individual characteristics of individual mental processes, or mental functions: memory, sensations, perception, thinking, emotions, feelings, will, which are formed in the process of social life. Mental cognitive processes and other forms of reflection of reality, together with the knowledge and experience acquired by a person, largely determine such a complex integrative personality formation as intelligence, which is positively correlated with mental development. The process of formation and development of individual characteristics of mental processes is carried out through exercises.

Approach to personality problems by S. L. Rubinstein (1889– 1960)

“Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted.”

According to S. L. Rubinstein, a person as a personality is formed by interacting with the world (and other people).

S. L. Rubinstein opposes:

Idealization of personality

Functionalization – splitting into separate functions,

Taking a break from activity

Reduction of personality to consciousness.

Notes the dependence of the individual and his activities on social relations and the specific conditions of his social existence, the dependence of his consciousness on his activities.

K.K. Platonov, analyzing in detail the widespread understanding of personality as a soul, as a sum of mental functions, as human experience, etc., comes to the conclusion that the most appropriate way to consider the nature and characteristics of a person is to understand personality as a “reflecting system.” “Only by understanding personality,” writes K.K. Platonov, “as a reflective system of the process of a person’s mental reflection, can one correctly understand, using a personal approach... all other mental phenomena, such as impressionability, apperception, associations, interference of mental or sensory skills , interests, etc.” Speaking about personality as a reflecting system, Platonov uses the well-known position of S.L. Rubinstein, according to which: “When explaining any mental phenomena, the personality acts as a united set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted.” (1 p.34-37) Considering mental phenomena as a form of Psychic reflection, Platonov gives preference to the following definition of personality: “Personality is a person as a bearer of consciousness.” (1 p. 62) Particular attention in his works devoted to the disclosure of the concept of “personality”, K.K. Platonov pays attention to issues related to how a person manifests himself in behavior, in actions, deeds, and activities. He emphasizes that activity can be both individual and group, and both of these types of activity are the most important factor in the formation of personality. Platonov substantiates this conclusion with a methodological statement about the unity of personality, consciousness and activity. That is why he argues that without deepening the understanding of activity, without revealing its foundations, it is impossible to understand the concept of “personality”. Studying and making his conclusions, based on theoretical ideas about the unity of consciousness, personality and activity, K.K. Platonov makes a conclusion about personality as a structural formation. As has already been said, the elements of the psychological structure of a person are psychological properties and characteristics. These are often called personality traits. And since there are a lot of such personality traits, psychologists are trying to put them into several substructures. Each psychologist has these substructures slightly different. According to the concept of K. Platonov, the lowest level of personality is a biologically determined substructure, which includes age, gender properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament. Platonov attributes all this to the first, lowest substructure. Its second substructure contains the individual characteristics of a person’s mental processes. By individual characteristics of a person, K. Platonov means various qualities characteristic of a person during his development and formation as a person. Namely: individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. This is what the second substructure of the psychological structure of a personality looks like:

K.K. Platonov. Platonov classified individual social experience as the third level of the structure. According to its structure, individual social experience includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. In his opinion, and I think that many will agree with this, this substructure is formed mainly in the learning process and is of a social nature. But Platonov considered the highest level of personality orientation, including drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits, and self-esteem. This substructure is most socially conditioned. It is formed under the influence of upbringing in society; most fully it reflects the society in which a person is included. (7, 46-47)

Platonov believed that the dissimilarity of people is very significant. He made this conclusion based on his view of the psychological structure of personality. He also believed that in each of the substructures there are differences in beliefs and interests, experience and knowledge, abilities and skills, temperament and character. That is why it is not easy to understand another person, it is not easy to avoid coincidences, contradictions, even conflicts with people. To understand yourself and others more deeply, you need certain psychological knowledge combined with observation.

If we systematize the concept of the psychological structure of personality K.K. Platonov, then you get the following:

Concluding the review of K.K. Platonov about personality, we repeat once again that the interaction of personality structures, consciousness and activity is the main core of the theoretical constructions of Platonov, who developed the concept of the psychological structure of personality. (2, p.360-361)

Personality structure according to K. Platonov.

Personality structure according to K. K. Platonov

As a model of the hierarchical structure of personality, we can take the concept of the Soviet psychologist K. K. Platonov, who identified four substructures in personality. This psychologist represented the personality structure in the form of a kind of pyramid, the foundation of which was the genetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the human body, and the highest level was determined by the social and spiritual characteristics of the individual (Fig. 20.4).

Rice. 20.4 Personality structure according to K. K. Platonov

The first substructure is the biological foundation of the personality, which is determined by gender, age and the characteristics of the course of biochemical and nervous processes.

The second structure is the forms of reflection, which depend on the characteristics of a person’s cognitive processes - his attention, memory, thinking, perception and sensations.

The third substructure is life experience, the basis of which is knowledge, abilities, skills and habits.

The fourth level of personality is its orientation, which is determined by a person’s *-beliefs, his values, worldview, desires, drives, aspirations and ideals.

Each subsequent level in the process of individual development was built upon the previous one. At the same time, the higher levels, on the one hand, depended on the lower ones, and on the other, actively influenced them.

For example, the social orientation of an entrepreneur depends on his gender: for male businessmen it is focused more on external signs of prestige and wealth, while for women involved in business, family values ​​and the harmony of their relationships with loved ones play an important role. On the other hand, formed interests in the field of business can influence the biological programs of the individual, so all successful entrepreneurs, regardless of gender and age, have such personal qualities as hard work, perseverance, activity, etc., allowing they need to compensate for the shortcomings of the biological substructure of their personality.

47. The concept of “scripts” and their influence on a person’s life path.

crypt (from the English script - script) - a memory element. An event diagram that includes a number of individual episodes. It is assumed that it is in the form of scripts that knowledge is organized in memory.

Representatives of the theory of “scripts” in cognitive psychology (J.F. Leins, B. Darden, S. Fiske) consider a script as an automated scheme that largely determines the characteristics of human life. In this direction, an understanding of scenarios has developed as event schemes (ʼʼscriptsʼʼ), including ideas about organized sequential events, goals of behavior, possible role prescriptions, as well as focal variations in the sequence or content of events. Scripts serve to automate – “coding” sequences of events that are often repeated in everyday life.

Domestic psychology, which examines the problem of planning a person’s life path and self-realization in the context of the subjective, semantic and existential approaches, allows us to present the life scenario as a semantic system that depends not only on the socializing influence, but also built by the individual himself. In the concept of life creativity L.V. Sohan is based on the idea of ​​human life as a creative process. By developing, adjusting and implementing his life scenario, a person masters the art of living - a special skill based on deep knowledge of life, developed self-awareness and mastery of a system of means, methods and technologies of life creativity. Life creativity is a way to solve current, medium-term and long-term life problems. This is the process of organizing the personal event picture of life, the process of its self-improvement.

Along with the concept of “life scenario”, psychological research in psychotherapy also uses other content-similar categories, such as “life path”, “life strategy”, “life options”, “life style”, “life task”, “time perspective”, “life perspective”, “life role”, “life position”, etc.
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(K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, A. Adler, B.G. Ananyev, T.N. Berezina, E. Bern, S. Buhler, E.I. Golovakha, N.V. Grishina, V.N. Druzhinin , P. Janet, P. B. Codess, L. N. Kogan, E. Yu. Korzhova, Zh. A. Lesnyanskaya, N. A. Loginova, J. Nutten, L. A. Regush, S. L. Rubinshtein , A.E. Sozontov, L.V. Sokhan, J. Stewart, K. Steiner, etc.). These terms differ in the objects of the future, the level of generalization and, as a result, different applied potential, but behind each of these phenomena related to the future of a person there are very specific mental phenomena: experiences, life plans, goals, values, levels of aspiration, the meaning of life and etc.

Personality structure according to K. Platonov. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Personality structure according to K. Platonov." 2017, 2018.