DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL AND PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCE

IN THE 70-90S OF THE XX CENTURY.

Plan:

8.1.Soviet education in the 70-80s.

8.2.The problem of humanization of education.

8.3. Russian pedagogy of the 90s.

The successes of the Soviet school, which the West drew attention to in the late 50s, were the successes of the school of a totalitarian industrial society, which most closely corresponded to its inner essence. Soviet education managed to get away from many of the problems and contradictions that it struggled with Western civilization in an attempt to overcome the tendency to unify man, turning him into a function of a huge social machine. The personality type generated by Soviet industrial civilization turned out to be completely unpromising for post-industrial Western society; The system of reproduction of this type of personality, which includes educational institutions, turned out to be equally unpromising. Despite all attempts to overcome excessive formalism in education, to bring the Soviet school closer to life, to introduce elements of the “school of labor” into its content and forms, the situation remained fundamentally unchanged until the end of the 80s.

Regression of Soviet education in the 70-80s. UNESCO data on the indicators of the youth intellectualization coefficient (IIC) are confirmed: from third (1953-1954) and second (1964) places, the USSR in the mid-80s moved to a place in the fifth ten for this indicator (the level of IIM in the USSR is 17%, USA and Canada - 57-60%). These data, on the one hand, confirm the effectiveness of “school-learning” in the conditions of an industrial society, on the other hand, they indicate its ineffectiveness in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of information technology and other factors that objectively lead to the formation of a post-industrial society and, as a consequence, to a sharp increase in the subjective principle in all spheres of social life.

The collapse of the totalitarian communist regime and the social system it generated in our country coincided with the deepest crisis of Soviet education and extremely ideological pedagogical science. Attempts to create a market economy, a rule of law, and a civil society indicate that pro-Western ideals are being revived in Russia. This also applies to pedagogical search, which mainly moves in line with Western approaches.

2. The problem of humanization of education

In the context of the collapse of communist prospects for the development of world civilization, the ideals of class struggle were replaced by universal humanistic values. It is in this context that the discussion of further prospects for the development of mankind and the means of their implementation takes place. The problem of humanization of education comes to the fore, which largely determines the leading trend in the development of the pedagogical traditions of Western civilization at the end of the 20th century and is becoming increasingly important for Eastern societies.

The problem of humanization of education arose especially acutely for domestic pedagogy in the second half of the 80s, although, despite 70 years of ideological pressure, the dominance of the “school of study” interspersed with elements of the “school of labor”, the expulsion of the child from pedagogy, the desire to form a devotee performer mode, the ideas of humanization lived and developed in Soviet pedagogy. Official science treated them with extreme caution and even hostility, trying to place them in the Procrustean bed of class ideology. Thus, Vasily Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinsky (1918-1970), who was accused of “abstract humanism”, that he “introduced a vague concept called humanity,” wrote (1967): “I am convinced that only humanity, affection, kindness can to raise a real person... I strive to ensure that our school is a school of warmth.”

In 1988, in the USSR, a number of concepts for general secondary education were developed in the center and locally; the problem of humanizing the school occupied one of the central places in them. However, perhaps most adequately it was developed by VNIK "School". The concept emphasized that the main defect of the modern domestic school is its impersonality. At all levels of the pedagogical process, the main thing is lost - the person. The student became an object of education, turned from a goal into a means of school activity, learning lost its meaning for him. The teacher, deprived of the opportunity to independently set educational goals and choose the means and methods of achieving them, also found himself alienated from the educational process. Both the teacher and the student have turned into different-sized “cogs” of the educational machine.

The concept pointed to the only possible way to overcome this alienation - the humanization of the school. “Humanization,” it said, “is the school’s turn towards the child, respect for his personality, trust in him, acceptance of his personal goals, requests and interests. This is the coincidence of the most favorable conditions for the disclosure and development of his abilities, for his self-determination. This is the orientation of the school not only to prepare the child for the future life, but also to ensure the fullness of his today's life at each of the age stages - in childhood, adolescence, adolescence. This is overcoming the current agelessness of education, taking into account the psychophysiological originality of various age stages, the characteristics of social and cultural context of a child's life, the complexity and ambiguity of his inner world. This is an organic combination of collectivist and personal principles, making it socially significant, giving him the awareness that “the free development of everyone is a condition for the free development of all.” Humanization is a key element of new pedagogical thinking. It requires a revision and re-evaluation of all components of the pedagogical process in the light of their human-forming function. It radically changes the very essence and nature of this process, placing the child at the center. The main purpose of the pedagogical process is the development of the student. The measure of this development acts as a measure of the quality of work of the teacher, the school, and the entire education system.

History of the USSR from Family Albums 80s. Part 1.

A series of articles from the Russian Project. In some places it is a little tendentious, but the consistency of what was happening in the country in dynamics is clearly visible.
The history of the USSR in the 80s from family albums is the way people saw it quite recently; naturally, these photographs cannot cover everything that happened then. We, those who are older, remember that time well, but those born in the 80s, not to mention those born later, know it mainly from the disgusting slander from the zombie box. "If we remain silent, the devil will triumph."

A number of photographs have a “continuation” today. How it was in the USSR and how it is now. The first half of the 80s is very similar to the 70s, so about school, kindergartens, holidays, etc. Very few photographs were selected. Those interested can watch the previous album.

I had to make two parts, although, in theory, they should have been combined into one - the events reflected in the photographs occur almost simultaneously, but it turns out too much.

The 80s were a very difficult period in the history of the USSR. This is his “golden period”, when there were no armies on Earth capable of defeating us, the time space stations and projects for lunar settlements, the emergence of future technologies and the conquest of the harsh nature of the USSR. But at the same time, this is also the period of development of his illness, which became fatal - the degeneration of the elite into a disgusting clique. The time of destruction of morality, lies and duplicity of ideologists, the beginning of civil and interethnic wars, Chernobyl, the time of the murder of a great country. Future Society Project.

The 80s are a point of bifurcation, a fork in the road - the USSR could become not a rudiment, but a real Future Society with developed and harmonious people, technologies for transforming nature, interplanetary flights, settlements on Mars, an unprecedented rise in science, technology, medicine, and education. This is, in general, how it was planned. But events began to develop in a different way and USSR-1 was killed by traitors at its own top.

Now, when we look at the advancing global crisis and the economic misery of the West, we see that complete victory there were literally a few steps. We didn't get there quite a bit.

Bibirevo. Beginning 80's

The glass and doors in the entrances are still intact, there are no iron doors or large windows welded with steel sheets - it is light in the entrance. Children can be allowed outside without fear. Now it seems almost incredible.

Haymaking. 80s

The horrors of Soviet collective farms.

New school. Mid 80's

This is now the construction of a new school - an event of national scale, which is reported in the news. During the years of Soviet Power, almost 200,000 (two hundred thousand) new schools were built in the USSR. There was enough money, and enough children were born. The Germans destroyed 82,000 schools and rebuilt them. In the 70s and 80s, from 1,500 to 3,000 schools were built every year, depending on the five-year plan - that’s 5-10 new schools every working day, if they were talked about even briefly, there would be no time for other news. It's hard to imagine now, isn't it?

"For children and adolescents in need of long-term treatment, with disabilities in physical development (deaf and hard of hearing, blind and visually impaired, with speech defects), delays or anomalies in mental development, special secondary schools(classes) are mainly of a boarding type. In the 1975/76 school year. there were 2.4 thousand such schools (436.3 thousand students)." (TSB - http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00075/36000.htm)

More than 200 pedagogical institutes and 65 universities were created to train teachers. Almost 2.5 million teachers worked in the USSR.

"I won't do it again!" 80s

Trusting relationship between student and teacher.

In the West, the relationship between student and teacher can under no circumstances be personal, human. For example, in the USA and Canada, teachers can easily lose their license just for human relations with students. There should be nothing human in the New Order - disunited people - cogs - ambitious, unhappy, lonely, easily controlled. It was very different in the USSR. The ideal from the very formation of the USSR was harmonious personality and the education system was built for this purpose. Another thing is that there were a lot of mistakes - for various reasons, partly from ignorance - after all, the country made the very first attempt in history to create such an entity, partly because the initial start from the position of “Russia-which-we-lost” was painfully low, partly because it took a lot of effort to fight off enemies. And from a certain period, the degenerate party leaders began to be afraid of a possible harmonious person and were not too persistent in his upbringing. But despite all the shortcomings, Soviet system education was the best in the world. It could have been made much better, but it wasn’t possible.

The first camera. 80s

Many boys were interested in photography, electronics, model making, and sports. For this purpose, there were special Pioneer Houses with many clubs for every taste - photography, radio, dancing, biology, and so on.

The first "triangle". Early 80's

Scooter. Sakhalin. Ser. 80's

They have been produced in the USSR since the 50s. In terms of production of motor vehicles (1.5 million per year), the USSR ranked 2nd in the world after Japan. Our cars were very actively sold for export. There were also imported scooters and mokiks on our roads - Czech, Japanese, even Italian. Mopeds (mokiks) and small scooters cost a little more than 100 rubles, and you didn’t need a license for them. The photo shows, formally speaking, a mini scooter - no need to “step over” the frame. The word "mokick" dates back to the 50s and meant being started by kicking the kick starter. In reality, they were often produced with an electric starter. I still haven’t recognized what kind of car it is in the photo. I saw these sometimes on the streets. But mostly there were other “big ones” like “Verkhovyna”.

A lot of boys in the USSR rode mopeds, especially in the 80s.

Cigarette behind the school. 80s

If a teacher was caught committing such a sin, they would “interpose”, that is, scold and inform the parents.

Graduate 8th grade Akhtubinsk. 1986

Boys and girls will go to very good vocational schools and technical schools, which in the West are called “colleges”. Some will remain in school for grades 9 and 10, mainly those who want to go to college. It’s strange - 10 years was enough to get the best education in the world, but now after the “reforms” in 12 years you end up with stupid and narrow-minded ignoramuses.

Barrel with kvass. Siberia 80s

Kvass was very cheap. A glass - 3 kopecks, a half-liter mug - 5.

Barbecue in nature. Siberia. 80s

“There was no meat in the USSR,” yeah. No matter how you look at the photographs, they are all picnics with meat and barbecues.

So they served. 80s

A group of young people at the dacha. Early 80s

These are not majors, not the children of sales workers - ordinary boys and girls. Most likely, from families of scientists. In my opinion, this is the Moscow region.

The adults are there too. Early 80s

Employees of the research institute at the ski resort in the Elbrus region. Early 80s

Caucasian ski resorts were some of the best in the USSR. Almost any Soviet person could go there. I emphasize - any. Georgian resorts were famous, especially Gadauri and Bakhkuriani. The Armenian Tsaghkadzor was one of the training points for the Soviet team, the Uzbek Chimgan was excellent, as well as the ski resorts of Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, the RSFSR - Altai, Ossetia and so on.

Typical photo shop. 80s

This is exactly what a typical Soviet photo shop looked like. The stores were simply filled with cameras, all kinds of lenses, photographic papers, reagents, lamps, flashes and other paraphernalia. I remember that time very well - I have been doing photography since 1980.

Soviet cameras were some of the best in the world - cheap, high quality and very reliable. They were exported to many countries around the world, even such as England (since the 50s). Reviews from Western experts about the quality of optics and mechanics were enthusiastic. The external decoration caused criticism - they did not look as presentable as Western ones, and, of course, the packaging. An interesting point - the British government has more than once banned the export of advanced Soviet models in order to save its manufacturer. Only the import of cheap ones like “Lyubitel” and then “Smena” was allowed. This is a “free market”, you know.

It’s hard to imagine now, but counterfeits of the Soviet brand “Zenith” were quite common - it was very popular. Small firms in Japan were especially guilty of this.

Foreigners were happy to exchange or buy Soviet cameras privately. The USSR produced approximately 10% of the world's number of cameras (approx. 3,500,000). The 60-70s are called the “golden time” of the Soviet photo industry. Starting from the 80s, shortages of some cameras began to periodically appear. What is very interesting is that problems began to appear not when the products became more complex, but when they were simplified and the range was reduced. That is, these were not problems of system complexity, but problems of centralized violation of control.

But still, the USSR’s position in this segment remained extremely strong. Death blow The industry was damaged by Gorbachev’s reforms and “perestroika,” just like everything else.

Residents of Pevek. Chukotka. Mid 80's

Just hard workers from the North. These are not employees of the Central Committee, not thieves or hucksters. A leather coat with a fur collar and “puffy” jackets, which were very fashionable at that time. Back then they went “to the North” to make good money. After working in the north for 10-15 years, you could easily move to a place further south, buy a house or a cooperative apartment, a car, and still have a lot left over. In the USSR they knew that “the northerners have money.”

Kindergarten "Teddy Bear". Chukotka 80s

That's why northern regions got used to it very quickly. Beautiful cities and towns were built there, with wonderful kindergartens, schools and hospitals. In total, approximately 120,000 kindergartens were built in the USSR during the years of Soviet power.

The horrors of totalitarian childhood. Are the exhausted children dressed in rags?

Northerner Temchenko. Chukotka 80s

Like this - in a leather jacket and a Kirovets. The people in the North have always been stern and strong - it cannot be otherwise.

Delivery of goods to the taiga. 80s

The USSR was the first in the world to begin intensive development of the North. Cities and military bases were built, and a huge amount of research was carried out. Almost all resources that are used now were discovered during the Soviet era.

Half of the territory of the USSR was in the permafrost zone. Even the Baikal zone belongs to the permafrost zone with a predominance of taliks (large areas of thawed soil). Despite the largest territory (1/6 of the earth's land), it is extremely difficult to use.

There is little economic sense in a territory that consists of tundra, swamps and impenetrable taiga, isn’t it? But there are also mountains and deserts, there are simply cold areas where any activity is ineffective compared to warm regions. These are areas of Karelia, the White Sea region, the north of Russia - there is no permafrost there, but living and working is very uncomfortable. As a result, the area of ​​territory relatively convenient for human activity in Russia has always been very small. The productivity of this territory of cold lands has always been very low in any field of economic activity - from agriculture, which is always many times less efficient than in warm Europe, to any industry.

In terms of effective territory area, Russia is inferior to countries such as Brazil, the USA, Australia and China. In particular, the effective territory of Russia is only 70% of the effective territory of the United States. This is despite the fact that quite a large part of the territory of our main enemy is located in an extremely favorable zone for activity - the tropics and subtropics (Florida, the Pacific coast, Hawaii, south Texas). And the “effective territory” of Russia itself is very different from that of, for example, England and France.

But we don’t have any other territory, so we’ll have to use the one we have. It’s kind of stupid not to use half of your territory, isn’t it? Inconvenient and expensive? In a capitalist system - absolutely. For example, Canada, in principle, has not been able to develop its northern regions, despite several attempts - and 90% of the population is huddling close to the warm border with the United States.

Northern pilots. 80s

The USSR was built as an integral system, as a single indivisible whole, and in it the development of the North and its inconveniences was very profitable. Everything was built as a complex - cities, power plants, roads, ports, mines, etc. Obviously, a large power plant for a mine has greater efficiency than a small and temporary one. Obviously, it makes no sense to build a large power plant just for a mine and a small village of shift workers. Therefore, its power must be used for sufficient large village, transport, processing cycles, port, etc. And if there is a port, then why not use what the sea provides - fish, crabs, shellfish? The life of a shift worker, to be honest, is very so-so - uncomfortable, far from family, but here everything is nearby - schools, kindergartens, hospitals, sanatoriums, excellent gyms and libraries, television via satellite - the Orbita program.

Individually it was ineffective or ineffective, but together it was very effective. And if you consider the role this played for the security of the state, it becomes clear that the role of the North is enormous.

Storehouses of minerals immediately became available. At the same time, northern routes, ports, infrastructure, resorts, tourist routes (Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kolyma) appeared based on the already formed infrastructure, and so on. Cruel northern nature turned to its other side - amazing and harsh beauty. You just need to know how to handle it.

Neighborhood of Sinegorye

The USSR knew how to do this better than anyone in the world, ahead of the whole world not by years - by an entire era. His leadership in the development and transformation of cold lands was absolute. Integrity, a single planned system - the know-how of the USSR, the first society of this type.

But that's not all - projects of space mirrors were being prepared, which were supposed to illuminate northern cities, creating unique thermal oases in the Arctic without destroying the ecosystem of the surrounding tundra.

Developing the North is much cheaper than, for example, Mars. Although the exploration of Mars and Venus was also planned. It is interesting that the exploration of Mars was planned to be carried out with the experience of the development of the Soviet North.

Dormitory. Cape Schmidt 80s

A network of small, carefully planned cities began to cover the North.

First, dormitories were built for construction workers and shift workers, and then cities and towns were erected, which is a delight to see. Without exaggeration.

By the way, as a result of the collapse of the USSR, 65% of the territory of the Russian Federation is in the permafrost zone and the top of the country is not interested in the development of the North - they are here temporarily.

"Yuzhak" - Pevek, Chukotka 80s

In addition to the severe cold in those places, there is another test - hurricane winds. Yuzhak is usually a spring wind that brings a storm.

Pevek now

One thing is obvious - the market economy is many times, many times less efficient than the socialist one. An example before our eyes is the USSR. The “ineffective” USSR had enough money to build cities, maintain a powerful army, brilliant science, excellent education, advanced technologies in many areas, the most advanced space, many schools and kindergartens, a decent, although not rich by Western standards, life for almost the entire population, there was enough money even to support developing countries and communist movements Worldwide. There is nothing even close to this in Russia - there is no money for it, despite the fact that the future of our children - raw materials - is being exported at an accelerated pace, and the country is simply being sucked to the bottom.

The USSR exported raw materials, but they accounted for the majority of export income even in the worst years - the Gorbachev years. In the 80s, the USSR earned only $12 billion a year from the export of hydrocarbon raw materials out of approximately $80 billion in total exports.

The Soviet Union was a major exporter of metallurgical, energy, chemical and other industrial equipment, reactors, cars, ships, helicopters and airplanes, televisions (mostly black and white), watches, optics, high-tech devices, isotopes, complex medical equipment, medicines, weapons . All this has been practically destroyed, only part of the military equipment and metallurgy from the times of the USSR remains, and even then only the old - under the “effective owners” nothing new has been created. The lion's share income comes from the export of raw materials.

That is, the conclusion really is this: Russia, “freed from totalitarianism,” is many times less effective than the USSR. Not to mention such concepts as humanity, morality, etc.

Pevek now

Moreover, the continuation of “reforms” means the death of Russia and many other fragments of a great country. Death is quick and cruel.

Kadykchan 80s

Mining town of Kadykchan. Once one of the most beautiful cities in the northeast of the country. Deposit of unique hard coals.

The city, as they say in those parts, was “unfrozen” (northern slang), that is, the heating and water supply system was frozen in the northern frosts. The authorities considered it unprofitable - a sharp drop in production in the country made unique coals unnecessary. Now, in order to restore it, it is necessary to change absolutely all the pipes in the city, inside every building, every room. That is, in essence, this means rebuilding the city. All. The city is completely destroyed.

The Dead City of Kadykchan now

Such cities were quite profitable under the USSR. The new regime and the formed socio-economic system showed a complete inability to manage a complex device. It is not even able to maintain the legacy inherited from the USSR - cities, infrastructure, factories, science, education, and the army. There is not even talk about building a new one. So who talked about the “ineffectiveness” of the USSR?

Sinegorye. Kolyma, 80s

The most beautiful city-village in the Magadan region. - Sinegorye. The hydropower city is the world's first large hydroelectric power station built in extremely harsh climatic conditions. The average annual air temperature is minus 12°C, the continuous spread of permafrost up to 300 m thick, the winter temperature drops below sixty degrees, seven months a year with negative temperatures make the construction of the Kolyma hydroelectric station a unique phenomenon in the practice of hydraulic engineering.

The height of the dam is 130 m. The hydroelectric power station building is located deep underground and houses five hydraulic units with a total capacity of 900 MW in an artificial underground cave. Water is supplied to the units through five tunnels, each 200 meters long. This is a masterpiece of world hydraulic engineering and energy. The first hydraulic unit was launched in 1981. The unique power plant was built in just 7 years.

The city-village of 10 thousand inhabitants had very comfortable residential buildings, a hotel, a cinema, a sports complex with a swimming pool, a games room and a gym, a hospital, a clinic, a dispensary in most beautiful place, kindergarten, school. - The communists mocked the people as best they could.

In total, it was planned to create a cascade of three hydroelectric power stations on the Kolyma River, building, in addition to the Kolyma hydroelectric station, the Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric station (started in 1991) and the Verkhne-Kolyma hydroelectric power station. Well, as you understand, things didn’t work out with them after the “collapse of totalitarianism.”

Sinegorye. Now

There are still areas there that support the Kolyma hydroelectric power station, but now it’s like this. The population declined sharply. Entire areas of the city were destroyed. People live so well that they don’t even need privatized restaurants. The only building that was built in 17 years was the church. Well, what would we do without her?

Sinegorye. Now

And how many such cities and towns are there - dead and half-dead in Russia? How many military camps were killed that could have lived with dignity? In today's Russia there is no place for them and for the people who lived in them.

In general, this is simply called a crime against one’s people and country. This is exactly what was previously directly called - treason to the Motherland.

Strong pitching. Sakhalin Fishermen. 80s

The USSR had a huge fishing fleet. After the destruction of the “ineffective USSR” the number of fishing vessels in Russia decreased by 2 times, more than 80% of the vessels are extremely worn out and belong to the so-called. "critical age", the fleet was practically not updated - the shipbuilding industry was destroyed more thoroughly than after defeat in a major war. Russian shipbuilding, which was one of the largest in the world, was on the verge of extinction.

In the late 80s, the USSR produced about 11 million tons of seafood, now it is about 3 times less, and 80% of what is officially produced is sold to foreigners for next to nothing. Not processed products, no - caught. But it's not just a matter of malicious intent - the processing industry was almost killed. The export of unprocessed seafood is a characteristic feature of a third world country.

Currently, seafood consumption in Russia is about 10 kg/person. while the medical norm is 19 kg, in the USSR, by the way, about 20 kg/person was consumed in the 80s.

Sakhalin Fishermen. 80s

It’s immediately obvious that they are very cool, persistent, skillful and brave guys.

An attempt to patch the hole on your own. Sakhalin 80s

In the wheelhouse. Sakhalin fishermen. 80s

Every three days a cargo or fishing vessel left Soviet shipyards - more than 100 a year, and now a third of that is already an event. The number of ships supplied is significantly less than those that are out of commission due to age and technical condition.

Delivery of the catch to the base. 80s

Then the fish and crabs were handed over to their base, and not quietly - to the Japanese. According to the former chairman of the Russian State Committee for Fisheries, Evgeniy Nazdratenko, more than 40 of our ships enter the ports of Hokkaido every day to unload. About 2 million tons of fish are smuggled out, but no one knows how much in reality. Nazdratenko reports that due to Russian poaching, the Japanese have 1500% of their profits, they have equipped their ports and the entire infrastructure. The total amount stolen from our people is at least 7 billion dollars a year. A “fish mafia” has formed and is thriving, extracting resources Far East. There is no real fight against this, and the threads go to the very top - to the so-called. "Russian Government". According to the most conservative estimates, the “fish mafia” extracts about another $3 billion a year. The Russian fishing industry is called the most corrupt of all.

The ships and floating bases were sold for next to nothing to foreigners and were destroyed by the incompetent and predatory exploitation of the remnants of the Soviet fleet. The losses of one of the largest and most successful fleets in the world cannot be accurately calculated. Many ships were sold for next to nothing, many were destroyed by exploitation for slaughter, but even more were transferred to other flags.

58% Russian ships Now they sail under foreign flags - it’s more profitable for shipowners. The situation with large ships is generally shocking - by the time of the collapse of the USSR, about 1,800 large ships were sailing under its flag sea ​​vessels. Now the Russian tricolor is on the flagpole of only 172 civilian ships. Patriotism has nothing to do with it - the main benefit, shipowners say openly.

The Japanese are now in charge of our Pacific waters. In 1998, the Russian “government” entered into an agreement under which Japanese fishermen were allowed to fish in the South Kuril Islands without complying with Russian laws and regulations in the field of fishing.

If this is not a state crime, then what is it?

Old Master. 80s. Kolomna. Photo: G. Chistyakov.

Such people built the USSR after the War.

They worked for the defense industry. Plant of Hydroacoustic Devices in Krasny Luch (photo by V. Dronov) 80s

The main purpose of the plant was the production of hydroacoustic and navigation systems for the navy. High tech.

Chassis for speakers of the Radiotekhnika 35 AC type. Photo: Kosanyuk L.

In addition, the plant produced very good audio speakers 35AC "Kliver", Ukraine, Krasny Luch - the foundry produces speakers that were very popular at the time, analogues of the Riga ones. The photo shows the finished chassis for the speakers.

Now this plant has been killed - it was closed due to the fact that it could not pay taxes, and its property was transferred to a small enterprise selling ketchup and vodka. The mechanical, frame and stamping, assembly and installation shops, plastics, printed circuit boards, galvanic and paint coating shops, including land and buildings, were valued at approximately $6 million. A high-tech plant of this level costs several billion.

They say that the so-called The “Ukrainian state” is as poor as a church mouse. So any rich country will go bankrupt if you sell the property 3 orders of magnitude cheaper than it is worth.

Strange, it was prosperous Soviet republic, and the hysteria with self-determination was created under the pretext that “Ukraine is being eaten up by Muscovites.” It’s like how “independent and independent” she would have lived richly and wonderfully if she hadn’t been in the USSR.

The result of all this is “on the face”. About the same as on the so-called face. "President" Yushchenko.

Chemical scientist R.A. Buyanov(in the center) 80s

A few words on the topic of Soviet science. The topic chosen was deliberately unpretentious - chemistry.

A typical worthy Soviet scientist, Roman Buyanov, created a fundamental theory of the magnetic action of catalysts in the low-temperature conversion of ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen. Sounds harsh, doesn't it?! And the result of this was the creation of a whole industrial production of liquid steam-hydrogen - this was the fuel on which our Buran spacecraft flew.

He and his collaborators also deciphered the “mechanism of the carbide cycle,” as a result of which fundamentally new types of catalysts and what are now called “nanomaterials”—carbon nanofilaments—were created.

The entire USSR industry for the production of synthetic rubber worked on these catalysts for more than 10 years. These technologies were bought from us by advanced countries like France. Modestly so. Yes, by the way, scientists have developed a scientific classification of all possible reasons deactivation of catalysts.

Soviet science was 5-10 years ahead of its competitors in this area. And in others, there was much more.

In 1979, Buyanov was appointed head of the Coordination Center of the CMEA countries on the problem of "Development of new catalysts." On his initiative, a technical project was prepared for the construction of a specialized catalyst factory in Tomsk, where the production of fundamentally new catalysts developed in social networks was soon to begin. countries. In theory, we were supposed to take a sharp lead; the plant promised colossal profits. Needless to say, the planned construction has not started? The USSR was facing an unprecedented technological takeoff, and not only in the field of catalysis. This was one of the most important reasons why he had to be killed so urgently.

Educational laboratory of the Institute of Chemical Technologies. DVK computers. 80s

Soviet computers are used to solve problems chemical technology. DVK computers (Dialogue Computing Complex) developed and produced in Zelenograd - Soviet " Silicon Valley"They solved their problem quite successfully; moreover, they united into unique local networks through special buses with control computers SM-1425. I had the opportunity to work for them. There was no fundamental lag in electronics and computers from the West at that time. It appeared as a result of “reforms”.

Do you know what happened to the Kvant plant, which produced it? After a series of raider attacks during the so-called. "President" Putin, a controlling stake in the plant was sold for... $7 million.

Construction team 80s. Cowshed.

The first detachments appeared in the USSR in the 60s and, in theory, were a very useful undertaking. The idea was that during the summer holidays, students formed special teams and went for 1.5-2 months to work where workers were needed. In the USSR, not only was there no unemployment, there was a constant shortage of workers. Students usually worked on city construction sites in rural areas in the construction of housing and infrastructure. There were also construction teams that worked on the restoration of cultural monuments (for example, in Kizhi), there were teams of student conductors on trains, etc.

Construction brigade memories are some of the best for many students during their student years. Friendship, student romances, acquired construction professions, bonfires and guitars, construction brigade traditions, sports competitions - in general, it was very cool. There were often adventures; for example, I had the opportunity to take part in putting out a steppe fire. Poor students could earn good money in the construction brigade. In the construction teams, of course, they drank, but they knew when to stop - you can’t work effectively if you’re too drunk. Payment was usually piecework-bonus ("accord"), that is, if you manage to deliver the object by a certain deadline, you will receive from 15 to 25 of the piecework amount on top.

Therefore, they didn’t particularly want to tolerate drunks and dunces in the squad. Construction teams were completely self-governing units and formed themselves - that is, a team meeting could accept anyone and nominate anyone.

The first detachments were built on the “commune” principle, that is, what they earned was divided equally. But in reality, this was expressed in a sharp drop in labor productivity and disinterest of good workers - why work until you drop if your money goes to some armless lazy person? For this reason, since the 70s, the time-tested “collective farm” system was introduced, but not additional workdays were credited, but the KTU was established - the labor participation coefficient, that is, the coefficient by which the base salary was multiplied. The KTU was established by general open voting at a detachment meeting. I must say that the KTU was installed very fairly.

All this was a wonderful experience for the young people. The construction brigades worked under the control of the Komsomol, the supervisors of the construction brigades had access to all local party organizations, they determined the locations of the brigades (where work was needed), monitored safety precautions and training of the MTR fighters (student construction brigades), if necessary, they usually immediately went to the party lines channels on local authorities to solve problems. In serious cases, the leadership of the VSSO (All-Union Student Construction Teams) could apply for help directly to the CPSU Central Committee, because the entire movement was supervised by the Komsomol Central Committee.

The construction teams were a great chance to see our huge country. Well, when, for example, would a person get ready to go to a Kazakh village or to the White Sea? And it was very useful for aspiring intellectuals to get a feel for what intense physical labor was like.

"Hurry - the chord is burning!" Construction team 80s. Cowshed.

But the MTR also has its other side: the construction teams (“construction teams”) of the 80s in many places degenerated into the most ordinary gang with all its disgusting sides. The processes of decomposition of the country's elite, which became completely obvious by the mid-80s, had a very strong impact on the construction brigade movement. Although... where were they not reflected?

"Shabashki" - seasonal work for the purpose of large earnings, a phenomenon that emerged in the USSR in the 60-70s. Due to intensive urbanization processes, the share rural population sharply decreased, while at the same time the share of the population with higher education, that is, the number of workers in agriculture for heavy physical labor has noticeably decreased. Khrushchev's destruction of the highly developed system of cooperatives and artels in the USSR led to a severe imbalance in the economy. A large number of orders appeared from collective farms that Mezhkolkhozstroy, a specially created centralized organization, could not fulfill. Small jobs were difficult to carry out - there was no scope for a centralized organization.

At the same time, the progressive wage system was destroyed, the attempt on which in Stalin’s time was equated with anti-state activity. Progressive system- this is when, when the plan was fulfilled over 100%, the payment coefficient was a share of the excess of 1.5, over 150% -2, over 200% - a multiplier coefficient of 3. This was “slave labor”. Did you think that mass movement Stakhanovites was based on sheer enthusiasm under the leadership of the Communist Party? Yeah... There was enthusiasm too, naturally, but there was also very good money. And then all this was taken away from people and the people began to respond with increasing indifference.

Collective and state farms still had a share of financial and organizational independence left over from Stalin's times. They had the right to enter into seasonal agreements with the so-called. "temporary labor collectives". From this opportunity and the beginning of the deregulation of the USSR economy in the post-Stalin period, the “coven” were born.

The unusual situation was that the shabash teams were usually staffed by non-professional builders who worked during their summer vacation. Often, research workers with academic degrees worked in coven teams. They worked in gross violation of safety regulations, 12-16 hours a day. For a season (approx. 2 -2.5 months) with the “right hillock” (team leader), a good coven worker earned 3-4 thousand rubles, sometimes up to 7-8 thousand, which was significantly more than his annual earnings at his main job.

What negative psychological effect this had on the image of the country in the eyes of its citizens, I think there is no need to explain.

A similar thing happened with construction teams. For example, I was a concrete worker, fortunately God did not harm me with my health. During the construction team season in the mid-80s (about 1.5 months), I brought about a thousand rubles - and this already took into account food and travel. KTU (labor participation rate) was quite good, but damn, where in the USSR did a professional concrete worker earn 1000 a month, even for a 12-hour working day like ours? And a professional concrete worker was clearly no match for a self-taught student, albeit strong and smart. Another thing is that this concrete worker was not interested in working the way they worked in the 30s - 50s, that’s all.

What happened in reality - the chairman of the collective farm knew that for a salary of 300 rubles no one would come to him, so large amounts were obtained through registrations on collective and state farms. Well, who will check whether you painted the wall at the Zapupinsky collective farm with two layers or five?

Often the commander shared money with the chairman, who closed the fake outfits. In general, under Stalin, people were easily “undeservedly repressed” for such things and sent to work in the cold, fresh air.

In large cities this was usually not allowed and people earned money there as it should have been - 200 rubles per season.

In remote places like Siberia and especially in Central Asia it flourished. In Central Asia, by the 80s, mafia pyramids had formed in many places, where stolen money was transferred up to the level of the Central Committee of the republic. And what about our all-powerful KGB and Ministry of Internal Affairs? And they weren’t allowed to do much work and destroy - and from the center.

And the result of this was this - a whole cohort of hardened cynics grew up from construction brigade leaders and their party and Komsomol patrons. Moreover, unique mafia clans were formed, consisting of proven accomplices. From the construction brigade figures, Komsyuk’s perestroikas turned out - “Gorbachev’s infantry”. They greeted “perestroika” choking with squeals - it was their time.

It was they, together with the institute secretaries, who launched the scam with NTTM (scientific and technical centers for youth creativity). STTM centers began in 1987 active work on pumping non-cash money into cash, playing an important role in the destruction of the Soviet financial system. It is significant that NTTM did not pay any taxes at all (!), but 30% was transferred to local and central NTTM funds. There were, of course, devotees who did not participate in this obscenity, but honestly promoted innovative models, but alas, they did not make the difference.

The degeneration of the leadership of the Komsomol and the CPSU was almost complete. With such a leadership, the country was doomed, despite its powerful economy and skilled people.

Cashing out took place for 50% of the cost of the fake order for “scientific development” given to such a center. The mechanism of theft and division of stolen goods with superiors had already been worked out on construction teams. “Komsomol capitalism,” as it was called then, got a green light in the plunder of the country, huge sums were “unfastened” to their “roofs” in the Central Committee and other key organizations. NTTM and the enterprises created under them received exclusive right for the import of office equipment and the export of some products for foreign currency, which was used to purchase office equipment, which was then sold for rubles. The profit on one cycle reached 2000% - I'm not kidding at all. Are you saying drugs are profitable? No, the most profitable thing is to plunder your country.

People who did not participate in this were thrown out of the system. This is how the first Komsomol oligarchs were formed under the close control of the CPSU Central Committee and the leadership of the Soviet secret services. Cunning accomplices gathered around such centers of crystallization, contacts were established with organized crime - Russian business was formed. Interestingly, the very famous Menatep bank at one time was registered as... a subsidiary farm of one such NTTM, and NTTM could receive loans without interest and immediately gave this money for growth.

The names of these figures are on everyone’s lips, and their faces are on TV. I don't want to put photos here. Their curators usually did not occupy the seats of the central chairmen, but took control of key points of the state apparatus. The result was the bastard system that exists now.

Could this be stopped? Easily, and strictly within the law, but this was not done in principle - the goal of the degenerated elite was different.

The occurring phenomena were not properties of Russian socialism, they were just signs of its illness, which was not purposefully treated. After the destruction of the USSR, all these diseases, coupled with new ones that appeared, turned the country into a walking, rotting corpse.

Did people, for example, ordinary Komsomol members, see this? They saw and looked at it with disgust.

Without a doubt, real Komsomol members of the 20-40s would have slapped all these Komsyuks without hesitation as a classic “counter.” These are precisely the “contras” - traitors who destroyed the system and the country, which they swore to serve until their last breath.

Head of the department and secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee. 1989

This is how the photograph is named by the author; this komsyuk was the secretary of the Komsomol committee of his institute. Since the 70s, only Party members have held such positions. They say that then, just before the partition, the Komsyuk, his name is not worth mentioning, briefly became a member of the Komsomol Central Committee. Look at his sweet face and the face of an old veteran. Now this young, fiery Komsomol leader is one of the famous TV presenters, and of course, an anti-Soviet. This is not surprising - traitors hate those they betrayed most.

In those days, the Komsomol-party line was followed either by hardened cynics and careerists, or by weak idealists who could not resist the cynics. It was disgusting for normal people to meddle in this shithole. IN full force the mechanism of negative selection worked - when the worst were at the top. By the way, now the situation is many times worse than then.

You understand a little what happened in 37-39. and why did you have to clean the top? But if a figure like Stalin had come in the late 80s, how many “innocents” would have suffered...

80s to be continued.

Pavel Krasnov

Schools in the USSR were very different from modern ones. And I had Soviet school one feature. Common school uniform for the whole country. The most interesting thing is that the uniform of those times is still popular among graduates - a school dress with a white apron, usually white knee socks and the obligatory white bows. On ordinary days, girls went to school in dark aprons. The boys had an emblem on the sleeves of their jackets, which depicted an open book and the sun. At that time, everyone was either an October warrior, or a pioneer, or a Komsomol member, and they always wore a corresponding badge on the lapel of their jacket or dress. In the 1st grade, all schoolchildren were accepted into the October class. In the 3rd - to the pioneers. Moreover, first of all, excellent students, and secondly and even thirdly - those whose academic performance or discipline were lame. I was accepted into the Komsomol in the 7th grade.

In the 80s, every more or less large enterprise had its own pioneer camp, where they sent the children of their employees. The vast majority of Soviet children have visited a country pioneer camp at least once. In addition, in all cities, as a rule, at schools, “urban” camps were created with daytime stay for children. Each suburban pioneer camp operated in three shifts, each lasting approximately three weeks. All children in the pioneer camp were divided into groups according to age. The 1st detachment was the oldest. Then 2nd, 3rd, etc. Various children's camps worked in pioneer camps. amateur groups based on interests, conducted military sports game"Zarnitsa" During the shift, various games, hikes, competitions were held in the camp... At the end of each summer shift, a “Farewell Bonfire” was organized.

The selection of products in grocery and department store stores in the 80s was far from amazing in its variety. Residents of all nearby cities went to Moscow to buy food. At this time, in 1985, a new scourge fell on the heads of Soviet citizens: the anti-alcohol campaign. All over the country, all alcohol disappeared from store shelves, restaurants and cafes. Of course, Soviet holidays did not become alcohol-free. People switched to moonshine, cologne, medical alcohol and other home-made booze.

In the Soviet assortment there was a clear shortage of products that could simply be pulled out of the refrigerator and eaten - sausages, cheeses, pates, not to mention some caviar or ham. Even sprats were a delicacy that was given in sets for the holiday. And only in Moscow, after standing in a long line, it was possible to buy sausages, salami or ham and not worry about tea and sandwiches for several days... In provincial cities it was practically impossible to get them. And this despite the fact that in many cities meat processing plants were operating at full capacity!

They brought good chocolates from Moscow - “Squirrel”, “Bear Bear”, “Little Red Riding Hood”. They brought instant coffee, oranges, lemons and even bananas. Moscow seemed like a fabulous place where extraordinary people live. We also went to Moscow to buy clothes and shoes. In Moscow they bought everything, from buckwheat to children's tights, because... all this was in short supply in the middle zone.

Grocery stores of that time had several departments. Each department sold its own product groups. It was worse if the department sold goods by weight. First, you had to stand in line to weigh the goods, then line up at the cash register, get a receipt, and then line up again at the department. There were also self-service supermarkets - like today's ones. There, goods were paid for at the checkout when leaving the hall. At that time, every schoolchild went to buy milk. Due to the scarcity of product range in stores at that time, milk and dairy products occupied a fairly significant place in the diet of Soviet people. Porridge was cooked in milk. Noodles and horns were cooked with milk. In the USSR, dairy products were packaged in glass containers, which were washed and handed over at special collection points for glass containers. As a rule, they were right next to the stores. There were no labels on the bottles. The label was on the lid. Milk bottles were closed with caps made of soft foil of different colors. The name of the product, date of manufacture, and cost were written on the lid.

Sour cream was sold on tap from large metal cans. There were several types of butter - butter and sandwich. Loose butter cost 3 rubles 40 kopecks per kilogram, and a pack of butter cost 72 kopecks. Milk in the Soviet Union was made from milk! There was sour cream in the sour cream, kefir in the kefir, and butter in the butter. At lunchtime, as a rule, fresh milk, bread and some other products were brought to each grocery store. Therefore, when the store opened after the lunch break, it was often possible to buy everything specified by the parents. You could also buy ice cream!

The iconic dairy product in the USSR was condensed milk. Children's favorite treat. Condensed milk produced in the USSR was packaged in tin cans with white and blue labels. They drank it straight from the can, punching two holes with a can opener. It was added to coffee. It was boiled directly in a closed jar to be eaten boiled or used for cake. During the time of food shortages at the end of the USSR, condensed milk, along with stewed meat, was included in holiday food packages distributed according to coupons and lists in individual organizations, as well as to certain categories of citizens who had benefits by law (participants and disabled people of the Great Patriotic War, etc.).

It was difficult to buy a good outfit, so we looked for decent fabric in advance and went to an atelier or to a familiar dressmaker. If a man, in preparation for the holiday, only had to exchange his home workouts for a shirt, and, perhaps, as a sign of special affection, shave, then it was much more difficult for a woman. And she could only rely on her own ingenuity and skillful hands. They used: henna, hydrogen peroxide, curlers. “Leningrad” mascara was mixed with flour and applied to the eyelashes. Using various household dyes, flesh-colored nylon tights were dyed black. The height of fragrant chic was the Klima perfume, the bottom limit was the Perhaps perfume. A man was supposed to smell too, but the choice was even smaller: “Sasha”, “Russian Forest”, “Triple”.

There was very little cosmetics in the USSR, and if there was, they didn’t buy it, but “got it out.” Mascara was produced in pressed form and had to be diluted with water before use. However, water was not always at hand, so Soviet fashionistas simply spat into a box of mascara. The most desperate ones separated their eyelashes with needles or pins. Women in the 80s had a practice of using cosmetic products “inappropriately.” Many women already then figured out the current fashionable technique among makeup artists - using lipstick as blush. An even complexion was ensured by the legendary cosmetic product of those years - the Ballet foundation from the Svoboda factory. Instead of colorless lipstick, Vaseline was usually used, and instead of hand cream, glycerin was used, which could almost always be bought at the pharmacy.

The object of particular desire was the Este Lauder Blush from the company store, which could only be accessed by special invitation. All women of that time dreamed of Lancôme “golden roses” and Dior powders and lipsticks packaged in blue boxes. If you ask ladies whose youth occurred during these years, they will remember the perfume “Climat” and the legendary fragrance “Magie Noire” from Lancôme, as well as “Opium” from YSL and “Fidji” from Guy Laroche. Most Soviet women knew about the famous “Chanel No. 5” only by hearsay, and a very small number of ladies used them in real life.

Traditional dishes on holidays were Olivier salads, Herring under a fur coat, Mimosa, fried homemade cutlets, made sandwiches with sprats, cooked jellied meat, baked chicken, and homemade marinades. One of the most important dishes on the festive table was cake, which was very difficult to buy. Most often they baked homemade Napoleon. The drinks were not particularly varied: “Soviet champagne”, “Stolichnaya” vodka, “Buratino” lemonade, fruit juice and compote. In the late 80s, Pepsi-Cola and Fanta began to appear on tables. The festive table was always prepared thoroughly, even if no guests were expected, and the celebration took place in the family circle!

For the New Year, a Christmas tree was installed in every house. A garland of multi-colored lights was arranged on the tree and Christmas decorations were hung - shiny glass balls of different colors, satellites, icicles, bears and bunnies made of cardboard, coated with varnish and glitter, snowflakes, beads and crackers. Below, under the tree, Santa Claus made of papier-mâché was installed on pre-laid gauze or cotton wool! A star was placed on the top of the tree.

The choice of gifts for the holidays was very limited. In the absence of normal gifts, when going on a visit, they carried with them whatever delicacies they could get, jars of canned exotic fruits, black or red caviar, and chocolates. You could buy a book, a bottle of perfume, an electric razor, etc. Parents brought children's New Year's gifts from work. The trade union committee consistently provided parents with children's gifts - one for each child under 14 years of age. For holiday parties, firecrackers and sparklers were purchased - at that time this was the only “pyrotechnics” with the help of which they kept the fun going. Only rocket launchers, which not everyone had, could add variety to such fun.

Almost every New Year, films were shown on television: “ An ordinary miracle" and "Sorcerers". The main New Year's film is “The Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath.” Many already knew these films by heart, but nevertheless enjoyed watching them again. On New Year's Eve, everyone traditionally gathered around a festively laid table and said goodbye. old year and met the New one. We watched TV, listened to music. And in the morning, after the “Blue Light,” “Melodies and Rhythms of Foreign Pop” was shown on TV for the only time a year! Boney M, Abba, Smokie, Africe Simone.…

In the 80s there was no entertainment other than the cinema, bar or dancing. Bars and cafes were not open at night. Soviet or Indian films were shown in cinemas. The main activity for young people, besides drinking port wine at the entrance, studying well and joining the Komsomol, was dancing, and they called it a disco. The music at the discos was collected from everything that came to us “from there” mixed with the best that we had. Alla Pugacheva tried to stand out from total mass with his airy, vast robes, and Valery Leontiev frightened elderly grandmothers with his terribly tight trousers. The discos featured: Forum, Mirage, KarMan, Laskovyi Mai, Na-Na and a performer parodying Western musical performers, Sergei Minaev. In addition to dance groups, the groups “Sunday” and “Time Machine” were popular. Hits of famous foreign musical groups and performers were heard more and more often: Modern Talking, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Scorpions and others.

How old were you in the 80s? 10? 15? 20? Do you remember the atmosphere of general goodwill and mutual respect that reigned in Soviet times? Inner peace, awareness of life goals and ways to achieve them. Confidence in everything for decades to come. An opportunity to take a worthy place in life. Do you remember how in May everyone went to demonstrations? Everyone took to the streets with balloons and flags, congratulated each other and shouted “HURRAY!” And the children were placed on the shoulders. Rubber bands in the yard.... Collecting scrap metal and waste paper at school.... Community work days.... Subscription to the magazines "Funny Pictures", "Pioneer", "Crocodile", "Science and Life".... Do you remember school “dance evenings”, discos in pioneer camps, in cultural centers? Songs that were carefully copied from cassette to cassette and listened to “to the holes.” Songs that we went to listen to at each other’s houses...

In general, music in the USSR was considered something unnecessary for the daily life of a citizen, a kind of acceptable surplus (except, of course, for songs performed by a choir - at a pioneer line, in military formation, etc.). Therefore, devices for playing and recording music were treated more like things closer to luxury items than everyday items. Most houses had record players. Musical recordings in the USSR were sold on Melodiya records. Records with fairy tales for children were also produced. Entire generations grew up in the USSR listening to fairy tales recorded on records. It was quite difficult to “get” records with recordings of popular pop singers at that time.

In the eighties, most residents of the USSR acquired tape recorders. There were queues for especially fashionable ones, like Vega and Radiotekhnika. Domestic reel-to-reel film and cassettes were also everywhere. The tape recorders were extremely expensive. By the mid-80s, the USSR had learned to produce pretty good reel-to-reel tape recorders. They didn't break down often and didn't produce the worst sound. However, who in those years wanted a reel-to-reel tape recorder? They were bulky, non-transportable, and even the process of loading the film itself required a certain skill. But most importantly, by that time reels were already rapidly being replaced by cassettes. Soon, among youth and teenagers, the reel-to-reel tape recorder was considered a hopeless archaism.

Soviet tape recorders, accessible to most, like Soviet cassettes, were simply terrible. The film in Soviet cassettes was comparable to a tape recorder. It could provide only very modest recording quality, and if you tried to re-record frequently, it quickly broke down. But the tape recorders really liked this film! They With great pleasure chewed it at every opportunity. This case was shrewdly provided for by cassette manufacturers, and therefore there were often no screws on their casing.

The height of desire for music lovers, of course, were Japanese tape recorders - Sharp, Sony, Panasonic. They stood proudly on the shelves of thrift stores, flaunting breathtaking price tags. Imported goods (in small quantities entering the USSR market) were perceived by the population as “prestigious” and of high quality. There were virtually no cheap imports, including “Chinese” ones, at that time. Tape recordings were re-recorded from cassette to cassette, and therefore double-cassette tape recorders were especially valued.

In stores, along with Soviet ones, imported cassettes were also sold, and of a variety of brands. They all cost exactly the same - nine rubles for a 90-minute cassette. Imported cassettes were called by sonorous names of manufacturers - Basf, Denon, Sony, Toshiba, TDK, Agfa. The masterpiece of the domestic manufacturer was named without the slightest glimmer of imagination - MK, which meant nothing more than a tape cassette.

For individual categories consumers (the so-called “nomenklatura” - party, Soviet and economic officials) were introduced privileges in the supply, including goods in short supply (order tables, “200th section of GUM”, a special service store on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, etc.). Personal pensioners (a privileged category of pensioners), depending on the category of their personal pension, received “grocery orders” constantly or for holidays, and could buy goods inaccessible to the rest of the population in closed distributors. There were a number of parallel systems of trade (distribution of goods) with privileged supplies and limited access: for example, WWII veterans and those equivalent to them; Doctors of Science, Corresponding Members and Academicians.

GUM had closed sections for high-ranking officials and other privileged categories of the nomenklatura, party leaders, and generals. The Beryozka currency stores traded scarce goods for “checks” (certificates), for which it was necessary to exchange the foreign currency in hand. It should be noted that the quality of goods in these stores was excellent: they did not sell rubbish. In addition to the assortment of food and consumer goods, there were other “departments” in this network - in which you could purchase furniture, appliances, furs, and even cars. In 1988, a decree of the USSR Council of Ministers was published stating that from July 1, the circulation of Vneshposyltorg checks would cease and the Beryozka stores would be closed forever. Monstrous queues lined up at “Berezok”; literally everything was frantically swept off the shelves! The owners of the checks tried by any means to get rid of them before the announced closure date. Citizens of the USSR received the right to legally own foreign currency and, accordingly, spend it only in 1991.

There were also “speculators” (farmers) in the USSR. “Farza” is a synonym for the word “speculation” (purchase and sale for the purpose of profit), and “fartsovschiki” are, accordingly, speculators who bought “branded” (foreign) goods cheaper in order to later sell them at a higher price. Various segments of the population of the USSR were engaged in the craft of “fartsovka”: foreign sailors and flight attendants, military personnel of foreign contingents of the SA and students, taxi drivers and prostitutes, athletes and artists, party officials and ordinary people. soviet engineers. In general, everyone who had at least the slightest possibility purchase scarce imported goods for subsequent resale. But the biggest money was in circulation with the “currency traders” (currency traders). Currency traders paid special attention to the Beryozka chain of stores. For some currency traders, games with the state ended sadly.

Fartsellers were divided into professionals who were constantly engaged in this business (being listed as some kind of watchman somewhere), and amateurs who occasionally sold foreign items that they accidentally got, which they “pushed” (sold) among friends or handed over to “komki” (commission the shops). But there were always Soviet citizens who wanted to wear a foreign item and were willing to pay exorbitant prices for it.

A separate supply system for military personnel and their families was carried out through Voentorg. There were also so-called “Salons for newlyweds” - coupons were issued for the purchase of goods of the appropriate range (rings, dresses and suits, etc.) in them, according to a certificate from the registry office. Sometimes, young people registered at the registry office as newlyweds, only for the purpose of purchasing scarce goods. But by the end of the 80s, these salons began to be filled with consumer goods and ceased to justify their purpose due to the lack of scarce goods in them. At industrial enterprises at that time there was also a system of supplying workers with scarce goods - “food rations”.

Soviet trade workers, by virtue of their profession, received privileged access to scarce goods. Scarce goods were hidden for " the right people", or, under the guise of a benefit, was sold at exorbitant prices. A whole set of terms for such trade has appeared: “trading from the back door”, “from under the counter”, “under the counter”, “through connections”. The resale of scarce goods at free prices in the USSR was classified as a criminal offense (“speculation”).

To purchase a scarce product, which was often put on the counter suddenly, as they said, “thrown away,” it was necessary to stand in line, or even several lines, for each type of product separately. Many people always carried a special string bag with them for such an occasion (“just in case”), since there were no plastic bags for sale in grocery stores and these bags themselves were a scarce commodity. People invented many ways to avoid days of exhausting standing in lines, which also did not guarantee the purchase of goods. For example, it was possible to break into a store using brute physical force.

Places in the queue were sold (the price depended on how close to the head of the queue the place was, how scarce the goods were) - there was even a saying “If you stand in line well, you don’t have to work,” you could hire a “waiter” who I would stand in line for you. Durable goods were also “signed up on a waiting list.” There were certain days for registration, and in order to get on the list, people lined up in the evening, working shifts with relatives overnight, so that in the morning, by the time the registration began, they would be as close as possible to the top of the list. Moreover, the entry was of an incomprehensible nature: in addition to checking in at the store, you also had to come and check in with strange, enterprising people on certain days, so as not to be crossed off the list. In order not to forget the three-four-digit number during roll call, it was written down with a pen on the palm of the hand.

Nowadays, the Soviet Union is either idolized or fiercely hated, and debates about where life was better - in the USSR, or in present-day Russia - have not subsided to this day. The USSR had its advantages in the form of free housing, education and healthcare, very low prices for food, medicine and transport.

The student's scholarship in 1983 was 40-55 rubles. The increased stipend is 75 rubles, really big, five rubles more than the salary of a cleaner or technician. The minimum wage was 70 rubles. Salaries, as a rule, were paid 2 times a month: advance and pay. The advance was usually made on the 20th of each month; it was a fixed amount. And for settlement they gave out what was left after the advance was deducted. The salaries of teachers and doctors in the USSR were low. Nurses received 70 rubles, head nurse 90. Doctors received 115-120 rubles, they were allowed to work one and a half, two “rates”. At a defense enterprise, at so-called “secret” facilities, a salary of 140 rubles could be given to a young specialist immediately after graduation.

Many of us were born in the era of a powerful state - Soviet Union. Some earlier, some later. This time can be remembered in different ways - positively, neutrally or negatively. But the following facts remain indisputable. In the 80s, you could live on three rubles for a week. Butter cost 62 kopecks per 200 grams, bread 16 kopecks. The most expensive sausage is 3 rubles and kopecks. Ticket for a trolleybus, bus, tram - 5 kopecks. For one ruble you could buy a full lunch in the canteen (borscht, goulash with mashed potatoes, a glass of sour cream, compote, cheesecake); 33 glasses of lemonade with syrup; 100 boxes of matches; 5 cups of “Ice cream” or 10 cups of milk ice cream; 5 liters of bottled milk. And, most importantly, prices did not rise every day, but were stable! This is probably where the majority of the population has nostalgia for those times. Confidence in today and tomorrow is a great thing!

They say that Soviet man is a utopia, that he did not exist, no, and cannot exist. But there are our memories of Soviet times. About ordinary Soviet people. About what surrounded ordinary Soviet people... In general, in recent years it has begun to seem to many that it used to be more hope, more expectations of something bright and wonderful. Somehow people treated each other warmer. Either we've gotten older, or times have changed...

There is a very good quality in human nature. Over time, everything bad and negative is forgotten, erased like an unnecessary, unloved tape. Only bright, beautiful moments of the past remain in memory. And especially if this is the past - childhood and youth. The school discos of the mid-80s of the last century remained such wonderful memories of my youth.

Yes, yes, you heard right. At that time there were already “discos”, and not “dancing for young people in a club”. We, the Soviet younger pioneer generation, were very drawn to the advanced and forbidden, and therefore unknown and, as it seemed to us, ultra-modern Western current of life. It thundered throughout the world with incendiary disco rhythms, the popularity of which became the prototype of school soulful parties. Because of the “hillock”, numerous records and vinyl records of then popular performers leaked into the “scoop”.

I remember our first disco in seventh grade, dedicated to the Holiday Spring, my friend brought rare foreign pop records to school, which he took from his uncle, a sailor long voyage who was abroad at the time. And the best, in his opinion, Joe Dassin's record immediately went on an old school record player with one rag speaker. In the pronunciation of the performer’s surname, the proud owner of the record emphasized the first syllable, which was immediately corrected by a classmate “who knew a lot about music.” By the way, our grown-up girls classmates liked Joe Dassin’s wonderful soulful rhythms. And we, childishly naive teenagers, overcoming shame and blushing, invited them to a slow dance. With the lights on and the teacher in his usual place (at his desk in the corner by the window), checking notebooks, at the “pioneer” distance between those dancing in pairs, these dances awakened unimaginable imagination and excited thoughts... Then it was the height of happiness and tenderness.

Large school discos in the assembly hall were held on New Year's Eve and at the end of the school year. Their great popularity attracted almost one hundred percent participation of high school students. The girls came in their best clothes and applied their first modest makeup. Many were embarrassed to dance, but they stared and envied those dancing at full speed. The best dance of the evening was the “white” slow dance, when the girls invited the guys. There were no DJs. Their place was taken by “advanced”, liberated and academically disillusioned C students, “who know a lot about music.” They brought more powerful Japanese equipment with amplifiers and huge speakers to school discos. Old “reel-to-reel” tape recorders were often used. The hall was in twilight and there were homemade light-music devices consisting of three or four traffic light filters blinking to the rhythm of the music. And any disco with a mirror ball illuminated by a bright stream of light and creating hundreds of “light spots” was considered advanced. Records were also hard to come by. Vinyl records from popular artists sold like crazy in retail and were a sought-after, expensive item on the black market.

The worn-out records replaced each other. The dynamic melodies of Bonnie em and Abba, Andriano Celentano and Puppo, “Disco Stars” and Space, Bee Gees and Pin Floyd, which became popular back in the late 70s and early 80s, were heard. The Beatles' immortal hits were often played.

A little later, the legendary hits of Modern Talking and everyone’s favorite singer CC Catch, Bad Boys Blue and Silent Circle, Pet Shop Boys and Sandra, Flirse and Savage burst into the disco speakers. The highlights of school discos were Heavy Metal bands - Metallica, Queen, Scorpions, Accept, ACNDC. Whose hits, with the permission of the director, were allowed to be played only once or twice per evening. Sometimes the little-familiar incendiary rhythms of Rock-n-Rolla slipped through. Only a few dancers danced it.

After the release of the beloved film “The Courier”, which accurately described the youth morals of that time, with its revealing music and dances at the end, the rhythms and movements of Brake Dance became very popular. Not a single school disco in the mid-80s took place without them.

Along with foreign performers, new domestic groups also became popular - Forum, Mirage, and even later - Tender May and remixes of Seryozha Minaev. The now in-demand songs of Yu. Antonov, A. Pugacheva, S. Rotaru were almost never played at modern retro discos. They were loved and listened to by people of the older generation - the same age as the stars, whose youth coincided with the first recognitions of legendary Soviet singers and singers.

We raved about popular music. They listened to it at home, copied each other's cassettes with their favorite hits, exchanged records, and chased new releases. There wasn't much recording equipment. And the height of dreams of that time for a young music lover was a real two-cassette Japanese tape recorder. Back then, the services of recording studios selling cassettes or recording new albums of famous artists on your cassette were in demand.

The class was stratified into groups of lovers of one or another style of music. I remember that the names of favorite groups and the names of performers were displayed in prominent places in school notebooks and diaries. And my school ruler with the inscription Demis Rusos, a Greek disco artist, was broken out of revenge and disdain for this style by a classmate, an ardent fan of Hard Rock.

Before school discos individuals they had “punk” haircuts and came in leather clothes with metal inserts and plaques. During discos, showdowns and serious fights sometimes occurred, after which it was forbidden to hold discos in the distinguished school.

And yet, that indescribable spiritual atmosphere of school discos, which contributed to the emancipation of teenagers, their rapid transformation into adults, the aggravation of sympathies and even the birth of the first Big feeling, remained in my memory for a long time (maybe even forever).

Modern schoolchildren are lucky. They sell briefcases and backpacks of different sizes and shapes, bright markers, funny pens, sharpeners in the shape of animals and cars, and the school uniform itself can be chosen to be comfortable and fashionable. Everything was different in our childhood. But childhood is childhood, and we were happy with what we had: notebooks, book covers, counting sticks, stencils... And, comparing with the modern attributes of school, we remember them now with a smile.

Diary and blotter.

The notebooks were simple, without drawings or inscriptions. On back side Rules of conduct for schoolchildren, a multiplication table, or, at worst, the words of songs were printed: “Let the fires fly, blue nights”, “Victory Day”, “Eaglet”, “Birch tree, rowan tree”, “Where the Motherland begins”, Anthem of the USSR . For some reason, the notebooks were in dirty, sad colors: blue, pink, green, yellow. It’s still a mystery to me why the checkered notebooks didn’t have margins? They had to be drawn by ourselves, and always with a red pencil, and not with a pen.

For some time we wrote with ink: first with fountain pens, which we dipped into sippy cup inkwells (they stood on every desk, and dead midges were always floating in them). No matter how neat and tightrope walker you were, you still couldn’t avoid blots on your desk or notebook. Later, stylus pens replaced the perpetually leaking automatic ink pens (dropper and threaded). By the way, fountain pens could be found at the post office and in savings banks back in the late eighties; they were used to fill out receipts and write telegrams.

The USSR Ministry of Education allowed the use of ballpoint pens only in the late 70s. Of course it was a breakthrough, all the children vast Motherland breathed a sigh of relief. And only now do you realize that an ink pen is expensive and stylish, and calligraphy is an art from which the Japanese, for example, still earn good money.

In order not to wait for the ink to dry, the page was blotted with a special piece of paper that was in each notebook - a blotter. This is an absolutely wonderful item that has gone into oblivion along with ink pens. And what a kind word it is - a blotter.

The pink, blue or lilac leaf was always covered in writing and drawings, and in general there were a lot of uses for it: cool airplanes were made from blotter paper, because the paper was lighter, crib sheets, and New Year’s snowflakes also turned out great. And notes for girls or boys! They silently fell into the “object of sighs,” unlike heavy paper leaves.

Boys, as a rule, quickly used this leaf, and not quite for its intended purpose: they chewed it in order to launch a ball through a tube at a neighbor. Unhappy modern children, what do they spit at each other?

School uniform

If you ask 40-year-old women what color they dislike most in clothing, 90% of them will answer: “Brown.” Blame it on the Soviet school uniform: the creepy dress Brown and a black apron. I still shudder at the memory of the touch of these prickly clothes (the dress was made of coarse wool) on my body. And note, it was worn all year round: in autumn, winter and spring. It was cold in winter and hot in spring in these clothes. What kind of hygiene are we talking about? I remember at one time they sold special tabs with cellophane, which were sewn into the armpit area of ​​dresses so that white salt stains from sweat would not appear.

A brown dress was supposed to be paired with a black apron and brown (black) bows - what a color combination! The festive school clothing set included a white apron, tights and bows.

In order to somehow diversify the boring uniform, mothers and grandmothers “had a blast” with collars and aprons: they were sewn from the finest lace, imported guipure, crocheted, they came up with styles of aprons with “wings”, with frills, etc. Sometimes there were simply masterpieces of handmade sewing. The girls tried to decorate their school clothes as best they could: pinned brooches, made leather appliqués, sewed in beads (however, strict teachers forced all this splendor to be removed, they also used a ruler to measure the length of the dress from the knee to the hem - God forbid it was a millimeter higher than it should be according to the instructions of the Ministry of Education).

Some parents managed to get a “Baltic” uniform through connections; it was a pleasant chocolate color and was made not from wool, but from some soft material. To be fair, I note that the Soviet uniform was made in different styles: a pleated skirt, tucks, pleats, etc. were used. And still we hated the uniform, fortunately it was abolished in the mid-80s... Although now sometimes I look at old photos and compare them with the current one school uniform, I think: maybe there was something in those dresses with aprons? Stylish and noble.

The collars had to be washed and sewn on every week. This, of course, was terribly stressful, but from the height of my current mind I understand that it was a good lesson in cleanliness for the girls. How many 10-12 year old girls can sew on a button and wash their own clothes?

But what was truly wonderful in those years were the milk shortcakes in the canteen! Amber in color, fragrant, crumbly! And very affordable in price - only 8 kopecks.

Yes, there were buns with jam, poppy seeds, cinnamon, muffins, sour cream and cheesecakes, but for some reason these are the shortcakes that come to mind.

High school students sported briefcases - black or red, and for students junior classes backpacks were indispensable. They were made of smelly leatherette, and the fastener buttons in them immediately broke. But the backpacks themselves were incredibly durable: they were used to ride down ice slides, sitting or on their stomachs, they fought with them, they were thrown into a pile after school, when it was necessary to urgently assemble a team to play Cossack robbers. But they didn’t mind, they lived and served for a whole year.

Czechoslovakian pencils

Nowadays, simple pencils (soft and hard) can be bought in any stationery department, but then the Czechoslovak Koh-i-noor pencils were considered the best pencils. They were brought from abroad or obtained through connections in a department store. They were made, by the way, from Californian cedar (at least in the past). How many of these yellow sticks with gold letters and gold pimples on the tip we made during our studies!

Bookend

Of course, a convenient thing, but very heavy. Especially for the student sitting in front - if he spun around and interfered with the lesson, he was hit on the head with a stand along with a book.

Logarithmic ruler

I personally didn’t know how to use this gadget, but for many botanists in those years it was indispensable. In Soviet times, when there were no computers yet, and the first electronic calculators were a curiosity, mathematical calculations were performed on it. The rulers were of different lengths (from 15 to 50-75 cm), and the accuracy of the calculations depended on it.

Using a ruler, you could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, exponentiation and root extraction, calculating logarithms and working with trigonometric functions. They say that the accuracy of operations could reach 4-5 decimal places!

For me, all these manipulations with the ruler were a very difficult matter, but it is impossible to overestimate its role in the life of mathematics students of those years. Recently I heard from one woman that her husband taught her to use a slide rule so that she could calculate the number of loops while knitting. “For me, even today, this thing is indispensable in drawing up various proportions,” the woman is sure.

I don’t like sharpeners; as a child, my dad taught me how to brilliantly sharpen pencils with a blade or a sharp knife. There were few sharpeners in those days, and they usually sharpened cruelly. By the time you achieve the “correct” lead, the pencil will run out, the only exception being a desktop mechanical device for sharpening pencils.

Just a toy

What can you not find in the schoolbag-satchel of a schoolchild of all times! But today you definitely won’t see such a funny toad toy, which was used during breaks and in after-school classes.

Each of us has our own memories of that time - bright and not so bright. What do you remember from your school childhood?