The Oryol Central is known as one of the largest prisons in pre-revolutionary Russia. What is noteworthy is that the correctional facility still exists today under the official name of SIZO-57/1. The prison became famous due to its cruel treatment of prisoners. The true and complete history of the Oryol Central is in our article.
Foundation of the prison in Oryol
In 1840, the Prison Company appeared in Orel; thirty years later it was reorganized into the Prison Correctional Institution. In 1908, the prison expanded again and received a new name - Convict Oryol Central. At that time, the correctional facility was designed for 1,200 prisoners. At the same time, the total number of prisoners often reached 1,400 people. At the time of its founding, the prison consisted of a main building, a “fortress” building, a new building, and a single building for “newcomers.” There was also a prison infirmary on site that could accommodate 70 people. The Oryol Central had cells with a capacity of 28-36 prisoners. However, often up to 60 prisoners were kept in one room.
History of the correctional facility
In 1917, against the backdrop of the general situation in the country, the correctional institution ceased to exist. However, already in 1926 the prison in Orel was revived. Former jailers are among the first to be arrested here. The most famous among them: Rykhlensky (head physician of the prison hospital), Simashko-Solodovnikov, Former, von Kube, Zhernov, Novchenko. Like many other prisons, political and criminal offenders were kept together in the Oryol Central. The treatment of all prisoners was disgusting. During World War II, immediately before the occupation of Orel by enemy troops, Stalin gave the order to shoot political prisoners who were in the city prison. The city was occupied by German troops; in October 1941, the invaders organized a concentration camp on the territory of the Oryol Central. After the end of the war, the Oryol Central began to function as usual.
Conditions of detention of prisoners and interesting facts
Numerous historical evidence confirms that the treatment of prisoners in prison was terrible. Between 1908 and 1912, the Oryol Central prison buried 437 prisoners. And these are just the official statistics. Overcrowded cells, non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. Epidemics of various diseases constantly broke out in the prison. Moreover, despite the presence of a hospital, in most cases no assistance was provided to the prisoners. F.E. spoke most colorfully about the prison. Dzerzhinsky. His letter, sent from the Oryol Central, has been preserved, which talks about the mass mortality of prisoners.
At the beginning of the last century, instead of modern cards, prisoners were given “tickets.” The document contained general information about the prisoner: full name, date and brief description of the act committed, term of imprisonment. Interestingly, at that time, prisoners were more often called “tramps.” Hard labor became a real test for prisoners. On the territory of the Oryol Central there was a building of royal workshops. “Official” production worked here: prisoners made shackles and chains, horseshoes for the army. Often orders were received from private entrepreneurs. Then the prisoners began to work in furniture, bookbinding, and shoe production.
Oryol Central today
Today the prison, which celebrated its centenary, is called Pre-trial Detention Center No. 1 in Oryol, and there is also a prison tuberculosis hospital on its base. One of the oldest buildings has been preserved on the territory of the correctional facility. This is the building where the most dangerous criminals were kept in tsarist times. The building has been restored and continues to be used for its original purpose. Another local “attraction” is the cell where the famous Russian revolutionary was imprisoned. The premises have been preserved in their historical form. Prison employees say that sometimes they are bothered by the ghost of Felix Edmundovich. Unfortunately, tourist excursions are not offered here. But anyone can always learn much more about prison by entering it as a prisoner.
April 2nd, 2015
Part 2. Oryol central.
The prison, known as the Oryol convict central, was organizedin 1908 onon the then outskirts of the city of Orel (now on Krasnoarmeyskaya Street). The buildings of a prison company from the mid-19th century were used as a base.
The Oryol Central has long been “famous” for the cruelty of prisoners. In Soviet times, it was always mentioned in connection with the fact that “the tsarist government imprisoned F.E. Dzerzhinsky here.” In the Oryol Museum of Local Lore there is a model of the cell in which “Iron Felix” sat (you can look through the peephole in the miniature door). But about the atrocities of the post-revolutionary period - such as the execution of political prisoners in 1941, execution of clergy in 1938, etc. - in Soviet times, of course, nothing was reported.
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There are few photographs of the central station on the Internet; Here, for example, is one of them. By the way, a monument to the victims of political repression in the form of a stone in the period from the 1990s to the early 2000s. stood in the space now located between metal and brick fences. Now the monument can be seen on the outskirts of the Medvedevsky forest (in a different version)./
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In the Oryol Central in the 1930s. the famous local historian and geobotanist Vladimir Nikolaevich Khitrovo was imprisoned - with author and editor of the remarkable book “Nature of the Oryol Region” (1925 edition).In March 1931, he was detained by security officers in Orel. He was detained on trumped-up charges of counter-revolutionary activities. As a result, V.N. Khitrovo was exiled to Tyumen, then to Cherdyn, and after serving his exile he was allowed to settle in Omsk. IN 1936 V.N. Khitrovo I was on a business trip and stopped in Orel for a short while. From Orel he planned to go to Omsk. But at the station he was detained by security officersby false denunciation and brought to the central. In the Oryol central V.N. Khitrovo was heldabout a year - until the spring of 1939 . Relatives of V.N. Khitrovo in Orel all this time thought that he was in Omsk. Meanwhile, in the central office, security officers began to extort confessions from the local historian.They beat me more than once. They also put me on a chair in a cold room for several days and did not allow me to get up from the chair or sleep. Khitrovo would eventually fall asleep, fall out of his chair, be put back on the chair, and everything would repeat itself. “Well, I couldn’t say something like I had started a conspiracy against Comrade Stalin, I couldn’t!” - Khitrovo later told his wife. He was eventually released and returned to his relatives.V.N. was rehabilitated. Khitrovo was in the 1990s. (I reproduce this paragraph from memory from the words of the great-granddaughter of V.N. Khitrovo - E. Gurevich, and the material highlighted in brown represents additions and clarifications drawn frompublication: “Served science” in the newspaper “Orlovskaya Pravda” dated November 20, 2009) .
Part 3. Execution in the fall of 1941.
In the post I mentioned the security officer Vasily Ivanovich - the husband of Marina Martynovna (i.e. my grandfather’s own aunt; further I reproduce the retelling of Arkady Stepanovich from the words of Vasily Ivanovichgreen color).
This was an unusual family.He is a security officer. And his wife is the daughter of a man who was shotBolshevik rebel,sister of the dispossessed“enemy of the people” (my great-grandfather).And so they lived in 1941 in Yelets.Yelets at that time was part of the Oryol region.Vasily Ivanovich worked in the NKVD as part of counterintelligence, and through the NKVD they provided him with an apartment in Yelets. By the beginning of the war they had a small son (and perhaps already a daughter).
When the Nazis began to approach, Vasily Ivanovich tried to evacuate his wife, Marina Martynovna, and son/children. This was not easy to do, since the trains were overcrowded. However, using the channels available to him, he succeeded, although with difficulty. Marina Martynovna and her son/children left Yelets, arrived in Bulaevo (between Omsk and Petropavlovsk) and settled in the Kozlovtsevs’ house (i.e. with their sister).
In the fall, Vasily Ivanovich was called from Yelets to Orel in connection with the advance of the Germans. For a "special assignment".
The fact is that in Orel - in the Oryol Central - there were many political prisoners, and the authorities were deciding what to do with them. They decided to shoot political prisoners.
A certain colonel came from Moscow to Oryol. He led the action. The cynical organization of the event is, so to speak, the “merit” of this colonel.
The prisoners were brought one by one to the cell where the commission was located. Several questions were asked:
"- Under what article were you convicted?"
"What are you convicted of?"
"Do you want to go to the front to make amends and justify your trust?"
The prisoner, for example, answered:
"Yes, I wish."
"What branch of the military would you like to serve in?" - followed another question.
"- In the infantry."
"Go."
The prisoner turned around, intending to leave the room. At that moment, the colonel shot him in the back of the head. Himself, personally.
Let us now turn to the information published on websites (see list of sources at the end of the post). One colonel is specifically mentioned who arrived from Moscow to carry out the sentence. So, it turns out thatThe colonel who led the organization of the execution was named Kondraty Filippovich Firsanov (1902 - 1990s). From January 1939 to July 1944, he was the head of the NKVD of the Oryol region.
I continue to quote:
“...a list of 170 prisoners held in the Oryol prison was compiled in the 1st special department on the instructions of Kobulov and with his direct participation. It was Kobulov who made various notes on the list and determined the fate of each prisoner.
A secret proposal for the execution of 170 prisoners was signed on September 6, 1941 by L. Beria. On the same day, by a secret resolution signed by I.V. Stalin approved the execution of prisoners.
/Later/ the former head of the Orel prison, Yakovlev S.D., giving explanations about the circumstances of the execution of the convicts, said that about a month before the Nazis captured the city of Orel, an operational group arrived from the NKVD of the USSR to carry out a special task - the execution of a group of prisoners held in prison. According to the list available to the group members, the prisoners were taken out of the city in specially equipped vehicles within one day and shot. None of the prison employees were involved in this operation.
The execution took place on September 11, 1941. Among those executed were Kh.G. Rakovsky, medical professor D.D. Pletnev, Maria Spiridonova, O.D. Kameneva (wife of L.B. Kamenev and sister of L.D. Trotsky)and others.
Much later, at the trial, Firsanov reported the following about how the procedure for announcing the verdict to the convicts proceeded:
“They were taken to a special room, where specially selected persons from among the prison staff put a cloth gag into the convict’s mouth, tied it with a rag so that he could not push it out, and after that announced that he was sentenced to capital punishment - execution After this, the condemned man was led out by the arms into the prison yard and put into a covered car with bulletproof sides...” For the execution of the court decision and the burial of those executed, as Firsanov further showed, a place was determined 10 kilometers from the city of Orel along towards Mtsensk and Bolkhov, in the so-called Medvedevsky forest. He knows about this from the report of his subordinates - employees of the NKVD for the Oryol region Chernousov K.A., Slyunyaev N.I. and Terebkov G.I., who were members of the commission for carrying out the sentence. According to Firsanov, he himself was not at the scene of the execution.
From Firsanov’s explanations it follows that the trees that were in the forest at the burial site were first dug up with their roots, and after the burial of those shot they were planted in their places. Until October 3, 1941, i.e. During the capture of Orel by fascist German troops, as Firsanov noted, he repeatedly sent subordinates to the execution site under the guise of mushroom pickers to check the condition of the burial site. According to their reports, the situation at the burial site was not disturbed.”
It is easy to notice that Colonel Firsanov’s testimony does not coincide with the picture that Vasily Ivanovich presented.
Having realized this for myself, I once again turned to Arkady Stepanovich: “grandfather, well, what do you think, according to Vasily Ivanovich, did that colonel himself shoot the prisoners?” To which Arkady Stepanovich confirmed: “Yes. Himself, personally. And it was thanks to that colonel that the execution was carried out so cruelly.”
Well, what do I think about this? It made sense for both Firsanov (as a person under investigation) and Yakovlev to distort events in order to evade responsibility. But in the situation with Vasily Ivanovich, it is quite possible to assume that he told his biography “as in spirit.” Moreover, it seems that Vasily Ivanovich himself did not have the best feelings about what happened. As for the role of Vasily Ivanovich, it is not revealed in any way from the story; clearly just attended in person.
The story told by Vasily Ivanovich makes us suspect that Firsanov is lying about the location of the execution. It turns out that at least not all, but some of the prisoners were shot not in the Medvedevsky forest, but in a certain room.
This suspicion is confirmed by the findings of human remains discovered shortly after the liberation of Orel and examined by Academician Burdenko. I quote:
“...single shots to the back of the head, mostly with bullets of caliber below 8 mm, mostly at point-blank range or at close range. Localization of the shot in a very limited part of the occipital bone required certain qualifications, which /later/ served as the basis for Burdenko to conclude that the executions were carried out by “skillful hands.”
However, the irony of the situation was that from June 1943 the collection"major facts of /German-fascist/ atrocities in the Oryol region" was entrusted to Colonel Firsanov. The blame for the discovery of the remains in this case was placed on the Germans. I quote: "Firsanov carefully guarded the secrets entrusted to him and suppressed any attempts to somehow get closer to them."
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P.S. (September 1, 2016) Interesting information has just appeared in “Arguments of the Week”: the publication of S. Nekhamkin “The Executioner on the Hill”. According to the publication, the prisoners were shot by special commissioner Demyan Semenikhin, who arrived from Moscow. The publication, however, does not indicate whether D. Semenikhin was a colonel at that time.
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Part 4. The further fate of the colonel.
In V. Katanov’s book “The Orlovskys Were,” Colonel Firsanov is also mentioned. On the day when the Nazis entered Oryol, Firsanov’s security officers took up a perimeter defense near the NKVD building. However, they still left the city in a timely manner, apparently without coming into contact with the enemy.
I quote from the site:
“...from July 1944, Firsanov was the head of the NKVD/UMVD of the Bryansk region (until May 1949), after which he was promoted: in May 1949 - February 1954 - Minister of Internal Affairs of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; removed from his post "for serious mistakes made in the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic." He headed the territorial administration of Bashspetsneftestroy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, served in the ITL system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1954-1960). He was transferred to the reserve in December 1960 with the rank of major general. Author of the books "Behind the Front Line" (Tula, 1968); “This is how the security officers fought” (M., 1973); "For the sake of life. Notes of a security officer" (Kuibyshev, 1973), etc.
Firsanov testified in connection with the fact that a criminal case had been opened regarding the execution of political prisoners. On April 12, 1990, a resolution was issued to terminate the criminal case, which stated, in particular, the following:
“The investigation, which, by decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR, was carried out by the 1st Department of the Office of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office, established that the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of September 8, 1941 is unfounded, illegal and illegal due to the lack of corpus delicti of the citizens convicted and then executed. ..
Assessing the totality of the evidence collected in the case, one should come to the conclusion that those involved in the execution of the sentence of September 8, 1941 on the execution of 161 convicts could not have known that this court decision of the military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR was illegal, and therefore, their actions do not constitute any crime...
As for the criminal activities of Beria and Kobulov, who initiated the decision to execute 170 convicts held in the Oryol prison, then both of them were sentenced to capital punishment by the Special Judicial Presence of the Supreme Court of the USSR on December 23, 1953 for the crimes committed, including these acts, - execution (vol. 2, pp. 193-197)."
In general, apparently, Colonel Firsanov, taking advantage of the absence of witnesses at the trial, avoided responsibility.
Part 5. Further biography of Vasily Ivanovich.
However, let us now continue the story about Vasily Ivanovich.
Some time after the events in the Oryol Central,Vasily Ivanovich was sent to the Volga region. Many Volga Germans lived in the Volga region.Our own citizens, by the way.And German troops advanced east - towards Volgograd. The authorities considered ethnic Germans politically unreliable and began deporting Volga Germans to Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
First, leaflets and orders were scattered from airplanes over the villages where the Germans lived, ordering them to gather at a designated time in a designated place.
Those Germans who came to the gathering places were immediately deported. But some people still remained in the villages. They were equated with spies and saboteurs.
And so the NKVD carried out a purge. NKVD officers surrounded this or that village so that no one would enter it and no one would leave it. Then they combed the village, the discovered persons were taken to the Volga and shot. Vasily Ivanovich was in one of these detachments.
In connection with the Nazi offensive in 1942, the infamous decree “Not a step back!” was issued. In accordance with it, barrier detachments were introduced into the troops. Behind the line of Soviet units standing on the front line, detachments of security officers were stationed. When leaving positions in the face of the enemy - be it a reasonable retreat or flight - the security officers opened fire from a machine gun on the retreating ones. Soldiers on the front line were faced with a choice - to die in battle with the enemy or to die from the bullets of a detachment.
Vasily Ivanovich was also in one of these detachments. And they were shooting at those retreating!
This is how the security officers also fought. But Colonel Firsanov probably did not write about such episodes in his books.
In fairness, it should be admitted that the mentioned Firsanov also has real merits and, apparently, considerable ones. But this has already been written about by him, and about him, and they will write more. Yes, perhaps, my personal attitude towards the security officers of the 1930s. somewhat biased and focused on the worst manifestations of Soviet history associated with the physical destruction of dissent. But, of course, even in those days, security officers performed vital work for the state related to the fight against real spies and saboteurs. I can’t help but admit this... But I digress from the biography of Vasily Ivanovich...
And then the Germans carried out an unexpected operation, and Vasily Ivanovich, in an unconscious state, was captured by the Germans (and not only he). They brought him in for interrogation. And the Germans already know everything about him. First name, last name, year of birth. They ask - such and such, such and such? The Nazis offered to cooperate with them, but Vasily Ivanovich refused. And they took him in a heated carriage in the direction of Germany. He fled with a friend. But the Germans caught them, beat them and took them back to Germany. Vasily Ivanovich ran again and made his way to his own. And they grabbed him too and began to interrogate him:
“How, they say, did you get captured? You’re a security officer! And security officers shouldn’t be captured. You should have shot yourself.”
A security officer who was captured by the Germans was considered a traitor. And therefore Vasily Ivanovich was placed on death row in the city of Volsk. A blind cell without windows, there is a grate in the floor, and immediately below it there is water, perhaps Volga water. At any moment they could enter his cell and throw him into the water. But he was lucky that he was tried after all and, by court decision, was sent to a concentration camp “in Taishet.” Those. in the vicinity of Taishet.
In the fall of 1944, Marina Martynovna and her brother’s wife arrived in Yelets(i.e. my great-grandmother)and with children. They relied onhousingin Yelets. But it turned out that the apartment from the “traitor to the Motherland” had already been seized by that time. And upon learning that Vasily Ivanovich was exiled “to Taishet,” Marina Martynovna immediately went with her children to her husband.
There, near Taishet, Vasily Ivanovich lived until the 1950s, then he was amnestied and moved not far from the camp - to Shelikhovo. Where he lived with his family until about 1959.
In 1959, Arkady Stepanovich came to the village of Shelikhovo, located on the beautiful Biryusa River, for a short time. And Vasily Ivanovich told him his story.
Vasily Ivanovich with his wife Marina Matynovna (she is wearing a headscarf). photo from A.S. albums Chekushkina.
Information sources:
1) in green: retelling by Arkady Stepanovich, from the words of Vasily Ivanovich (you can laugh at the wording until you drop, but I trust this source more than others)
2) retelling by E. Gurevich
3) TRAGEDY IN THE MEDVEDEVSKY FOREST. About the execution of political prisoners in the Oryol prison. perpetrator2004.narod.ru
4) http://katynfiles.com/content/sorokina-burdenko-orel.html M.Yu. Sorokina OPERATION “SKILLFUL HANDS”, OR WHAT ACADEMICIAN BURDENKO SAW IN OREL
5) E.E. Shchekotikhin. “Battle of Oryol - two years: facts, statistics, analysis”, pp. 70-72 in book one: . - Eagle: Publisher Alexander Vorobyov. - 2006. - 696 p.
P.S.No matter what they say, this is a page in the history of our country. Anticipating the probable petty question of Western liberals(I won’t formulate it), I mean.No, I'm only proud of my ancestors, who managed not only to survive V realities of that time, but also to preserve their human appearance.
As for the territory under the rule of the Kyiv junta, one can sympathize with its population.
There are very few buildings in Orel that have survived from pre-revolutionary times. And this is understandable - the city was severely destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. However, by some strange chance, the building of the city prison survived the whirlwind of brutal cataclysms of the 20th century. There is even a version that the warring parties deliberately did not subject the prison buildings to bombing and artillery fire, so that later, after the capture of the city, they could immediately use them for their intended purpose. However, this is only the version of some historians.
The first prison prison appeared in Orel in 1840, when a local prison company was located on the outskirts of the city. In 1870 it was transformed into a correctional prison department. But the real history of the Oryol prison began to be written in 1908. It was then that the notorious Oryol convict central was created throughout Russia.
Its creation was not some accident. The fact is that after the unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War, Russia was forced to cede to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin Island, where the main penal prisons of the Russian Empire were located. Accordingly, the question immediately arose - where to place dangerous criminals now? Siberia was already filled to capacity with convicts and exiles. Therefore, the tsarist government had no choice but to begin the construction of convict prisons (centrals) on the territory of European Russia.
The first and largest of them was the Oryol convict central. Built by 1908, it consisted of a main building of 734 
person, a “fortress” building for 117 people (enhanced conditions of detention), a single building for new arrivals (quarantine) for 184 people, a “new” building designed for 218 prisoners, and a prison hospital capable of accommodating up to 70 prisoners. The total number of prisoners in the central reached 1,400 people. The prison's huge common cells, separated from the guards' passage only by strong iron bars, were designed to hold 28-36 prisoners. Thus, the prisoners were always in full view of the guards, like tigers in a large cage. This was an “advanced” American option for housing convicts, which had not previously been practiced in Russia. The staff of guards for the Oryol Central was assembled throughout the country. Only the most disciplined servants were selected. The central guards received increased salaries and retired early.
From the moment of its creation, the Oryol Central was distinguished by extremely harsh conditions of detention. According to archival documents, from 1908 to October 1912, 437 prisoners died in the Oryol convict prison - an average of two people per week. They died mainly from tuberculosis and from beatings inflicted by guards. During this period, approximately seventy percent of the central prisoners were criminals. The remaining thirty are political prisoners who took an active part in the first Russian revolution of 1905-07. All convicts were required to work, for which purpose shoe, sewing and carpentry workshops were organized in the central. Among the famous prisoners before the revolution, G. Kotovsky, N. Makhno and F. Dzerzhinsky were imprisoned in the Oryol Central.
Iron Felix
There are still many legends about the stay of the future chief of the Cheka in the Oryol Central. Felix Edmundovich arrived in Orel in the fall of 1914. Before that, he was serving his fifth term in the Warsaw Citadel prison, which was evacuated due to the outbreak of the First World War. In the lists of the Oryol prison, the future head of the Cheka was nevertheless listed as No. 22 - among the fifty most dangerous convicts. Dzerzhinsky’s personal file noted that he was to be kept in leg shackles at all times in a common cell and under “particularly vigilant supervision.” 
However, in practice it turned out completely differently. The head of the central N. Saat showed unprecedented leniency towards the political prisoner. Dzerzhinsky's leg shackles were removed and he was released from compulsory labor. He was kept in a fairly comfortable and dry solitary cell, ate well, corresponded with his family and regularly received books from the prison library. In one of his letters to freedom, Felix Edmundovich directly spoke about his stay at the Oryol Central: “Personally, I have everything that can be had here.”
Moreover, at the instigation of the prison warden, Dzerzhinsky’s sentence was reduced for “approving behavior.” Some researchers suggest that such concessions on the part of the administration can only be explained by one thing - Dzerzhinsky was a kind of overseer of the central office, since he enjoyed authority not only among political prisoners, but also among criminals.
True, Iron Felix’s stay in the Oryol Central ended rather sadly. Someone reported to the authorities about violation of instructions. In May 1916, Dzerzhinsky went to Moscow, where the local court sentenced him to another sixteen years of hard labor. This was followed by imprisonment in Butyrka prison, where Iron Felix began to be “pressed” quite harshly.
Only the February Revolution freed him. It is curious that, having become chairman of the Cheka, Dzerzhinsky did not forget his old friend Saat. He protected him from repression and, moreover, appointed him head of the Oryol Department of Defense. To this day, in the Oryol prison there is a “cell of F. E. Dzerzhinsky,” which retains its original furnishings for museum purposes. Among the exhibits in the “memorial” cell are a pea coat, trousers, hats of the then prisoners, and iron shackles.
Bloody years
During the years of Soviet power, the Oryol central continued to operate as usual. In 1930, it was renamed a special prison of the NKVD, where important political prisoners were kept.
During the era of the “Great Terror” of 1937-39, prisoners of the prison became 
prominent party and government figures - Kh. G. Rakovsky, P. G. Petrovsky, Social Revolutionary leaders Maria Spiridonova, I.A. Mayorov, A.A. Izmailovich, wives of “enemies of the people” - Olga Kameneva (wife of L. Kamenev and sister of L. Trotsky), wives of Ya.B. Gamarnik, Marshal A.I. Egorov, A.I. Kork, I.P. Uborevich, as well as the husband of the poetess Marina Tsvetaeva - journalist Sergei Efron. All of the listed political prisoners (among other 157 prisoners of the prison) were shot by the NKVD on September 11, 1941, before the Germans entered the city.
During the occupation, from October 1941 to June 1943, the Nazis established a concentration camp on the territory of the prison. In it, the Gestapo shot partisans and underground fighters of the Oryol region every day. In memory of the victims of political terror, as well as the victims of the Nazi occupation, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of the prison.
Pre-trial detention center No. 1
Currently, the buildings of the former Oryol central house house the regional detention center No. 1 (SIZO-57/1) of the Federal Penitentiary Service, as well as a large prison hospital for tuberculosis patients. The institution operates a store for persons under investigation. For additional nutrition, greens and vegetables are grown in our own greenhouse. There is also a library and cable television in the pre-trial detention center. There is an Orthodox house church. On Orthodox holidays, the rector of the Holy Trinity Vasilievsky Church conducts divine services.
True, from time to time in the Oryol pre-trial detention center various emergencies and suicides occur. Recently, while checking the conditions of convicts in a pre-trial detention center, employees of the regional prosecutor's office discovered beatings on one of the inmates of the punishment cell. As it turned out, the prisoner was beaten by the duty inspector. A criminal case was opened against the inspector for abuse of power by using violence.
Another time, prosecutors discovered violations in terms of providing the standard sanitary area per prisoner. According to the law, each person under investigation in a Russian pre-trial detention center must have at least four square meters of space. This provision was often violated and the chambers were re-compacted.
In addition, a number of those sentenced to serve a sentence in a high-security correctional colony unlawfully served their sentences in the Oryol detention center, being involved in the economic maintenance of the pre-trial detention center. And this is a serious violation on the part of the administration, which does not comply with the court verdict. The prosecutor's office also revealed the fact that two minor girls were illegally kept in a cell designed for four people, along with five adult women. This is a serious violation of the law, since minors must be kept separately from adult defendants.
Based on newspaper materials
"Behind Bars" (No. 4 2011)
St. Krasnoarmeyskaya (formerly Kazarmennaya) building 10).
The prison building is one of the oldest buildings in the city. It has undergone virtually no restructuring and has not changed its purpose (place of detention of prisoners) since its foundation in 1840: initially as a prison company, which then grew into a correctional prison department by the beginning of 1870.
In 1908, the prison companies were transformed into a temporary convict central. Up to 20% were political prisoners held together with criminal prisoners. It became a place of political terror for the revolutionaries of 1905. The workshops of the Oryol Central supplied all Russian prisons with leg shackles and wrist chains. The Oryol Central Prison was distinguished by incredibly cruel conditions of detention, which led to mass illnesses, high mortality and suicides of convicts. F. E. Dzerzhinsky was one of the famous prisoners of the Oryol Central. His cell is preserved in its original setting with chains and shackles as a museum piece. Dzerzhinsky wrote in his letter to freedom:
Camera of F. E. Dzerzhinsky in the Oryol Central
“What you know about our conditions is all true. These conditions are simply impossible. Their consequences are that every day someone is taken out of here... in a coffin. From our category (political) 5 people have already died in the last 6 weeks - all from consumption.”
In 1910 and 1912, mass unrest of prisoners took place in the Oryol Central, which were brutally suppressed. These events caused widespread protests, both in Russia and abroad, were widely covered in the press and became the subject of numerous requests to the Russian State Duma.
Currently, in the buildings of the former Oryol Central there is a pre-trial detention center No. 1 (SIZO-57/1) of the state institution of the Department of Execution of Sentences of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Oryol Region and a prison hospital for patients with tuberculosis.
Famous prisoners before the revolution
- Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich (1915-16)
- B. P. Zhadanovsky (1912-14)
- Kotovsky, Grigory Ivanovich (1910)
- A. A. Litkens (1908-09)
- G. I. Matiashvili (1915-16)
There is a version that for some time Nestor Makhno was kept in the strictest secrecy in the Oryol Central.
Literature
- Gernet M.N., History of the Tsar’s Prison, 3rd ed., vol. 15, M., 1960-63.
- Dvoryanov V.N., In the Siberian far side (Essays on the history of royal hard labor and exile, 60s of the 18th century - 1917), Minsk, 1971.
- Maksimov S.V., Siberia and hard labor, 2nd ed., parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1891
Notes
Coordinates: 52°58′45.45″ n. w. 36°03′55.16″ E. d. / 52.979294 , 36.065324 (G) (O)52.979294 , 36.065324
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In Russia there is a central convict prison, criminal and political. Founded in Orel in 1908. Extremely cruel regime. After the October Revolution, victims of mass repressions of the 1920s and 50s were kept in the buildings of the former Oryol Central along with criminals... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ORLOVSKY CENTRAL, convict prison, criminal and political. Opened in Orel in 1908. It was distinguished by an extremely cruel regime. After October 1917, in the buildings of the former O. c. Victims of mass repressions of the 1920s and 50s were kept along with criminals. In... ...Russian history
In Russia there is a central convict prison, criminal and political. Founded in Orel in 1908. Extremely cruel regime. After the October Revolution, victims of mass repressions of 1920 50 were kept along with criminals in the buildings of the former Oryol Central. encyclopedic Dictionary
Convict prison in Russia, main. in 1908. Up to 20% of the prisoners were political prisoners. The conditions of imprisonment were different. cruelty, beatings and torture, gave rise to mass diseases, high mortality, and suicides of prisoners. Mode O.... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
One of the largest convict prisons in Tsarist Russia. Founded in Orel in 1908. Up to 20% of the prisoners were political prisoners sent to the O.C. from other prisons for “correction.” They were kept together with criminals. In 1914 16 in O ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
CENTRAL, central, male (pre-rev.). Central convict prison. Riga Central. Oryol central. Alexandrovsky Central. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
central- a, m. (prison) centrale, German. central. In pre-revolutionary Russia there was a large, central convict prison. Riga Central. Oryol central. BAS 1. Lex.TSB 1: centrals; SIS 1937: center/l... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Coordinates: 56°08′30″ N. w. 40°25′58″ E. d. / 56.141667° n. w. 40.432778° E. d. ... Wikipedia
Oryol Central Central (established) central prison. They emerged in the 19th century as a result of the reform of the police and prison system in Russia. Until 1879, there was no centralized management of places of detention in Russia. “The principle of class was strictly observed... ... Wikipedia
Oryol Central Central (established) central prison. Contents... Wikipedia
September 11th, 2011
Thanks to Mikhail Krug, many people know the Vladimir Central. Who knows about the Oryol Center? This kitsch is cooler.
Oryol Central is one of the largest convict prisons in Tsarist Russia. Founded in Orel in 1908. In 1914-16, the father of concentration camps, F. E. Dzerzhinsky, twice served his sentence in the Oryol Central.
The Central had workshops that, as if in mockery, supplied all Russian prisons with leg shackles and wrist chains. Conditions of confinement led to widespread illness, high mortality and suicide.
During the revolution, the Bolsheviks declared that they would “sweep away all the tsarist prisons.” No matter how it is! Also .
On this day, September 11, 1941, in the Ordovsky Central, without trial or sentence, 157 prisoners were shot by the NKVD troops of the USSR: prominent party and government figures and scientists - A. Yu. Aikhenvald, V. V. Karpenko, convicted at the Third Moscow Trial of H. G. Rakovsky, P. P. Bessonov and D. D. Pletnev, Bolshevik - opposition figure P. G. Petrovsky, Social Revolutionary leaders Maria Spiridonova, I.A. Mayorov, A.A. Izmailovich, wives of “enemies of the people” - Olga Kameneva (wife of L. Kamenev and sister of L. Trotsky), wives of Ya. B. Gamarnik, Marshal A. I. Egorov, A. I. Korka, I. P. Uborevich, husband of Marina Tsvetaeva, Eurasian journalist and NKVD agent Sergei Efron, astronomer B.V. Numerov, V.A. Chaykin and others. In memory of the victims of political terror who were held and executed here from 1920 to 1950, a memorial plaque was installed on the wall of the prison. Maybe this made someone feel better, but I doubt it.
Truly, in Rus' from scrip and from prison....