On the radio July 2, 1941. In this speech I.V. Stalin also used the terms "Patriotic liberation war", "National Patriotic War", "Patriotic War against German fascism".
Another official approval of this name was the introduction of the Order of the Patriotic War on May 2, 1942.
1941
On September 8, 1941, the siege of Leningrad began. For 872 days the city heroically resisted the German invaders. He not only resisted, but also worked. It should be noted that during the siege Leningrad provided troops with weapons and ammunition Leningrad Front, and also supplied military products to neighboring fronts.
On September 30, 1941, the Battle of Moscow began. First major battle The Great Patriotic War in which German troops suffered a serious defeat. The battle began as the German offensive Operation Typhoon.
On December 5, the Red Army's counteroffensive began near Moscow. The troops of the Western and Kalinin fronts pushed the enemy back in places more than 100 kilometers from Moscow.
Despite the victorious offensive of the Red Army near Moscow, this was only the beginning. Start great battle with fascism, which will last another 3 long years.
1942
Most tough year Great Patriotic War. This year the Red Army suffered very heavy defeats.
The offensive near Rzhev resulted in huge losses. More than 250,000 were lost in the Kharkov cauldron. Attempts to break the blockade of Leningrad ended in failure. The 2nd Shock Army died in the Novgorod swamps.
Key dates of the second year of the Great Patriotic War
From January 8 to March 3, the Rzhev-Vyazemsk operation took place. The final stage of the Battle of Moscow.
From January 9 to February 6, 1942 - Toropetsko-Kholm offensive operation. The Red Army troops advanced almost 300 kilometers, liberating many settlements.
On January 7, the Demyansk offensive operation began, as a result of which the so-called Demyansk cauldron was formed. Wehrmacht troops were surrounded total number more than 100,000 people. Including the elite SS division “Totenkopf”.
After some time, the encirclement was broken, but all the miscalculations of the Demyansk operation were taken into account when eliminating the encircled group at Stalingrad. This particularly concerned the interruption of air supplies and strengthening of defense outer ring environment.
On March 17, as a result of the unsuccessful Lyuban offensive operation near Novgorod, the 2nd Shock Army was surrounded.
November 18 after difficult defensive battles Red Army troops went on the offensive and surrounded German group in the Stalingrad area.
1943 - the year of turning point during the fighting of the Great Patriotic War
In 1943, the Red Army managed to wrest the initiative from the hands of the Wehrmacht and begin a victorious march to the borders of the USSR. In some places, our units have advanced more than 1000-1200 kilometers in a year. The experience accumulated by the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War made itself felt.
On January 12, Operation Iskra began, as a result of which the blockade of Leningrad was broken. Narrow corridor up to 11 kilometers wide, it connected the city with the “Mainland”.
On July 5, 1943, the Battle of Kursk began. The turning point battle during the Great Patriotic War, after which strategic initiative completely switched sides Soviet Union and the Red Army.
Already during the Great Patriotic War, contemporaries appreciated the significance of this battle. Wehrmacht General Guderian said after Battle of Kursk: "...more on Eastern Front there were no quiet days..."
August - December 1943. Battle of the Dnieper - completely liberated left bank Ukraine, Kyiv was taken.
1944 is the year of the liberation of our country from fascist invaders
In 1944, the Red Army almost completely cleared the territory of the USSR from the Nazi invaders. As a result of a series strategic operations Soviet troops came close to the borders of Germany. More than 70 German divisions were destroyed.
This year, Red Army troops entered the territory of Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Norway, Romania, Yugoslavia and Hungary. Finland emerged from the war with the USSR.
January - April 1944. Liberation of right-bank Ukraine. Exit to state border Soviet Union.
On June 23 one of the largest operations Great Patriotic War - offensive operation "Bagration". Belarus, part of Poland and almost the entire Baltic region were completely liberated. Army Group Center was defeated.
On July 17, 1944, for the first time during the war, a column of almost 60,000 German prisoners captured in Belarus was marched through the streets of Moscow.
1945 - the year of victory in the Great Patriotic War
The years of the Great Patriotic War, spent by Soviet troops in the trenches, made their presence felt. The year 1945 began with the Vistula-Oder offensive operation, which would later be called the most rapid offensive in human history.
In just 2 weeks, the Red Army troops covered 400 kilometers, liberating Poland and defeating more than 50 German divisions.
On April 30, 1945, Adolf Hitler, Reich Chancellor, Fuhrer and Supreme Commander of Germany, committed suicide.
On May 9, 1945 at 0 hours 43 minutes Moscow time it was signed unconditional surrender Germany.
WITH Soviet side the surrender was accepted by the Marshal of the Soviet Union, Commander of the 1st Belorussian Front Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.
4 years, 1418 days of the most difficult and bloody war in the history of Russia have ended.
At 10 p.m. on May 9, in commemoration complete victory over Germany, Moscow saluted with 30 artillery salvoes from a thousand guns.
On June 24, 1945, the Victory Parade took place in Moscow. This solemn event the final point was put in the Great Patriotic War.
It should be noted that on May 9, the Great Patriotic War ended, but the 2nd World War did not end. In accordance with allied agreements, on August 8, the USSR entered the war with Japan. In just two weeks, Red Army troops defeated the largest and the most powerful army Japan - Kwantung Army.
Having almost completely lost their ground forces and the ability to wage war on the Asian continent, Japan surrendered on September 2. September 2, 1945 is the official date of the end of World War II.
Interesting fact. Formally, the Soviet Union was at war with Germany until January 25, 1955. The fact is that after Germany surrendered, a peace treaty was not signed. Legally, the Great Patriotic War ended when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a decree. This happened on January 25, 1955.
By the way, the United States ended the state of war with Germany on October 19, 1951, and France and Great Britain on July 9, 1951.
Photographers: Georgy Zelma, Yakov Ryumkin, Evgeny Khaldey, Anatoly Morozov.THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR of 1941-1945 - the liberation war of the peoples of the USSR against Nazi Germany and its allies, the most important and crucial part World War II 1939-1945.
About-sta-nov-ka-on-ka-well-not-war
The situation in the world in the spring of 1941 was ha-rak-te-ri-zo-va-lo-by the complexity of inter-su-dar-st-ven-tions -she-niy, ta-iv-shih danger of the expansion of the massive headquarters that began in September 1939 of the Second World War. The aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy and Japan (see) expanded, and Rus-m-nia joined it , Bulgaria, Slovakia. Even before the start of the Second World War, the USSR proposed to create a system of collective security in Europe , however, the Western powers did not support him. In the created conditions of the USSR, you were in 1939, who allowed him to do so It will take almost 2 more years to improve your ability to do so. At one time, with the do-go-vo-rum, there was a under-pi-san “secret-to-full-of-tel-ny pro-to-count”, which de-gra-ni-chil "spheres of mutual in-te-re-s" of the USSR and Germany and in fact lived on the last the obligation not to spread your military and political activity across the state and territory , which the USSR considered its “sphere of in-te-re-sovs.”
On June 22, 1941, at 4 o’clock in the morning, Nazi Germany treacherously invaded the USSR without declaring war. This attack ended the chain aggressive actions Hitler's Germany, which, thanks to the connivance and incitement of the Western powers, grossly violated elementary norms international law, resorted to predatory seizures and monstrous atrocities in the occupied countries.
In accordance with the Barbarossa plan, the fascist offensive began on a wide front by several groups in various directions. An army was stationed in the north "Norway", advancing on Murmansk and Kandalaksha; from East Prussia an army group was advancing on the Baltic states and Leningrad "North"; the most powerful army group "Center" had the goal of defeating the Red Army units in Belarus, capturing Vitebsk-Smolensk and taking Moscow on the move; army group "South" was concentrated from Lublin to the mouth of the Danube and led an attack on Kyiv - Donbass. The Nazis' plans boiled down to delivering a surprise attack in these directions, destroying border and military units, breaking through deep into the rear, capturing Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and the most important industrial centers southern regions countries.
Command German army expected to end the war in 6-8 weeks.
190 enemy divisions, about 5.5 million soldiers, up to 50 thousand guns and mortars, 4,300 tanks, almost 5 thousand aircraft and about 200 warships were thrown into the offensive against the Soviet Union.
The war began in extremely favorable conditions for Germany. Before the attack on the USSR, Germany captured almost all of Western Europe, whose economy worked for the Nazis. Therefore, Germany had a powerful material and technical base.
Germany's military products were supplied by 6,500 of the country's largest enterprises Western Europe. IN military industry More than 3 million foreign workers were involved. IN Western European countries The Nazis looted a lot of weapons, military equipment, trucks, wagons and locomotives. The military-economic resources of Germany and its allies significantly exceeded those of the USSR. Germany fully mobilized its army, as well as the armies of its allies. Most of the German army was concentrated near the borders of the Soviet Union. In addition, imperialist Japan threatened an attack from the East, which diverted a significant part of the Soviet Armed Forces for defense eastern borders countries. In theses of the CPSU Central Committee "50 years of the Great October Revolution" socialist revolution» An analysis of the reasons for the temporary failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war is given. They are due to the fact that the Nazis used temporary advantages:
- militarization of the economy and all life in Germany;
- long preparation for a war of conquest and more than two years of experience in conducting military operations in the West;
- superiority in weapons and numbers of troops concentrated in advance in border zones.
They had the economic and military resources of almost all of Western Europe at their disposal. Mistakes made in determining possible timing the attacks of Nazi Germany on our country and the associated omissions in preparation for repelling the first blows. There was reliable information about the concentration of German troops near the borders of the USSR and Germany’s preparations for an attack on our country. However, the troops of the western military districts were not brought to a state of full combat readiness.
All these reasons put the Soviet country in difficult situation. However, enormous difficulties initial period the wars did not break morale The Red Army did not shake its fortitude Soviet people. From the first days of the attack it became clear that the plan lightning war collapsed. Accustomed to easy victories over Western countries, whose governments treacherously handed over their people to be torn to pieces by the occupiers, the fascists met stubborn resistance from the Soviet Armed Forces, border guards and the entire Soviet people. The war lasted 1418 days. Groups of border guards fought bravely on the border. The garrison covered itself with unfading glory Brest Fortress. The defense of the fortress was led by Captain I. N. Zubachev, regimental commissar E. M. Fomin, Major P. M. Gavrilov and others. On June 22, 1941, at 4:25 a.m., fighter pilot I. I. Ivanov made the first ram. (In total, about 200 rams were carried out during the war). On June 26, the crew of Captain N.F. Gastello (A.A. Burdenyuk, G.N. Skorobogatiy, A.A. Kalinin) crashed into a column of enemy troops on a burning plane. Hundreds of thousands Soviet soldiers from the first days of the war they showed examples of courage and heroism.
lasted two months Battle of Smolensk. Born here near Smolensk soviet guard
. The battle in the Smolensk region delayed the enemy's advance until mid-September 1941.
During the Battle of Smolensk, the Red Army thwarted the enemy's plans. Delaying enemy advance central direction was the first strategic success of the Soviet troops.
The guiding and guiding force for the country's defense and preparation for destruction Hitler's troops became the Communist Party. From the first days of the war the party accepted emergency measures To organize resistance to the aggressor, a huge amount of work was carried out to reorganize all work on a military basis, turning the country into a single military camp.
“To wage a war for real,” wrote V.I. Lenin, “a strong, organized rear is needed. The most best army“, the people most devoted to the cause of the revolution will be immediately exterminated by the enemy if they are not sufficiently armed, supplied with food, and trained” (Lenin V.I. Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 35, p. 408).
These Leninist instructions formed the basis for organizing the fight against the enemy. June 22, 1941, on behalf of the Soviet government with a report of a “robber” attack fascist Germany and a call to fight the enemy was made on the radio by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov. On the same day, a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted on the introduction of martial law on the European territory of the USSR, as well as a Decree on the mobilization of a number of ages in 14 military districts. On June 23, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution on the tasks of party and Soviet organizations in war conditions. On June 24, the Evacuation Council was formed, and on June 27, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and valuable property” determined the procedure for the evacuation of productive forces and the population to the eastern regions. In the directive of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 29, 1941, the party and Soviet organizations front-line areas were outlined the most important tasks to mobilize all forces and means to defeat the enemy.
“...In the war imposed on us with Nazi Germany,” this document said, “the question of life and death is being decided Soviet state, about whether the peoples of the Soviet Union should be free or fall into enslavement.” Central Committee and the Soviet government was called upon to realize the full depth of the danger, to reorganize all work on a military basis, to organize comprehensive assistance to the front, to increase in every possible way the production of weapons, ammunition, tanks, aircraft, in the event of a forced withdrawal of the Red Army, to remove all valuable property, and what cannot be removed - to destroy, in organize enemy-occupied areas partisan detachments. On July 3, the main provisions of the directive were outlined in a speech by J.V. Stalin on the radio. The directive determined the nature of the war, the degree of threat and danger, set the tasks of transforming the country into a single combat camp, comprehensively strengthening the Armed Forces, restructuring the work of the rear on a military scale, and mobilizing all forces to repel the enemy. On June 30, 1941, an emergency body was created to quickly mobilize all the country’s forces and resources to repel and defeat the enemy - State Committee Defense (GKO) led by I.V. Stalin. All power in the country, state, military and economic leadership was concentrated in the hands of the State Defense Committee. It united the activities of all state and military institutions, party, trade union and Komsomol organizations.
In war conditions, the restructuring of the entire economy on a war footing was of paramount importance. At the end of June it was approved “Mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941.”, and on August 16 “Military-economic plan for the IV quarter of 1941 and for 1942 in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia " In just five months of 1941, over 1,360 large military enterprises were relocated and about 10 million people were evacuated. Even according to the admission of bourgeois experts evacuation of industry in the second half of 1941 and early 1942 and its deployment in the East should be considered among the most amazing feats of the peoples of the Soviet Union during the war. The evacuated Kramatorsk plant was launched 12 days after arriving at the site, Zaporozhye - after 20. By the end of 1941, the Urals were producing 62% of cast iron and 50% of steel. In scope and significance it was equal biggest battles wartime. Perestroika National economy on a military scale was completed by mid-1942.
The party carried out a lot of organizational work in the army. In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on July 16, 1941 “On the reorganization of political propaganda bodies and the introduction of the institution of military commissars”. From July 16 in the Army, and from July 20 to Navy The institution of military commissars was introduced. During the second half of 1941, up to 1.5 million communists and more than 2 million Komsomol members were mobilized into the army (up to 40% of the total strength of the party was sent to the active army). Prominent party leaders L. I. Brezhnev, A. A. Zhdanov, A. S. Shcherbakov, M. A. Suslov and others were sent to party work in the active army.
On August 8, 1941, J.V. Stalin was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the USSR. In order to concentrate all the functions of managing military operations, the Headquarters was formed Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Hundreds of thousands of communists and Komsomol members went to the front. About 300 thousand of the best representatives of the working class and intelligentsia of Moscow and Leningrad joined the ranks of the people's militia.
Meanwhile, the enemy stubbornly rushed towards Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Odessa, Sevastopol and other important industrial centers of the country. An important place in the plans of fascist Germany was occupied by the calculation of the international isolation of the USSR. However, from the first days of the war, an anti-Hitler coalition began to take shape. Already on June 22, 1941, the British government declared support for the USSR in the fight against fascism, and on July 12 signed an agreement on joint actions against fascist Germany. On August 2, 1941, US President F. Roosevelt announced economic support for the Soviet Union. On September 29, 1941, the conference of representatives of the three powers(USSR, USA and England), at which a plan for Anglo-American assistance in the fight against the enemy was developed. Hitler's plan to isolate the USSR internationally failed. On January 1, 1942, a declaration of 26 states was signed in Washington anti-Hitler coalition about using all the resources of these countries to fight against the German bloc. However, the Allies were in no hurry to provide effective assistance aimed at defeating fascism, trying to weaken the warring parties.
By October, the Nazi invaders, despite the heroic resistance of our troops, managed to approach Moscow from three sides, while simultaneously launching an offensive on the Don, in the Crimea, near Leningrad. Odessa and Sevastopol defended themselves heroically. September 30, 1941 German command launches the first, and in November - the second general offensive against Moscow. The Nazis managed to occupy Klin, Yakhroma, Naro-Fominsk, Istra and other cities in the Moscow region. Soviet troops conducted a heroic defense of the capital, showing examples of courage and heroism. The 316th Infantry Division of General Panfilov fought to the death in fierce battles. A partisan movement developed behind enemy lines. About 10 thousand partisans fought near Moscow alone. On December 5-6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive near Moscow. At the same time they turned around offensive operations on the Western, Kalinin and Southwestern fronts. The powerful offensive of Soviet troops in the winter of 1941/42 drove the Nazis back in a number of places to a distance of up to 400 km from the capital and was their first major defeat in the Second World War.
Main result Moscow battle was that the strategic initiative had been wrested from the hands of the enemy and the plan for a lightning war had failed. The defeat of the Germans near Moscow was a decisive turn in the military operations of the Red Army and had a great influence on the entire further move war.
By the spring of 1942 in eastern regions The country established the production of military products. By the middle of the year, most of the evacuated enterprises were set up in new locations. The transition of the country's economy to a war footing was basically completed. In the deep rear - in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, and the Urals - there were over 10 thousand industrial construction projects.
Instead of the men who went to the front, women and youth came to the machines. Despite very difficult living conditions, Soviet people worked selflessly to ensure victory at the front. We worked one and a half to two shifts to restore industry and supply the front with everything necessary. The All-Union Socialist Competition developed widely, the winners of which were awarded a challenge Red Banner of the State Defense Committee. Workers Agriculture organized in 1942 above-plan crops for the defense fund. The collective farm peasantry supplied the front and rear with food and industrial raw materials.
The situation in the temporarily occupied areas of the country was extremely difficult. The Nazis plundered cities and villages and abused the civilian population. German officials were appointed at the enterprises to supervise the work. The best lands were selected for farming German soldiers. In all occupied settlements, German garrisons were maintained at the expense of the population. However, economic and social politics the fascists, which they tried to carry out in the occupied territories, immediately failed. Soviet people brought up on ideas Communist Party, believed in victory Soviet country, did not succumb to Hitler’s provocations and demagoguery.
Winter offensive of the Red Army in 1941/42 caused a strong beat according to fascist Germany, according to its military machine, but Hitler’s army was still strong. Soviet troops fought stubborn defensive battles.
In this environment big role national struggle played Soviet people behind enemy lines, especially partisan movement.
Thousands of Soviet people joined partisan detachments. Spun wide guerrilla warfare in Ukraine, Belarus and the Smolensk region, Crimea and a number of other places. In cities and villages temporarily occupied by the enemy, underground party and Komsomol organizations operated. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated July 18, 1941. “On the organization of the fight in the rear of German troops” 3,500 partisan detachments and groups, 32 underground regional committees, 805 city and district party committees, 5,429 primary party organizations, 10 regional, 210 inter-district city and 45 thousand primary Komsomol organizations were created. To coordinate the actions of partisan detachments and underground groups with units of the Red Army by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on May 30, 1942 at Headquarters Supreme High Command was created central headquarters partisan movement. Leadership Headquarters partisan movement were formed in Belarus, Ukraine and other republics and regions occupied by the enemy.
After the defeat near Moscow and the winter offensive of our troops, the Nazi command was preparing a new major offensive with the goal of capturing all the southern regions of the country (Crimea, North Caucasus, Don) right up to the Volga, the capture of Stalingrad and the separation of Transcaucasia from the center of the country. This posed an extremely serious threat to our country.
By the summer of 1942, the international situation had changed, characterized by the strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition. In May - June 1942, agreements were concluded between the USSR, England and the USA on an alliance in the war against Germany and on post-war cooperation. In particular, an agreement was reached on the opening in 1942 in Europe second front against Germany, which would significantly speed up the defeat of fascism. But the Allies delayed its opening in every possible way. Taking advantage of this, the fascist command transferred divisions from the Western Front to the Eastern Front. By the spring of 1942, Hitler's army had 237 divisions, massive aviation, tanks, artillery and other types of equipment for a new offensive.
Intensified Leningrad blockade, exposed to artillery fire almost daily. Was captured in May Kerch Strait. On July 3, the Supreme Command gave the order to the heroic defenders of Sevastopol to leave the city after a 250-day defense, since it was not possible to hold Crimea. As a result of the defeat of Soviet troops in the region of Kharkov and the Don, the enemy reached the Volga. Created in July Stalingrad Front took on powerful blows from the enemy. Retreating with heavy fighting, our troops inflicted enormous damage on the enemy. In parallel, there was a fascist offensive in the North Caucasus, where Stavropol, Krasnodar, and Maykop were occupied. In the Mozdok area, the Nazi offensive was suspended.
The main battles took place on the Volga. The enemy sought to capture Stalingrad at any cost. Heroic Defense city was one of the brightest pages of the Patriotic War. The working class, women, old people, teenagers - the entire population rose to defend Stalingrad. Despite mortal danger, workers at the tractor factory sent tanks to the front lines every day. In September, battles broke out in the city for every street, for every house.
World War II began on September 1, 1939. It's official. Unofficially, it began a little earlier - from the time of the Anschluss of Germany and Austria, the annexation by Germany of the Czech Republic, Moravia and the Sudetenland. It began when Adolf Hitler came up with the idea of restoring the Great Reich - the Reich within the borders of the shameful Treaty of Versailles. But, since few of those living then could believe that war would come to their home, it never occurred to anyone to call it a world war. It only looked like small territorial claims and “restoration of historical justice.” Indeed, in the annexed regions and countries that were previously part of Greater Germany, many German citizens lived.
Six months later, in June 1940, the USSR authorities, having quite treacherously established state elections in Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia, forced the governments of the Baltic countries to resign, and uncontested elections were held at gunpoint, in which the communists expectedly won, since other parties were allowed to vote were not. Then, the “elected” parliaments declared these countries socialist and sent a petition to The Supreme Council USSR about joining.
And then, in June 1940, Hitler ordered preparations to begin for an attack on the USSR. The formation of the blitzkrieg plan “Operation Barbarossa” began.
This redivision of the world and spheres of influence was only a partial implementation of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact concluded between Germany and its allies and the USSR on August 23, 1939.
Beginning of the Great Patriotic War
For citizens of the Soviet Union, the war began treacherously - at dawn on June 22, when the small border river Bug and other territories were crossed by a fascist armada.
It would seem that nothing foreshadowed war. Yes, the Soviets who worked in Germany, Japan, and other countries sent dispatches that war with Germany was inevitable. They, often at a cost own lives, managed to find out both the date and time. Yes, six months before the designated date and especially closer to it, the penetration of saboteurs and sabotage groups into Soviet territories intensified. But... Comrade Stalin, whose faith in himself as the Supreme and unsurpassed ruler on one sixth of the land was so enormous and unshakable that in best case scenario these intelligence officers simply remained alive and continued working, and in the worst case they were declared enemies of the people and liquidated.
Stalin's faith was based both on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and on Hitler's personal promise. He could not imagine that someone could deceive him and outplay him.
Therefore, despite the fact that on the part of the Soviet Union western borders ah, and regular units were pulled together, ostensibly to increase combat readiness and planned military exercises, and at the recently annexed western territories From June 13 to 14, the USSR carried out an operation to evict and clear out the “socially alien element” deep into the country; the Red Army was not prepared at the beginning of the aggression. The military units received an order not to succumb to provocations. Command staff A large number of senior and junior commanders of the Red Army were sent on leave. Perhaps because Stalin himself expected to start a war, but later: at the end of July - beginning of August 1941.
History doesn't know subjunctive mood. That's why this happened: in the early evening of June 21, the Germans received the Dortmund signal, which meant a planned offensive for the next day. And on a fine summer morning, Germany, without war, with the support of its allies, invaded the Soviet Union and delivered a powerful blow along the entire length of its western borders, from three sides - with parts of three armies: “North”, “Center” and “South”. In the very first days, most of the ammunition of the Red Army was destroyed, ground military equipment and airplanes. Peaceful cities, guilty only of the fact that strategically important ports and airfields were located on their territories - Odessa, Sevastopol, Kyiv, Minsk, Riga, Smolensk and others settlements were subjected to massive bombardment.
By mid-July, German troops captured Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, a significant part of Ukraine, Moldova and Estonia. They destroyed most of the Red Army on the Western Front.
But then “something went wrong...” - the activation of Soviet aviation on the Finnish border and in the Arctic, a counterattack by mechanized corps on the Southwestern Front, stopped the Nazi offensive. By the end of July - beginning of August, Soviet troops learned not only to retreat, but also to defend themselves and resist the aggressor. And, although this was only the very, very beginning and until the end of the Second World War it will still pass as many as four terrible years, but even then, protecting and holding out last bit of strength Kyiv and Minsk, Sevastopol and Smolensk, the troops of the Red Army felt that they could win, ruining Hitler’s plans for the lightning seizure of Soviet territories.
The Great Patriotic War began on June 22, 1941 - the day when the Nazi invaders and their allies invaded the territory of the USSR. It lasted four years and became the final stage Second World War. In total, about 34,000,000 Soviet soldiers took part in it, more than half of whom died.
Causes of the Great Patriotic War
The main reason for the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War was Adolf Hitler's desire to lead Germany to world domination by capturing other countries and establishing a racially pure state. Therefore, on September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, then Czechoslovakia, starting World War II and conquering more and more territories. The successes and victories of Nazi Germany forced Hitler to violate the non-aggression pact concluded on August 23, 1939 between Germany and the USSR. He developed special operation called "Barbarossa", which implied the capture of the Soviet Union in short time. This is how the Great Patriotic War began. It took place in three stages
Stages of the Great Patriotic War
Stage 1: June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942
The Germans captured Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, Belarus and Moldova. The troops advanced into the country to capture Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don and Novgorod, but main goal fascists were Moscow. At this time, the USSR suffered great losses, thousands of people were taken prisoner. On September 8, 1941, the military blockade of Leningrad began, which lasted 872 days. As a result, USSR troops were able to stop the German offensive. Plan Barbarossa failed.
Stage 2: 1942-1943
During this period, the USSR continued to increase military power, industry and defense grew. Thanks to the incredible efforts of the Soviet troops, the front line was pushed back to the west. The central event of this period was the greatest battle in history, the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943). The Germans' goal was to capture Stalingrad, the Great Bend of the Don and the Volgodonsk Isthmus. During the battle, more than 50 armies, corps and divisions of enemies were destroyed, about 2 thousand tanks, 3 thousand aircraft and 70 thousand cars were destroyed, and the German aviation. The USSR's victory in this battle had a significant impact on the course of further military events.
Stage 3: 1943-1945
From defense, the Red Army gradually goes on the offensive, moving towards Berlin. Several campaigns were carried out aimed at destroying the enemy. A guerrilla war breaks out, during which 6,200 partisan detachments are formed, trying to independently fight the enemy. The partisans used all available means, including clubs and boiling water, and set up ambushes and traps. At this time, battles for Right Bank Ukraine and Berlin take place. The Belarusian, Baltic, Budapest operation. As a result, on May 8, 1945, Germany officially recognized defeat.
Thus, the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War was actually the end of the Second World War. The defeat of the German army put an end to Hitler's desires to gain dominance over the world and to universal slavery. However, victory in the war came at a heavy price. In the struggle for the Motherland, millions of people died, cities, towns and villages were destroyed. All the last funds went to the front, so people lived in poverty and hunger. Every year on May 9th we celebrate the day Great Victory over fascism, we are proud of our soldiers for giving life to future generations and ensuring a bright future. At the same time, the victory was able to consolidate the influence of the USSR on the world stage and turn it into a superpower.
Briefly for children
More details
The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) is the most terrible and bloody war for the entire time of the USSR. This war was between two powers, the mighty power of the USSR and Germany. In a fierce battle over the course of five years, the USSR still won a worthy victory over its opponent. Germany, when attacking the union, hoped to quickly capture the entire country, but they did not expect how powerful and rural the Slavic people were. What did this war lead to? First, let's look at a number of reasons, why did it all start?
After the First World War, Germany was greatly weakened, and a severe crisis overwhelmed the country. But at this time Hitler came to rule and introduced a large number of reforms and changes, thanks to which the country began to prosper and people showed their trust in him. When he became a ruler, he pursued a policy in which he conveyed to the people that the German nation was the most superior in the world. Hitler was fired up with the idea of getting even for the First world war, for that terrible loss, he had the idea of subjugating the whole world. He started with the Czech Republic and Poland, which later developed into the Second World War
We all remember very well from history textbooks that before 1941, an agreement was signed on non-attack by the two countries of Germany and the USSR. But Hitler still attacked. The Germans developed a plan called Barbarossa. It clearly stated that Germany must capture the USSR in 2 months. He believed that if he had all the strength and power of the country at his disposal, he would be able to enter into a war with the United States with fearlessness.
The war began so quickly, the USSR was not ready, but Hitler did not get what he wanted and expected. Our army put up great resistance, the Germans did not expect to see this strong opponent in front of. And the war dragged on for 5 long years.
Now let's look at the main periods during the entire war.
The initial stage of the war is June 22, 1941 to November 18, 1942. During this time the Germans captured most countries, also included Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus. Next, the Germans already had Moscow and Leningrad before their eyes. And they almost succeeded, but the Russian soldiers turned out to be stronger than them and did not allow them to capture this city.
Unfortunately, they captured Leningrad, but what is most surprising is that the people living there did not allow the invaders into the city itself. There were battles for these cities until the end of 1942.
The end of 1943, the beginning of 1943, was very difficult for German troops and at the same time happy for the Russians. Soviet army launched a counteroffensive, the Russians began to slowly but surely recapture their territory, and the occupiers and their allies slowly retreated to the west. Some allies were killed on the spot.
Everyone remembers very well how the entire industry of the Soviet Union switched to the production of military supplies, thanks to this they were able to repel their enemies. The army turned from retreating into attacking.
The final. 1943 to 1945. Soviet soldiers gathered all her strength and began to recapture her territory at a rapid pace. All forces were directed towards the occupiers, namely Berlin. At this time, Leningrad was liberated and other previously captured countries were reconquered. The Russians decisively marched towards Germany.
The last stage (1943-1945). At this time, the USSR began to take back its lands piece by piece and move towards the invaders. Russian soldiers conquered Leningrad and other cities, then they proceeded to the very heart of Germany - Berlin.
On May 8, 1945, the USSR entered Berlin, the Germans announced surrender. Their ruler could not stand it and died on his own.
And now the worst thing about the war. How many people died so that we could now live in the world and enjoy every day.
In fact, history is silent about these terrible figures. The USSR hid for a long time the number of people. The government hid data from the people. And people understood how many died, how many were captured, and how many people were missing to this day. But after a while, the data still surfaced. According to official sources, up to 10 million soldiers died in this war, and about 3 million more were in German captivity. These are scary numbers. And how many children, old people, women died. The Germans mercilessly shot everyone.
It was terrible war, unfortunately, it brought a large number of tears to families, there was still devastation in the country for a long time, but slowly the USSR got back on its feet, post-war actions subsided, but did not subside in the hearts of people. In the hearts of mothers who did not wait for their sons to return from the front. Wives who remained widows with children. But how strong the Slavic people are, even after such a war they rose from their knees. Then the whole world knew how strong the state was and how strong in spirit the people lived there.
Thanks to the veterans who protected us when they were very young. Unfortunately, on this moment There are only a few of them left, but we will never forget their feat.
Report on the topic of the Great Patriotic War
On June 22, 1941, at 4 a.m., Germany attacked the USSR without first declaring war. This unexpected event briefly put Soviet troops out of action. The Soviet army met the enemy with dignity, although the enemy was very strong and had an advantage over the Red Army. Germany had a lot of weapons, tanks, planes, when the Soviet army was just moving from cavalry protection to weapons.
The USSR was not ready for such a large-scale war; many of the commanders at that moment were inexperienced and young. Of the five marshals, three were shot and declared enemies of the people. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was in power during the Great Patriotic War and did everything possible for the victory of the Soviet troops.
The war was cruel and bloody, the whole country came to the defense of the Motherland. Anyone could join the ranks of the Soviet army, young people created partisan detachments and tried to help in every possible way. For protection native land Everyone fought, both men and women.
The struggle for Leningrad lasted 900 days for residents who were under siege. Many soldiers were killed and captured. The Nazis created concentration camps where they tortured and starved people. Fascist troops They expected that the war would end within 2-3 months, but the patriotism of the Russian people turned out to be stronger, and the war dragged on for 4 long years.
In August 1942, the Battle of Stalingrad began, lasting six months. The Soviet army won and captured more than 330 thousand Nazis. The Nazis could not accept their defeat and launched an attack on Kursk. 1,200 vehicles took part in the Battle of Kursk - it was a massive battle of tanks.
In 1944, Red Army troops were able to liberate Ukraine, the Baltic states, and Moldova. Also, Soviet troops received support from Siberia, the Urals and the Caucasus and were able to drive away enemy troops from their native lands. Many times the Nazis wanted to lure the Soviet army into a trap by cunning, but they did not succeed. Thanks to the competent Soviet command The Nazis' plans were destroyed and then they used heavy artillery. The Nazis launched heavy tanks such as the Tiger and Panther into battle, but despite this the Red Army gave a worthy rebuff.
At the very beginning of 1945, the Soviet army broke into German territory and forced the Nazis to admit defeat. From May 8 to 9, 1945, the Act of Surrender of the Forces of Nazi Germany was signed. Officially, May 9 is considered Victory Day, and is celebrated to this day.
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