Algorithm for completing Unified State Exam tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing the task:

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By sequentially selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Algorithm for completing the task:

read the assignment carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

determine whether the sentence was lost or not lost during linguistic experiment its semantic integrity:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

Remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task.

agent, Augustovsky, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anapest, anatom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronom, Atlas (collection of geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeoisie, being,

bureaucracy, airports

SCAM, crimson, run, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (bAnta, bows)

barman, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, Blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (assigning something to someone), armor (protective plating), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy

gross, boil (cook, boil, boil, boil), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgoda, wolf (Volka, Wolves, Wolves), thief (thieves, vorOV, vorAM, about thieves), magic, invest, Concave, alarm, exorbitantly expensive

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear

cousin, maiden, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, act, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, dobela, prey, dogma, agreement, contractual, naked, red-hot, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, associate professor, do black, dramaturgy, dormant, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, muzzle, life,

book, (assign something to someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (person), busy (with someone ), cork, corked, moldy, seal up, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, significance, significance, sagacity, jagged

scoop, scooper, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, ROUGH, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, chips, chips,
Excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilOg, pullOver

Legally Divine

religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalogue, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, prettier, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, aches, hunk, blade, gloss t (waste, leftovers), flap (piece of fabric),
alluring, masterfully, medicines, glimpses, manager, metallurgy, meager (minuscule is allowed), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,

naked, naked (cut), naked (hold checkers), bent over, over a long time, intention, tilt, backhand, begin, begun, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, aggravate, embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, lend, embittered, wholesale, inform, edge, uncork, adolescence, partly, paralysis,
parterre, plowing, firstborn, moldy, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, midday, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at the funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, pass, reward, bonus, sentence Or, dowry

knowledgeable, beets, silage, orphan, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, joiner, vessel, bent,
thereOzhnya, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, Coal, Ukrainian, improve, dead, mentioned, mention, strengthen, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
haos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsy,

Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Algorithm for completing the task:

read all proposals carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronym words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;

indicate the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).

Anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

Archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - out of use, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

Everyday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Inhale - sigh. Inhale - absorb, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); yearn, be sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).

Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective. Elective - relating to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (spot check)

Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - harmonious, coordinated (harmonious personality).

Main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, force (electric motor); mover - that which sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated).

Democratic - democratic. Democratic - related to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - having great internal energy(dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long. Long - having a large length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - volunteer. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

Dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressive strong feelings, complete drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (drama club).

Friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

Pathetic - pitiful. Pathetic - expressing grief, melancholy, suffering; plaintive, sad (pathetic voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a reserve ( emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Angry - malicious. Evil - filled with feelings of enmity (angry person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious defaulter).

Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, with the goal of accomplishing something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skill).

Traveler - business traveler. Seconded - a person on a business trip (seconded specialist); travel - related to a traveler (travel expenses).

Comical - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).

Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

Logical - logical. Logical - related to logic ( logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

Methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful actions); hated - causing hatred (hated enemy).

Intolerable - intolerant. Unbearable - one that cannot be tolerated (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).

Impoverish - impoverish. To become poor - to become poor (to become poor as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

Dangerous - wary. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

Misprint - unsubscribe. A typo is an accidental mistake when writing (an unfortunate typo); unsubscribe - an answer that does not affect the essence of the matter (impudent unsubscribe).

Master - master. Master - learn to use something, include it in your circle of activities (master the production of new products); learn - make it habitual; understand, remember (learn what you read).

Organic - organic. Organic - related to plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion. Conviction - an expression of disapproval, passing a sentence (conviction of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Responsive - being a response (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible worker).

Reportable - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - clearly distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - political. Political - related to politics ( political figure); political - acting diplomatically, carefully (political hint).

Understanding - understandable. Intelligent - quickly understands (an understanding person); understandable - clear (understandable reason).

Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (presentable appearance); representative - elective ( representative body); related to the representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - provision. Presentation - presentation for familiarization, nomination for encouragement (presentation of characteristics); provision - placing something at someone's disposal (providing a loan).

Noticeable - noticeable. Perceptive - capable of noticing (observant critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).

Realistic - realistic. Realistic - following realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible ( hidden threat); secretive - not frank (secretive person).

Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - related to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill(technical actor).

Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; the one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (lucky day).

Actual - factual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (factual report).

Master - economic. Master - related to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - occupied with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, unconcealed (obvious superiority); distinct - distinct, clearly distinguishable (clear whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Find errors in education and use

case forms of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred;

collective numbers, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive plurals of some nouns;

imperative forms of some verbs.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Determine which part of speech this word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

for complex cardinal numerals both parts bow;

Cases

From 50 - 80

200, 300, 400

From 500 – 900

fifty

heels And ten And

heels And ten And

fifty

five Yu ten Yu

oh hey And ten And

two hundred

dv wow hundred

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv skillfully st ami

o dv wow st Oh

five hundred

heels And hundred

heels And st am

five hundred

five Yu st ami

oh hey And st Oh

when declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both – female;

Cases

M., Wed. genus

J. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective numbers ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting male persons, names of baby animals, paired objects or having only a plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, make sure that the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Comparative

Excellent

simple

composite

simple

composite

beautiful her(s)

less- she

deeper e

more Beautiful

less Beautiful

beautiful eish- th

great aish- th

nai the most difficult

most Beautiful

most Beautiful

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

composite

composite

-her(s)- hurt - sick her, sick to her

-e – easy - easier e-she- thin - thinner e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less Interesting

comparative degree + pronoun everyone, everything:

did best of all (all)

4. If it is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation

imperative forms;

Past tense forms used without a suffix are –NU-.

(There is - well - there is an error in the verb - the correct answer)

5. If it's a noun, make sure it's formed correctly.

nominative plural forms;

genitive plural forms.

NOMINATIVE PLURAL

m. kind

With the ending - and I(emphasis on ending)

With the ending - s, -i ( emphasis on base)

influence of the dual number)

Addresses, coast, century, fan, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, outhouse, stable, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.

volumes

Bakery mechanics

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor, -sor stylistically neutral: directors

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-tor, -sor:processors

3. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor with a bookish touch: editors.

Remember: oil – plural. h. - oil A

cream - plural – cream s(not cream A)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

hall

adjustment

piano

roofing felt

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and those admitted in them grammatical errors: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for errors in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the conjunction I. Ask a question from the verb to homogeneous members of the sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then there is an error!!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (sentence member missing) and proud nature? I see what?, I’m proud of what?)

2) with participial phrases; (look at the end of the participle, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names, enclosed in quotation marks and being the names of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derivative prepositions thanks, in agreement, in spite of And non-derivative preposition By, used in figures of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double unions not only but; both...and;

6) using quotes;

7) starting with the words: everyone who...; those who...; none of those who...

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, tvar - creation, lag - lodge, bir - ber, pir - per, dir - der, tyr - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, steel - stel, zhig - burned, chit - even, kas - braid, rast - rasch - grew, skak - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be vocabulary words, an unstressed vowel in which requires memorization;

3) if you find a dictionary word, you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if you managed to find a test word for the word, in which the unclear vowel sound came under stress and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes in –З and –С;

spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

abide (=re-)

Arrive (approaching)

Despise (hate)

To look after (to give someone shelter)

betray (= re-)

Add (give extra, change something, add)

Bow down, bow down (= re-)

Lean (approach)

Convert (incarnate)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Coming (approaching)

Endure (endure)

Get used to it (get used to it)

Successor (= re-, take over)

Receiver (radio)

Resign (die)

Put (put close)

Vicissitudes (reversals of fate)

Gatekeeper - guard at the gate

Immutable (unshakable, indestructible)

Attach (attach)

An indispensable condition (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Chapel (extension in the church)

Downplayed (very)

Downplayed (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, not fail, premiere, neglect, preparation, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, contender, preference

private, fastidious, privilege, circumstance, handsome, picky, adventure, prima donna, primacy, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical

Prefixes on –З and –С:
spelling depends on the following consonant

before voiced consonants – z appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants - with

bake, carefree, silent

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E /I/ is written in place of the gap

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation the vowels E, U are written;

in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation the vowels I, A (I) are written.

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ashch, yashch, im, eat (ohm).

missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles , educated from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ushch, yushch, eat(ohm) ;

in participles , educated from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ashch, yash, im.

5) Spelling a vowel before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that on yat - yat or it - eat the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

at or at , then before NN Passive past participles retain a vowel and I);

if the original verb ends in to eat or eat , then before NN only written e ;

before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained , as before the end t in an indefinite form.

HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What are THEY going to do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation – in the endings you should write a letter E,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - in the endings you should write a letter AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap

You need to know the spelling of suffixes

nouns ( ec, ic; ink, enk; purl, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, yva; eva, ova; I, E before the stressed suffix wa) .

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the desired rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: cle ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: flax ive th

Exception: merciful ive oh, fool ive th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-liv-: talent Liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang up

I'm hanging

Yva- (-iva-)

be annoyed

I'm annoyed

DEFINITION TABLE

ENDINGS OF VERBS AND SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES

Verb endings

Suffixes valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-eatwriteeat

-yeahwriteyeah

-utwriteut

-yutthoughtut

-ush-writeushch th

-yush-thoughtyushch th

-om-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - And t

-themstrictlythem

-heystrictlylook

-itestrictlyite

-atstrictlyyat

-yatstorageyat

-asch-breatheasch th

-box-storagebox th

-them-storagethem th

Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT and solov are written CONSOLIDATED (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, qualitative adjectives, adverbs ending in – O and – E;

NOT with verbs and gerunds;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs ending in O, E

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

ignoramus
tall tales

careless

ridiculous

1.If there is opposition with the unionA It's not true, it's a lie

Not happy, but sad

Not close, but far

adverb not in O-E: did not act like a friend

2. If for a word with the prefix NOT you can find a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

Unhappy (sad)

Not close (far)

2. If the word with NOT contains the words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all

Far from being a beauty

Not a friend at all

Not at all interesting

Not at all sweet

3.Remember:

not big

slave

trouble

deficiencies

undergrowth

dunno

klutz

3.Remember:

not in moderation, not in accordance with the example, not for good, not in haste, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not according to one’s gut, not by hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, nor for anything

about nothing, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny and so on.

not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and gerunds

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

to be indignant (indignant)

go on a rampage (rage)

unwell

dislike

hate

1.Always separately

Was not

Not catching up

Not knowing

2. With the prefix under-

UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantities
there is an antonym with over- (=excess)
under-salt the soup (over-salt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
lacking = not enough
You lack patience.
^I always lack money.

2. With prefixes not + to

not done to end
can't finish watching the movie, can't get it home
She didn’t finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
doesn't reach = doesn't reach
The rope is not enough before floor.
Before the poplar is missing the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

seamlessly

apart

1. not used without NOT:
n units insanity (b.b., not up. without NOT)
2. NO opposition with the conjunction A and
dependent words: n without seeded field (no a, ZS)

1. with brief participles: not_closed
2. IS oppositions with the conjunction a:
unfinished A started meeting
3. IS dependent words:
not_ sown during field, not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS

seamlessly

apart

There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS AN EXCUSE

No one, no one

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written TOGETHER (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore are written seamlessly ; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions whatever, the same in the same way, for that, for that, for what , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that with which, yes, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: CONSEQUENCE = because of, IN VIEW = because of, ABOUT = about, TOWARD = to, DESPITE = in spite of.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.

For continuous, hyphenated or separate writing of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news V flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

within (what?) rivers

Look V continuation(what?) series.

IN(fast) current rivers

Look V(coming soon) continued series

continued

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

In the end, in the end

Sat V conclusion

Sat V(by duty) conclusion

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference V differences life.

Difference V(strong) differences life.

as a consequence= due to

He did not come due to diseases.

Remember: later And - adverb

as a consequence

Intervened as a consequence in a theft case.

Intervened V(new) consequence in a theft case.

like=like

vessel like flasks

Error V sort of noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards=k

Go towards to a friend.

Go to the meeting with friends.

Go on(long awaited) meeting.

in view of=due to

In view of it rained we didn't go to the cinema.

I meant Tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cone

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

rise up (refer to verb)

rise to the top mountains

on(most) top mountains

shoes for me just right

on time flowering -

V ( spring) it's time flowering

Derivative prepositions

Participles with negation

Despite rain, we went out of town

(Although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went hiking.

(in spite of what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(=without looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers replaced by NN (N)

determine which part of speech a word with a missing letter belongs to;

apply the spelling rule N and NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

NN

N

1. If the root of a word ends in N and the suffix begins with N:

MaliNN IR(Mali n A)

2.If noun. formed from an adjective with NN, or from a participle:

illnessenne awn(disease enne y)

spoiled(spoiled)

3. Remember: lack of pride NN itza

1. In words formed from nouns that have the suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-

peatyang IR(from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N: studyn IR(from adj. study n y), martyr, worker

3. In words:

gaff yang itza (hook) yang y) ,hemp yang IR(cannabis) yang y)

var en ik (var yeon y), kopch yeon awn (kopch yeon y)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yeon awn (wise yeon y)

oil en itza (oil) en y), oats yang itza (oats) yang y)

GOST in itsa (gost in y), firewood yang IR (firewood) yang Ouch)

smart yeon awn (smart n y), great en itza

Adjective:

NN

N

1. noun -H+ -H-: karmaNN th

2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionionn oh, cranberriesenne oh,

! without in the wind NN th

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSNN OH, TINNN OH TREENN YY

YU NN And you ( yun s nat uralists)

1. -IN-: gus in th

2. exception WINDN YY(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th

Remember: Yu n y;

gaff yang oh, room yang oh, ry yang oh, drink yang oh, right n y (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n yay, swi n oh, si n oh, green n oh, eat n oh, core n y.

Short adjectives contain as many ns as full adjectives.

Tuma NN aya distance - distance tuma NN A

in the wind n that girl is a girl in the wind n A

Participles:

Н – НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

NN

N

1. There is a prefix: about sifted flour

(except for the console Not-)

But: unprompted her NN that's a torment

1. There is a prefix Not-: Not sowing n that's a torment

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sowing NN and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n that's a torment

3. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-:

marin ovaNN y cucumbers

3. Exceptions: Kova n oh, chewy n oh, good bite n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Resho NN task (to decide what With do?)

But: from wound NN th , wound NN th in leg fighter

! Being woundNN th, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung erasedNN oh.(Patient parable, because they preserve verb meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles : name NN oh play, after all NN oh job.

5. When a participle changes into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, sworn brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a goner.

Exceptions: cutesy, desirable,

unheard of, unprecedented, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, accidental, deliberate, slow, wakeful, arrogant, minted

6. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: goldfish n oh, scrap n th-fracture n oh, Word everything as a whole has meaning adj. (high degree quality), and not the meaning of “adj. + participle."

7. Short participles: the girl is spoiled n A

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

Short Communion

The girl was raised NNa (sama – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered I.

The girl was raised n and in the orphanage (by whom?) - a short proverb.. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Adverb

Short neuter participle

 Ch.  adv.

He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).

Deliberately is a circumstance.

noun  cr. ???

Case thought out (what?) from all sides.

Thought out is a predicate.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction ( and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not placed ;

if it's a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), the comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction ;

if this repeated conjunctions , That a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;

before opposing alliances between homogeneous members there is always a comma .

3. Check if the offer contains homogeneous members, connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Remember:

participial answers the questions Which? which? which? which? ;

participle answers the questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions How? When? Why?

the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the participial phrase is always highlighted in writing with commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies (BEFORE - is not highlighted by commas!!! AFTER the word being defined - is highlighted!!!).

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the revolution, this is provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the technique of eliminating the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea syntactic construction.Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose , certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find grammar basics offers.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses , in them conjunction word which does not stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle her, therefore comma before union word not installed. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the union I). Determine what it connects: parts complex sentence- comma, homogeneous members of the sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

If homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not placed ;

If parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it is put .

5. Find 2 conjunctions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

Comma between conjunctions NOT put, if the words continue in the sentence then, yes, but

Comma between conjunctions is put, If no SO, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and conclusion) contain the main information;

Therefore, among the answer options, you should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.

Remember the main information is given only in its literal meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICALLY)

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence keywords, important for understanding the issue addressed in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, introductory structures.

3. Shorten the text by crossing out unimportant information ( various kinds explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary “photography”:

if you can “photograph” the entire text in one frame, that’s description ;

if you can “photograph” the text in a sequential series of frames, this is narration ;

if the text cannot be “photographed” - this is reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);

reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - evidence - final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

Compositional scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I conquered.

report a sequence of actions or events.

Verbs are used.

Several frames

Exposition

The beginning

Development of action

Climax

5. Denouement

Description

(Which?)

indicate the characteristics of an object, person, place, condition. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From general impression to the details.

Reasoning (why?)

to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and consequences, events and phenomena, our ideas, assessments, feelings. - about what cannot be photographed.

1. Thesis (thought that is proven) →

2. arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. Write down synonyms (synonymous pair) from the given sentences. (There may be various lexical means.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. If the task requires you to find a specific lexical unit in a specified passage of text, you must

recall the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual

Homonyms-these are words, howeverhigh in sound (withpossible differentspelling) or writingsania (if possibledifferent soundingnii), but different in meaning.

Historicisms- these are outdated words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance from life of the objects and phenomena that they denoted.

Neologisms– new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of one crying out)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is related to the previous one using possessive pronoun(other means of communication). Write the number of this offer.

Lexical means connections required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymous substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

Syntactic means of connecting sentences include:

syntactic parallelism(the same word order and the same morphological design of the members standing nearby proposals);

parcellation (removal of any part from a sentence and its design in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must determine the connection of a given sentence with the previous one , with the one that is before the offer you are considering .

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

Personal

Unit h.pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 l. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

Returnable

myself

Interrogative

Relative

who, what, which, whose, which, how many, what

Undefined

someone, something, some, several, some, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, some, some, how many- someday

Negative

no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing

Possessives

my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs

Index fingers

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Definitive

all, everyone, each, himself, any, other, most, other

When some pronouns are declined, the entire word changes: I - to me, you - to you...

Distinguish between the categories of pronouns.

Wed. Her (his, theirs) book– whose? – possessive pronoun.

We sawher (him, them ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who Are you on duty today? – interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, Who today duty officer is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Restore the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive language means presented in the sample answers.

Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list those terms that, according to their meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.

1. Trails – words and expressions used in figurative meaning:

epithet – figurative definition (Through wavy The moon creeps through the fogs... /A.S. Pushkin/);

personification – attribution of human qualities, actions, emotions to objects, nature, abstract concepts (The earth sleeps in a blue glow / M.Yu. Lermontov/);

comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice fragile on the chilly river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);

metaphor – transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lit rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin/);

metonymy – allegorical designation of the subject of speech, “renaming”, replacement of one concept with another that has a causal connection with it ( All flags will visit us /A.S. Pushkin/);

synecdoche – a type of metonymy, when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola – excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned like a hundred thousand suns /V.V. Mayakovsky/);

litotes – excessive understatement of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboedov/);

irony - hidden ridicule; using a word or expression in a sense opposite to the literal one (Otkole, smart, you're delusional, head? /I.A. Krylov/);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its distinctive features or an indication of its characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech – special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

antithesis – a sharp contrast of concepts, thoughts, images (You and the poor, You and the abundant, You and the mighty, You and the powerless, Mother Rus'! /N.A. Nekrasov/);

inversion – reverse order words (turns white lonely sail/M.Yu. Lermontov/);

gradation – arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes);

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parcellation – intentional violation of the boundaries of a sentence (This happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna was in trouble. Big.);

anaphora – unity of beginning, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when the yellow rains make me sad, Wait when the snow is swept away, Wait when it's hot, Wait, when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);

epiphora – repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent structures (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol/);

a rhetorical question – a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? /Shakespeare/);

rhetorical appeal - emotional appeal to people not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects(People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving dynamism to speech (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questionably - response form – a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What should I do? I don’t know. Who should I ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism – the same syntactic construction neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar parts of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. /M.Yu. Lermontov/);

homogeneous members of the sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a certain area (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): rooster crows

Jargonisms- the speech of a social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, bourgeois, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. “Smell” is from the jargon of hunters, “amba” is from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on уma - name) - words with opposite meanings: “Cunning and love”, “White only is the shine, black is the shadow.”

Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an outdated word or figure of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, “mediocrity” instead of “mediocrity”.

Synonyms(from Greek - eponymous) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or identical) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - lovely; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that are similar in meaning in the same context; these words are of an individual, situational nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); talk (murmur) of waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or combination of words that acquire close value only in a certain context. “Doing nothing” is passive rest.

Phraseologism - a lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase complete in meaning, reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit. (Frown your eyebrows, win a victory, lower your head, break your nose, burn with shame, show your teeth, sudden death, melancholy, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate situation)

Homonyms- identical-sounding words that have different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (many things and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author’s position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and convincingly expressing one’s own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.

To complete the task correctly you need to know Part C assessment criteria.

Plan for writing an essay - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of Part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem.K-2

4. Express own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author.K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

The order of assignments in the Unified State Exam in Russian, according to many people, is based on the principle “from simple to complex.” This is not true. Each of test questions tests a particular rule (or group of rules) and the student’s ability to apply it. Complexity is not the main indicator. First test The Russian language cannot be called the simplest. Let's put it another way: for some guys it is one of the most difficult.

Features of the first task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language

The student is given a short text that is not related to the main text on which the essay is being written. An example of this can be seen in . As a rule, the text consists of 3-4 sentences. It can be dedicated to physics, history, geography, biology - anything.

The student is asked to read the text and choose two answer options that express the main information. There are five answer options in total. At first glance they all seem correct. To understand, you need to delve into the details, install semantic connections, identify the main thing. The correct answer may turn out to be one that you couldn’t even think of upon first reading.

Algorithm for completing task 1 in Russian

1. Read the source text at least twice. Don't be overconfident, thinking that a small amount of information will be remembered well the first time. After the first reading, try to retell the text to identify the poorly remembered part.

2. Underline key words that are important for understanding the text. It can be meaningful actions, events, phenomena. Often the key phrase is an indication of the peculiarity of an object.

3. Mentally answer the questions: "What is this text about? What is most important in it?". Don’t go deep into the terms, just define main idea. Write her out.

4. Read all answer options.

5. If the answer option completely repeats the first or last sentence of the source text, most likely it will not be correct. Usually, the correct version contains ideas from all sentences of the text. But there are also exceptions. As a rule, on at this stage analysis definitely “flies” 1-2 answer options.

6. Check each answer option for factual errors. What are these errors? The date and last name may be mixed up. An unnecessary particle “not” may be added to something, changing the semantic connections. Can be given true example from the text in an incorrect interpretation. Check not words, but semantic connections. When completing this point, it turns out to remove 1-2 more answer options.

7. Analyze the remaining answers, even if there are only two. Re-read. Make sure that the remaining answer options provide complete, factually correct information. Do not think that the correct answer in the first task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language must be large. No, the offer may be small, but meaningful.

8. Draw final conclusions.

Lifehack

Often correct options The answers are very similar to each other. They are actually the same, just built slightly differently. So it's worth looking two similar answers. Most likely they will be correct.

But still, when completing task 1 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, we recommend using the algorithm. Why? The above hack works in most cases, but there are exceptions to every rule. The price of a mistake is high. Therefore, do not take the simplest route, learn to analyze and establish meaningful connections. The answer is clear and easy to determine.

The first task of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is related to the short text given in it and is aimed at testing the students’ ability to identify the key information contained in it by choosing two correct answers from five options. For successful completion of this task you can receive 2 primary points.

In general, this exercise does not seem difficult, but graduates still make mistakes in it.

In order to avoid them, you need to use the following algorithm of actions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. We define topic of the text.
2. We highlight in it keywords and phrases.
3. Analyzing semantic structures of the text, the conjunctions used in it.
4. main idea(idea) of the text.
5. We compare what we got with the answer options. Answer options that offer information that is not found in the text at all are immediately excluded.
6. Are looking for two correct answers, which usually have similar content to the proposed text, the same topic of the text And main idea, differing only in speech format.

It happens that the meaning of the correct options does not completely coincide, but complements each other. Also, very often the required answer numbers are the longest ones offered in the test.

Theory for task No. 1 of the Unified State Exam in Russian

Text- a speech unit characterized by a set of sentences related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

Semantic integrity is ensured by the theme of the text and its main idea. It is thanks to the unity of these concepts that the author creates a text that is understandable to the reader.

Subject text - what is said in the text.

Main thought(idea) of the text - what the author wanted to say to the reader.

Semantic constructions of the text– words, sentences, paragraphs, punctuation marks that carry the main structural and semantic load of the text.

Keywords– words that carry basic information in the text.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 1 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

First task of demo version 2018

The consequence of the ongoing struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection - a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. In this competition advantage goes to those representatives of the species that turn out to be the most viable, that is, adapted to specific living conditions.<…>they have a greater chance of leaving behind full-fledged offspring.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1. The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.
2. In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.
3. Animals that are better adapted to specific living conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.
4. In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence in the offspring of animals from generation to generation there are signs useful for humans.
5. Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals whose hereditary characteristics are useful for humans survive and leave offspring.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us carefully and thoughtfully read the proposed text. Subject of the text- natural selection.

A consequence of the ongoing struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection– a process that eliminates less fit organisms and favors more fit organisms. In this competition advantage are received by those representatives of the species who find themselves the most viable, that is, adapted to specific living conditions. <…>they are more likely to leave behind full-fledged offspring.

1. Analyzing semantic structures of the text, the conjunctions used in it: a dash indicates the definition of the concept of natural selection, in addition, the text has an explanatory construction.
2. We retell the text, focusing on it main meaning – main idea(idea) of the text: “ In nature decisive factor life or death of animals is natural selection – process in which survive only those types that are best adapted to environmental conditions and capable give healthy offspring
3. We compare what we got with the answer options. Options 1, 2 and 5 are not suitable, since the text does not say anything at all about man - neither about his activities, nor about the benefits of animals for him.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 2 and 3. They contain the key information of the text; It is also clear that they report the same thing in different ways.

Answer: 2.3.

First version of the task

The majority of parents and teenagers have a fairly positive view of their own digital competence: almost 80% of schoolchildren and every second parent consider themselves confident Internet users. An assessment of the level of digital competence based on a special index shows that this is an inflated and inadequate opinion: in fact, this level for both parents and adolescents is one third of the maximum possible.

As for motivation, neither parents nor teenagers showed a strong commitment to self-improvement in the digital world. Their motivation is only 20% of the maximum possible.

(Galina Soldatova, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Education, professor of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, director of the Internet Development Foundation)

1. Adults have an overestimated opinion of their own level of digital competence.
2. The majority of parents and adolescents’ own assessment of the level of digital competence turns out to be overestimated.
3. Most parents and teenagers do not realize that their existing ideas about their digital competence are overestimated, and therefore do not have a mindset for self-improvement.
4. Teenagers have an overestimated opinion of their level of digital competence.
5. Neither parents nor teenagers have a sustainable motivation to improve in the digital world, because their self-esteem is inflated.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us carefully and thoughtfully read the proposed text. Subject of the text– digital competence.
2. We highlight key words and phrases in it:

Most parents and teenagers enough has happened positive presentation about my own digital competence: Almost 80% of schoolchildren and every second parent consider themselves confident Internet users. Level assessment digital competence based on a special index shows that it is overpriced and an inadequate opinion: in fact, this level for both parents and adolescents, is a third of the maximum possible.

Concerning motivation, That neither parents nor teenagers didn't show sustainable self-improvement mindset in the digital world. Their motivation is only 20% of the maximum possible.

1. Analyzing semantic structures of the text, conjunctions used in it: words parents - teenagers, schoolchildren - parents, parents - teenagers united by coordinating conjunctions And, both...and, no no. Therefore, both of these concepts are equally important and inseparable.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: “ Parents and teenagers much overestimate mine level of digital competence, which is actually only a third of what is possible. At the same time they don't want to improve themselves: motivation too much low " Please note that the keywords and phrases are almost identical to the source text.
3. We compare what we got with the answer options. Options 1 and 4 are not suitable, since in the text the concepts parent - teenager are inextricable, and in these sentences we are talking about either parents or teenagers. Option 2 is not suitable because it does not mention motivation.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 3 and 5. They contain the key information of the text; It is also clear that they report the same thing in different ways.

Answer: 3.5.

Second version of the task

An amazing device - a feather!

As a heat insulator, it has almost no equal, and in terms of aerodynamic properties it surpasses, weight for weight, any material, no matter whether it is of natural origin or created by man. It consists of ordinary keratin, the same horny substance as the scales of reptiles or our nails, but special properties feathers are connected by this unusually complex structure.

Almost all the properties that distinguish birds from other living beings are in one way or another related to the presence of feathers. Actually, a bird is, by definition, a creature that has feathers.

(D. Attenborough “Life on Earth”)

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1. Almost all the properties that distinguish birds from other creatures are associated with the presence of feathers, because the feather is a unique device that has no equal in a number of parameters.
2. The thermal insulation and aerodynamic properties of bird feathers are unique.
3. A bird's feather consists of ordinary keratin, the same substance as the scales of reptiles and human nails, but it has a complex structure.
4. A bird is a creature that has feathers, and feathers are made of keratin.
5. A bird is a creature that has feather cover, and the feather has a simple composition, but complex structure, which provides unique thermal insulation and aerodynamic properties.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us carefully and thoughtfully read the proposed text. Subject of the text- feather.
2. We highlight key words and phrases in it:

Amazing device - feather!

How heat insulator it has almost no equal, and aerodynamic properties superior, weight for weight, to any material, no matter whether it is of natural origin or created by man. Consists of it's out of the ordinary keratin, the same horny substance as the scales of reptiles or our nails, but special properties of the pen associated with his unusual complex structure.

Almost all properties distinguishing birds from other living beings, are somehow related to the presence of feathers. Actually, bird- this is by definition creature with feathers.

1. Analyzing semantic structures of the text, the conjunctions used in it: the exclamation mark at the very beginning of the text and the introductory constructions used indicate the author’s admiration for the pen, its structure and special properties.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: “ Feather – has the best thermal insulation And aerodynamic properties, although it consists of keratin. Special makes him structure. It's the feather highlights birds among other living beings" Please note that the keywords and phrases are almost identical to the source text.
3. We compare what we got with the answer options. Options 2, 3 and 4 are not suitable: they express only a small part of what is said in the text. Sentence 2 tells only about the thermal insulation and aerodynamic properties of the feather. It says nothing about its structure. Sentences 3 and 4 do not contain information about the properties of the pen.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 1 and 5. When reading, it is obvious that they convey the same idea, presented in slightly different ways. They mention the feather cover of birds, the structure of the feather, and its unique properties.

Answer: 1.5.

Third version of the task

The immediate source of energy in the human body is glucose in the blood. Its rapid disintegration and oxidation, as well as rapid extraction, provide emergency mobilization of the body's energy resources with increasing energy expenditure during intense muscular and mental stress, emotional arousal, etc.

Those who are trying to eliminate sugar from their diet should remember that carbohydrates are the only source that normally covers the energy costs of the brain, that is, the ability to think is preserved.

(Igor Sokolsky, candidate of pharmaceutical sciences, “Conversations about nutrition”, “Science and Life” No. 8, 2010)

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

1. Due to the rapid breakdown and oxidation of glucose in the blood, the body is unable to use energy resources during intense exercise.
2. Sugar cannot be excluded from the diet, because carbohydrates are the only source that allows us to nourish brain activity.
3. The source of energy in the human body is glucose in the blood.
4. Due to its properties, glucose in the blood is a source of energy consumed by the human body during muscular and mental stress.
5. Source of energy necessary for a person during muscular and mental stress, there is glucose in the blood: it is due to carbohydrates that the ability to think is maintained.

Execution algorithm:

1. Let us carefully and thoughtfully read the proposed text. Subject of the text– glucose.
2. We highlight key words and phrases in it:

Direct source of energy in organism person is blood glucose. Fast decay and oxidation her, as well as soon extraction provide emergency mobilization of the body's energy resources with increasing energy expenditure during intense exercise muscular and mental stress, emotional arousal and so on.

To those who try eliminate sugar from your diet, it should be remembered that carbohydrates are the only source, which normally covers brain energy expenditure, that is, it is saved ability to think.

1. Analyzing semantic structures of the text, conjunctions used in it: the text is divided into two paragraphs; the first talks about the effect of glucose on the body, the second talks about important role sugar in the human diet.
2. We retell the text, focusing on its main meaning - main idea(idea) of the text: “ Glucose is a source of energy . Products of its decomposition help the body u cope with physical, mental and emotional stress on the body. Don't rule it out sugar from the diet because sugar helps thinking " Please note that the keywords and phrases are almost identical to the source text.
3. We compare what we got with the answer options. Option 1 contradicts the content of the proposed text. Options 2 and 3 are not suitable: they express only a small part of what is said in the text.
4. Therefore, the correct answers are 4 and 5. When read, it is obvious that they contain the correct facts displayed in the key phrases.

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Slide captions:

Information processing of text Task 1

Read the text carefully Highlight the key words in each sentence Pay attention to the SPP Cross out secondary information (explanations, comments, descriptions, repetitions) Correlate what you received with the answer options Select the desired answer and write it down Algorithm for working on the task

Diamonds are used to produce diamonds and dental equipment. Due to its hardness, diamond chips are used as the main component of dental burs. Diamonds, which are particularly hard, are used for the production of diamonds and in the manufacture of cutting and sharpening tools. The well-known dental bur, like many other cutting instruments, is coated with diamond chips. Diamonds, a valuable but also quite common mineral, are extremely hard stones. Therefore, they are often used not only for the production of diamonds, but also for the manufacture of cutting and sharpening discs, wheels and other tools. For example, the familiar dental bur is coated with diamond chips.

Archaeologists have found many treasures, the value of which is determined primarily by the quality of jewelry. The most valuable thing for archaeologists is not the quantity of jewelry found, but its quality. For archaeologists found in Slavic lands Jewelry is important primarily because it gives an idea of ​​the life and lifestyle of the ancient Slavs. Among the jewelry found in the Slavic lands, there are real masterpieces, and archaeologists pay attention to great attention their study. Archaeologists find many treasures in the Slavic lands. The value of the treasure lies not in the quantity of treasures, but in the quality of the jewelry (among them there are real masterpieces). But the most valuable thing for archaeologists is the idea of ​​the life and everyday life of the ancient Slavs, which develops in the process of studying jewelry found during excavations.

Preview:

Exercise 1

The city of Vladimir was founded as a fortress by the Kyiv Grand Duke Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, who chose a place for it that resembled Kyiv, on the high bank of the Klyazma River. Much in Vladimir resembled the “mother of Russian cities.” High mountain with the fortress received the name of the Pecherny City, the tributaries of the Klyazma began to be called by the names of the Kyiv rivers - Pochaynaya, Irpen, Lybid.

1. The city of Vladimir is similar to Kyiv, since the place on which it was built resembled Kyiv.
2. Rivers flow in Vladimir with the same names as in Kyiv: Klyazma, Pochaynaya, Irpen and Lybid.
3. “Mother of Russian Cities” and Vladimir have similar architectural structures.
4. The city of Vladimir was founded as a fortress by Vladimir Monomakh, who wanted to make it resemble Kiev.

Napoleon loved to read, which was quite unusual for a military man. In each residence he had a library composed of the same books, and therefore the emperor could continue reading any book after moving from place to place. He became addicted to reading as a child, at a military school: his relationships with his peers did not work out, and books allowed him to forget about loneliness and everyday troubles.

1. Napoleon often spent time reading books in one of his residences.
2. In each residence, Napoleon had a library made up of different books.
3. Since childhood, Napoleon was addicted to reading, which replaced his communication with peers, so the emperor had the same library in each residence.
4. Napoleon loved to read the same books from which all his libraries were compiled.

Volcanic magma consists of many components: calcium, magnesium, iron and some others, it contains water vapor and gases. But the main component of magma is silicon oxide. The amount of this element determines the properties of the magma, the nature of the eruption - calm or explosive, and the shape of the volcano.

1. Magma consists of many components: calcium, magnesium, iron and some others; it contains water vapor and gases, as well as silicon oxide.
2. The properties of volcanic magma, which determine the nature of the eruption and the shape of the volcano, depend on the amount of silicon oxide.
3. There are many volcanoes various forms and composition of magma.
4. Many of its properties, which influence the occurrence of volcanic eruptions, depend on the composition of magma.

Many objects that surround us are made from natural materials - one or more. Since ancient times, people have used these materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals, creating various items. A modern person who uses natural materials today must think that their reserves are not limitless.

1. Ancient people used only natural materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals.
2. People must remember that supplies of natural materials may run out, so man-made materials must also be used.
3. Objects made from natural materials were used by ancient people in everyday life, and today many objects that surround us are also made of stone and metal, wood and natural fibers
4. Modern man must remember that the reserves of natural materials used from ancient times to the present day are not unlimited.

The first models of parachutes were made in the form of huge canopies, but although these parachutes slowed down the fall, they strongly rocked the parachutist in the air. different sides. The air that was caught by the parachute inflated it from one side to the other. The hole in the canopy eliminated this drawback: part of the air flowed upward, and thanks to this the parachute did not swing.

1. The hole in the canopy prevents air from being trapped in the parachute.
2. The first models of parachutes were made in the form of huge canopies that strongly rocked the paratroopers in different directions.
3. Although the first parachutes slowed the fall, it was inconvenient to use them because they rocked the paratrooper violently.
4. To prevent the parachutist from swinging during the fall, as when using the first parachute models, a hole was made in the parachute canopy through which some of the air flows upward.

We don't feel like the air has weight because it pushes on us with the same force. In addition, there is a pressure in our body equal to the air pressure around us. And so we notice that air has weight only when we compare the weight of air with the weight of other gases.

1. We don't notice that air has weight only when we compare the weight of air with the weight of other gases
2. The pressure in the human body is equal to the pressure of the surrounding air.
3. A person feels the weight of air only when compared with the weight of other gases, because uniform air pressure is equal to the pressure in the human body.
4. When we compare the weight of air with the weight of other gases, we notice that air has pressure.

Intuition has always been considered a wonderful property, but “shrouded in deep and dense darkness.” And today the darkness that hides the essence of intuition from man has not completely dissipated, but this does not prevent scientists from using it every day in their research. Guesses are tested by experience and logic, which is why experience and logic are considered central to the scientific method.

1. At present, the darkness that hides the essence of intuition from man has not completely dissipated, but the scientific method requires its use.
2. Although the essence of intuition is not clear, scientists use it by testing guesses with the main thing in the scientific method - experience and logic.
3. Intuition is a wonderful property, and scientists always rely on this property in scientific research.
4. Intuition cannot be used in the scientific method because its essence is not entirely clear.

Any specialty requires a professional approach and professional training. An inexperienced person will never be able to sweep the yard as deftly and accurately as a real janitor, and to become a singer, you need not only to have a voice, but also to study for a long time. Having no special education, using only one common sense, you cannot analyze works of art, although, unfortunately, this is often done.

1. Not everyone can sweep the yard as deftly and accurately as a real janitor.
2. To become a professional singer, it is enough to have a beautiful voice
3. Any specialty requires a professional approach and professional training.
4. Unfortunately, works of art are analyzed by people who do not have special education.

Preview:

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Already today, humanity is acutely aware of the lack of fresh water, and every year the problem of water supply becomes increasingly acute: after all, the total consumption of water in the world is a thousand times higher than the use of all other resources combined. There are various ways to satisfy the “water hunger” of the inhabitants of our planet. One of the most effective is the desalination of the salty waters of the World Ocean, especially since large areas of arid and poorly watered territories adjoin its shores.

1) Desalination of sea water is one of the most effective ways to solve the problem of acute shortage of fresh water, therefore, currently, humanity knows at least thirty ways to solve this difficult task.
2) Already today, humanity is acutely aware of the lack of fresh water, and every year the problem of providing water becomes increasingly acute, since the total consumption of water in the world is increasing all the time.
3) To solve one of acute problems humanity - lack of fresh water - there are various ways, the most effective and expedient of which is the desalination of the salty waters of the World Ocean.
4) Large areas of arid and low-water areas are adjacent to the shores of the World Ocean, so the inhabitants inhabiting these territories experience an acute shortage of fresh water.

2. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Having safely crossed the Atlantic and landed with his crew on the shores of America, Columbus was convinced that he had reached India, and therefore called local residents"Indians". Despite the obvious mistake, this name stuck with the indigenous people inhabiting the American continent. But actually American Indians were not even a single people: they were strikingly different from each other in height and appearance, spoke many different languages ​​and created a wide variety of customs and beliefs.

1) The general name “Indians” was assigned to the indigenous inhabitants of America thanks to Columbus, because the inhabitants of the American continent have many common features: dark skin, high cheekbones, black hair and eyes, blood chemistry.
2) Despite the obvious mistake, the name “Indians” stuck to the indigenous people inhabiting the American continent, so they created a variety of customs.
3) Until the end of his days, Columbus never admitted his mistake and was convinced that, having safely crossed the Atlantic and landed on the shores of America, he had reached India, which is why he called the local inhabitants of the American continent “Indians.”
4) The native inhabitants of America, who were not a single people, were given the erroneous name “Indians,” since Columbus, who discovered America, believed that he had reached India.

3.Which of the sentences below correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

In those parts of the globe where fresh water supplies are small, sea water is used as drinking water and for domestic needs, after removing the salt from it. This process is called desalination and can be carried out different ways. The most commonly used method is boiling water, in which the water begins to rise upward in the form of steam, and the salt remains below, after which the steam cools and, condensing, turns into clean water.

1) In those parts of the globe where fresh water supplies are small, sea water is used as drinking water and for domestic needs, after removing salt from it through filtration and aeration.
2) In areas with particularly hard water, chemical treatment is sometimes used to remove some of the salts dissolved in it, and only after that the water enters the pipes for domestic needs.
3) Where fresh water supplies are small, sea water is used, desalinating the water by boiling, when it rises upward in the form of steam, and the salt remains below; The steam, condensing, turns into clean water.
4) Where reserves of sea water are large, special desalination stations are built to desalinate sea water, which make it possible to obtain fresh water from salt water.

4. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

The principle of competitive exclusion states that two species cannot exist in the same area if they occupy the same ecological niche. Any two species with the same ecological needs are separated in space or time (they live in different tiers of the forest; they lead different - daytime or nocturnal - lifestyles). If spatiotemporal divergence is impossible, one of the species dies or develops a new ecological niche.

1) According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot exist in the same area if they occupy the same ecological niche: one of the species dies or develops a new ecological niche.
2) The principle of competitive exclusion states that ecological tolerance, or the valence of a species, is always broader than the ecological tolerance of an individual.
3) The principle of competitive exclusion states that the ecological spectra of different species living in the same area never coincide if the species differ in at least one valency.
4) According to the principle of competitive exclusion, any two species with the same ecological needs are separated in time if they do not live in the same area.

5. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

IN last years Much has been written about the dolphin’s outstanding intelligence for animals and its rare learning abilities. Undoubtedly, dolphins are very smart: in the seas they save their wounded brethren, working together or alone pushing them out of the water so that the victims can breathe; These animals and people have been saved more than once. The intelligence of dolphins is also evidenced by the fact that in captivity they have learned to perform many different tricks, but the fact that the intelligence and abilities of a dolphin are equal to that of a human is unlikely to ever be proven.

1) In recent years, much has been written about the dolphin’s outstanding intelligence for an animal, its rare learning abilities, and someday it will be proven that the dolphin’s intelligence and abilities are equal to those of humans.
2) In recent years, much has been written about the dolphin’s outstanding intelligence for an animal, its rare learning abilities, and the fact that dolphins are representatives of the second earthly civilization.
3) It will hardly ever be proven that the intelligence and abilities of a dolphin are equal to that of a human, although their intelligence allows them to save their fellow creatures in the wild, and sometimes even people, and to master various tricks in captivity.
4) Dolphins are very smart, their intelligence allows them to master various tricks in captivity, but it is unlikely that dolphins will ever be proven to have speech abilities.

6. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

When the air is humid, we better perceive odorous substances dissolved in the air; they more strongly excite the olfactory receptors in the nose. Therefore, when we walk in rainy weather, it seems to us that everything smells stronger. Outside the city we enjoy the fresh air, but in the city we feel the unpleasant odors of exhaust and industrial gases much more acutely in rainy weather than in sunny weather.

1) Odorous substances dissolved in humid air stimulate the olfactory receptors more strongly, so in rainy weather it seems to us that everything smells stronger.
2) In sunny weather, we almost do not feel the unpleasant odors of exhaust and industrial gases.
3) When the air is humid, everything smells stronger, so outside the city we enjoy the fresh air.
4) Outside the city we enjoy the fresh air, but in the city we feel the unpleasant odors of exhaust and industrial gases much more strongly.

7. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

In the sea, around a volcanic crater located on the surface of a volcano or shallow underwater, a reef forms - a ring-shaped elevation. It consists of the skeletons of corals - microscopic sea creatures, millions of which live in warm sea water at shallow depths. As the volcanic island collapses and sinks underwater, the coral reef rises higher and higher.

1) In the sea, around a volcanic crater located on the surface of a volcano or shallow underwater, a ring-shaped elevation forms.
2) A coral reef consists of the skeletons of corals - microscopic sea creatures, millions of which live in warm sea water at shallow depths.
3) A ring-shaped reef consisting of coral skeletons forms around the crater of an underwater volcano and rises as the volcanic island collapses.
4) As the volcanic island erodes, the coral reef sank.

8. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Apes, when helping their relatives, especially cubs, if necessary, use the same method of artificial respiration as modern doctors. Several years ago, at the Dresden Zoo, a male orangutan saved the life of his newborn cub in this way. Unlike humans, monkeys resort to artificial respiration unconsciously, instinctively, and not consciously.

1) Apes do not understand that they breathe air and that air saturates the blood with oxygen in the lungs, so they instinctively resort to artificial respiration.
2) Not all orangutan cubs are born viable; to save them, monkeys resort to artificial respiration.
3) Several years ago, at the Dresden Zoo, a male orangutan saved the life of his newborn baby.
4) Unlike a person, apes If necessary, they provide artificial respiration to their relatives instinctively.

9. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Einstein's theory was truly an epoch-making discovery. He claimed that he was the only one constant in nature it is the speed of light in a vacuum, and time and space are relative. The bold statement refuted Newton's laws, which were generally accepted at that time.

1) Einstein's theory of relativity, which disproved Newton's laws, states that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant, and time and space are relative.
2) Einstein's theory of relativity became generally accepted over time.
3) Newton’s laws, which stated that the only constant quantity in nature is the speed of light in a vacuum, were generally accepted at the time of Einstein.
4) Einstein argued that time, space and the speed of light are relative.

10. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Pascal is one of the most famous people in human history. Let us mention one more facet of Pascal’s legacy – his practical achievements. Some of them are simply wonderful, but today few people remember the name of their author. For I.S. Turgenev’s measure of convenience and simplicity was “Columbus’s egg” and “Pascal’s wheelbarrow”. Having learned that the great scientist had invented the most ordinary wheelbarrow, he wrote to N.A. Nekrasov: “I’m talking about Pascal’s wheelbarrow - you know that Pascal invented this apparently so simple machine.” Pascal also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses - public carriages with fixed routes - the first type of citywide transport. (S.G. Gindikin from the book “Stories about Physicists and Mathematicians”)

1) An immense literature is dedicated to Pascal, because he is one of the most famous people in the history of mankind.
2) What aspects of Pascal’s life and legacy have not been touched by “Pascal studies”!
3) Pascal is known not only for his scientific, but also for his practical achievements: it was he who came up with the ideas for creating, for example, a wheelbarrow and an omnibus.
4) I.S. Turgenev in correspondence with N.A. Nekrasov mentioned Pascal's inventions.

Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Line UMK V. V. Babaytseva. Russian language (10-11) (in-depth)

Line UMK Kudryavtseva. Russian language (10-11)

Line UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)

Unified State Exam in Russian: detailed analysis assignments with specialists

The Unified State Examination in the Russian language is one of the mandatory exams final exams items. Unified State Exam results in the Russian language will be required upon admission to universities for each field of study (specialty). Today we will look in detail at one of the options for the exam task.

New materials on the Unified State Exam are available for review at the following link:

Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.

3.5 hours (210 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination work.

Minimum number of points in Russian language:

• to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
• for admission to a university - 36 points.

Structure of the examination paper:

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of difficulty.

Part 1 contains 24 short answer questions. The examination paper offers the following types of short-answer tasks:

• tasks open type to record a self-formulated correct answer;
• selection tasks and recording one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.

Part 2 contains 1 open-type task with a detailed answer (essay), testing the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.

Our experts:

Irina Vasilievna Sosnina, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education.
Awarded a Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.

Ryabtseva Elena Aleksandrovna, teacher highest category, teaches at a high school. Veteran of labor, Winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project “Education”. Twice Laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education. Teaching experience - 46 years.

Part 1

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed that stormy social change on the continent associated with cycles solar activity , which are described quite fully by astronomers. (2) Following experts in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this connection is natural . (3)<…>he put forward and developed the hypothesis that sharp increase in solar activity favors that what's on Earth large quantities “passionaries” are born - people of increased activity , promoting social change and guiding the historical movement of peoples.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilyov, having put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries,” explained the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) While studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries”, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Answer: 3 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue addressed in this text.

2. Determine cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Try to retell the text concisely:

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. in the first version, the emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
2. in the second option there is extra information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
3. in the third version, a hypothesis about “passionaries” is put forward, the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
4. in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
5. in the fifth version, the hypothesis about “passionaries” is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Correct answer options - 3 5

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

But
Because
Meanwhile
However
Moreover,

Answer: 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:

1) Read the test carefully and understand the logic of the author’s reasoning.

2) Determine which logical link in the author’s reasoning is the sentence with a gap:

Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );

It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything (hence, it is impossible to choose the place of the gap in meaning MEANWHILE );

Used for contrast, emphasizing the contradiction (hence, in place of the gap, according to the meaning, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, THEN, BUT );

Used to indicate of special importance the following phrase (therefore, in place of the gap according to the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );

3) Carry out the substitution, and then re-read the resulting option again and make sure that you have correctly established the logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls.

1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.

2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, and culture. R. child. Reading developed her.

3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.

4) Do something. to unfold something in a wide manner with all the energy. R. agitation. R. activity.

Answer: 3.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the given sentence.

3. Include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

Word DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls. used in the sense of spreading, expanding, deepening the content or application of something.

R. idea. R. argumentation.

4. Which word has an error in stress placement: WRONG Is the letter indicating the stressed vowel sound highlighted? Write this word down.

Boyhood

bleeding

vulgarize

Answer: vulgarize

Algorithm for completing the task:

It is necessary to remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: took, took, tookA, took, poured in, rushed in, took in, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, occupied, locked, locked, called, lied, poured, poured, lied, overstrained, called As, poured, narwala, started, doused, hugged, overtook, stripped, departed, gave, recalled, recalled, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

Note:

The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which draws the emphasis: Poured, called ;

For the verbs put, sneak, send, send, send, the emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense does NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct lexical error, choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The jury returned a GUILTY verdict in the case.

Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a tangle of silicon fibers and silicon carbide is formed.

“He was a very HIDDEN man who knew how to remain silent,” recalled the writer’s contemporaries.

Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the DICTATE of the Bolsheviks was established.

I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who is talking about it.

Answer: secretive.

Paronyms are words with the same root, belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.

Members of paronymic pairs

They have different lexical meanings;

Combined with different words.

ACCUSED- participle from ch. accuse, one who is found guilty. Examples of use: accused of theft, accused of lying, accused of embezzling funds, accused of a crime, innocently accused, accused of murder.	ACCUSATIVE- containing an accusation. Examples of use: accusatory speech, guilty verdict, indictment, accusatory party.
ORGANIC. 1. (special) Belonging to the plant or animal world, relating to living organisms. 2. Concerning the internal structure of a person, his body, his organs. 3. Concerning the very essence of something, radical. 4. (trans.) Intrinsic to someone.	ORGANIC. Having deep roots in a personal or social organism, inherent in someone or something, not accidental, naturally arising from something; whole, inseparable.
SECRETIVE. Not inclined to share his thoughts, experiences, intentions with others, not frank. Synonym: closed. Antonyms: frank, sincere. Secretive: a person; ~th person; ~th creature; ~s people; ~ character.	HIDDEN. Secret, not revealed explicitly. Antonym: obvious. Hidden: meaning, hint; ~ enmity, irony, pain; ~ excitement, observation; ~th power; ~th temperament; ~ opportunities, reserves, thoughts, intrigues; ~th enemy.
DICTATION(ped.). Written work consisting of recording dictated text. Examples: class, control, visual, difficult, easy dictation	DICTATE- a requirement, an instruction dictated by one, strong party and imposed for unconditional fulfillment by the other, weak party. Examples: Roman dictate;
ORIGINAL- initial. Examples: starting point, level of knowledge	OUTGOING- document flow term. Examples: outgoing number, document

The correct answer is " SECRETIVE", not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

WILL ERASE from the board

sing ZVONCHE

V A HUNDRED AND A HUNDRED meters

two pairs SOCKS

Not DROPING not a word

Answer: having spoken

Algorithm for completing the task:

For execution of this assignment need to good knowledge theories.

1. Formation and use of the nominative and genitive plurals of nouns (For most nouns male, V initial form ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), the ending is typical -OV in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).

2. Use of the numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

comparative adjective		Superlative adjective
Suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE STRONG HER LOUD E JUNIOR E	MORE LESS MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT	Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- DEEP AISH II NICE N EIS II	MOST MOST LEAST MOST KIND MOST DANGEROUS
Comparative adverb degree		Superlative adverb
Suffixes -EE, -E, -SHE ACCURATE HER VYSH E THINSH E	MORE AND LESS MORE EXACTLY MORE HIGH MORE THIN		Pronoun ALL + simple form comparative degree MORE PRECISELY ALL HIGHER ALL THINner ALL

The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in their syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal clause, a determiner and, very rarely, a subject; comparative degree of an adverb - in the role of circumstance.

There was a mistake in the word " uttering" This is a gerund formed from a perfective verb. Perfect participles are formed by adding a suffix -V- to the basics of the vowel infinitive: push - pushing, come - having arrived, look - after looking.

We also offer to your attention work program for teaching materials Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.

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7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun

with a pretext

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members

OFFERS

1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the finals.

2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.

3) In Nekrasov’s poem “ Railway"presents a picture of people's life.

4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.

5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.

6) From the first of June commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.

7) The beast carefully made its way along the road leading to the village and along which it had walked more than once.

8) A squad of rescuers advanced towards the group of tourists.

9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

A.8. Errors associated with incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.

B.4. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases.

A sentence that is grammatically incorrect is one in which the action expressed by a predicate verb and the action expressed expressed by a gerund are committed by different persons.

AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between the SUBJECT and the SUBJECT.

In complex sentences built according to the model “ THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ", with the subject CTO the predicate verb is placed in the singular, and with the subjects TE (ALL) the predicate verbs are used in the plural.

D.2. Errors in constructing sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun “I” in the subordinate part: pronouns and verbs in the first person form should be replaced with pronouns and verbs in the third person form.

D 7. Errors in constructing sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.

The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (sentence 7) lies in the fact that different syntactic constructions are included in the series of homogeneous members. You need: either two participial phrases, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Noteworthy

near..native (station)

hug..mother

Sat..regulate

analog..gical

Answer: hug

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Select test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, the unstressed vowel at the root of which requires memorization.

If you find words that have a vowel being tested in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer

2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - CREATIVE; LAG- LOG; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEEL; JIG - BURN; CHIT - CHIT; KAS - KOS A; (I) - IM (IN); RAST - RASCH - ROS; JACK - SKOCCH; MAC - MOC; EQUAL - EQUAL; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - bench press; NY - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.

Things to remember:

1. Tested unstressed vowels in the root of the word

(in the unstressed position at the root of the word the same vowel is written as under stress in words with the same root or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).

2. Alternating vowels in the root of the word (Hug - hug).

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

pr..miracle, pr..gate (interpret)

pr..smear (with glue), pr..grandfather

not..bending, ..give

about..chalk, between..grove

under..yachy, over..eat

Answer: unbending, surrender

To complete the task correctly, you must know the following spelling rules:

Spelling of unchangeable prefixes: (always written the same way. You need to know them by sight: in-, in-, inzo-, you-, do-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, about-, over-, over- , sub-, sub-, pra-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)

Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 And -WITH(the prefix is ​​written with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or a voiced consonant, and with the letter S if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - a word for remembering “KaPuST”: without-/bes-, who-/res- (up-/sun-), from-/is-, bottom-/nis-, times-/ras, rose-/ros-, through/through (through/through) ;

Spelling of prefixes PRE- And AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in spelling the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, you should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes, which they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word “quirk” turns out to be a morpheme -MIRACLE-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonderful. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PR- in a word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in this word. And in the word “misinterpret” the choice of prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE-/PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in this case - “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);

Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND the root changes to Y: a game- draw , famous - unknown , story - background .

But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.

Excl.: charge);

Spelling separators Kommersant And b signs (dividing Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, e, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th’] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, e, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk) etc. write b).

The prefix is ​​missing from the words “unbending” and “surrender” WITH-. There is no prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations sb, sg, sd, szh, sk, sch.

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

nomadic

suede

outshine

thoughtful...

Answer: Thoughtful

This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective name suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.

Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (Z) .

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

· missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) .

· missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

· in participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, suffixes are written ushch, yushch, eat(ohm) ;

· in participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation, suffixes are written yash, yash, them.

5) Spelling vowels before participle suffixes Vsh And NN depends on yat - yat or it - there the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

· if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before NN in passive past participles the vowel a(я) is retained;

· if the original verb ends in it or eat , then before NN only written e ;

before the suffix Vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending t in an indefinite form.

Help: Put the verb into the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What will THEY do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation - a letter should be written at the endings E ,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - a letter should be written at the endings AND .

11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

hopeful

(they) are offended...

(patients) recovered..t

sealed

(they) visit..t

Answer: They will be offended

It is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND", relating to the second conjugation. See table:

Conjugation of verbs

II conjugation	I conjugation	Heterogeneous conjugates
1) All verbs end in –it, except shave And lay . 2) and 11 more verbs: Drive, hold, breathe, offend. Hear, see, hate. And depend and endure. And also look, twirl . You will remember, friends, them on -E- cannot be conjugated.	1) all other verbs, except for differently conjugated ones; 2) plus verbs shave And lay	want, run, honor

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word.

Open the brackets and write down this word.

We lived poorly, constantly (NOT) EATED, and exchanged the things we brought with us for food.

My trained eye determined that the area was (UN)INHABITABLE, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.

It is still far (UN)CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.

The zoo is accepting (NOT) SOLD OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.

She is an amazing Russian actress, he is a (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.

Answer: They were malnourished, because.:

UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underfill, under-release, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- , denoting achievement of a goal, completion of an action ( finish, get there, finish reading, survive ), and particles Not-, which negates what "before" denotes ( not enough to eat, not enough to eat …).

Verbs with UNDER- Incompleteness of action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is associated in verbs

1) with a lack of quantity of something ( not enough, not enough, not enough, not enough ),

2) with a lack of extension of something in time ( underexpose, undersing, undersleep, underexposure ),

3) with insufficient intensity of action ( overlook, overlook, underhear, undersee ).

The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among the verbs with UNDER- there are those who are without NOT not used (n to bother, to misunderstand, to underuse, to underestimate, to dislike, to mishear, to be perplexed, to miss... ) Verbs to solicit, to understand, to further use, to overestimate, to cherish, to hear, to understand, to account... are absent in the language.

It should be remembered that the writing rules NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

		Apart
	If the word without NOT is not used: indignant, indignant, indignant, fable	If there is a contrast with the conjunction a Not true, but a lie
	If you can replace it with synonyms without NOT: not wide - narrow	If the word with NOT contains the words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all beautiful
	There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one	With verbs and gerunds: didn’t know, not knowing
		With attachments not + until not fully done can't finish watching the movie, can't get it home She didn’t finish and fell silent.
		WITH short participles: not_closed
		Pronouns HAVE a preposition No one, no one
Exceptions: not in moderation, not as an example, not for good, not in a hurry, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not according to one’s gut, not by hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, nor for anything about nothing, not the bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny, etc. not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - more than once (often).

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenFULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Examining evidence (BECAUSE OF preceded by the announcement of documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.

Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (OVER)PERSONAL values ​​on which a person could rely, TO) justify your existence.

(FIRSTLY , everything must be fair, so the spoils must be divided (EQUALLY .

(DESPITE despite the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed enormous fame even ( AT FIRST XX century.

The theater was (WHITE)STONE building with a high porch and SO (SAME) tall oak doors.

Answer: Superpersonal, to

Adjective " SUPERPERSONAL "is written together, because

The first part of a compound adjective " ABOVE » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;

Word " TO " is a conjunction and can be replaced with a synonym.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore written together; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions that, the same, in the same way, for that, with that, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, with which, so, that ) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: AS A RESULT = because of , IN VIEW = because of , ABOUT = O , TOWARD = To , DESPITE = contrary to .

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , FOR .

For continuous, hyphenated or separate writing of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions - during E: There was no news for a year. (time value)

Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. Watch the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to

Nouns with prepositions - go up (refers to the verb),

Climb to the top of the mountain.

Participles with negation

Despite the rain, we left the city (even though it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.

14. Indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) NN is written.

The young officers assigned to the regiment were spoiled (2) by a soft attitude towards them during the training period and knew absolutely (3) nothing about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.

Answer: 1,3,4.

The word "appointed" is the passive past participle should be written NN

1. The word “spoiled” is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning that matches in form the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with NN

2. The word “True” - NN - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter N, and suffix N

Reasoning algorithm:

1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;

2.Apply spelling rule N And NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun: NN

1. If the root of a word ends in N , and the suffix begins with N: raspberry(raspberries)

2.If noun. derived from adj., having NN, or from the participle: soreness (sick), spoiled (spoiled)

3. Remember: homeless woman

1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yang- : peat bog (from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, worker

3. In words: crimson (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), kostyanika (bone), wisdom (sophisticated), Maslenitsa (butter), fescue (oat), hotel (living room), drovyanik (wood-burning), cleverness (clever), great martyr

Adjective:

1. noun -H+ -H -: pocket

2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN

Yunnats (young naturalists)

4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)

5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunk, spicy (historical suf. -YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, single, vigorous .

The same amount is written in short adjectives n, how much and in full

foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl

Participles:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except for the attachment Not-)

But: wholemeal flour

1. There is a prefix Not-: unsifted flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: flour sifted through a sieve

3. No ¬: sifted flour

4. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles

Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

5. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Solved problem (decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Although wounded, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung up the laundry. (Passive parables, because they retain a verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent attribute-quality)., windless

Exception: wounded, windy

6. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles: named play, finished work.

7. When a participle changes into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a sworn brother, a jailed father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unprecedented, sacred, unexpected, unforeseen, accidental, deliberate, slow, awake, swaggering, minted.

8. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: gold-woven, broken-broken, the word everything as a whole has the meaning adj. (high degree of quality), and not the meaning “adj. + participle."

9. Short participles: the girl is spoiled

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

The girl is well-mannered (herself – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered.

Short Communion

The girl was raised in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short parable. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Exist. ? cr. ???

The matter has been thought out (what?) from all sides. Thought out - predicate.

15.Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.

2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communication with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal cliffs.

3) In an excerpt from “ Antonov apples“Bunin one senses not so much the author’s desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.

4) Constant movement, striving towards other limits is the essence creative life and this is exactly what Pasternak wrote about in one of his poems.

5) In the morning the east lit up with a blush and the small clouds turned a delicate color.

Answer:2,3

2-sentence - repeating conjunction OR with homogeneous terms.

3rd sentence - conjunction " as much as", which expresses a comparison under constraint; same as " not to the same extent... as" A punctuation mark is placed between parts of a sentence (before the second part of the conjunction).

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

· if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction (and, or, either, yes (= and) , no comma is placed in front of it;

· if it is a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of a double conjunction;

· if these are repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed only in front of those that are between homogeneous members;

· a comma is always placed before adversative conjunctions between homogeneous members.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and only one.

16. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two “parents” - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the “parents” (5) its essence cannot be understood.

Answer: a) 1,2 - participial phrase, standing after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)

Reasoning algorithm:

Participial phrase answers questions Which? which? which? which?;

The participle answers questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a predicate verb; participial phrase answers questions How? When? Why?

*the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

*adverbial phrases are always highlighted in writing with commas;

*homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies ( BEFORE- is not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word – highlighted

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

Difficult cases of punctuation in participial and participial phrases.

	Participial	Participial turnover.
	Stands out participial phrase meaning reason or concession: Connected with the great poet by cordial friendship, Zhukovsky was very upset about his death (he was worried because he was connected by friendship - the meaning of reason).	Do not stand out single gerunds, standing after the predicate, if they are circumstances of the manner of action, as well as those close in function to adverbs: He walked with a limp. Reading lying down is harmful.
	Not separated by comma homogeneous participial and participial phrases connected by a single connecting or dividing conjunction: Pletnev’s selflessness, who worked in the name of the greatness of Russian literature and understood the uniqueness of Pushkin’s phenomenon, is striking. They walked, looking around warily and without saying a word.
	Expressions with words are not highlighted STARTING WITH, BASED ON(they can be omitted without compromising the meaning): We begin work STARTING next week. Phraseologisms that include adverbial phrases are not highlighted: They listened to his story WITH BEATHING BREATH.

17. Place all missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentences.

Winds (1) winds (2) snowy (3) winds (4)

Notice my past life.

I want to be a bright boy

Or a flower from a meadow border.

I (5) would like (6) to hear horses snore

Hugging a nearby bush.

Raise your (7) you (8) moon paws (9)

My sadness goes to heaven like a bucket.

(S. Yesenin)

Answer: 1,2,4 is an appeal

8.9 is an appeal

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

· Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

· Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, Meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

18. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Chekhov seemed unable to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius (4) picked out everywhere, so he became a master of short stories.

Answer: 1.4 - subordinate clauses are separated

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before a conjunctive word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the conjunction I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

19. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no way (5) and see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamship over the sailboat.

Answer: put commas

3-the subordinate clause has ended, a new one begins

5-between parts of a complex sentence

6-end of subordinate clause

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

· If homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not placed;

· If parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.

5. Find 2 unions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

· A comma is NOT placed between conjunctions if the words follow in the sentence then, yes, but

· A comma is placed between conjunctions if not SO, SO, BUT

Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.

(1) The sky was overcast with evil clouds, the rain sadly pounded the windows and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a lot of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, the good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) But it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter..."

(10) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

(15) He took out left hand and sadly passed it over his face.

(16) “But how easily it would be possible to help people’s grief: you just have to lift a finger. (17 For example, there is a rich funeral procession. (18) A gear of horses in black blankets is carrying a magnificent coffin, and behind it rides almost on a mile away there is a line of carriages. (19) The torchbearers step out importantly with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms dangle from the horses: they are burying an important person, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel!

- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, it is impossible to give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; He says the kids are sick and need to be treated.

- (28) And six rubles will be too much. (29) Don’t give more than five, otherwise we’ll go bankrupt. (30) Just take a good look around to see if there are any holes or spots left somewhere... (31) “Okay, sir, so this is life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind the rich hearse is a cart, on which a pine coffin is loaded. (33) Only one old woman trudges behind her, splashing through the mud. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t give it, although maybe he will express his condolences... (37) What else is there?”

- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat... how much should I give?

- (39) Rabbit fur... (40) Nothing, strong, worth five rubles. (41) Give three rubles, and interest, of course, forward... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

(according to A.P. Chekhov*)

*Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, elder brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.

2) The woman who gave the suit to the pawn shop had sick children.

3) In the city pawn shop of Judah, interest is taken in advance.

4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.

5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to sell a hare’s fur coat, because she was very poor and needed money for a funeral.

To complete the task, use the following algorithm:

· Read the text carefully

Find in it confirmation or refutation of this or that statement

· Choose the correct answers

Let's consider how this algorithm can be applied to complete this task.

The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (proposal No. 2)

Statement stated in the fourth answer option is exactly the opposite of what the author says in the text itself. So this answer incorrect.

In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need the money for a funeral

So answer number 5 too incorrect.

Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says the kids are sick and need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.

Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, will be forward...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3

21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

3) Proposition 23 contains an answer to the question formulated

in sentences 21–22.

4) Sentences 34–36 present the reasoning

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Read the suggested fragments carefully;

Remember that the description shows, describes.

Varieties of description:

1) description of an object, person (its characteristics)

2) description of the place

3) description of the state of the environment

4) description of the state of the person (person)

5) description of actions

The narrative tells about the actions and deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).

Reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, evidence, conclusion.

Attention! There is not always a clear thesis statement in a passage. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this reasoning, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.

Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to

Let's try to apply this algorithm.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.”

The fragment describes the pose and clothing. We “see” this hero.

So this one the answer is correct

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, and humanity. He has introductory word, a rhetorical question. So, uh then the reasoning.

3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in sentences 21–22.

(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.

4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.

(34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although maybe he will express his condolences...

This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness and condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, and tears came out. So this answer incorrect, This narration.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 134

22. From sentences 39–45, write down antonyms (antonymous pair).

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Remember what antonyms are.

Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in spelling and sound, and mean directly opposite concepts.

Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are the individual stylistic use of a particular word... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymic relationships with each other. Thus, in the context of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” the words “wave” and “stone,” “poetry” and “prose,” “ice” and “fire” are antonyms.

3. Define the specified lexical item

4. Choose the correct answer

(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.

Therefore, we write out: poor people, rich people

23. Among sentences 15–23, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

Reasoning algorithm:

Remember what types of conjunctions there are (coordinating and subordinating)

1. Find a coordinating conjunction

2. Remember the categories of pronouns

3. Find a personal pronoun

4. See which sentence contains both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connecting and, yes(=and), neither, nor, too, also

Nasty a, but, yes (=but), but, however, same

Separating or, either, so-and-so, either... or, not that... not that

Personal pronouns (initial form)

	Unit h./pl. h.
	he, she, it/they

Case forms

			He she it
			His, her, his
			Him, her, him
			His, her, his
			To them, to them, to them
			About him, about her, about him

Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM coincide with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?

For the initial form and question:

saw (who?) her, him, them .

Initial form: she, he, it, they.

Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.

Her, his, theirs books (R.p.).

Initial form: her, him, them books.

Books (whose?) her, his, theirs.

Therefore, these are possessive pronouns.

(20) Cardboard coats of arms are dangling from the horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments- his voice sounds quiet, but at the same time firmly and clearly. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of visual and expressive means. In the presented fragment it is worth noting the trope - (A)__________ (“angry clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), lexical device - (B)__________ (“hanging out” in sentence 20, “we’ll burn out” in sentence 29 , “travels, spanking...” in sentence 33), syntactic means - (B)__________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (G)__________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.”

List of terms

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

Reasoning algorithm:

Let's divide all terms into 3 groups

There is a hint in the first task:mark the trope.

Trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative meaning.

Let's remember the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litotes, irony, periphrasis.

Let's see which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group

Let's remember the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotional and evaluative definition.

Hyperbole and synecdoche are not appropriate.

« Evil clouds», « gloomy street" is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition expressed by an adjective.

Therefore this epithet.

The second task deals with lexical means.

We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.

The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - stable combination words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.

Colloquial vocabulary gives speech a character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).

Phraseologisms and colloquial vocabulary are second group

• The words “hanging out”, “burning out”, “tragging, splashing...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.

Therefore, the answer is: No. 4

In task “B” they ask about a syntactic device.

• Let's remember syntactic means expressiveness, and look at what is in the list of terms:

antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of the sentence.

• The list of terms includes:

Antithesis is a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

Interrogative sentences are a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.

Lexical repetition is the deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are listed actions, objects, signs.

Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the sentence are the third group.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

These are interrogative sentences.

Therefore, answer #6

I propose to complete task “D” by the method of elimination.

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist.

The text is based on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.

Therefore, answer "No. 2"

Fill out the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

State one of the problems delivered author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any