Which at that time was also at war with Poland. He promised to give the Korela fortress to Charles IX for his help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II.
The title page of a separate book of the Novgorod state in 1612 about the distribution of palace lands to estates in the Lyatsky churchyard.
“Summer 7120 August in the day. By order of the royal majesty and the Nougorod state of the boyar and Bolshovo Ratnovo voivode Yakov Puntosovich Delegard and the boyar and voivode Prince Ivan Nikitich Bolshoy Odoevsky, with the accreditation of clerks Semyon Lutokhin and Ondrei Lystsov, clerks Yakim Veshnyakov in the Shelonskaya Pyatina in the Zaleskaya half in the Lyatsky district ste from the sovereign's palace village , what was previously sown for Ignorant and Bogdan Belsky, he separated into the estate [...]"
July 25, 1611 between the puppet occupied Swedes Novgorod state and the Swedish king signed an agreement, according to which the Swedish king was declared the patron of the independent Novgorod state, and one of his sons (Karl Philip) became a contender for royal throne and the Grand Duke of Novgorod. Thus, most of the Novgorod land became formally independent Novgorod state, located under Swedish protectorate, although in essence it was Swedish military occupation. It was led on the Russian side by Ivan Nikitich Bolshoi Odoevsky, and on the Swedish side by Jacob Delagardie. On their behalf, decrees were issued and land was distributed to estates to service people who accepted the new Novgorod government.
After convening in Moscow Zemsky Sobor and his election in 1613 of the new Russian Tsar Mikhail Romanov, the policy of the Swedish occupation administration changed. During Delagardie's absence in the winter of 1614-1615, the Swedish military administration in Novgorod was headed by Evert Horn, who pursued a tough policy towards annexing the Novgorod lands to Sweden, declaring that new king Gustav Adolf himself wants to be king in Novgorod. Many Novgorodians did not accept such a statement; Having gone over to the side of Moscow, they began to leave the Novgorod state.
In 1613, the Swedes approached Tikhvin and unsuccessfully besieged the city. In the fall of 1613, the army of the boyar prince set out from Moscow on a campaign to Novgorod, captured by the Swedes in 1611
There is no country in the world that would win all its wars, and the statement that Russia has never lost them is not a declaration of love for the Motherland - it is a confession of one’s own ignorance.
Below are ten wars in which Russia, alas and ah, was defeated.
Livonian War (1558-1583)
Jan Matejko "Stephan Batory near Pskov"
This painting depicts the embassy of Tsar Ivan the Terrible to Stefan Batory asking for peace. It was with the elections to the Polish kings that talented commander and link the defeat of the Muscovite kingdom in this war, which began very successfully for Russia. And also with raids Crimean Khanate, and the progressive paranoia of Ivan the Terrible " The Tsar committed oprichnina...».
According to the Yam-Zapolsky truce with Poland, Russia abandoned Livonia and a number of Russian cities, although some were returned to it border lands. According to the Plyussky truce with Sweden, Russia lost Russian cities adjacent to the Baltic coast, retaining only a narrow exit to Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Neva. In addition, this war led to Porukha - the hardest economic crisis recent years reign of Ivan the Terrible.
Russian-Polish War (1609-1618)
Sergey Ivanov " Time of Troubles" Intervention camp.
One of the main events of the Time of Troubles, and one of its main causes. At the end of this war, according to the shameful Deulin truce, Russia ceded to Poland the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands, in which there were 29 cities, and renounced claims to Livonia. The Polish-Russian border came so close to Moscow that the distance from it to the border Vyazma was only 250 versts, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth established the most big sizes in its history.
They kept the jewelry taken by the Poles from Moscow for themselves. At the same time, Poland refused to recognize Mikhail Romanov as Tsar (the Polish King Vladislav retained the title of Moscow Tsar until 1634, and during ceremonial receptions he wore the Moscow crown).
Russian- swedish war (1610-1617)
King Gustav II Adolf. Prayer before battle
During the Time of Troubles, the Novgorodians called the son of the Swedish king to the Russian throne and surrendered Novgorod to the Swedes; later they were also captured by the Swedes Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Gdov, Oreshek, Ivangorod and a number of other Russian cities. But the interests of the Swedes in Russia were limited only to turning the Baltic Sea into their inland sea; moreover, Sweden, simultaneously with Russia, was waging wars with Poland, Denmark and Germany.
Therefore, King Gustav II Adolf agreed to the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, under the terms of which Russia paid reparations to the Swedes in the amount of 20 thousand rubles and regained part of Russian cities. But Sweden ceded territory with cities and fortresses from Ivangorod to Lake Ladoga and completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. Which only 100 years later was Peter I able to return.
.
Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Nikolai Sverchkov “Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s departure to review the troops”
However, after 50 years, Russia tried to regain its lost lands and access to the Baltic Sea, taking advantage of the fact that Sweden entered the Northern War and had no time for Russia. At first, the war developed successfully, part of Livonia and Karelia was recaptured, Riga was besieged, Tartu, Shlisselburg and several other cities were captured. However, in 1657-58. Swedish troops received reinforcements and inflicted a number of defeats on the Russian troops, forcing the conclusion of the Valiesar Truce for a period of three years.
By that time, Bogdan Khmelnitsky had died, Ivan Vygovsky, who opposed the alliance with the Russians, had been elected Ukrainian hetman, the Ruin had begun, and Russia was drawn into the war in Ukraine. Not wanting to lose Ukrainian lands by getting bogged down in the North, Russia, according to the Treaty of Kardis, returned to Sweden everything it had won in that war, restoring the border established by the Stolbovo Treaty without access to the Baltic Sea. And Sweden, I repeat, was no longer interested in anything in Russia.
Russo-Turkish War (1710–1713)
Arseny Chernyshov fragment of the diorama “The Capture Turkish fortress Azov by the troops of Peter I"
Peter I started this war and ended it with one failure Prut campaign, whose goal was rather petty - to capture Charles XII. As a result, Peter I, together with Catherine I, were not captured themselves only because they bribed the vizier and a number of Turkish military leaders.
According to the Prut Peace Treaty, Russia returned Azov, captured in 1696, to Turkey, sold all its ships on the Sea of Azov to Turkey, tore down the fortifications of Taganrog and other fortresses in the south, the Zaporozhye Sich and the Cossacks withdrew from Russian power. west side Dnieper, on which only Kyiv remained for Russia.
But the main result of this stupid war was Russia’s loss of access to Sea of Azov and the newly built southern fleet. Azov was again captured by the Russian army only 25 years later under Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Russian-Prussian-French War (1806-1807)
Gioachino Serangeli "Farewell of Napoleon to Alexander I in Tilsit"
Russia participated in this war against Napoleonic France on the side of the Fourth Coalition of Powers (Russia, Prussia, England), while fighting its own Russian-Turkish war(1806-1812). Russia could not fight two wars at the same time, and after a series of heavy defeats from Napoleon, Alexander I was forced to conclude the Peace of Tilsit.
In Russia they treated Tilsit as national disgrace and unheard of dishonor - it meant recognizing yesterday’s enemy as an ally, and yesterday’s ally as an enemy. In addition to the painful blow to pride, joining continental blockade England was hit hard by the Russian economy, and unleashed Anglo-Russian war 1807-1812.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Robert Gibb "The Thin Red Line"
The war started by Russia against Turkey for dominance in the Black Sea straits and the Balkans, which turned into a war against the coalition of England, France, Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia. In fact, Nicholas I dragged economically backward, feudal-serf Russia into a military conflict with strong European powers, which could not end in victory.
The signed Paris Peace Treaty demanded that Russia return all occupied territories to Turkey, it was prohibited from having a navy in the Black Sea, Russia lost its influence in the Balkans. But there were also positive consequences from the defeat in that war - it served as an impetus for the reforms of Alexander II and the abolition of serfdom.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
The war between the Russian and Japanese empires was conceived by Nicholas II as a “small victorious war"to distract the masses from purely internal Russian problems, plus establishing control over Manchuria and Korea. And which eventually became the standard of a lost war in the presence of overwhelming superiority in human and material resources.
The Portsmouth Peace Treaty provided for Russia's cession to Japan of half of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and part of South Manchuria railway. Russia also recognized Korea as a Japanese zone of influence, and Japan's right to fish along Russian shores.
First World War (1914-1918)
Pyotr Karyagin “The Horror of War. We’ve arrived!” Russian infantry attack on German trenches
Beginning with an unprecedented patriotic upsurge, supported by all layers Russian society, this absolutely useless war for Russia led to revolution and collapse Russian Empire. And to a unique defeat in history for the losing side in the war.
By signing a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk literally six months before the surrender of Germany, Russia renounced a territory of 780 thousand square meters. km. with the loss of a significant part of the country's agricultural and industrial base, with a population of one third of the total population of the Russian Empire. And with the recognition of the payment of billions of reparations and other humiliating conditions.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was annulled by Soviet Russia immediately after the surrender of Germany, but there was no place for it among the winners - this world allowed the losing German Empire stretch out the agony, transferring your strength from Eastern Front to Western.
Soviet-Polish War (1919-1921)
Jerzy Kossak "Miracle on the Vistula"
The USSR had not yet been created, but immediately after the surrender of Germany in the First World War Soviet Russia wanted to regain part of the territories of the former Russian Empire and establish on them “a springboard for the world revolution.” In the USSR they really did not like to remember that shamefully lost war.
According to the Treaty of Riga, Poland received Western Ukraine And Western Belarus. Russia also pledged to return all cultural values, taken from its territory since 1772, and pay reparations to the Poles in the amount of 30 million gold rubles.
More late wars I didn’t remember, because the USSR, sorry, is not Russia. As he left aside the wars of distant antiquity - Kievan Rus and appanage Russian principalities, this is also not Russia.
However, to the Russian Empire the modern Russian Federation has a rather distant relationship - in its 25-year history on this moment so far only the lost First is available Chechen War, won the Second Chechen and Russian-Georgian War of 2008.
After a long struggle for Finnish and Karelian lands, which began in the mid-12th century, Velikiy Novgorod and Sweden in 1323 concluded the Orekhovets Peace Treaty, according to which Finland was recognized as a zone of Swedish influence, and Karelia - of Novgorod influence. The border followed the Sestra, Saya, Vuoksa rivers and the lake basin. Lake Saimaa to the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and the mouth of the Pyhäjoki River. In 1377, the Swedes subjugated Western Karelia (Österbotten), previously dependent on Novgorod. In 1478 Novgorod Republic became part of the Russian state, which continued its struggle with Sweden for dominance in the Eastern Baltic.
War 1495–1497.
In 1495 the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III(1462–1505) started a war with Sweden for Western Karelia. In September 1495, Russian troops besieged Vyborg, but in December they were forced to lift the siege; in January-March 1496 they made a deep raid into southern Finland as far as Neishlot (modern Savonlinna) and Tavasthus (modern Hämenlinna). In June-August 1496, the Russians undertook a campaign in Österbotten, Kayan Land (northern Finland) and Lapland (the country between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Barents Sea). The Swedes, at the end of 1495 - in the fall of 1496, invaded the Izhora land several times (between the Neva and Narova rivers); in August 1496 they captured Ivangorod.
After the election of the Danish king Hans (1481–1513) to the Swedish throne and the restoration of the Kalmar Union of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, the First Truce of Novgorod was concluded in March 1497 for six years, confirming the 1323 border and the principle of free trade between the two countries. In March 1510 it was extended for another sixty years.
War 1554–1557.
By the middle of the 16th century. Russian-Swedish relations deteriorated: cases of border violations on the Karelian Isthmus and conflicts over fishing and sealing areas became more frequent. Swedish king Gustav I Vasa(1523–1560), offended by the refusal Ivan IV(1533–1584) to have direct diplomatic relations with him (contacts were carried out through the Novgorod governor), began a war with the Moscow state in 1554. Open hostilities began only in June 1555 after an unsuccessful attempt by the Swedish fleet to capture Oreshek (Noteburg; modern Petrokrepost). In January 1556, Russian troops launched an offensive on the Karelian Isthmus; in early February they defeated the Swedes at Kivinebb and besieged Vyborg, but were unable to take it. They then raided Neishlot and destroyed it. In July, Gustav I made a proposal for peace, which was accepted by Ivan IV, who was in a hurry to untie his hands for the war with Livonian Order. Since the summer of 1556, hostilities virtually ceased. On March 25, 1557, the Second Novgorod Truce was concluded for forty years, confirming the territorial status quo and the custom of diplomatic relations through the Novgorod governor.
War 1570–1582.
War 1590–1595.
The reason for the new round of confrontation was the refusal of the Swedes to return to the Moscow state what they had captured during Livonian War fortresses of Narva, Ivangorod, Yam (Yamburg; modern Kingisepp), Koporye and Korelu (Kexholm; modern Priozersk). In January 1590, Russian troops led by Tsar Fedor I (1584–1598) entered the Izhora land, took Yam and defeated the Swedes near Ivangorod. In February, they besieged Ivangorod and Narva and forced the Narva commandant K. Gorn to sign a one-year truce on the terms of recognizing Yama, Ivangorod and Koporye as the Moscow state, but the Swedish king Johan III(1568–1592) refused to approve it. In November the Swedes did unsuccessful attempt capture Ivangorod; in December they devastated the Izhora land and the border areas of the Pskov region; in January-February 1591 their attack on Koporye was repelled. In the winter of 1590–1591, a Swedish detachment raided Kola Peninsula; having overcome the Lapland Mountains, he reached the coast Barents Sea, captured the Pechenga monastery, but could not take possession of the Kola fort.
In the summer of 1591, the Swedes launched a new offensive in the south and north. Taking advantage of the raid Crimean Tatars to Moscow in June-July 1591, K. Fleming’s army entered the Pskov and Novgorod land and defeated the regiment of V.T. Dolgoruky near Gdov. Having eliminated the Tatar threat, Russian command deployed large forces against K. Fleming and forced him to retreat. In Eastern Karelia, the Swedes invaded the Kem volost in August, and the Sumy volost in September, but did not achieve significant success.
In January 1592, Russian troops devastated the border regions of Swedish Karelia, and in February - the Korelia volost; however, they again failed to take Vyborg. At the end of the summer they repelled an attempt by the Swedes to capture Sumy prison, and in October-November they launched an offensive in southern Finland, reaching Helsingfors (modern Helsinki) and Abo (modern Turku). Under these conditions, Sweden was forced to conclude a two-year truce of Ivangorod in January 1593, leaving all the fortresses they had conquered in the hands of the Russians. But in March 1594, breaking the truce, the Swedes attacked the Novgorod region, and in April - the Lop churchyards (between the Kem and Syamozero rivers). The threat of Poland entering the war forced Moscow to agree to the signing of the Treaty of Tyavzin, which was unfavorable for it, on May 18 (27): although Korela with the district was returned to the Moscow state and the transfer of the Izhora land with Koporye, Ivangorod and Yam to its rule was confirmed, it had to recognize Sweden the Principality of Estland (northern Estonia) together with Narva and cede to it a part of Eastern Karelia from Topozero to Vygozero; The Russians pledged not to build ports in the southern Baltic and to trade with the West only through Narva. The northern possessions were also demarcated: the Swedish sphere of influence included the territory from Österbotten to the Varangerfjord, and the Russian sphere included the lands from the Kola Peninsula to the Northern Dvina. The Tyavzin Peace meant the abandonment of the territorial provisions of the Orekhovets Treaty, which remained in force for 272 years. The new Russian-Swedish border ran along the line of Kotlin Island, the Sestra, Saya and Vuoksa rivers, Neishlota district, lakes Puruvesi, Orivesi and Rikavesi, the Pisavuori (Pisenmäki) hill, lake. Henare, the Barents Sea coast between Varanger and Neidenfjords.
Undeclared war 1610–1613.
"Three Years" War 1614–1617.
War 1656–1658.
Taking advantage of the weakening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which suffered a number of serious defeats in the war with Russia that began in 1654, the Swedish king Charles X Gustav (1654–1660) attacked it in the summer of 1655 and captured it. most Polish territory. He also tried to win over Russia's ally Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. To stop Swedish expansion and return the Russian lands captured by the Swedes during the Time of Troubles ( Izhora land, Neva Valley and Korelsky District), Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich(1645–1676) in May 1656 declared war on Charles X. Russian troops attacked in four directions. On the Karelian Isthmus in June they defeated the Swedes near Korela, but they failed to take the city. In the Neva Valley in July they captured Oreshok and Nyenskans (now Okhtinsky St. Petersburg district). In Northern Livonia, Marienburg and Neuhausen (modern Vastselinna) were taken in August, and Dorpat (modern Tartu) was taken in October. The main forces led by the king invaded Southern Livonia: in July–August they captured Dinaburg (modern Daugavpils), Kokenhausen (modern Koknese) and besieged Riga, but retreated from it in October with heavy losses.
In January 1657, the Swedes went on the offensive in Karelia, but were unable to take Olonets and limited themselves to devastating the Ladoga region. The Swedish attack on Pskov also ended in failure. At the same time, in Livonia they managed to push the Moscow regiments back to Dinaburg; in August they thwarted a Russian attempt to capture Korela. In September, the army of M. Delagardi besieged Gdov, but was defeated by I.A. Khovansky on the Cherma River.
The expulsion of the Swedes from most of Polish territory and the sharp weakening of Moscow's position in Ukraine prompted the warring parties to look for ways to reconciliation. In the spring of 1658, Alexey Mikhailovich withdrew his troops from the Baltic states and on December 20 (30) concluded a three-year Truce of Valiesar with Sweden, according to which Russia retained the fortresses it had captured during the war in Livonia, Izhora land and the Neva Valley.
The signing of the Peace of Oliva between Sweden and Poland in May 1660 worsened the foreign policy position of the Moscow state. At royal court The anti-Polish party triumphed, proposing to make concessions to Sweden in order to concentrate all forces to fight for Ukraine. On June 21 (July 1), 1661, the Peace of Kardis was signed, confirming the border established by the Stolbovo Treaty of 1617; Russia returned Dinaburg and Kockenhausen to the Swedes. Marienburg, Neuhausen, Dorpat, Oreshek and Nyenschanz and remained cut off from the Baltic Sea.
Russian-Swedish War 1700–1721.
Russian-Swedish War 1741–1743.
Sweden, which sought to return what it had lost as a result Northern War territories (Estonia, Livonia, Izhora land, Karelian Isthmus), decided to take advantage of the unstable position of regent Anna Leopoldovna (1740–1741) and on July 24 (August 4), 1741 declared war on Russia. But already at the end of August, the Russian army crossed the border, captured Vilmanstrand (modern Lappenranta) and launched an offensive in southern Finland. After accession to the throne Elizaveta Petrovna(1741–1761) Russia ceased hostilities and entered into peace talks, however, the Swedes' demands for revision Peace of Nystadt 1721 led to their failure. In June 1742, Russian troops resumed the offensive and captured Fredrikshamn (modern Hamina); in August they took Borgo (modern Porvo) and forced them to capitulate Swedish army near Helsingfors, and in September they occupied Abo. By November the Swedes had lost most of Finland. After the defeat of the Swedish rowing fleet off the island. Corpo in May 1743, Sweden agreed to conclude a preliminary peace of Abo on June 16 (27) (finally agreed on August 7 (18), according to which it ceded southeastern Finland to Russia and pledged to elect Adolf the childless Swedish king Fredrick I (1720–1751) as a successor Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, relative of Elizabeth Petrovna.
War 1788–1790.
The successes of Russian weapons in the war with Turkey of 1787–1791 aroused fears in Great Britain, Holland and Prussia, which prompted the Swedish king Gustav III to enter into an alliance with the Sultan. On June 1 (12), 1788, the king demanded Catherine II(1762–1796) the return of all lands lost by Sweden in the first half of the 18th century. Having received a refusal, Gustav III, without the consent of the Riksdag (parliament), moved the land army to Fredrikshamn and Neuslot, and the fleet to Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. However, on July 6 (17), S.K. Greig’s squadron defeated the Swedish fleet near Hochland Island in Gulf of Finland, and then blocked it in Sveaborg Bay (modern Suomenlinna); in August the Swedes were completely ousted from Russian territory. Sweden's situation was complicated by the fact that Denmark entered the war with it, and the anti-war Anyal Union of Finnish Officers arose in the army, which started secret negotiations with Catherine II on the accession of Finland to Russia. But in the fall of 1788, Gustav III managed to suppress the opposition movement, and Great Britain and Holland forced Denmark to conclude peace with Sweden on September 28 (October 9).
In 1789 Russian ground army captured part of Swedish Finland, and the Swedish fleet, which managed to break through from Sveaborg to Karlskrona in July ( Southern Sweden), in August it was defeated at Rochensalm (Kotka Island). In May 1790, the Russian squadron repelled the attack of the Swedish fleet on Revel and Krasnaya Gorka and locked it in Vyborg, from where it barely managed to escape in June. The unsuccessful course of the war and its unpopularity in the country forced Gustav III to conclude the Peace of Werel on August 3 (14), 1790, which confirmed the terms of the Nystadt and Abo Treaties; Sweden had to break its alliance with Turkey.
War of 1808–1809.
Russia's rapprochement with Napoleonic France (Tilsit Peace of 1807) sharply worsened its relations with Great Britain, which entered into an anti-Russian alliance with Sweden and provided it with a military subsidy of 1 million pounds sterling. Incited by the English government, the Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf (1792–1809) demanded the return of eastern Finland from Alexander I (1801–1825) on February 1 (13), 1808. In response, the king declared war on Sweden on February 9 (21). The Russian army (F.F. Buxhoeveden) invaded southern Finland and in February-April captured the entire southern, southwestern and western Finland. On March 16 (28), 1808, Alexander I issued a manifesto on the annexation of Finland to the Russian Empire.
At the end of April 1808, the Swedes launched a counter-offensive from the Uleaborg area (modern Oule) and defeated the Russian troops at Revolak and Pulkkila. In June, F.F. Buxhoeveden had to withdraw the army to southern Finland to the line Bjorneborg (modern Pori) - Tammerfors - St. Michel (modern Mikkeli). N.M. Kamensky, who replaced him, went on the offensive at the beginning of August and on August 20 (September 2) defeated the Swedes at lake. Kuortana, and September 2 (14) at Orovais (modern Oravainen). On October 7 (19), he concluded the Pattioka Truce with the Swedish command, under the terms of which the Swedes left Österbotten and went beyond the river. Kemijoki, and the Russians occupied Uleaborg.
March 1 (13), 1809 Gustav IV Adolf was overthrown. Without waiting for the truce to expire, Russian troops launched a new offensive in early March. Housings P.I.Bagration And M.B.Barclay de Tolly crossed the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia from Finland to Sweden; the first occupied the Åland Islands, reached the Swedish coast and captured Grislehamn, 80 km northeast of Stockholm; the second, reaching the shores of Västerbotten, occupied Umeå. P.A. Shuvalov's corps crossed Kemijoki, took Tornio, crossed the Swedish-Finnish border and forced the Kalika (northern) enemy group to surrender. On March 7 (19), the new commander B.F. Knorring concluded the Åland Truce, agreeing to withdraw Russian troops from Swedish territory, but on March 19 (31) it was annulled by Alexander I. In April, the Russians launched an offensive in Northern Sweden, in May they occupied Umeå for the second time, and in June they defeated the Swedish troops covering the approaches to Stockholm. This forced the new Swedish king Charles XIII (1809–1818) to enter into negotiations and sign the Peace of Fredriksham on September 5 (17), according to which Sweden ceded the Åland Islands, Finland, Lapland to the Torniojoki and Muonioelje rivers to Russia and broke the alliance with Great Britain.
As a result of the Russian-Swedish wars, Russia established itself in the Eastern Baltic and became one of the leading states Northern Europe. Sweden, having lost more than a third of its territory, lost its status as a great power.
Ivan Krivushin
Literature:
Ulyanovsky V.I. Russian-Swedish relations in early XVII centuries and the struggle for the Baltic. – Scandinavian collection. Vol. 33, Tallinn, 1990
Swedes on the banks of the Neva. Stockholm, 1998.
Zhukov Yu.A. The border problem in Russian-Swedish diplomatic relations 1617–1621// Humanitarian research in Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 2000.
Cherkasov P.P. Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790 and French diplomacy// New and recent history. № 5. 2001.
Koltsov V.V. Russo-Swedish War 1788–1790 Chronicle of military operations. - Warrior. 2002, No. 7
Blood. Powder. Laurel. Russian wars in the Baroque era (1700–1762). Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2002.
Fomin A.A. Sweden in the system European politics on the eve and during the Russian-Swedish war of 1808–1809. M., 2003
Read also:
|
The alliance of Russia and Sweden, which occurred during the Polish-Swedish war, gave rise to to the Polish king Sigismund III openly opposed Russia. Events Polish intervention intertwined with the events that followed Swedish intervention 1611-1617
In the fall of 1609, 12 thousand Polish army with the support of 10 thousand Ukrainian Cossacks (subjects of Poland), she besieged Smolensk. At that time, Smolensk was the most powerful Russian fortress. In 1586-1602. The fortress walls and towers of Smolensk were rebuilt by the famous architect Fyodor Kon. The total length of the fortress walls was 6.5 km, height 13-19 m with a thickness of 5-6 m. 170 cannons were installed on them.
An attempt at a surprise night assault on September 24, 1609 ended in failure. At the beginning of 1610, the Poles tried to make tunnels, but they were discovered in a timely manner and blown up by Smolensk miners. In the spring of 1610, Russian troops with Swedish mercenaries marched towards Smolensk against the army of King Sigismund, but were defeated at the village of Klushino. It seemed that nothing could prevent the capture of the fortress. However, the garrison and residents of Smolensk on July 19 and 24, and August 11 successfully repelled the attack attempts. In September 1610 and March 1611, King Sigismund negotiated with the goal of persuading the besieged to capitulate, but did not achieve the goal. However, the position of the fortress after almost two years of siege was critical. Of the 80 thousand townspeople, only a tenth survived. On the night of June 3, 1611, the Poles from four sides launched the fifth, which turned out to be the last, attack. The city was taken.
The defeat of the Russian troops at the village of Klushino accelerated the overthrow of Vasily IV Shuisky (July 1610) and the establishment of the power of the boyar government (“Seven Boyars”). Meanwhile, two troops approached Moscow: Zholkievsky and False Dmitry II from Kaluga. The Poles proposed to elevate Sigismund's son, Vladislav, to the Moscow throne. Fearing False Dmitry, the Moscow nobility decided to agree with Vladislav’s candidacy, because they were afraid of reprisals from the Tushins. In addition, at the request of the Moscow boyars, who feared an attack by the troops of False Dmitry II, a Polish garrison under the command of Alexander Gonsevsky (5-7 thousand people) entered Moscow in the fall of 1610.
It soon became clear that Sigismund was in no hurry to send his son to the Moscow throne, but wanted to manage Russia himself as a conquered country.
True, the Poles, weakened by the long and unsuccessful war with the Swedes and the siege of Smolensk, they could not seriously begin to conquer Russian lands. In conditions of intervention, collapse central government and armies the last frontier The defense of Russia became popular resistance, illuminated by the idea of social unity in the name of defending the Motherland. The class contradictions characteristic of the first stages of the Time of Troubles give way to a national-religious movement for the territorial and spiritual integrity of the country. Uniting everything social groups Russian came out with force Orthodox Church, who stood up to defend national dignity.
The opponents, tired of the struggle (the Poles were then at war with Turkey and were already beginning a new clash with Sweden), on December 11, 1618, concluded the Deulin Truce for fourteen and a half years. According to its terms, Poland retained a number of captured Russian territories: Smolensk, Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov lands.
The Deulin truce is biggest success The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in confrontation with the Russian state. The border between the two states moved far to the east, almost returning to the borders of the times of Ivan III. From this moment until the transfer of Livonia to Sweden in 1622, the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth reached its maximum size in history - 990 thousand km². King of Poland and Grand Duke Lithuanians for the first time began to officially lay claim to the Russian throne. However, the truce marked the refusal of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to continue intervention in Russia and summed up the many years of Troubles in the Russian state.
The truce was broken prematurely by Russia in 1632 with the beginning of Smolensk War. As a result, one of the most shameful conditions of the Deulin Truce for Russia was eliminated - Vladislav renounced his rights to the royal throne. The terms of the truce were finally secured Eternal peace 1634.
Russo-Swedish War 1610-1617- a war between the Russian state and Sweden, which began after the collapse of the Russian-Swedish union in the war against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It ended with the signing of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty on February 27, 1617.
In 1610, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, King Charles IX of Sweden captured the Russian fortress of Staraya Ladoga. The Novgorodians, having learned about this, asked the king to place one of his sons - Karl Philip or Gustav Adolf - on the Russian throne. Tsar Vasily Shuisky entered into an alliance with Sweden, which at that time was also at war with Poland. He promised to give the Korela fortress to Charles IX for his help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II.
Referring to this alliance, Sigismund III declared war on Moscow. During the Battle of Klushin, the Poles defeated the Russian-Swedish army, destroying a large part of the Russian troops and capturing Swedish mercenaries.
At this time, Gustav II Adolf ascended to the Swedish throne. The young king, like his brother, decided to lay claim to the Russian throne, despite the fact that it had already been occupied by Mikhail Romanov.
In 1613 they approached Tikhvin and unsuccessfully besieged the city. In the fall of 1613, the army of the boyar Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, which initially included 1045 Cossacks, set out from Moscow on a campaign to Novgorod, captured by the Swedes in 1611. In Torzhok, where Trubetskoy remained for several months, the army was replenished. Between the noble part of the army and the Cossacks, as well as between various groups There were sharp clashes between the Cossacks. At the beginning of 1614 many Cossack detachments, apparently, who had not received a salary for a long time, were out of the control of the tsarist governors. In July, the Swedes defeated Trubetskoy near Bronnitsa, after which they captured Gdov.
On next year They besieged Pskov, but the Pskovites repulsed the fierce assault of the Swedes. In 1617, the Treaty of Stolbovo was concluded under the terms of which Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea, but the cities of Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Ladoga and Gdov were returned to it.