Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate include a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
1. A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates an action, and the second indicates the purpose of this action: I’ll go for a walk in the garden; Sit down and write your mother a letter.
2. Connection using conjunctions and, yes, yes and and the form of the verb to take and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action determined by the personal whim of the subject: I’ll take and do the opposite; He took it and left completely.
3. A combination of two verbs of the same root and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can’t wait for spring; He can’t breathe enough of the wonderful mountain air.
4. The combination of the infinitive with the personal form of the same verb, which is preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: He doesn’t work himself, and he interferes with others.
5. The combination of the phrase “I just do” (you do, does, etc.), which is followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He only does what he draws.
6. Repetition of the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: I’m going, I’m going in an open field.
7. Repeating the predicate with an intensifying particle like this to denote an action that has been fully carried out: He really sang like that.
8. The connection of a verb with the particle know or know yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And he knows himself chuckles.
Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate include a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
1. A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates an action, and the second indicates the purpose of this action: I’ll go for a walk in the garden; Sit down and write your mother a letter.
2. Connection using conjunctions and, yes, yes and and the form of the verb to take and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action determined by the personal whim of the subject: I’ll take and do the opposite; He took it and left completely.
3. A combination of two verbs of the same root and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can’t wait for spring; He can’t breathe enough of the wonderful mountain air.
4. The combination of the infinitive with the personal form of the same verb, which is preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: He doesn’t work himself, and he interferes with others.
5. The combination of the phrase “I just do” (you do, does, etc.), which is followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He only does what he draws.
6. Repetition of the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: I’m going, I’m going in an open field.
7. Repeating the predicate with an intensifying particle like this to denote an action that has been fully carried out: He really sang like that.
8. The connection of a verb with the particle know or know yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And he knows himself chuckles.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Syntax as the study of sentences and phrases
Syntax as the study of sentences and phrases... phrases and sentences as the main... main features of a sentence - the relationship between the subject and...
If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:
What will we do with the received material:
If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:
| Tweet |
All topics in this section:
Collocation and sentence as basic syntactic units
Syntax, as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech, includes two main parts: 1) the study of phrases and 2) the study of sentences. Of particular note is the section dealing with
Main features of the proposal
Most types of sentences, as mentioned above, correspond to a logical judgment. In a judgment, something about something is affirmed or denied, and in this the so-called predetermination finds its expression.
Brief history of the issue
The problem of word combinations has long attracted the attention of Russian linguists. In the first grammatical works, the main content of syntax was considered to be the doctrine of “word composition”, i.e. about combining words in
Types of phrases according to their structure
According to the structure, phrases are divided into simple (two-term) and complex (polynomial). In simple phrases there is a spread of one word to another with different semantic meanings.
Types of phrases depending on the lexico-grammatical properties of the main word
Depending on which word is the main word in a phrase, the main lexical and grammatical types of phrases differ. The classification according to this criterion has the following scheme:
Syntactic relations between the components of phrases
The words included in phrases are in different semantic-syntactic relationships with each other. Generally speaking, these relationships can be reduced to the main ones: a) attributive (for example: tetra
Ways of expressing syntactic relations in phrases and sentences
The most important means of expressing relationships between members of a phrase (and members of a sentence) is the form of the word. With the help of inflection, the connection between all changeable words acting as dependent
Types of syntactic connections in phrases and sentences
There are two main types of syntactic connection in a sentence - composition and subordination. When composing, syntactically equal elements independent of each other (members of sentences) come into contact.
Proposals of real and unreal modality. Affirmative and negative sentences
The general meaning of objective modality conveyed in a sentence is differentiated as the meaning of temporal certainty and temporal uncertainty. In the first case, what is reported in the sentence is
Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences
Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are distinguished: narrative, interrogative and incentive. Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about something.
Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are emotionally charged sentences, which are conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Different types of sentences can have emotional connotations:
Common and non-common offers
Uncommon is a sentence consisting only of the main members - subject and predicate, for example: She did not answer and turned away (L.); He is young, good (L.); Several years have passed (P
Two-part and one-part sentences
A sentence consists of main members - subject and predicate, and secondary ones, some of which relate to the subject and together with it form the composition of the subject, others - to the predicate and image
Simple and complex sentences
A simple sentence has one or two grammatical compounds and thus contains one predicative unit. For example: The morning was fresh and beautiful (L.); After noon she started
Main members of a two-part sentence
A two-part sentence is a sentence that has two grammatical compositions: the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. The composition of the subject is the subject with or without words related to it
Secondary members of the sentence, their syntactic function
The main members of a sentence can be explained by members that are called minor, since they grammatically depend on other members of the sentence. The term "minor members of the sentence"
Expressing the subject using different parts of speech
The most common form of expressing the subject is the nominative case of the noun. The objective meaning of the noun and the independent nominative case are most suitable
Expressing the subject using phrases
The role of the subject can be phrases that are integral in meaning, lexically or syntactically indecomposable. These include: 1. Composite geographical names (Northern Arctic
Verbal predicate, formally likened to the subject
The role of the verbal predicate is represented by verb forms of any mood, tense and person. For example: 1) verb in the indicative mood: The autumn wind brings sadness (N.); Pugachev m
Verbal predicate, not formally assimilated to the subject
The verb predicate is expressed: 1) by an infinitive with the meaning of an energetic beginning of an action: Our brethren - swear (Pumped); And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss... (Kr.); 2)
Compound verb predicate with predicative adjective
Along with modal verbs, predicative adjectives (special short adjectives used in the role of ska) can be used as the first component of a compound verbal predicate.
Predicate expressed by adverb, participle, interjection and phraseological combination
1. The predicate can be expressed by an adverb with or without a connective, for example: At your age I was married (L.T.); How inopportune this memory was (Ch.); After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.). 2
Types of complex predicate
A complex (trinomial, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts (the term “complex predicate” is used here not in the meaning in which it is sometimes used, see § 259
Form of the verb predicate
The verb predicate is coordinated with the subject, expressed by the personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood - in gender and number. Nap
Bundle shape
The copula usually correlates with the subject (in the past tense - in gender and number), for example: My whole life was the guarantee of a faithful meeting with you (P.). If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, then with
Brief history of the issue
The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. However, two main directions in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence stand out: races
Definitions agreed and inconsistent
According to the nature of the syntactic connection between the definition and the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Definitions agreed upon are expressed by those parts of speech that
Ways to Express Complements
Supplements are usually expressed by nouns (with and without prepositions) in indirect cases, as well as words used in the meaning of nouns (pronouns,
Types of additions and their meanings
Due to their basic meaning - designating the object of an action or state - additions usually refer to sentence members expressed by verbs or impersonal predicative words, i.e. tale
Additions in active and passive phrases
An active phrase is a phrase with a direct object and a predicate expressed by a transitive verb. The subject in actual circulation denotes an actor or thing, and the complement denotes a person
Ways of expressing circumstances
Circumstances can be expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in the instrumental case without a preposition, nouns in the oblique cases with prepositions, infinitives, phraseological
Types of circumstances by meaning
Denoting a qualitative characteristic of an action, state or sign, as well as the conditions accompanying them (indication of the cause, time, place, etc.), circumstances are divided into circumstances image
Syntactic and actual division of sentences
A sentence as a unit of syntax includes members of the sentence that occupy certain syntactic positions. This division of a sentence from the point of view of its syntactic structure is
Communicative, syntactic and stylistic meaning of word order
The order of words in a sentence - the arrangement of word forms in it - can perform the following functions: 1) communicative (is a means of actual division of a sentence and, more broadly, of any actualization);
Place of subject and predicate in a simple sentence
In a declarative sentence, the subject is usually in front of the predicate (the latter is postpositive), for example: Marya Ivanovna walked up the stairs with trepidation (P.); They entered the courtyard
Place of an object in a sentence
The addition (verb and adjective) is usually postpositive, for example: I will send you ammunition and tobacco (A.N.T.); About a hundred workers were clearing warehouses and sites (Azh.). Pre
Place of definition in a sentence
The agreed upon definition is usually prepositive, for example: To the left was a deep gorge... (Azh.); ...He took out his grief on your sides - the grief of his life (M. G.); It became creepy in these silent
Place of circumstances in a sentence
Circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs starting with -о, -е, are usually prepositive, for example: One of the waves playfully rolls onto the shores, making a defiant noise, crawling towards Rahim’s head (M.G.). ABOUT
Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal sentences are those whose main member is expressed by the form of a verb in the first or second person of the present and future tense. The verb in this case does not need a place
Vaguely personal proposals
Indefinite-personal sentences are those one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present and future tense or in the form
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized personal sentences are one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a verb of the 2nd person singular (present and future tense), and the action denoted by the verb is in
Impersonal offers
Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences, the main member of which does not allow the designation of the subject of action in the form of the nominative case and names a process or state regardless of the active
Infinitive sentences
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other word in the sentence; therefore, it cannot have either an impersonal verb or an impersonal
Nominative sentences
Nominative sentences are those one-part sentences whose main member is expressed by a noun or a substantivized part of speech in the nominative case. The main member can be grown
Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences
Some syntactic constructions may coincide in form with nominative sentences, but in fact they are not them. These are constructions that either do not contain the meaning of being, su
Types of word-sentences
Sentence words are divided into several groups depending on their function in speech. Affirmative words-sentences: - Smells of sulfur. Is this necessary? - Yes (Ch.). - St
Types of Incomplete Sentences
Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual are incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context: in the nearest paragraphs
Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogical speech, which is a combination of remarks or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in
Elliptic sentences (sentences with zero predicate)
Elliptical are self-used sentences of a special type, the specific structure of which is the absence of a verbal predicate, and a predicate not mentioned in the context
The concept of homogeneous members
Homogeneous members of a sentence are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in the sentence, i.e. united are the same
Unions with homogeneous members
To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used: 1. Connecting conjunctions: and, yes (meaning “and”), neither...nor, etc. The conjunction and can be single and p
Homogeneous definitions
Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and list
Heterogeneous definitions
Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun
Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate for homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc. 1. For subjects having the form m
Coordination of definitions with the word being defined
The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases: 1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined
Prepositions with homogeneous members
Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains... (Kr.). It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions are not
Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members
A generalizing word is usually a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept, uniting, on the basis of material proximity, subordinate concepts, the grammatical form of expression of which serves as
General concepts
Separation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in a sentence. Isolated members of the sentence contain the element add
Separate Consensus Definitions
1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud, hanging
Separate inconsistent definitions
1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman, in boots and in a saddle-backed coat, with a bu
Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
1. As a rule, participial phrases are isolated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or adverbials with different meanings, for example: Pass
Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
Depending on the semantic load, weak syntactic connection with the predicate verb, the degree of prevalence of the phrase, and its intentional emphasis, the circumstances expressed by it can be isolated
Isolation of revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution
Case forms of nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations can be isolated: besides, instead of, besides, apart from, excluding, over, etc., with the meaning of inclusion, exception, for
Isolation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal
Along with isolation in the proper sense of the word, i.e. by highlighting the minor members of the sentence, there is an intonation-semantic highlighting in the sentence of words that can be not only second
Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words are words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (that is, not related to them by the method of coordination, control or adjacency), that are not members of the sentence and express
Introductory sentences
The meanings inherent in introductory words and phrases can be expressed in whole sentences that retain the intonation features of introductory constructions. For example: Buran, it seemed to me, was still with
Plug-in structures
Inserted words are words, phrases and sentences that introduce additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. Similar to
The concept of conversion
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person (or object) to whom speech is addressed. An address extends a sentence, but is not a member of it (i.e., it does not perform the function of a
Ways of expressing appeal
The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In Old Russian, the vocative case form was used for this purpose
Brief history of the issue
In the works of A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherby, V.V. Vinogradov highlights the special meaning of some conjunctions - connecting (A.M. Peshkovsky speaks of composition and subordination after the dividing clause
The essence of joining
Accession - as a unique type of syntactic connection - differs from both composition and subordination. When composing, the elements of a statement act as syntactically equal
Structural and grammatical types of connecting constructions
In structural and grammatical terms, connecting constructions are not homogeneous. The following can be added to the main statement: 1) constructions with connecting conjunctions and allied words
Union connection structures
1. Additive conjunctions and conjunctive combinations are usually formed by combining coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, as well as some particles and pronominal adverbs with conjunctions and, a. These are the ones
Unionless connecting structures
Non-union connecting structures, used only after a long pause, are divided into four groups according to their functions: 1) connecting structures that act as members
The concept of a complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more predicative units that form a single whole in semantic, constructive and intonation terms. The difference between
Essay and subordination in a complex sentence
According to the way the parts are connected, compound sentences are distinguished from allied and non-union complex sentences. The former are divided into two types of complex sentences: 1) complex sentences and 2) complex sentences
Means of expressing relationships between parts of a complex sentence
Semantic and syntactic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence are expressed using the following means: a) conjunctions, b) relative words, c) intonation, d) order of parts. Unions connect
Structure of compound sentences
A complex sentence is a complex sentence whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The connection by the method of composition gives the parts of a complex sentence a known
Connective Relationships
In complex sentences expressing connecting relationships, the means of connecting parts of a single whole are conjunctions and, yes, neither (repeating), also, too (the last two with the connecting from
Adverse relationships
Complex sentences with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes, however, but, same, etc.) express relations of opposition or comparison, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistency
Compound sentences expressing connecting relations
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a complex sentence to express connecting relations in which the content of the second part of the complex sentence is an additional
A brief history of the complex sentence issue
The question of a complex sentence in its history practically came down to the classification of subordinate clauses, or, as they were conventionally called, “subordinate clauses,” which is closely related primarily to everything
Complex sentences with conditional and non-verbal dependence of parts
The most general structural indicator of a complex sentence is the verb and non-verbal dependence of the subordinate clause. This feature is justified as follows. Subordinate clause connection
Grammatical means of connecting parts in a complex sentence
1. The main syntactic means of communication in a complex sentence are special connecting elements, formal indicators of the interconnectedness of parts. These are subordinating conjunctions
Semantic-structural types of complex sentences
The structural indicators of a complex sentence are, as found out, firstly, the nature of the connection between the subordinate clause and the main clause (verbal and non-verbal); secondly, grammatical means
Subsubstantive-defining sentences
Subsubstantive-defining sentences, depending on the function of the subordinate clause, have two varieties. The function of the subordinate clause depends on the extent to which the entity it defines
Pronominal-defining sentences
Complex sentences with a defining subordinate clause relating to the pronoun (indicative or attributive) in the main one are characterized by the following features: 1) pronoun g
Explanatory clauses with conjunctive subordination
Explanatory clauses are joined by conjunctions that, as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, so that, if, whether, while. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction that contain a message about a real entity
Explanatory clauses with relative subordination
As allied words that attach explanatory clauses, the relative pronouns who, what, which, which, what, whose and pronominal adverbs where, where, from where, when, how are used
The use of correlative words in explanatory clauses
Complex sentences with an explanatory clause may have correlative words in the main clause. The function of these words is not the same. They can be used to enhance, highlight, etc.
Complex sentences with simultaneity relation
Relations of simultaneity are expressed in sentences with subordinate, attached conjunctions when, while, as, while (archaic), as long as (colloquial), while usually with verbs in the main and came
Complex sentences with multitemporal relations
The relationship of different times is expressed by the conjunctions when, while, while, while, after, since, as soon as, only just, just now, just, just a little, as, barely, only, before
Complex sentences with comparative relations between parts
Complex sentences can consist of parts whose contents are compared. Formally, such sentences have a subordinate part, since they contain subordinating conjunctions (or the conjunction
Complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts
One part of a complex sentence can explain another by specifying its meaning or conveying it in other words. The explanatory part is attached to the explained part using conjunctions, that is, and
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences can have several subordinate clauses. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, two types of relations between the combined parts are possible.
Types of non-union complex sentences
There are two main types of non-conjunctive complex sentences: correlative with conjunctive complex sentences and non-correlative with them. Propositions of the second type are found comparatively
Structural features of complex syntactic integers
Complex syntactic wholes can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous composition. Between homogeneous sentences as part of complex syntactic wholes, a parallel connection is found, between heterogeneous
Paragraph and complex syntactic whole
A paragraph and a complex syntactic whole are units of different levels of division, since the bases for their organization are different (a paragraph does not have a special syntactic design, unlike a complex syntactic
Paragraph in dialogic and monologue text
Paragraph division has one common goal - to highlight significant parts of the text. However, parts of the text can be highlighted for different specific purposes. Accordingly, the fus differ
The concept of direct and indirect speech
The statements of other persons included in the author's presentation form the so-called alien speech. Depending on the lexico-syntactic means and methods of transmitting someone else’s speech, direct speech differs
Direct speech
Direct speech is characterized by the following features: 1) accurately reproduces someone else’s statement; 2) accompanied by the author's words. The purpose of the author's words is to establish the very fact of someone else's speech
Indirect speech
Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's statement in the form of a subordinate clause. Wed: Direct speech Indirect speech Policeman approaching
Improperly direct speech
Someone else's speech can be conveyed in fiction using the technique of so-called improperly direct speech. In this case, lexical and syntactic features are preserved to one degree or another.
Basics of Russian punctuation
Punctuation is a collection of rules for placing punctuation marks, as well as the system of punctuation marks used in written speech. The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate
Basic functions of punctuation marks
In the modern punctuation system of the Russian language, punctuation marks are functionally significant: they have generalized meanings assigned to them, fixing the patterns of their use. Functionality
Complex verb predicate
Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate include a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates an action, and the second indicates the purpose of this action: I'll go for a walkin the garden;Sit down and writeletter to mother.
Connection using conjunctions and, yes, yes and and verb forms take and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action determined by the personal whim of the subject: I'll take it and do itvice versa; Hetook it and leftat all.
A combination of two cognate verbs and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can't waitspring;Can't breathewonderful mountain air.
The combination of an infinitive with a finite form of the same verb, preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: Myselfwork doesn't work, and it bothers others too.
Turnover combination that's all I do (doing, doing etc.), followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: HeAll he does is draw.
Repeating a predicate to indicate the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm goingin an open field.
Repeating a predicate with an intensifying particle like this to denote an action that has been fully carried out: That's really truesang so sang.
The connection of a verb with the particle know or know yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And heknow yourself chuckles.
Verbal predicate expressed by phraseological phrase
Simple verbal predicates also include predicates expressed in phraseological combinations with varying degrees of cohesion of parts, since they have a single integral meaning (cf.: lost his temper - got angry). For example: touched a nerve, lost his patience, got into trouble, got into trouble, fell into doubt, danced to someone else’s tune, came to a conviction, became indignant, walks around, takes part, sharpens his bows, an eyesore, raised the alarm, stabbed to death without a knife, sucked it out of your finger, told you to live long, put your teeth on a shelf, drove you out of your mind, showered you with contempt and so on.
Compound verb predicate
Compound verb predicate with an auxiliary verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action
This group includes verbs such as begin (begin), begin (begin, continue, finish (finish), stop (cease), quit (throw)- in the meaning of “finish, finish”, etc. For example: Vladimirstartedstronglyworry(P.); Ibegan to weakenand health(L. T.); Shekept walkingalong the path with somewhat slow steps(T.); Stop threateningweapons, Comrade Nagulnov...(Shol.); With old friends hestopped seeing each other(Gonch.).
Compound verb predicate with modal verb
This includes verbs such as want, wish, be able, be able, intend, try, try, refuse, hope, fear etc. For example: II wanted to portrayordinary decent people of the new generation(Black); Don't laugh at the powerless and the weakI can't offend you(Kr.); Know how to make a mistake, know how to get better(last); Was going to answerme with apparent favor, but suddenly became wary(Cor.); Tried to explainthis - they didn’t believe me(M.G.); My cooling hands of youtried to keep(P.); Itried not to cry(T.); Sometimes my headrefused to thinkfor others(Gonch.); Firmlydecided to refusefrom all worldly benefits(Black); Fighters handI'm tired of stabbing(L.); He's a friendwill be able to support(L.); Lev Nikolaevich,please bother to conveythis glass to Nastasya Timofeevna(Ch.); A casket with a secret, and II undertake to open(Kr.); How are youdare youit's like that with metalk? (A. Ost.); MonkeyI decided to work... (Kr.); I didn't expecthe himcatch(T.); A crow perched on a spruce tree,had breakfastquitegot ready(Kr.); Peopleashamed to speakopenly about myself(M.G.); ... Afraidyouget bored(P.).
Compound verbal predicate with phraseological phrase
The first component of a compound verbal predicate, replacing a modal verb, can also be a phraseological combination like have a desire, have an intention, burn with desire, burn with impatience, express consent, make an effort and so on. For example: II have no intention of harmingto you(P.); Insarov had long since finished all his preparations andwas burning with desirehurry upbreak freefrom Moscow(T.); Travelers stillmade an effort to passforward...(G.); Heagreed to acceptme tomorrow(Cupr.).
Compound verb predicate with predicative adjective
Along with modal verbs, predicative adjectives (special short adjectives used as a predicate with the meaning of an internal state, inclination, ability to do something, etc.) can be used as the first component of a compound verbal predicate: glad, must, ready, inclined, capable, powerful, willing, much etc. For example: Ayou're glad to glorify it? (Gr.); Yougotta cumparty!(G.); He's ready to believe(Gr.); I tend to thinkthat circumstances will change in our favor(Hertz.); Aloneable to livenot everyone(Kr.); And Bars is onlycut yourself a lot... (Kr.); I don't evenI don't intend to torment youquestions...(T.); ... Learnhe is the king's childrennot worthy(Kr.); ... I have to writeby duty mandate(M.).
If there is a verbal connective in the indicated constructions, predicates of this type become complex, or three-membered (see § 270).
Nouns can play the same role as modal verbs or predicative adjectives. master, hunter and so on. For example: II'm not a good storyteller(T.); Not a craftswomanI'm on the shelvesdisassemble(Gr.); They said about him that hefood lover(Ch.).
Nominal predicate
Types of connectives in a nominal predicate and the nominal part of the predicate
Three types of connectives are distinguished depending on whether the connective expresses only the grammatical relationship between the subject and the predicative member or also contains part of the real meaning of the predicate.
Bundle distracted- verb be in various forms of tense and mood; the role of this connective is purely grammatical. For example: And here he isThere isthisofficial(G.); Lizaveta Ivanovnawashomemartyr(P.); ... Bemywife, agree to my happiness(P.); BogatyrYouyou willCossack in appearance and soul(L.).
If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the connective There is, as a rule, is absent (in this case they speak of a zero copula), for example: All the rich people -misers(M.G.).
Particles can act as a binder this, this, this means, this means, For example: Like -Thisthe matter of the young men(T.); Podkhalyuzins and Chichikovs -Herestrong practical characters(Good); Emergency -this meansgeneralJobwhen one watch is not enough and all hands are needed(Gonch.).
The predicate can be attached to the subject using comparative words as, as if, as if, exactly etc., for example: Silencelike a piece of ice, you can break it even with a whisper(Leon.); You are between sisterslike a turtledovewhite between doves, common pigeons(N.); Your speecheslike a sharp knife... (L.); Really, you have a human souljust like steamed turnips(G.); Trees on its sidesexactlyunlittorches... (M.G.).
Bundle half-distracted- a verb with a weakened lexical meaning that performs a dual function: it connects the nominal part with the subject and partially expresses the real meaning of the predicate. This includes verbs to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to become, to be considered, to be called etc. For example: This is our girlbecame a maidenmature(Kr.); She is in her own familyseemed like a girlstranger(P.); Already in the grove there is a lightbecomes fire(Kr.); Princessreputed to be an amateurmusic(T.); Heturned out to bechatty, annoyinginterlocutor(Shol.).
Bundle significant(substantial, concrete) - a verb with the meaning of movement, state, activity, etc., capable of independently serving as a verbal predicate, but in this construction also performing the function of a connective connecting the nominal part with the subject. This includes verbs return, return, go, leave, stand, lie, sit, be born, live, die, work etc. For example: Oneginlived as an anchorite(P.); He saw his chaise, whichstoodat allready(G.); Ladywanderslike thissad(P.); Iborn tumbleweed... (T.); Kittywas returninghome, to Russia,cured(L.T.).
A predicate of this type, expressed by a full-nominal verb and a nominal part, is sometimes called a complex nominal predicate.
In the role personal parts of a compound predicate, nominal parts of speech are used (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun).
The nominal part is expressed noun in the nominative case; in instrumental, genitive cases and in indirect cases with prepositions, for example: The village where Evgeniy was bored,it was a lovely place(P.); Memories of Natashawas the most poetic memoryBoris(L. T.); Hewas of average height(L.); Wasno joyslove, separationthere will be no sadness(L.); Allit was like a dream(M.G.); Tarkovskywas a cheerful, witty, charming conversationalist(Ard.).
The nominal part is expressed adjective in the nominative or instrumental case, short form, comparative or superlative form, for example: Windthere was a counter(L. T.); His character...became heavy, irritable(Ch.); And happinessit was so possible, so close! (P.), Onegin, then Iyounger, Ibetterseems to have been...(P.); Fairwas excellent(G.).
Sometimes the name of the feature indicated in the predicate is attached to the subject using the words person, man, woman, people, animal, thing etc., used with a weakened lexical meaning, for example: Youkind person, Youfair man(T.); Parents of Valentina Mikhailovnathere were poor people(T.); But lunch -nice thing(Black); PeopleYoutraveler(Ch.).
The nominal part is expressed numeral name or a quantitative-nominal combination, for example: Their hutthere was a thirdon the edge(Ch.); Hewasit seemedsix years old(L.).
The nominal part is expressed pronoun, For example: ... I was not me, and some unearthly creature(L. T.); Lisa in a few daysbecame not the sameas he knew her(T.).
Predicate expressed by adverb, participle, interjection and phraseological combination
The predicate can be expressed adverb with or without a copula, for example: At your age I wasMarried(L. T.); Howinopportunelythere was this memory(Ch.); After all, I am a little to herakin(Gr.).
The nominal part is expressed communion, For example: Chervonetswas dirtyand in the dust(Kr.); Isat immerseddeep in thought(P.).
The nominal part is expressed interjection, For example: She is nowAh ah ah(Lesk.) (here is a simple nominal predicate).
The nominal part is expressed phraseological combination, For example: ...That day shewas not in a good mood(M.G.); Hewas a jack of all trades(Cupr.); Lavretsky so many peopleit was not to my liking(T).
Note. In this case, the functions of these parts of speech are close to the function of names in the role of a predicate.
Complex predicate
Types of complex predicate
Difficult(trinomial, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts (the term “complex predicate” is used here not in the meaning in which it is sometimes used, see § 259, 268).
The following types of complex predicates are distinguished:
A) verbal(consisting of only verbs and correlative with compound verbal predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
b) personalized(consisting of a predicative adjective, copula and nominal part, correlative with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become a mediator;
V) mixed(consisting of verbs and names, combining the features of a compound verbal and compound nominal predicate), for example: could become a scientist, is afraid to be funny.
For example: Hewanted to seem braveon the fourth bastion(L. T.); And youdo you want to live like a lamb(Gonch.); I evenI don't consider myself obligated to feelgratitude to him(Black); ...Ishould have cookedsamovar for masters(M.G.); Why would Icould stop respectingyou?(Ch.); I have alreadywasn't afraid to be and seem sensitive... (Ch.); Youmustwork,try to be helpful(T.).
Coordination of predicate and subject forms
Form of the verb predicate
The verb predicate is coordinated with the subject, expressed by the personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the subjunctive mood - in gender and number. For example: I rememberwonderful moment(P.); Alone in the wilderness of pine forests long, long agoare you waitingme(P.); Did you knowWhat a pleasure it is to go out into the field in early spring.(T.); Heher poor three chicksorphaned(Kr.); ...Perhaps me tooit would revive? (Kr.).
When the subject is expressed by a noun or a substantivized word, the predicate is put in the form of the 3rd person singular. or more numbers, for example: It's getting darkazurevaults, coolshadow creeps(Bug.); In the gamethe horseman won't catch... (N.); The doctor leaves, the candle goes out, and againI hear "boo-boo-boo-boo"... (Ch.).
When the subject is expressed by a cardinal numeral or infinitive, the predicate is put in the 3rd person singular form, and in the past tense - in the neuter form, for example: Sevenfrom the playerscalled a poker... (Ch.); Don't spit in the well:will come in handywaterget drunk(last); Drinkherbal teawas consideredbigpleasure(L. T.) (neuter form of the semi-nominal copula).
With a subject - interrogative pronoun Who the predicate is put in the masculine form regardless of whether a male or female person is meant, for example: Whoone of your friends was with you?
If the subject pronoun who is used as a relative word in the subordinate part of a sentence, then the predicate is usually put in the singular, even if more than one performer of the action is assumed, for example: ...Those,who didn't have timeto the door, rushed in joyful panic to the windows(Poppy.). Putting the predicate in plural form in these cases emphasizes the plurality of subjects of action, for example: ...Those,who stayed, decided with themselves what they needed to do(L.T.).
With a relative pronoun What in the role of the subject, the predicate is put in the plural form if the word replaced by the pronoun in the main part is in the plural, for example: At home,that they riseon this avenue, recently built.
If the subject is expressed by a compound word that has a grammatical form (inflected), then the choice of the form of the predicate is usual, for example: Ourthe university announcednew intake of students. In the absence of a grammatical form for a compound abbreviated word, the predicate chooses the form of the leading word of the combination that forms the compound name, i.e. is put in the form in which it would appear with the full name, for example: GUNOconvened a meeting of school directors(cf. city department of public education).
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (such as ten students) or a combination of a collective noun with a quantitative meaning and the genitive case of a noun (such as most students), two forms of the predicate are possible: setting the predicate in singular form and in plural form. The plural form is usually used in cases where the subject denotes persons, and the predicate denotes the active action of these persons, for example: Eightyyoungspecialists wentwork on the periphery;Most part-time studentsin a timely mannercompletedall tests. When the subject is an inanimate object, the predicate is usually put in the singular, for example: There was a row of tablesin the middle of the room; On the tablethere were ten notebooks. The specific forms of predicates in these cases depend on a number of conditions, which include: the degree of remoteness of the predicate from the subject, the presence of an enumeration in the subject or predicate, word order, lexical meaning of the subject and predicate, etc.
With a subject expressed by a combination of the nominative case and the instrumental case, preceded by a preposition With(type brother and sister), the predicate is placed in the plural, for example: Grandfather and mother walkedahead of all(M.G.). The placement of the predicate in the singular form indicates that the noun in the instrumental case acts as a complement, for example: ANDcountesswith his girlswentfinish your toilet behind the screens(P.).
Form of the nominal predicate
The predicate, expressed by an adjective, ordinal number, pronominal adjective, participle, has the form of gender and number of the subject, for example: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn...(P.); ...ANDsmokefatherland to ussweet and pleasant(Gr.); CherrygardenNowmy! (Ch.); ... Affairsmyupset(T.). If there is a copula “to be,” the nominal part can take the form of the genitive or instrumental case. Wed: My brother was a teacher - My brother was a teacher.
Bundle shape
The copula usually correlates with the subject (in the past tense - in gender and number), for example: Alllifemywas collateralfaithful dates with you(P.). If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, then the connective in the forms of the present and future tenses is also correlated in the person, for example: ANDyou will be a queenpeace(L.).
Less commonly, the copula is correlated with the nominal part of a compound predicate, for example: WeddingNatasha...waslast joyfulevent... (L.T.). This is usually observed with a subject pronoun. This, For example: It was a school.
Secondary members of a sentence and ways of expressing them
Brief history of the issue
The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. However, two main directions in the study of minor members of a sentence stand out: consideration of minor members 1) by meaning and 2) by the type of syntactic connection with other words. In both cases, definitions, additions and circumstances are singled out as secondary members, but the reasons for such allocation are different, and therefore the same member of a sentence can be defined differently with different approaches to the classification of secondary members. For example: in the phrase father's house word father is a definition if it is considered by its meaning, or by the function it performs in relation to the word house, and an addition, if only the nature of the syntactic connection of word with word is taken into account house(type of communication - control).
These two directions in the study of minor members of a sentence are called formal (classification according to the nature of the syntactic connection) and logical (classification according to meaning).
The beginning of the logical direction in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence was laid in the works of A.Kh. Vostokov and N.I. Buckwheat. They come up with the terms “addition” and “definition”. The members of a sentence, which in modern grammar are defined as circumstances, were included by them in the category of definitions.
F.I. Buslaev introduces the concept of circumstance and talks about two principles for classifying the secondary members of a sentence: by type of subordination and by meaning.
A.A. Potebnya sharply criticized the teachings of F.I. Buslaev about the minor members of a sentence and outlined a formal classification - only by type of subordination, but did not abandon the terms “addition”, “definition” and “circumstance”.
D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky tries to reconcile the logical classification with the formal one and introduces additional concepts: fictitious definition ( sister's house), fictitious circumstance ( walked in the forest).
A.M. Peshkovsky, in the first two editions of his work “Russian Syntax in Scientific Coverage”, retains the terms “definition”, “addition” and “circumstance”, but puts formal content into them: a definition is a consistent adjective, participle, pronoun; an object is a controlled noun; an adverbial adverb is an adjoining adverb, a gerund, or an adjoining infinitive.
In subsequent editions of his work A.M. Peshkovsky also refuses the terms “definition:”, “addition”, “circumstance” and speaks of controlled, consistent and adjacent members of the sentence.
In the practice of modern secondary and higher schools, a traditional classification is common, taking into account both the grammatical and lexical meanings of words, as well as the syntactic connections of these words with subordinate words and their meaning.
With this classification, minor members of a sentence are considered as logical-grammatical categories, which are distinguished based on taking into account grammatical and lexical meanings. Since grammar is inextricably linked with vocabulary, in specific phrases and sentences the grammatical meanings of words are in a certain way connected with their lexical meanings, and therefore grammatically similar constructions can perform different functions. For example, the phrases talk with a person and talk with excitement, which are grammatically homogeneous, contain words that are in different relationships with each other, which is associated with their lexical meaning. As a result, the functions of controlled words are different. Logical classification makes this difference (with a person in the phrase to speak with a person is an addition; with excitement in the phrase to speak with excitement is a circumstance).
The doctrine of secondary members of a sentence is increasingly connected with the doctrine of phrases.
“In the secondary members of the sentence, the same various grammatical relations that are found between words in the structure of a phrase are synthesized, generalized in function.”
Attributive, objective, spatial, temporal, causal and other grammatical relations, revealed in the subordinating phrase, represent the basis for identifying such members of the sentence as definition, addition and circumstances of different meanings, i.e. syntactic features of minor sentence members are formed on the basis of morphological categories and their functional-syntactic meaning in the structure of the phrase. Thus, the grammatical relations that develop between the word being explained and the explanatory word are determined mainly by their internal relationship, and not by the structure of the sentence. This is precisely what leads to the opinion that it is possible to consider this grammatical phenomenon within the framework of a phrase. However, the secondary members of a sentence are not always included as components in the composition of phrases that form sentences. Quite often, an object (object) and a circumstance may refer to the entire sentence as a whole and, thus, not be included in the group of the predicate or the group of the subject, which are divided into separate phrases. Such members of the sentence are called determining members of the sentence, or determinants. For example, in the sentence In the evenings the doctor was alone(Pan.) the circumstance in the evenings refers to the entire combination of the subject group with the predicate group - the doctor was left alone. The role of the determiner in a complex sentence is especially clearly revealed. The wind rustled in the night, the moon shone(Sob.), where the determining circumstance in the night simultaneously refers to two predicative units - the wind was rustling And the moon was shining.
Thus, it turns out that in a sentence as a syntactic unit, relationships are formed between the subject, predicate and determiners. It is these syntactic units that are called members of the proposal. Each of these members of a sentence can be common, i.e. consist of phrases, the components of which are also structurally connected, and the formation of this connection occurs within the phrase and has nothing to do with the structure of the sentence. On this basis, the concept of two syntactic levels is built: the level of phrases and the level of sentences.
In “Russian Grammar” the traditional “minor” members of the sentence, different both formally and in meaning, are distributed into groups of spreading members of the sentence: 1) forms that spread members of the sentence (having a conditional dependence), for example: The rain was hitting the windowsall night long(Ch.); 2) forms that distribute the proposal as a whole - determinants, for example: Since early morningthe whole sky was covered with rain clouds(Ch.); 3) forms that simultaneously distribute two main members of the sentence, for example: Is it for you?with your rheumatismvisit guests(Ch.) - to you with your rheumatism And with your rheumatism to travel around visiting guests.
For educational purposes, it seems possible to preserve the traditional teaching about the minor members of a sentence, especially since this is logical from the point of view of contrasting them with the main members.
However, the traditional division of minor members into definitions, additions and circumstances is based on the functional-syntactic properties of dependent words in a very generalized form.
In a sentence, “the functional-syntactic shades that envelop the morphological core of the categories of definition, complement, and especially adverbial circumstances turn out to be so complex, and sometimes undifferentiated and internally contradictory, that they very often go beyond the framework of these categories or create a number of transitional, mixed types.” Therefore, the identification of three types of minor members of a sentence can only be perceived as a generalized scheme, designed for use in the analysis of specific linguistic material only taking into account these transitional and mixed types.
Methodological developments... (linguistic tasks) ModernRussianlanguage: Textbook-2 underby the editors N.S. Valgina ModernRussianlanguage: Textbookunderby the editors N.S. Valgina Palindromic words Syntax modernRussianlanguage Writing book (rules and examples...
Modern Russian Language Textbook / Edited by
List of textbooksAt 15 Valgina N.S. Rosenthal D.E. Fomina M.I. ModernRussianlanguage: Textbook / Underby the editors N.S. Valgina. - 6th ed., revised. and... is a reverse dictionary modernRussianlanguage, compiled underby the editors G. Bielfeldt (“Rucklauflges...
Thematic planning in the Russian language, grade 11 (edited by I - 2008)
Thematic planningPlanning by Russianlanguage. Grade 11 ( underby the editors N.G. Goltsova, I.V. Shamshin and M.A. Mishcherina - 2008) RUSSIANLANGUAGE 11 ... differences from other varieties modern
Complicated types of compound predicates
In speech, quite often you can find compound predicates, which consist not of two, but of three (and sometimes four) structural parts.
Structural complication of a compound verbal predicate
1. Auxiliary parta compound verbal predicate can be expressed not by a verb, but by a compound nominal predicate (copula + short adjective/adverb).
Complicated GHS = SIS + subject infinitive
He must leave.
As in any compound verbal predicate, two parts can be distinguished here: the main one is expressed by the subjective infinitive ( leave ). Auxiliary part – short adjective must – has a modal meaning, but unlike modal verbs ( maybe he wants ) an adjective cannot indicate tense and mood. Therefore, an adjective requires a verb connective (in this case it is a verb be in zero form). Consequently, within the compound verbal predicate one more can be distinguished - the compound nominal micropredicate ( must + zero copula).
The role of the nominal part of such micropredicates is most often modal short adjectives:; noun with preposition able ; adverbs: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, it is a pity, it is a pity and etc.
This predicate is actually not complicated. In the Russian language, for example, there are no verbs with the modal meaning of obligation, necessity, inevitability, etc. These meanings are always expressed by short adjectives or adverbs. Therefore, compound verbal predicates with this meaning of the auxiliary part always include a compound nominal micropredicate.
Note!
Adjectives: must, obligated, ready, compelled, able, glad, adverbs: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, it is a pity– are very often confused with verbs, since they are similar in function to them.
Test yourself in the above way: put the micropredicate in the past tense - they will not have a suffix -l, but a copula was, was, was, were(was forced, had to, was a pity, was necessary).
2. Main part a compound verbal predicate can be represented by a compound verbal predicate: an infinitive with a phase or modal meaning and an infinitive with a main lexical meaning.
Complicated GHS = auxiliary verb + GHS
He wanted to start working.
Main part (start working ) can act as an independent compound verbal predicate (cf.:He started working).
3. Auxiliary parta compound verbal predicate is expressed by a compound nominal micropredicate with a modal meaning (must, must, must, cannot etc.) and the main part expressed by a compound verbal predicate (two infinitives).
Complicated GHS = SIS + GHS
He was forced to start working.
Auxiliary part ( was forced ) – a compound nominal predicate with a modal meaning and an independent predicate cannot be. Main part ( start working ) is expressed by two infinitives (the first - with a phase meaning, the second - with a main lexical meaning). In another context, these two verbs can become an independent compound verbal predicate (cf.:He started working).
Structural complication of a compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate can also be complicated if its connective (in this case it is put in an indefinite form) is complicated by conjugated forms of phase or modal verbs (or compound nominal predicates with a modal meaning).
Complex SIS = auxiliary verb + copula-infinitive + nominal part
I I want to become a doctor.
In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor ) and compound verb ( I want to be ). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.
Complicated SIS = compound nominal micropredicate + copula-infinitive + nominal part of SIS
I should have become a doctor.
In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had ), compound verb (should have been) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor ).
Plan for parsing a complicated predicate
- Indicate the type of predicate in the part in which the main lexical meaning is expressed (complicated compound verbal predicate, complicated compound nominal predicate).
- Parse each part of the predicate according to the appropriate plan.
Sample parsing
I must leave today.
Must leave – complicated compound verb predicate. Main part leave expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate, in which the main part must be expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I I want to become a doctor.
I want to become a doctor become a doctor become ; auxiliary part Want has a modal meaning and is expressed by a verb in the present indicative mood.
I should become a doctor.
Should become a doctor– complicated compound nominal predicate. Nominal part ( doctor ) expressed by a noun in the instrumental case; seminominal copula become is part of a compound verbal predicate, in which the main part is expressed by an infinitive become ; auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate. It contains a nominal part must expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
In speech, quite often one can find complicated compound predicates, which consist not of two, but of three (and sometimes four) structural parts.
Structural complication of a compound verbal predicate
1. Auxiliary part a compound verbal predicate can be expressed not by a verb, but by a compound nominal predicate (copula + short adjective/adverb).
Complicated GHS = SIS + subject infinitive
He must leave.
As in any compound verbal predicate, two parts can be distinguished here: the main one is expressed by the subjective infinitive ( leave). Auxiliary part - short adjective must- has a modal meaning, but unlike modal verbs ( maybe he wants) an adjective cannot indicate tense and mood. Therefore, an adjective requires a verb connective (in this case it is a verb be in zero form). Consequently, within the compound verbal predicate one more can be distinguished - the compound nominal micropredicate ( must+ zero copula).
The role of the nominal part of such micropredicates is most often modal short adjectives: ; noun with preposition able; adverbs: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, it is a pity, it is a pity and etc.
This predicate is actually not complicated. In the Russian language, for example, there are no verbs with the modal meaning of obligation, necessity, inevitability, etc. These meanings are always expressed by short adjectives or adverbs. Therefore, compound verbal predicates with this meaning of the auxiliary part always include a compound nominal micropredicate.
Note!
Adjectives: must, obligated, ready, compelled, able, glad, adverbs: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, it is a pity- are very often confused with verbs, since they are similar in function to them.
Test yourself in the above way: put the micropredicate in the past tense - they will not have a suffix -l, but a copula was, was, was, were (was forced, had to, was a pity, was necessary).
2. Main part a compound verbal predicate can be represented by a compound verbal predicate: an infinitive with a phase or modal meaning and an infinitive with a basic lexical meaning.
Complicated GHS = auxiliary verb + GHS
He wanted to start working.
Main part ( start working) can act as an independent compound verbal predicate (cf.: He started working).
3. Auxiliary part a compound verbal predicate is expressed by a compound nominal micropredicate with a modal meaning ( must, must, must, cannot etc.) and main part expressed by a compound verbal predicate (two infinitives).
Complicated GHS = SIS + GHS
He was forced to start working.
Auxiliary part ( was forced) - a compound nominal predicate with a modal meaning and an independent predicate cannot be. Main part ( start working) is expressed by two infinitives (the first - with a phase meaning, the second - with a main lexical meaning). In another context, these two verbs can become an independent compound verbal predicate (cf.: He started working).
Structural complication of a compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate can also be complicated if its connective (in this case it is put in an indefinite form) is complicated by conjugated forms of phase or modal verbs (or compound nominal predicates with a modal meaning).
Complex SIS = auxiliary verb + copula-infinitive + nominal part
I I want to become a doctor.
In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.
Complicated SIS = compound nominal micropredicate + copula-infinitive + nominal part of SIS
I should have become a doctor.
In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have been) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).
Plan for parsing a complicated predicate
- Indicate the type of predicate in the part in which the main lexical meaning is expressed (complicated compound verbal predicate, complicated compound nominal predicate).
- Parse each part of the predicate according to the appropriate plan.
Sample parsing
I have to leave today.
Must leave- complicated compound verb predicate. Main part leave expressed by a subjective infinitive. Auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate, in which the main part must be expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I I want to become a doctor.
I want to become a doctor doctor become become; auxiliary part Want has a modal meaning and is expressed by a verb in the present indicative mood.
I should become a doctor.
Should become a doctor - complicated compound nominal predicate. Nominal part ( doctor) expressed by a noun in the instrumental case; seminominal copula become is part of a compound verbal predicate, in which the main part is expressed by an infinitive become; auxiliary part must has a modal meaning and is expressed by a compound nominal predicate. It contains a nominal part must expressed by a short adjective; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.