Neutral words examples. Neutral vocabulary

The meaning of NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

NEUTRAL VOCABULARY

Words not attached to a certain style speeches that have stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, vernacular), against the background of which they are deprived stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and the colloquial stagger, wander around; future - in comparison with the book future; look - in comparison with gaze; eyes - compared to eyes. Wed also (a stylistically neutral synonym is given first): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;

eat - eat, eat; complain - complain;

take care - please; delay - delay, procrastination; curly - curly; to lie - to lie; interfere - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; to deceive - to cheat; duel - single combat; death - demise; die - die; bury - bury. Wed : commonly used cross-style vocabulary.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Neutral vocabulary (cross-style)

Co stylistic point view of all national Russian vocabulary (except for dialect and slang words, as well as highly specialized terms) can be divided into three large groups:
1. Neutral vocabulary (cross-style);
2. Vocabulary oral speech;
3. Vocabulary of written speech.
Neutral (interstyle) words are used in any type of speech: in casual conversation and in the speech of a speaker, in all genres of fiction and journalism. That's why this vocabulary is called interstyle or neutral, that is, serving all styles of speech. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of special expression and emotions.
Neutral vocabulary- the basis of the vocabulary of the language, which includes various parts of speech: head, tree, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, hundred, I, mine, etc.
Neutral, interstyle vocabulary appears to be the background against which words belonging to written and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external features (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but they are still easy to find among other stylistic layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words: dunce, birch, consolidation, spiritualized, sign, prerogative, conversation, grin, good, watch, shantrap stand out for their neutrality words: birch, sign, conversation, good, clock.
Stylistically neutral words make up most popular vocabulary. This includes a significant number of words belonging to various parts speeches:
1) Nouns: Day, lecture, window, work, radio, table;
2) Adjectives: Paper, deep, Russian, southern;
3) Verbs: ride, hate, organize, smile;
4) Adverbs: Fun, very, in our opinion;
5) Pronouns: Who, our, ours, this, I;
6) Function words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles):
In, on, and, if, would, same.
All numerals belong to interstyle words. Interjections do not occur between style words, and there are styles, genres and varieties of speech where interjections do not occur:
1) Scientific articles (scientific journalistic style);
2) Official documents (official business style);
3) Business papers (international diplomatic style);
4) Information in the tools mass media (newspaper-journalistic style).

Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical nature and, often, figurativeness.

In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms. In these cases, their expressiveness is not

much of it is erased and fades, but the metaphorical nature of the meaning is still felt quite well. Compare, for example, the terms:

Lever arm; Gear tooth; Knee pipes and etc.

It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of use of special and professional vocabulary, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary. Literary language masters many special terms: they gradually, in the process of use, begin to be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms, that is are determinologized. Compare, for example, the use in modern journalism, in colloquial speech, and sometimes in fiction of such phrases created according to the “term + common word” scheme:

Head, tree>, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, one hundred, I, my and etc.

Neutral, interstyle vocabulary appears to be the background against which words belonging to written and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external features (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but they are still easy to find among other stylistic layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words

Colloquial vocabulary is “lower” in style than colloquial vocabulary, so it is outside strictly standardized Russian literary speech. IN colloquial vocabulary can be distinguished three groups: 1) Roughly expressive vocabulary is grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs:

Big guy, bore, idiot;

Ragged, pot-bellied;

Totally, lousy, foolishly;

To snooze, to deceive, to swell.

Roughly expressive words often sound insufficient in speech educated people, characterizing their cultural level. It cannot be said, however, that they are not found in the speech of cultured and educated people, that is, those who take care of their language. The expressiveness of these words, their emotional and semantic capacity sometimes make it possible to briefly and expressively show an attitude (most often negative) to an object, person, or phenomenon.

2) Rough vernacular vocabulary differs from rudely expressive vocabulary to a greater extent rudeness:

Murlo, hailo, grunt, mug, turnip, rylnik, stove(V meaning"face").

These words have a strong expression, the ability to convey negative attitude speaking to any phenomena. Excessive rudeness makes this vocabulary unacceptable in the speech of cultured people.

3) Properly colloquial vocabulary to which a relatively small number of words belong. The unliterary nature of these words is explained not by their rudeness (they are not rude in meaning and expressive coloring) and not by their abusive nature (they do not have abusive semantics), but by the fact that they not recommended for use in the speech of cultural people:

Just now, ahead of time, I suppose, once born, daddy and etc.

Proper colloquial vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used and in the city and in the countryside.

Vocabulary of written speech (book and high)

To vocabulary writing refer to words that are used primarily in written varieties literary language: V scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and not used in casual conversations, in everyday speech.

The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral species speech).

The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).

There are two types of written vocabulary:

1) Vocabulary book;

2) Vocabulary high(poetic, solemn).

Noted functional-style stratification book vocabulary:

1) Official business;

2) Scientific;

3) Newspaper and journalistic.

Official business vocabulary is used in government documents following types:

1) Laws;

2) Regulations;

3) Charters;

4) Instructions;

5) Office and administrative papers;

6) Business letters;

7) Agreements;

8) Legal business documents;

9) International agreements;

10) Communiqué;

11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:

A) isolation(there are no foreign style inclusions;

b) semantic clarity;

c) maximum unambiguity;

d) availability cliches, stereotypes, cliches. Basic lexical groups business style:

1) Names of business papers:

Statement, instruction, explanatory, dotsaad, note, certificate, progress secret;

2) Names of documents:

Diploma, passport, certificate, charter;

3) Business and production technical terminology:

Cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical staff, overalls, financial department;

4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts):

General Directorate, Ministry, Engineer, Inspector. In modern business style commonly used abbreviations:

KB - design bureau;

8. Sphere of use of the word (national, dialect, professional, slang).

9. Expressive-stylistic coloring (neutral, belongs to oral speech (colloquial, colloquial) or written speech (book, high).

Blooming view

1. Indicates a sign.

2. Free value.

3. Multiple meanings.

4. Used in figurative meaning by similarity, that is, in a metaphorical meaning.

5. Synonyms: healthy, beautiful(contextual); antonym: sick; there are no homonyms.

6. Borrowed, of Old Slavic origin, indicator suffix – noun-.

7. Active word.

8. Refers to the national vocabulary.

9. Belongs to oral speech, colloquial.

Full lexical analysis text.

In this case, you need to find in the text all the lexical features in the order indicated for word analysis.

Today(2 digits) in our(2 digits) country(2 digits) big(4 digits), national(1 digit) holiday(3 digits).

There are 7 words in the text, 6 of them are used in direct, free meanings (1 auxiliary word). There are no words with phraseologically related or syntactically determined meanings. All words are ambiguous, except the word national. All words are used in direct meanings, except the word big, which is used in a figurative meaning (transfer by size, metaphor). There are no antonyms or homonyms in the text, but there are contextual synonyms: big, national. All words are originally Russian, with the exception of 2 words: a country And holiday, which are of Old Slavic origin. All words belong to the active vocabulary, all words are national, commonly used, and stylistically neutral.

The procedure for analyzing phraseological units

1. The meaning of phraseological units.

2. Structural-semantic type: fusion, unity, combination.

3. Phraseological synonyms and antonyms.

4. Grammatical composition (equivalence of one or another part of speech: verbal, substantive, adverbial, adjective, interjectional, modal, conjunction).

5. Origin of phraseological units.

6. Active or passive use.

7. The sphere of use of phraseological units (commonly used, dialectal, professional, slang).

8. Expressive-stylistic coloring of phraseological units: neutral (inter-style), colloquial, bookish.

To grandfather's village

1. In an unknown direction.

2. Phraseological unity.

3. Synonym: wherever the eyes look; antonym: exactly as intended.

4. (unknown where) adverbial.

5. Originally Russian.

6. Active use.

7. Commonly used.

8. Conversational style, negative emotional coloring.

Neutral vocabulary, common vocabulary, cross-style vocabulary - one of the main categories literary vocabulary, along with book vocabulary (see) and colloquial vocabulary(cm.); consists of words that are widespread in all functional and stylistic variants of the literary language. N. l. intended for ascertaining, non-evaluative, non-terminological designation of objects, concepts Everyday life, natural phenomena, periods of a person’s life and states of his life, periods of time, measures of length, weight, volume, etc. It is devoid of expression, emotional and social assessments.
N. l. is the starting point in the “scale of expressiveness”, according to the cut lit. vocabulary according to the main categories: interstyle (neutral), bookish (increased expression) and colloquial (lower, or reduced, expression). N. l. is the background against which and thanks to which the expressive and emotional properties of book and colloquial writing are manifested in all their diversity. vocabulary. In a row stylistic synonyms N.l. is a semantic (semantic) dominant synonymous series and a kind of axis around which the paradigm of the “scale of expressiveness” and functional and stylistic differentiation of lit. is built. vocabulary, e.g.: parade (bookish, high) -
walk (neutral) - trudge (colloquial, reduced); head (bookish, high) - head (neutral) - head (colloquial, familiar). N.l. compared (contrasted), therefore, with book and colloquial vocabulary in terms of the absence/presence of expressive coloring, as well as along the boundaries of distribution in literature. language (N.L. is commonly used, and the other two categories are limited to the framework of predominant distribution in book and colloquial speech, respectively).
However, there is no strict framework for identifying N. l. in real speech communication carriers of lit. there is no language. Firstly, in the semantic structure of a significant part of N.L. there are book and colloquial books. meanings (or shades), and therefore the corresponding expressive coloring, which “appears” when a given word is used in such meanings. Yes, St. 1850 neutral words (according to the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. Ozhegov, 11th ed., 1975) have expressively colored colloquial words. meanings, eg: run, lean, crawl, etc.; the verb to touch has bookish and colloquial. meanings. Secondly, the composition of N.L. historically changeable, constantly replenished due to book and colloquial literature. vocabulary (for example: indisputable, indeed, TV, blemish, comb, partner, etc.), certain words acquire stylistically colored meanings, for example: birthday man - “the one who has a birthday” (colloquial), work out - “to subject someone to sharp criticism” (colloquial).
N. l. makes up the main part (approx. /a) lit. vocabulary is the basis for its quantitative growth, stylistic development, and stylistic diversity. Basic character of N.l. is defined as its quantitative predominance in the vocabulary of lit. language, and features of semantics, as well as features of compatibility (see Collocation). The meanings of such words are very capacious. N.l. characterized by complicated semantic structure, subtle nuances of meanings and their shades (for example, the verb to go in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D. N. Ushakov has 40 meanings); for N. l. characterized by wide compatibility possibilities. All this determines the special expressiveness of N. l. (despite the lack of expressive coloring): thanks to the semantic capacity of N.L. under the influence of context, phraseological environment, it can be used in figurative and expansive senses while maintaining the basic semantics to convey new facets of content and subjective modality. N. l. serves as a basis for the formation phraseological units different stylistic status. Neutral words act as their constructive elements, ch. arr. as a supporting component of a phraseological unit (see, for example, phraseological units with the words head, go/walk, stand, etc.: dizzy, keep up, stand taller someone or something. and so on.).

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is a bridge across the gap between people different professions and layers of society. It is the universal language of mutual understanding, enshrined in dictionaries, so it is important to pay attention to its study.

Definition of stylistically neutral vocabulary

The degree of figurativeness of a language is determined by the abundance of its vocabulary. The more diverse the layers of vocabulary, the richer the speech possibilities.

In the Russian language, colloquial, bookish and neutral vocabulary is distinguished - a fundamental layer of words that are not attached to any style of speech.

Words of interstyle vocabulary make up, according to scientists, three-quarters of the richness of the Russian language. In dictionaries, such vocabulary, unlike, for example, book vocabulary, is not marked with special symbols like (*), which immediately indicates the possibility of using such words in all styles without restrictions.

“In the autumn meadows, the golden sun was sinking below the horizon.” Fiction. Of the 8 words in the sentence, 7 are neutral and only 1 word “golden” refers to the bookish, high style.
“Petya, quickly go to the store for bread.” Excerpt from the conversation. Of the 7 words, 6 are neutral. The word “cheshi” is also neutral, but in this text it has a different meaning and refers to the colloquial style.
“No catalyst is needed to react sodium with water.” Of the 10 words - 9 neutral and 1, “catalyst”, special, scientific style.

Parts of speech of neutral vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary is represented by almost all parts of speech of the Russian language - both independent and functional. This once again confirms the fundamental nature of this layer in the language. Words of neutral vocabulary refer to parts of speech:

Noun: “field”, “table”, “house”, “wind”, “friendship”, “power”, “hour”.
Verbs: “do”, “travel”, “see”, “experience”, “create”.
Adjective: “blue”, “delicate”, “extra”, “wooden”, “northern”.
Adverbs: “good”, “like a dog”, “very”, “visible”.
Pronouns: “our”, “that”, “you”, “who”, “she”.
Numerals: “first”, “five”, “ten”.
Service words:

conjunctions: “as if”, “that is”, “a”, “but”;
particles: “well”, “like”, “like”;
prepositions: “for”, “about”, “in”, “thanks to”.

Not included in common vocabulary

The only part of speech that cannot be a neutral word is the interjection. Examples: “great”, “wow”, “slap”, “hello”. These words initially carry an emotional connotation.

There are also concepts for which there are no words of neutral expression - these are cases of only a high or only a low style of speech. For example: “boob”, “talker”, “idiot” or “tribunal”, “oratorio”. Can not imagine scientific article with the word "fool" introduced into the context. Similar words initially have a bright color, so they cannot be used in another style of speech. Neutral ones function in all styles.

Where is neutral vocabulary used?

Neutral lexemes are used in all styles of spoken and written speech without exception. In scientific and journalistic articles, in textbooks, in fiction, in ordinary conversation - this vocabulary is the basis of the Russian language, the most stable part of its vocabulary. For example, a literary author’s text includes units mostly from words of a neutral layer. For example, in the text by M. Prishvin, words that are not related to neutral vocabulary are highlighted.

The guys here don’t go with the star and they don’t let anyone into the choir to sing, and I saw in one shop on the window hooks they sell straight with fishing line and for all kinds of fish, they’re very expensive, there’s even one hook that can hold a pound of catfish.
A. Chekhov "Vanka"

The word “let go” is colloquial, “standing” is a phonetic distortion of the lexeme “standing”, but fixed in writing in this text, can also be considered colloquial.

Interstyle vocabulary has thematic associations that make up the active lexicon language:

Temporal meaning: “tomorrow”, “yesterday”, “century”, “month”, “morning”, “day”, “past”, “present”.
Meaning of place: “to the right”, “behind”, “there”, “where”, “house”, “country”, “island”.
Negativity: “no”, “no one”, “none”, “not”, “neither”.
Emphasis on the face: “he”, “she”, “you”, “I”.

Neutral vocabulary helps protect oral and written speech from vulgarity, for example: “Girl, go to this cash register.”

The word “walk” is of high style; it fits unnaturally into the context of everyday life. colloquial speech.

It is necessary to remember caution and reasonableness when combining words of different semantic connotations in one text.

Background neutral vocabulary. Examples

Stylistic differences in language can only be seen against the background of words with a neutral coloring. Neutral vocabulary is a white sheet on which the smallest shades of other colors are visible. Speech can be expressive, figurative, but in comparison with the expression of book and conversational style the coloration of interstyle vocabulary is not so noticeable. For example: "walk" - neutral word, "to step" - High style, "loitering" is a colloquial style.

Authors of literary texts can achieve expressiveness and imagery without resorting to expressively colored vocabulary. For example: “If you become silent in these rustling leafy forests and listen to the sounds around you, you can hear mysterious quiet steps...”

In this passage, only words of a neutral style are used, but the imagery and colorfulness are not lost. Truth, creation literary text only with the help common vocabulary not everyone can do it. The existence of emotionally rich layers of speech makes it possible to create texts of special imagery.

Neutral vocabulary and semantics

You also need to be careful when referring to words in a neutral style. The same lexeme can have different meaning depending on the context and relate to different stylistic layers of the language. For example:

“A terrible squeal of brakes was heard not far away.” - Here the word “brakes” means “mechanism for stopping” (neutral).
"Well, you guys are slow!" - In this text, “brakes” are used in a figurative sense - “people with slow perception of information.”

Neutral vocabulary in fairy tales

A fairy tale text can be built on the basis of neutral vocabulary - it will not be a folk tale, but an original text.

For example, in far away kingdom, in the thirtieth state there lived a king and a queen, and they had a beautiful daughter, which cannot be said in a fairy tale or described with a pen. She sat in the little room all day." The text contains outdated words: “king”, “queen”, “svetlitsa”, there are set expressions fairy tale epic: “in the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state”, “to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen.”

Canvas folk tale consists of words of increased imagery, the phenomena described in it are often not related to real world, being the result of a flight of human imagination, a reflection sensory perception peace. Neutral vocabulary cannot handle such imagery.

The predominance of stylistically neutral vocabulary in the author's fairy tales is appropriate, since such texts are usually calmer, less expressive and more speculative.

Colloquial, stylistically neutral and book vocabulary complement each other. Stylistically colored words allow you to express shades of feelings, realities of knowledge narrow circle of people. Neutral vocabulary is what brings precision, certainty and clarity to everyone.