c) Evpatiy Kolovrat +
Which of the Russian princes headed in 1252? rebellion against the Golden Horde?
c) Andrey Yaroslavich +
Which Russian city did the Mongols call the “evil city”?
c) Kozelsk +
When and where did he die? Prince of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich, fighting the Mongols
a) in 1238 on the river Power +
Which of the Russian princes in the middle of the 19th century? He was the initiator of the creation of the Anti-Horde Union of Russian Princes
B) Daniil Galitsky +
What was the name of the capital of the Golden Horde?
Which of the Russian governors, on Batu’s orders, “wasn’t killed for the sake of his bravery”?
A) Dmitra +
What does the term "basma" mean?
a) the plate that was issued Mongol khans as a pass and credentials +
Did Rus' become dependent on the Golden Horde as a result?
a) invasions of Khan Batu
What battle took place on the spot where Peter the Great founded the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg?
a) Battle of the Neva!!!
How did the territory of fertile lands south of the Oka come to be called?
b) wild field!!!
Who owns the idea that tormented Russia stopped Mongol conquerors and thereby saved European civilization?
b) A.S. Pushkin!!!
113.Specify correct match between the date and event of the period of struggle against foreign invaders XIII-Khuvv...
1237 invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'
1240 Battle of the Neva
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
Baskak system of domination over Russian lands
tribute in favor of the Golden Horde
yoke representative of the khan who exercised control
behind local authorities
Indicate the correct correspondence between the term characterizing the relationship between Rus' and the Golden Horde and its definition
label province in the Golden Horde
ulus tribute in favor of the Golden Horde
output khan's letter confirming the right
to reign
Topic 3. Russian education centralized state. The rise of autocracy
1. Thanks to what event did Ivan Kalita receive a “label” for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and the right to collect tribute?:
c) participation in the suppression of the uprising in Tver. !!!
2. The event, which went down in history as “standing on the Ugra River,” led to:
c) the end of Rus'’s dependence on the Golden Horde. !!!
3. B end of XIII V. in order to become a Grand Duke in Rus', it was necessary to obtain:
c) a label for a great reign from the Horde. !!!
4. What were the specifics of the socio-economic development of Rus' in the 9th-11th centuries? compared to Western Europe:
c) in the predominance of free community members among the population. !!!
5. Characteristic feudalism:
a) the conditional nature of land ownership; !!!
6. The first mention of Moscow is found in the chronicle in:
b) 1147; !!!
7. Who was the founder of the Moscow appanage princes:
b) Daniil Alexandrovich; !!!
8. Between which two principalities was there a struggle for hegemony in North-Eastern Rus' in the first quarter of the 14th century:
c) between Moscow and Tver. !!!
9. Name the Russian prince of the first “collector” of Rus':
b) Ivan Kalita; !!!
10. When the white stone Kremlin was built in Moscow:
c) in 1367!!!
11. Under the leadership of which Russian prince the defeat of Mamaev’s army took place on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikovo field:
c) Dmitry Ivanovich;!!!
12. The main difference in the process of creating a single centralized state compared to similar processes in Western Europe?:
A) foreign policy factor;!!!
13. The final stage formation of the Moscow centralized state:
c) second half of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries. !!!
14. When it was overthrown Horde yoke in Rus':
a) in 1480; !!!
15.The first Russian metropolitan elected at general meeting Russian bishops were:
16. Which of the following statements is true? Union of Florence:
a) was an attempt by the Pope to subordinate the Russians to his influence Orthodox Church!!!
17. Payment for the elderly was first introduced:
c) in the Code of Laws of 1497!!!
Who was the first to undertake unsuccessful attempt besiege and capture the white stone Moscow Kremlin, built on the orders of Dmitry Donskoy?
V) Lithuanian prince Olgerd!!!
19. A land cultivation system in which a field is sown for several years in a row, then rests for several years, and then plowed up again is called:
ENE material
Voivode, in Russia
Slavic word corresponding to Latin dux and German Herzog, "leader of the army." - Among the ancient Slavs, like other tribes, military life prevailed, and the custom, with the voice of the tribal veche (see this word), was established to elect governors, or leaders in case of war: with the end of it, V.’s power ceased. At the end of the 8th century, when the identity of the Baltic and in general Western Slavs danger began to threaten different sides, their popular government has been somewhat transformed. The governors united military, civil and spiritual power in their hands. The leaders of the tribes appeared, owners, hospodars, that is, “supreme governors,” who at the same time were the chief judges and high priests. Subsequently, among the majority of Slavs, the name V. became the name prince. In Russia after calling Varangian princes the senior warriors were called princely V. The noblest of them stayed in Kyiv, under the prince; in the main regional cities under the princely governors there were also V. with detachments of the princely squad to keep the natives in submission. During times specific period each prince had his own army and his own troops, who in wartime commanded military men, and in peacetime performed various civil positions. With the establishment of autocracy, the appointment of regimental military units remained with the Moscow sovereigns alone. The Russian army for the campaign and battle was divided into 5 regiments: advanced, large, right hand, left hand and guard (rear). Each of these regiments had one or several V. at its head. In addition to the regimental V., the Russian army also consisted of: 1) V. ertaulny, commanded light troops; 2) V. from projectile, chief of artillery, and 3) V. walking, boss walk-towns(see this word).
The main one between all of them was considered to be the V. of the large regiment; but it is impossible to accurately determine the relationship of other V. to him due to the lack of historical data. It is only known that each V. was an independent boss; all of them communicated directly with the discharge order and had the right to write to the sovereign. In some cases they received royal decree to be “in the gangway” with the V. of the large regiment, and then certain conditions of subordination were determined, although in all his replies the V. of the large regiment added that the decisions and orders were made by him and similar V. With V. there were clerks for correspondence and conducting monetary transactions , so called movable huts with judges, clerks, and clerks to carry out trials and reprisals in the army. V.’s duties after the onset of wartime were to review all the military men according to the lists and draw up their own lists for the correct distribution of cash salaries. Then, according to the general plan of military operations established in the Tsar's Duma, V. began to “prey on the enemy.” Under Peter the Great, the military rank of V. was destroyed; only civilians remained.
As local rulers, V. initially appeared as an exception. Already in Princely Rus' to some (mainly border) cities, posadniks, and then governors, were sometimes sent with an army, and then they were called governors, Also local governors Unlike military commanders appointed for the sole purpose of leading a certain campaign. In the XVI century. the government makes a distinction between governors regimental and local; the latter began to be called per annum, because they were released to manage a given area for a year, and subsequently - policemen. The general introduction of V. dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. The Time of Troubles revealed the need to have military power in every city and, moreover, a governing body that would connect the provinces with Moscow and would extend its power to all classes of provincial society (and not just tax-paying people). V. was usually sent to cities not alone, but with comrades (second and third governors) or with clerks and clerks; the latter, in contrast to the clerks who were engaged only in writing, were called clerks with a signature, because reports were sent to Moscow for their signature. The relationship of the main (first) V. to his comrades was not distinguished by certainty; they were ordered to manage all matters together, without any discord. If they could not agree and lived in enmity, then there was one remedy - to punish for quarrels, which the government did. V. lived in the voivode's courtyard, which was built by the residents of the district they controlled. The presence was moving out or orderly hut, which in noble cities was called chamber. This institution, sometimes quite complex in composition, was divided into sections or tables. In the districts, which embraced several cities with their districts, there were different governors of the main cities And governors of assigned cities. In assigned cities there were sometimes only V., without clerks and without clerks. They were usually sent by the central government, but in some places they were appointed by the governors of the main cities. The V. of the assigned cities were sometimes completely independent rulers, sometimes they were deprived of all power, and the affairs of the assigned districts were administered directly by the main V. Finally, the palace villages and settlements were usually allocated into independent districts, which were in charge of special palace commanders. All V. upon their appointment received order, which defined their responsibilities. The degree of V.'s power was not the same. V., under whom there were clerks, had relatively more power. The size of the city and the literacy of the governor were also taken into account. V. was in charge of almost all industries local government. They were entrusted with recruiting troops, distributing cash and grain salaries, distributing service among serving people; they were obliged to catch thieves, robbers, pursue fugitives, take measures against fires, infectious diseases, forbidden games, seductive spectacles, merrymaking; they had to eradicate schism, ensure that the clergy fulfilled their duties, that parishioners attended church and fasted in a timely manner. Next, V. were judges. IN big cities, where V. was sent with his comrades, they were given the opportunity to resolve civil cases up to 100 and then up to 500 rubles. According to the Code of V., under which there were no clerks, they could not judge patrimonial, local and slave cases at all, and in other cases they gave court only up to 10 or up to 20 rubles. All matters exceeding V.'s authority went directly to Moscow; between Moscow and all cities, no matter how small they were, there were no intermediate authorities. Cases of “robbery, tateb and murder” were subject to the conduct of labial elders, over whom V. were supposed to have supervision, but they soon became their bosses and, together with them, began to handle criminal cases. Most governors did not have the right to sentence death penalty, but some were also granted this right - for example, the governors of remote cities, where she was usually appointed with her comrades. Having subjugated the provincial institutions, the governors laid their hands on zemstvo self-government and became the chiefs of zemstvo elders and kissers in their police activities; but financially and economic management Zemstvo authorities were independent, submitting only to the supervision of V. V. was equally removed from the management of other branches of financial management, from “customs and tavern fees,” which were administered by special heads. In general, V. did not enjoy the confidence of the central government. Controls (Annual Submission) estimated And litter, or counting, the lists were insignificant, had almost exclusively a financial goal and achieved it just as little as general reporting when V. was replaced. The voevoda was considered the head of all clerks in the district, various kinds clerks and heads; he was entrusted with “watching” for those elders who were not directly subordinate to him, but the elders at hand were also recommended to “watch” for the governor. Often the central government, dissatisfied with the voivodeship administration or not trusting it, sent “requesters from Moscow” who were entrusted with individual assignments. These were detectives in criminal cases, detectives of fugitives, city farmers, grain and money collectors, etc. Almost powerless to serve local interests, to meet the needs of the area and individuals, V. were not satisfactory and how executive bodies central government. The governor was each time set in motion, so to speak, by a decree from Moscow; V otherwise he was inactive. The lack of success of the voivodeship administration was also facilitated by the fact that V. was in charge of the regional order that was in charge of his city; instructions of other orders without obedient He might not have carried out the letters from his order. Legitimate demands of other governors. V. often refused to comply with the pretext that “they do not have a decree from the great sovereign about this.” V.'s abuses (they withheld the salaries of service people, patronized tavern and smuggling, they themselves produced them in large sizes, entered into alliances with thieves and robbers, took exorbitant taxes from tax-paying people) found some support in the government’s own view of the voivodeship position. Feeding (see this next) of local rulers was abolished even under Ivan the Terrible, but it continued to live in morals. The government not only knew that the governors received offerings, but also considered it in the order of things; it pursued only extortion when complaints about it came to it. It was not for nothing that the voivodship service was considered a very profitable, “selfish” service. This determined its short-term nature: governors were appointed for a short period - for a year, two, sometimes three years. The reform of the city, which marked the beginning of the division of the empire into provinces, had little impact on the essence of the voivodeship position. The provinces were headed by governors and vice-governors, who, however, were limited to general supervision primarily over the military-financial side of administration; the actual administration remained as before in the hands of V., only they were renamed commandants and chief commandants. A larger transformation took place in 1718-1720. The provinces were divided into provinces, which were governed by V. or vice-governors. V. given detailed instructions(“Complete Collection of Laws” No. 3294), by which they were entrusted with police power in a broad sense. From the power of governors and voivodes, two independent branches of government were separated: finance and court. Tax collection has been handed over to zemstvo commissars(which existed before) from elected nobles, acting under the supervision of governors and voivodes and under accountability to their voters. The separation of the court from the administration was carried out far from consistently: the governors and V., without interfering in the proceedings of the court, could stop the execution of decisions with their protest, answering, however, for an unfounded protest. In the city the court is again connected with the administration; The courts are judged by a voivode with two assessors. In the city, all new positions and local government institutions were abolished; Instead, V. were appointed to all those cities where they were in the Moscow period. The number of governors has increased: governors have appeared suburban, urban and provincial, who, together with the governors, concentrated in their hands all branches of government and court. The old order led to the same abuses. In the city it was ordered to appoint V. for two years, after which they were to appear in the Senate with painted and counting books. In the city, the Senate ordered their replacement after five years, but residents were given the opportunity to petition for an extension of this period. By the institution on the provinces of the city, the title of V. was abolished and the voivodeship offices that were attached to them (from the time of Peter) were closed.
- B. Chicherin, " Regional institutions in the 17th century" (M., 1856);
- I. Andreevsky, “On governors, governors and governors” (St. Petersburg, 1864; review by N. Kalachov in the XXXIV Demidov Awards and separately, St. Petersburg, 1867);
- A. Gradovsky, “History of local government in Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1868, Chapter V);
- by him, “Local Government Systems” (in the “Collection State Knowledge"V. Bezobrazova, vol. VI, St. Petersburg, 1878).
- A fictional story about voivodeship abuses by Kostomarov, “The Revolt of Stenka Razin” (in the introduction).
- ABOUT household history voivodeship office, see "
slav.: leader of the army), in Rus' this concept had a triple meaning: the head of the army, the highest local administrator and one of the subordinate bodies of local government. The first concept is ancient history until the 16th century; the second belongs to the 16th-17th centuries, when the voivode replaced the previous governor, and the third - appeared under Peter I. Voivodes ancient Russian princes led detachments of the princely squad. In the Moscow state, the Russian army for campaigning and battle was divided into 5 regiments: advanced, large, right hand, left hand and guard (rear). Each of these regiments was headed by one or more governors. Regimental governors were appointed by the sovereign. In addition to the regimental governors, the Russian army also consisted of: 1) the Ertaul governor, who commanded the light troops; 2) voivode from the shell, or chief of artillery and 3) voivode gulai - the head of the gulai-city. The commander of a large regiment was considered to be in charge. Under Peter, the title of military governor was destroyed, leaving only the title of civilian governor. In the XVI-XVII centuries. voivodship management becomes the system of the Moscow government, partly replacing the vicegerency system. Ivan IV began to appoint voivodes as the highest local rulers in 1555. At first, voivodes were appointed only to remote border towns, as in places that required military protection; then in the 17th century. they are already in all cities. Governors were appointed at the discretion of the tsar as a result of a petition, which was previously considered in the Tsar's Duma; the appointment itself went through the Rank Order or another, which was in charge of the voivodeship. The governors governed according to orders and had wide circle activities. The subjects of the voivodeship administration can be subsumed under the following categories: 1) military affairs: recruiting troops, distributing salaries, appropriating service, etc.; 2) diplomatic affairs; 3) financial and economic affairs, which were limited, however, only to supervision, “looking”; 4) concerns about bringing prosperity and security to the people (for example, catching thieves, robbers and fugitives) and 5) judicial matters, for example, resolving civil cases up to 100 and even up to 500 rubles. Peter the Great abolished the voivodeship administration, replacing the voivodes with governors (1708). But later, after the division of the provinces into provinces (1719), Peter restored the voivodes as governors of the provinces and, therefore, assistant governors, and under his successors, voivodes were also appointed to individual cities - city and suburban voivodes. After the introduction of the Institution on the Governorates of Catherine II (1775), the governors and their offices were abolished.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
In general - a military leader.
This common Slavic term old Rus' designated 3 positions: the chief of the army, the highest local administrator and one of the subordinate bodies of local government; the first meaning belongs to ancient history and survived until the 17th century; the second appears in the 15th century, replacing the previous governor, and existed throughout the entire 17th century. and, finally, the third arose only under Peter the Great, disappearing with the introduction of the institution of provinces in 1775.
| being brought to trial by the Voivod for unlawful acts and arbitrariness." PSZ, vol. IV. No. 1760. |
According to sources of the XV-XVII centuries. - commander of a military unit (); With mid-16th century V. By 1775, the term acquired a second meaning - a local representative of the central administration (see).
It was first mentioned in the chronicle story about the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav (960s); during the XI-XIV centuries. almost goes out of use due to the collapse unified army Kyiv princes into small ones princely squads. IN chronicle sources This period is used rather as an exception: Voivode, for example, was named by the Russian troops in the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Bobrok-Volynets.
In addition, sometimes a Voivode was appointed to command a special mobile fortress - Gulyai-city.
Often monuments give indications that were sent from Moscow to strengthen command staff active army.
To subordinate some Voivodes to others until early XVI I Art. there are no instructions, and they had to act in the old way “for one man.” This form of collegiality of the command staff did not have any legal certainty, only the demand was made that everything get along peacefully “without discord for one, so that the sovereign and zemstvo affairs would not be disrupted.” "
IN Russian-Polish War 1631–34 The Great Voivode is already the one to whom the Voivodes of the operating regiments were subordinate, except for one (Eropkin), who received a special task.
The Great Voivode, commanding the entire army, simultaneously commanded one of the regiments, usually the Greater; he was given, like the Voivode of the regiments subordinate to him, one comrade with ordinary competence and, in addition, a comrade, who was entrusted with a special elective from 100 to 1 thousand.
The responsibilities of the Voivode are closely dependent on the characteristics of the formation of the Russian army of the XVI-1st half XVII century, because The voivode was not only the senior officer of the military unit (), but also the person conducting the mobilization. The appointment of the Voivode was formalized by a royal charter or a verdict of the Boyar Duma in the event of the outbreak of war (in the 16th century also in the event possible war- “according to news”) The letter usually contained an “instruction” - indicating the gathering place for the future, the area of future military operations and a small operational plan for the future campaign (most often it was limited to the formula “and provide for it (the war) as God wills”).
From the Rank Order, the Voivode received personalized lists of his service people, and he was assigned a staff of clerks and clerks to conduct office work.
Upon arrival at the gathering place, the Voivode was obliged to collect his lists, rewrite those who appeared and “netchikov” and send the lists to the sovereign (in the 1st half of the 17th century wide use received service in halves, when half was under arms, and the other half was on vacation on the estates), to notify the commanders of the formations stationed in the area, as well as the governor, of his arrival Ukrainian cities, “put up watchmen” (organize surveillance of the enemy) and organize a communications service. After this, the administrative responsibilities of the Voivode ended and the actual military began.
The complication of the structure of the Russian army led to the separation from total mass Voivode of the unique commanders of the “arms.” The artillerymen were the first to separate - in the rank of the campaign against Lithuania in 1534, Voivodes “at the detachment” are indicated as an independent position. In the category of the campaign against Kazan in 1551, Ertaul governors - commanders of light cavalry - are named as individual officials. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, the position of "walking voivode", or voivode-commander, appeared. At the beginning of the 16th century, the process of dividing the voivode into "regimental" and "annual", i.e. voivodes, who were appointed military commandants in border fortress(For the first time, the list of Voivodes “by city” in the ranks appeared in 1516.) Annual voivodes, unlike the governors who acted in the 16th century, combined military and administrative control of territories.
The appointment to the position of Voivode was in the nature of a one-time assignment and was neither a rank nor a title. Appointment as a Grand Voivode (see Voivode Bolshoi) was an honor, a distinction, but did not change social status person who held this position - after resigning from his duties as Voivode, he returned to the same level of the bureaucratic ladder from which Voivode was appointed (although for successful completion duties Voivode (the tsar) could promote from okolnichy into boyars, welcome him to neighboring boyars, etc.).
The appearance of the Voivode as supreme bodies local government, although it dates back to the time of the abolition of feeding, but the Voivode already in the 15th century. stood next to the governor and were called local or annual governors, and later policemen, in contrast to military or regimental ones. The appearance of these governors was caused by the construction of new cities with strategic goals on the outskirts, where military tasks came to the fore, which is why their population itself was almost entirely obliged to serve, as well as the annexation of new regions inhabited by foreigners, where all branches of government were concentrated in military hands.
About the Voivodes of the XVI-XVII centuries. it is still impossible to speak of a closed service corporation, like officer corps XVIII-XX centuries Theoretically, any Russian could receive an appointment as Voivode; the restriction was carried out only due to the existence of intra-class barriers (the so-called parochial account). Representatives of individual families were constantly appointed to Voivodes, others were recruited as needed; Persons from the closest royal circle were usually appointed to the most responsible posts.
Legislation of the XVI-XVII centuries. did not consider the Voivode as a separate army structure; they were subject to the body of laws covering service in general. We know about the personal responsibility of the Voivode to the Grand Dukes (Tsars) from the message of G. Kotoshikhin: “And for other... regimental voivodes for their services there is a decree on salaries: in the square, in front of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, they are whipped, and others are executed by death, and others are deprived of honor, and estates, and votchinas, and are sent into exile to Siberia, to eternal life, with a wife and children, as Cossacks, or in whatever service they are fit for." The first Russian general military regulations (the so-called Military book, 1607-1621) - “Charter of military, cannon and other affairs” does not say anything significant about the position of Voivode.
In the 2nd half of the 17th century, as regiments of a foreign system were widely introduced into the army, regiments led by Voivodes, called discharges, lost their former significance and actually turned into a type of militia. Latest major operations with the participation of discharge regiments - campaigns to the Crimea book. V.V. Golitsyn 1687-1689, apparently this last case Voivode appointments. Noble militia participated in the siege of Narva in the fall of 1700 and in the military operations of B.S. Sheremetev in the Baltic states 1701-1703, but with officers who had pan-European command ranks.
Having served in the regiments, a Voivode was usually appointed as a city governor in old age for rest and not for long periods - for 2–3 years, the military duties of city Voivodes consisted of accepting preventive measures regarding the attack of the enemy and in gathering troops and in commanding them.
He was also in charge of the fortress (fortress) and abatis, and he was the main leader of their defense.
The duties of the city Voivode were also entrusted with collecting and recording the service people of his district, for whom he kept books of “arrivals and vacations.” The “instrument officers” - archers, city Cossacks, gunners and other collars - were entirely under the jurisdiction of the city Voivode. there was also a call for willing people to serve and a gathering of willing people.
In the half of the 17th century, with the formation of local ranks or regiments, each of them began to differ main city and attached cities, and the Voivodes of the attached cities were subordinate to the Voivode of the main city.