Reforms in the era of Peter the Great
The period of Tsar Peter Alekseevich's reign was marked by global changes in the life of Russian society. It started in 1696 and ended around 1725.
Peter the Great wanted fundamental changes in Russia. By that time it was a backward country. Therefore, Peter’s reforms, which can be briefly read about in the encyclopedia, were aimed at achieving progress.
Construction of factories and factories
Industry in Russia was not well developed. Meanwhile, the country waged a war with Sweden in order to achieve access to Baltic Sea, so weapons were needed. Therefore, Peter's reforms were aimed at searching for minerals and building factories and factories to create weapons and necessary equipment from them. Manufactories were created, it was founded new area industrial institutions- Ural. People who were engaged in industry received benefits and privileges from the king. In order to work with industrial enterprises throughout the country, Peter the Great created the Chamber of Mayoress.
At the same time, the owner of the enterprise, who managed it and helped carry out Peter’s reforms, really became rich. Ordinary workers often worked in harsh conditions, and received a meager salary.
However, industry under Peter the Great made a sharp leap in development. Russians have become much less dependent on foreign goods. And other countries began to receive iron, linen, and wheat from Russia.
Military reform
Peter the Great constantly participated in wars and was a supporter of military exercises. During his reign main task The Russians were conquest of the passage to the Baltic Sea. The war with Sweden, which at that time was led by Charles the Twelfth, required the creation of a regular army.
And Peter created one. Peter's reforms briefly boil down to the transformation of peasants into soldiers who become defenders of the state. The army is led by foreigners. New army gets new uniforms and she gets victories. The Swedish king runs away.
Europeanization of society
Peter's reforms briefly boil down to Peter the Great's attempt to change Russian society, make it European. The boyars are ordered to shave their beards, because Westerners go shaven. The chronology system is changing. New Year They begin to celebrate on January 1, and not on September 1, as before.
Boyars in the era of Peter begin to join European values. Peter obliges them to study literacy and opens schools. Begins publishing the newspaper Vedomosti. Many books are translated from foreign languages into Russian. Arabic numerals are being introduced into everyday use. The alphabet is simplified, many Church Slavonic letters are abolished.
The Boyar Duma is abolished, the Senate becomes the head of the country - supreme body. He makes decisions about governing the country.
Peasants
The way in which peasants are treated begins to change. Many of Peter's reforms briefly boil down to clearly dividing the people into classes. And before Peter there was a division of peasants into serfs and owners. At the same time, the slaves did not pay taxes.
The number of serfs under Peter only increased. Peter himself would like to abolish the buying and selling of people, but he understood that this would be difficult in his time. At this time, revision tales begin to be compiled, which indicate the number of people who are assigned to the landowner or to the land. All these people are taxed. Now peasants cannot escape the need to pay taxes. Petrine reforms briefly aim to enslave the peasants and deprive them of the opportunity to leave their master.
At this time, Peter contributes to the development Agriculture. In 1721, he gave a decree to introduce the Lithuanian scythe, which allows you to reap ten times faster than a sickle. German and Latvian peasants arrive and teach Russian peasants how to use a scythe. Dutch cows and Merino sheep were imported from Spain. Mulberry and fruit trees were brought and planted.
Petersburg
During the reign of Peter, much was aimed at erecting structures that could protect the Russian people from the Swedes. Therefore, in 1703, construction of a fortress began on Hare Island.
Peter's reforms were briefly aimed at creating an outpost city. The founding of St. Petersburg is therefore natural. At the very beginning of its existence, thousands of people worked on its construction. All of them were brought here from other places. Many of them were sick.
That's why people didn't like living in St. Petersburg. Many of them left for Moscow and other regions, so even after Peter they had to be returned to the city by force. But already under Catherine, the Second City became beautiful and brilliant, and many sought to settle here. Now St. Petersburg is the glory and adornment of Russia. Guests come here from all over the world.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Lesson plan 1. Reasons for popular uprisings. 2. Astrakhan uprising of 1705-06. 3.Uprising under the leadership of K.A. Bulavin. 4. Bashkir uprising. 5.Performances of the Old Believers. 6.Speeches by factory workers. Menu
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Huge government expenditures on Northern War led to an increase in government duties and taxes. Local officials often took advantage of the “military confusion” to introduce “local” taxes. Recruitment and government work led to the separation of the population from the land and from their families. The persecution of the Old Believers continued. European orders were forcibly introduced. All this led to mass popular uprisings. 1. Reasons for popular uprisings. Execution by hanging by the rib and burying in the ground. Engraving 18th century. Menu
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In 1705, an uprising broke out in Astrakhan, where the local governor became famous for his greed and cruelty. In the summer of 1705, he began to forcibly carry out the order to shave beards and introduce European dress. The archers killed the foreign guard, executed the entire administration headed by the governor and created elected government led by merchant Nosov Soon the uprising spread lower Volga region and part North Caucasus. 2. Astrakhan uprising of 1705-06. Astrakhan.Dutch engraving of the 18th century. Menu
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Peter I, having learned about the uprising, asked the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka for help. At this time, the rebels were besieging Tsaritsin. Having learned about the Kalmyks' intention to capture Astrakhan, they moved away from Tsaritsin. Soon an army led by B.P. approached Astrakhan. Sheremetev and after the siege and subsequent assault, the city fell in March 1706. 350 people were executed or died from torture. 2. Astrakhan uprising of 1705-06. I. Argunov. B.P. Sheremetyev. Menu
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In October 1707, an uprising began on the Don under the leadership of K. Bulavin, caused by attempts to limit Cossack self-government. The Cossacks destroyed the royal detachment, but were defeated by the military ataman Maximov. Bulavin, having fled to Zaporozhye, soon returned and occupied Cherkessk, becoming the Don ataman. He sent detachments to neighboring regions, but in July 1708 was killed by a foreman. 3.Uprising under the leadership of K.A. Bulavin. M.Gorelik.Destruction Bulavinsky uprising. Menu
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In 1705-11, a powerful uprising swept Bashkiria. It was caused by the arbitrariness of tax collectors, who immediately introduced 72 new taxes. Officials mocked the Bashkirs and insulted their national and religious feelings. The uprising was led by the local nobility and clergy. Russian villages were plundered, and their inhabitants were sold into slavery to Turkey, on whose help the rebels were counting. 4. Bashkir uprising. E. Korneev. Bashkirs. Drawing from the 18th century. Menu
Detailed solution to paragraph §7 on history for 8th grade students, authors N.M. Arsentiev, A.A. Danilov, I.V. Kurukin. 2016
Questions and tasks for working with the text of a paragraph
1. Explain the meaning of the concept “small nobleman”.
A small nobleman - owning a small estate, had no more than 100 serfs.
2. What distinctions between fiefdom and estate were abolished in 1714? Why do you think this was done?
Previously, the estate was inherited and could be sold; and the nobles received the estate for their service. According to the decree on single inheritance, this difference between votchina and estate was eliminated. V. O. Klyuchevsky explains the reasons for the adoption of the decree: “You know the legal difference between the main types of ancient Russian service land tenure, between votchina, hereditary property, and estate, conditional, temporary, usually lifelong ownership. But long before Peter, both of these types of land ownership began to move closer to each other: patrimonial ownership acquired the features of local ownership, and local ownership acquired legal features patrimonial. In the very nature of the estate, how land ownership, were the conditions for his rapprochement with the patrimony.”
Thus, life itself, socio-economic realities, pushed Peter to accept this normative act: “So to early XVIII century, the estate approached the estate at a distance imperceptible to us and was ready to disappear as special kind service land tenure. This rapprochement was marked by three signs: estates became family estates, like fiefdoms; they were split up in the order of allocation between descendants or laterals, just as estates were split up in the order of inheritance; local imposition was supplanted by patrimonial grants.”
In my opinion, Peter achieved the following results: landholdings were protected from endless fragmentation, and nobility- from impoverishment. The prohibition on alienation prevented a nobleman from losing at cards or in any other way “squandering” precious land. In addition, the right to inheritance, reserved for only one son, forced his brothers to regularly serve in the public service - “to look for ranks.”
3. What did the ability to “alienate” inherited estates mean in practice?
Alienation of property (property rights) - transfer of things into the ownership of another person, as well as transfer of ownership or any property right (including rights expressed securities) its owner to another person. This means that the ability to alienate inherited estates is the right to sell, donate, mortgage, or lease them.
4. What opportunities for career, property and class growth did military service under Peter I provide?
From the “old” in the structure of the service class under Peter, the former enslavement of the service class remained unchanged through personal service everyone service man to the state. But in this enslavement its form has changed somewhat. In the early years Swedish war noble cavalry was still serving military service on the same basis, but it didn’t matter main force, but only the auxiliary building. In 1706, the Sheremetev army still served as stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, tenants, etc. In 1712, due to fears of war with the Turks, all these ranks were ordered to equip themselves for service under a new name - courtiers. From 1711-1712, the expressions: boyar children, service people, gradually went out of circulation in documents and decrees and were replaced by the expression nobility borrowed from Poland, which, in turn, was taken by the Poles from the Germans and converted from the word “Geschlecht” - clan. In Peter's decree of 1712, the entire service class was called the nobility. The foreign word was chosen not only because of Peter’s passion for foreign words, but because in Moscow time the expression “nobleman” denoted a relatively very low rank, and people of senior service, court and Duma ranks did not call themselves nobles. IN last years During the reign of Peter and under his immediate successors, the expressions “nobility” and “gentry” were equally in use, but only since the time of Catherine II the word “gentry” completely disappeared from everyday speech in the Russian language.
So, the nobles of the time of Peter the Great are assigned to serving civil service, like the service people of Moscow times. But, remaining attached to the service all their lives, the nobles under Peter carried out this service in a rather modified form. Now they are obliged to serve in regular regiments and in the navy and perform civil service in all those administrative and judicial institutions that have been transformed from the old ones and have arisen again, and military and civil service are demarcated. Since service in the new army, in the navy and in new civil institutions required some education, at least some special knowledge, it was made mandatory for nobles school preparation to service since childhood.
A nobleman of Peter's time was enrolled in active service from the age of fifteen and had to begin it without fail from the "foundation", as Peter put it, that is, as an ordinary soldier in the army or a sailor in the navy, a non-commissioned schreiber or a board cadet in civil institutions. According to the law, one was supposed to study only until the age of fifteen, and then one had to serve, and Peter very strictly ensured that the nobility was in business. From time to time, he organized reviews of all adult nobles, who were and were not in the service, and noble “minors,” as noble children who had not reached the legal age for service were called. At these reviews, held in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the tsar sometimes personally distributed nobles and minors into regiments and schools, personally placing “kryzhi” on the lists against the names of those who were suitable for service. In 1704, Peter himself reviewed more than 8,000 noblemen summoned there in Moscow. The clerk of the rank called out the nobles by name, and the tsar looked at the notebook and made his marks.
In addition to serving their studies abroad, the nobility had compulsory school service. After completing compulsory education, the nobleman went to serve. The noble minors “according to their suitability” were enlisted, some in the guard, others in the army regiments or in the “garrisons”. The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments consisted exclusively of nobles and were a kind of practical school officers for the army. A decree of 1714 prohibited the promotion of officers “from noble breeds” who had not served as soldiers in the guard.
5. Name the changes in the lives of townspeople under Peter I.
Peter changed the beginning of the chronology from the so-called Byzantine era (“from the creation of Adam”) to the account “from the Nativity of Christ.” The year 7208 according to the Byzantine era became 1700 from the Nativity of Christ, and the New Year began to be celebrated on January 1. In addition, under Peter, uniform application of the Julian calendar was introduced.
After returning from the Great Embassy, Peter I waged a fight against external manifestations“outdated” way of life (the most famous is the ban on beards), but no less paid attention to the introduction of the nobility to education and secular Europeanized culture. Secular people began to appear educational establishments, the first Russian newspaper was founded, which was called “Vedomosti”, translations of many books into Russian appeared. Peter made success in service for the nobles dependent on education.
Under Peter the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared in 1703 (“Arithmetic” by Leonty Magnitsky). Before that, numbers were designated by letters with titles (wavy lines). In 1708 Peter approved new alphabet with a simplified style of letters (the Church Slavonic font remained for printing church literature), two letters “xi” and “psi” were excluded.
Peter created new printing houses, in which 1312 book titles were printed between 1700 and 1725 (twice as many as during the entire previous story Russian book printing). Thanks to the rise of book printing, paper consumption increased from 4-8 thousand sheets per year. late XVII century, up to 50 thousand sheets in 1719.
There have been changes in the Russian language, which included 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages.
Of particular importance was the construction of stone Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out according to the plan developed by the tsar. They created a new urban environment with previously unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theater, masquerades). The interior decoration of houses, lifestyle, food composition, etc. have changed.
By a special decree of the tsar in 1718, assemblies were introduced, representing a new form of communication between people in Russia. At the assemblies, the nobles danced and communicated freely, unlike previous feasts and feasts. The reforms carried out by Peter I affected not only politics, economics, but also art. Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study “art” abroad, mainly to Holland and Italy. In the second quarter of the 18th century. “Peter’s pensioners” began to return to Russia, bringing with them a new artistic experience and acquired skill.
On December 30, 1701 (January 10, 1702), Peter issued a decree that ordered full names to be written in petitions and other documents instead of derogatory half-names (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), not to fall on your knees before the Tsar, and in winter, in the cold, to put a hat in front of The house in which the king is located should not be rented. He explained the need for these innovations in this way: “Less baseness, more zeal for service and loyalty to me and the state - this honor is characteristic of the king...”.
Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. By special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) he prohibited forced marriage. It was prescribed that there should be at least a six-week period between betrothal and wedding, “so that the bride and groom can recognize each other.” If during this time, the decree said, “the groom does not want to take the bride, or the bride does not want to marry the groom,” no matter how the parents insist on it, “there will be freedom.” Since 1702, the bride herself (and not just her relatives) was given the formal right to dissolve the betrothal and upset the arranged marriage, and neither party had the right to “beat the forfeit.” Legislative regulations 1696-1704. on public celebrations, mandatory participation in celebrations and festivities was introduced for all Russians, including the “female sex.”
6. What hardships did the people have to experience during the years of Peter’s reforms? From which classes was the poll tax collected?
Peter's reforms changed the situation of the peasants. From different categories of peasants who were not in serfdom from the landowners or the church (black-growing peasants of the north, non-Russian nationalities, etc.), a new unified category of state peasants was formed - personally free, but paying rent to the state. The opinion that this measure “destroyed the remnants of the free peasantry” is incorrect, since the population groups that made up the state peasants were not considered free in the pre-Petrine period - they were attached to the land ( Cathedral Code 1649) and could be granted by the king to individuals and the church as serfs. State peasants in the 18th century had rights personally free people(they could own property, act in court as one of the parties, elect representatives to class bodies, etc.), but were limited in movement and could be transferred by the monarch to the category of serfs. Legislative acts, relating to the serf peasantry itself, were of a contradictory nature. Thus, the intervention of landowners in the marriage of serfs was limited (decree of 1724), it was forbidden to present serfs as defendants in court and to hold them on the right for the debts of the owner. The norm was also confirmed about the transfer into custody of the estates of landowners who ruined their peasants, and serfs were given the opportunity to enroll as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom (by decree of Emperor Elizabeth on July 2, 1742, serfs were deprived of this opportunity). By the decree of 1699 and the verdict of the Town Hall in 1700, peasants engaged in trade or craft were given the right to move to posads, freed from serfdom (if the peasant was in one). At the same time, measures against runaway peasants were significantly tightened, large masses palace peasants were distributed to private individuals, landowners were allowed to give serfs as recruits. By decree of April 7, 1690, it was allowed to cede for unpaid debts of “manorial” serfs, which was actually a form of trade in serfs. The imposition of a capitation tax on serfs (that is, personal servants without land) led to the merging of serfs with serfs. Church peasants were subordinated to the monastic order and removed from the authority of the monasteries. Created under Peter new category dependent farmers - peasants assigned to manufactories. In the 18th century, these peasants were called possession farmers. A decree of 1721 allowed nobles and merchant manufacturers to buy peasants to manufactories to work for them. The peasants bought for the factory were not considered the property of its owners, but were attached to production, so that the owner of the factory could neither sell nor mortgage the peasants separately from the manufacture. Possession peasants received a fixed salary and performed a fixed amount of work.
To the traditional customs and tavern levies were added fees and benefits from the monopolization of the sale of certain goods (salt, alcohol, tar, bristles, etc.), indirect taxes (bath, fish, horse taxes, tax on oak coffins, etc.) , mandatory use of stamp paper, minting coins of lesser weight (damage). The most important measure during financial reform was the introduction of a poll tax instead of the previously existing household taxation. In 1710, a “household” census was carried out, which showed a decrease in the number of households. One of the reasons for this decrease was that, in order to reduce taxes, several households were surrounded by one fence and one gate was made (this was considered one yard during the census). By virtue of the mentioned shortcomings It was decided to switch to a poll tax. In 1718-1724, a repeat census was carried out in parallel with the population audit (revision of the census), which began in 1722. According to this audit, there were 5,967,313 people in taxable status. Based on the data obtained, the government divided the amount of money needed to maintain the army and navy by the population.
As a result, the size of the per capita tax was determined: the serfs of the landowners paid the state 74 kopecks, state peasants - 1 ruble 14 kopecks (since they did not pay quitrent), urban population- 1 ruble 20 kopecks. Only men were subject to tax, regardless of age. The nobility, clergy, as well as soldiers and Cossacks were exempt from the poll tax. The soul was countable - between audits, the dead were not excluded from the tax lists, newborns were not included, as a result, the tax burden was distributed unevenly.
Studying documents
1. Describe the type of document, define (approximately).
This is a description of the estate, approximately XVII - XVIII centuries.
2. Indicate the purpose of the buildings mentioned in the text.
Svetlitsa - bright front room
Hut - a building or chamber of a large house-complex within four walls, heated by a cooking stove
Seni (seni) – the entrance part of a traditional Russian house; unheated and non-residential premises
Povalusha (gridnya) - in Russian wooden architecture, a tower in a complex of residential mansions, in which there was a room for feasts
Lyutskaya (human) - quarters for servants in a manor house
Granary - a room for storing grain; barn
Threshing floor is a fenced plot of land in peasant farm designed for storing, threshing, winnowing and other processing of grain
A barn is a structure for drying sheaves before threshing.
3. In the document we're talking about about receiving an estate for service or about some other actions? Justify your point of view.
Apparently, the document refers to confiscation in favor of the state (“for the great sovereign”).
1. Explain the meaning of the following phrases and words from the document: “The Life-Giving Trinity of the Sergius Monastery”, “nurse”, “written in additional fairy tales”, “menial work, do not walk around the world.”
“Life-Giving Trinity of the Sergius Monastery” - belonging to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. As you know, Andrei Rublev painted his famous icon of the “Life-Giving Trinity” in “praise of the Holy Serigius” (of Radonezh).
“nurse” - for food, supplies
“written in additional fairy tales” - recorded revision tales, taken into account in the population census materials
“do menial work, do not walk around the world” - earn money as a laborer, by physical labor, and do not ask for alms (alms)
2. Who was this document intended for? Support your opinion with a quote.
The document was intended for representatives local authorities, “the highest lords in the cities, the custodian and the kamsar, or whoever should know this.”
3. Why does the text specifically note that Matvey was never in the “soldiers, dragoons, or sailors”?
This emphasizes that he is not “liable for military service”, not a deserter
We think, compare, reflect
1. Come up with and write down at least 5 in your notebook test tasks to test knowledge on one of the sections of the paragraph.
1) During the time of Peter 1, the nobles served:
a) for life; b) voluntarily; c) for 25 years.
2) In the time of Peter 1, noblemen who had:
a) 20 souls of serfs; b) 100 souls; c) 1000 souls.
3) According to the Decree on Single Inheritance, the purchase of estates was allowed to the military
a) after 5 years of service; b) after 7 years of service; c) after 10 years of service.
4) According to the Decree on sole inheritance, the estate after the death of the owner
a) returned to the treasury; b) passed on to one of the sons; c) divided equally among the heirs.
5) Under Peter 1, the nobles had a new duty:
a) get married; b) study; c) wear a wig.
3. Create a classification of the main changes that occurred in Russian society under Peter. Explain the chosen basis for your classification.
The main changes that occurred in Russian society under Peter
1) The emergence of new and disappearance of old population groups
2) Changes in legal status
3) Lifestyle changes
The classification I proposed shows that the changes in Russian society were not only quantitative, but also qualitative, they affected various sides life of society.
What hardships did the people have to endure during the years of Peter’s reforms? From which classes was the poll tax collected?
Answer
Peter's reforms changed the situation of the peasants. From different categories of peasants who were not in serfdom from the landowners or the church (black-growing peasants of the north, non-Russian nationalities, etc.), a new unified category of state peasants was formed - personally free, but paying rent to the state. The opinion that this measure “destroyed the remnants of the free peasantry” is incorrect, since the population groups that made up the state peasants were not considered free in the pre-Petrine period - they were attached to the land (the Council Code of 1649) and could be granted by the tsar to private individuals and the church as serfs.
State peasants in the 18th century had the rights of personally free people (they could own property, act in court as one of the parties, elect representatives to class bodies, etc.), but were limited in movement and could be transferred by the monarch to the category of serfs.
Legislative acts concerning the serf peasantry themselves were of a contradictory nature. Thus, the intervention of landowners in the marriage of serfs was limited (decree of 1724), it was forbidden to present serfs as defendants in court and to hold them on the right for the debts of the owner. The norm was also confirmed about the transfer into custody of the estates of landowners who ruined their peasants, and serfs were given the opportunity to enroll as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom (by a decree of Empress Elizabeth on July 2, 1742, serfs were deprived of this opportunity).
By the decree of 1699 and the verdict of the Town Hall in 1700, peasants engaged in trade or craft were given the right to move to posads, freed from serfdom (if the peasant was in one). At the same time, measures against runaway peasants were significantly tightened, large masses of palace peasants were distributed to private individuals, and landowners were allowed to recruit serfs. By decree of April 7, 1690, it was allowed to cede for unpaid debts of “manorial” serfs, which was actually a form of trade in serfs. The imposition of a capitation tax on serfs (that is, personal servants without land) led to the merging of serfs with serfs. Church peasants were subordinated to the monastic order and removed from the authority of the monasteries.
Under Peter, a new category of dependent farmers was created - peasants assigned to manufactories. In the 18th century, these peasants were called possession farmers. A decree of 1721 allowed nobles and merchant manufacturers to buy peasants to manufactories to work for them. The peasants bought for the factory were not considered the property of its owners, but were attached to production, so that the owner of the factory could neither sell nor mortgage the peasants separately from the manufacture. Possession peasants received a fixed salary and performed a fixed amount of work.
To the traditional customs and tavern levies were added fees and benefits from the monopolization of the sale of certain goods (salt, alcohol, tar, bristles, etc.), indirect taxes (bath, fish, horse taxes, tax on oak coffins, etc.) , mandatory use of stamp paper, minting coins of lesser weight (damage). The most important measure during the financial reform was the introduction of a poll tax instead of the previously existing household taxation.
In 1710, a “household” census was carried out, which showed a decrease in the number of households. One of the reasons for this decrease was that, in order to reduce taxes, several households were surrounded by one fence and one gate was made (this was considered one yard during the census). Due to these shortcomings, it was decided to switch to the poll tax.
In 1718-1724, a repeat census was carried out in parallel with the population audit (revision of the census), which began in 1722. According to this audit, there were 5,967,313 people in taxable status. Based on the data obtained, the government divided the amount of money needed to maintain the army and navy by the population.
As a result, the size of the per capita tax was determined: the serfs of the landowners paid the state 74 kopecks, state peasants - 1 ruble 14 kopecks (since they did not pay quitrent), the urban population - 1 ruble 20 kopecks. Only men were subject to tax, regardless of age. The nobility, clergy, as well as soldiers and Cossacks were exempt from the poll tax. The soul was countable - between audits, the dead were not excluded from the tax lists, newborns were not included, as a result, the tax burden was distributed unevenly.