In 862, Prince Rurik was invited to reign in northwestern Rus', who became the founder of the new state. What was the activity of the first Kyiv princes - we learn from an article on history for the 10th grade.
Domestic and foreign policy of the first Russian princes
Let's create a table of the First Kyiv Princes.
Starting in order, we should mention not Rurik as the first Russian prince, but his boyars Askold and Dir as the first princes of Kyiv. Having not received cities in Northern Rus' to govern, they went south to Constantinople, but, moving along the Dnieper, they landed at a small town that had a convenient geographical and strategic position.
In 879, Rurik died and Oleg became his successor until his son Igor came of age. In 882, Oleg launched a campaign of conquest against Kyiv. Fearing a major battle with a large army of co-rulers. Oleg lured them out of the city by cunning, and then killed them.
Rice. 1. Borders of Rus' in the 9th century.
The names Askold and Dir are familiar to every resident of Kyiv. These are the first martyrs of the Russian land. In 2013, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate canonized them as saints.
Having also captured Smolensk and Lyubech, Oleg established control over the trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks”, moved the capital of Rus' from Novgorod to Kyiv, creating Kievan Rus - a single principality of the Eastern Slavs. He built cities, determined the amount of taxes from the subordinate southern tribes, and successfully fought with the Khazars.
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Rice. 2. Map of the route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
In 907, Oleg made a campaign against Constantinople, according to which he was able to conclude a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' with the Romans.
Igor's reign
After Oleg's death, Igor took over the reins. He made two campaigns against Byzantium - in 941 and 944, but neither was crowned with great success. The Russian fleet was completely burned by Greek fire. In 913 and 943, he made two trips to the Caspian lands.
In 945, while collecting tribute from subordinate tribes, Igor succumbed to pressure from his squad and decided to collect a larger tribute. Returning to the lands of the Drevlyans for the second time, but with a small detachment, Igor was killed in the capital of the Drevlyan land, the city of Iskorosten.
Olga and Svyatoslav
The regent for Igor's two-year-old son Svyatoslav was his mother, Olga. The princess avenged the murder of Igor by plundering the Drevlyan land and burning Iskorosten.
Olga was responsible for the first economic reform in Rus'. She established lessons and graveyards - the size of the tribute and the places where they were collected. In 955, she converted to Christianity, becoming the first Russian princess of the Orthodox faith.
Svyatoslav, having matured, spent all his time on campaigns, dreaming of military glory. In 965, he destroyed the Khazar Khaganate, and two years later, at the request of the Byzantines, he invaded Bulgaria. He did not fulfill the terms of the agreement with the Romans, capturing 80 Bulgarian cities and beginning to reign in the occupied lands. This gave rise to the Byzantine-Russian war of 970-971, as a result of which Svyatoslav was forced to leave Bulgaria, but was killed by the Pechenegs on the way home.
Vladimir Red Sun
An internecine war broke out between the three sons of Svyatoslav, in which Vladimir emerged victorious. Under him, extensive urban planning began in Rus', but his most important achievement lay elsewhere. In 988, Vladimir baptized Rus', moving from paganism to Orthodox Christianity, declaring that Rus' was now the younger sister of the great Byzantium.
Rice. 3. Baptism of Rus'.
Using the prepared soil for the development of the young state, Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the Wise, will make Rus' a leading state in Europe, which will experience its heyday during his reign.
What have we learned?
The first Kyiv princes were mainly concerned with the expansion and strengthening of the young Russian state. Their task was to secure the borders of Kievan Rus from external aggression and make allies, primarily in the person of Byzantium. The adoption of Christianity and the destruction of the Khazars partially resolved these issues.
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In this post we will focus on such a difficult topic as the first Kyiv princes. Today we will present 7 original historical portraits from Oleg the Prophet to Vladimir II Monomakh, all of these historical portraits were painted with the maximum score and meet all criteria for assessing work on the Unified State Exam.
You see in front of you a map of Ancient Rus', or rather the tribes that lived on their territory. You see that this is the territory of present-day Ukraine and Belarus. Ancient Rus' extended from the Carpathians in the West, to the Oka and Volga in the East and from the Baltic in the North, to the steppes of the Black Sea region in the South. Of course, Kyiv was the capital of this Old Russian state and it was there that the princes of Kyiv sat. We will begin our study of Ancient Rus' with Prince Oleg. Unfortunately, no information about this prince has been preserved, but only the legend “The Legend of the Prophetic Oleg” has been preserved, which you all know very well. And so in 882, Oleg headed to Kyiv from Novgorod. He was a warrior of Rurik (862-882) and while Rurik’s son, Igor, was small, Oleg was his regent. And in 882, Oleg captured Kyiv, killing Askold and Dir, and from that moment his reign began.
Oleg the Prophet – Historical Portrait
Lifetime:9th century – beginningX century
Reign: 882-912
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. He made Kyiv the capital of Ancient Rus', so some historians consider Oleg the founder of the Old Russian state. “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities”
1.2. He united the northern and southern centers of the Eastern Slavs by conquering the lands of the Ulichs, Tivertsi, Radimichi, Northerners, Drevlyans, and subjugating cities such as Smolensk, Lyubech, Kyiv.
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. He made a successful campaign against Constantinople in 907.
2.2. He concluded peace and trade agreements with Byzantium that were beneficial for the country.
Results of activities:
During the years of his reign, Prince Oleg significantly increased the territory of Rus' and concluded the first trade agreement with Byzantium (Constantinople)
The second ruler after Oleg was Igor the Old and much is unknown about his reign in modern history and we only know about the last four years of his reign in Kyiv.
Historical portrait of Igor Stary
Lifetime: end9th century –II quarterX century
Reign: 912-945
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. Continued the unification of East Slavic tribes
1.2. Was governor in Kyiv during the reign of Oleg
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. Russian-Byzantine War 941-944.
2.2. War with the Pechenegs
2.3. War with the Drevlyans
2.4. Military campaign against Byzantium
Results of activities:
He extended his power to the Slavic tribes between the Dniester and Danube, concluded a military-trade agreement with Byzantium, and conquered the Drevlyans.
After the murder of Igor by the Drevlyans for excessive collection of tribute, his wife, Olga, ascended the throne.
Duchess Olga
Lifetime:II-III quarterX century.
Reign: 945-962
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. Strengthening the central government through reprisals against the Drevlyan tribe
1.2. She carried out the first tax reform in Rus': she introduced lessons - a fixed amount of tribute collection and graveyards - places where tribute was collected.
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. She was the first Russian princess and ruler in general to convert to Christianity.
2.2. She was able to prevent the Drevlyan dynasty of princes from reigning in Kyiv.
Results of activities:
Olga strengthened the internal position of the young Russian state, improved relations with Byzantium, increased the authority of Rus', and was able to preserve the Russian throne for her son Svyatoslav.
After Olga's death, the reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich, known for his rich foreign policy, began in Kyiv
Svyatoslav Igorevich
Life time: second half of the 10th century.
Reigned 945 - 972
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. He led the further strengthening of the ancient Russian state, like his predecessors.
1.2. Tried to create an empire.
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. Conducted a military campaign against Bulgaria in 967.
2.2. Defeated the Khazar Khaganate in 965.
2.3. Conducted a military campaign against Byzantium.
Results of activities:
He established diplomatic relations with many peoples of the world, strengthened the position of Rus' on the world stage, removed the threat from the Volga Bulgaria and the Khazar Khaganate, expanded the possessions of the Kyiv prince, wanted to create an empire, but his plans were not destined to come true.
After the death of Svyatoslav, Prince Yaropolk (972-980) ascended the Kiev throne, who during the 8 years of his reign made a very small contribution to the history of Ancient Rus'. After his reign, Vladimir I, popularly nicknamed the Red Sun, ascended the Kiev throne.
Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich (Saint, Red Sun) – Historical portrait
Life time: 3rd quarter of the 10th century - first half of the 11th century (~ 960-1015);
Reign: 980-1015
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. The final annexation of the lands of the Vyatichi, Cherven cities, as well as the lands on both sides of the Carpathians.
1.2. Pagan reform. In order to strengthen the grand-ducal power and introduce Rus' to the rest of the world, in 980 Vladimir carried out the Pagan Reform, according to which Perun was placed at the head of the pantheon of Slavic gods. After the failure of the reform, Vladimir I decided to baptize Rus' according to the Byzantine rite.
1.3. Acceptance of Christianity. After the failure of the pagan reform, under Vladimir in 988, Christianity was adopted as the state religion. The baptism of Vladimir and his entourage took place in the city of Korsun. The reason for choosing Christianity as the main religion was the marriage of Vladimir to the Byzantine princess Anna and the prevalence of this faith in Rus'.
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. Protection of the borders of Rus'. Under Vladimir, for the purpose of protection, a Unified Defense System against nomads and an Alert System were created.
2.2. The defeat of the Radimichi militia, the campaign in Volga Bulgaria, the first clash between Rus' and Poland, as well as the conquest of the Principality of Polotsk.
Activity results:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. The unification of all the lands of the Eastern Slavs as part of Kievan Rus.
1.2. The reform streamlined the pagan pantheon. Encouraged Prince Vladimir to turn to a fundamentally new religion.
1.3. Strengthening princely power, raising the country's authority on the world stage, borrowing Byzantine culture: frescoes, architecture, icon painting, the Bible was translated into Slavic language...
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. The Unified Defense System against nomads and the Alert System helped to quickly notify the center of a border crossing, and, accordingly, of an attack, which gave Rus' an advantage.
2.2. Expansion of the borders of Rus' through the active foreign policy of Prince Vladimir the Saint.
After Vladimir, Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise, turned out to be a very noticeable ruler.
Yaroslav the Wise
Lifetime: endX – middle11th century
Reign: 1019–1054
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. Establishing dynastic ties with Europe and Byzantium through dynastic marriages.
1.2. Founder of written Russian legislation - “Russian Truth”
1.3. Built St. Sophia Cathedral and Golden Gate
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. Military campaigns in the Baltic states
2.2. The final defeat of the Pechenegs
2.3. Military campaign against Byzantium and Polish-Lithuanian lands
Results of activities:
During the reign of Yaroslav, Rus' reached its peak. Kyiv became one of the largest cities in Europe, the authority of Rus' increased on the world stage, and the active construction of temples and cathedrals began.
And the last prince, whose characteristics we will give in this post, will be Vladimir II.
Vladimir Monomakh
INTime of life: second half of the 11th century - first quarter of the 12th century.
Reign: 1113-1125
Main activities:
1. Domestic policy:
1.1. Stopped the collapse of the Old Russian state. “Let everyone keep his homeland”
1.2. Nestor compiled “The Tale of Bygone Years”
1.3. Introduced the “Charter of Vladimir Monomakh”
2. Foreign policy:
2.1. Organized successful campaigns of princes against the Polovtsians
2.2. Continued the policy of strengthening dynastic ties with Europe
Results of activities:
He was able to unite the Russian lands for a short time, became the author of “Instructions for Children”, and managed to stop the Polovtsian raids on Rus'.
© Ivan Nekrasov 2014
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On September 21, 862, the inhabitants of the Novgorod principality called on the Varangian brothers to rule: Rurik, Sineus and Truvor. This date is considered to be the beginning of the state of Rus'. The dynasty of Russian rulers, nicknamed the Rurikovichs, originates from Rurik. This dynasty ruled the state for more than seven and a half centuries. We remembered the most significant representatives of this family.
1. Rurik Varangsky. Although the Novgorod prince Rurik Varangian did not become the sole ruler of the united state, he forever went down in history as the founder of the dynasty of the first Russian autocrats. During his reign, Finnish lands, as well as the territories of some scattered Slavic tribes, began to be annexed to Rus'. This led to the cultural unification of the Eastern Slavs, which contributed to the formation of a new political formation - the state. According to researcher S. Solovyov, it was from Rurik that the important activities of the Russian princes began - the construction of cities, the concentration of the population. Rurik’s first steps in the formation of the ancient Russian state were already completed by Prince Oleg the Prophet.
2. Vladimir Svyatoslavich Red Sun. The contribution of this Grand Duke to the development of Kievan Rus is difficult to overestimate. It was he who went down in history as the baptist of Rus'. Preachers of many religions wanted to persuade the prince to their faith, but he sent his ambassadors to different lands, and upon their return, he listened to everyone and gave preference to Christianity. Vladimir liked the rituals of this faith. Having conquered the Christian city, Vladimir Kherson took the imperial princess Anna as his wife and received holy baptism. By order of the prince, the idols of the pagan gods were chopped up and burned. Ordinary people accepted the new faith by being baptized in the waters of the Dnieper. So, on August 1, 988, the Russian people, following the ruler, adopted Christianity. Only the residents of Novgorod opposed the new faith. Then the Novgorodians were baptized with the help of a squad. However, at the same time, the first special theological schools were created in Rus', where unenlightened boyars studied divine books translated from Greek by Cyril and Methodius.
3. Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise. Grand Duke Yaroslav received the nickname “Wise” from the people for his wise reign. He is considered the creator of the first set of laws and civil statutes, “Russian Truth.” Before this, in ancient Rus' there were no laws written down in a single collection. This is one of the most important steps in building statehood. Ancient lists of these laws have survived to this day, giving an idea of the life of our ancestors. According to the chronicler, Yaroslav was “lame-footed, but he had a kind mind and was brave in the army.” These words are also proven by the fact that under Yaroslav the Wise, Russian troops put an end to the raids of the nomadic Pecheneg tribe. Peace was also concluded with the Byzantine Empire.
Grand Duke Yaroslav received the nickname “Wise” from the people for his wise reign
4. Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh. His reign was the period of the last strengthening of the Old Russian state. Monomakh knew well that for the peace of the state it was necessary to make sure that external enemies were discouraged from attacking Rus'. During his life, he made 83 military campaigns, concluded 19 peace treaties with the Polovtsians, captured more than a hundred Polovtsian princes and released them all, executed more than 200 princes. The military successes of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh and his children glorified his name throughout the world. The Greek Empire trembled in the name of Monomakh. Emperor Alexy Komnenos, after the conquest of Thrace by Vladimir's son Mstislav, even sent great gifts to Kyiv - symbols of power: the carnelian cup of Augustus Caesar, the Cross of the Life-Giving Tree, the crown, gold chain and bars of Vladimir's grandfather Constantine Monomakh. The gifts were brought by the Metropolitan of Ephesus. He also proclaimed Monomakh the Russian ruler. Since then, Monomakh's hat, chain, scepter and barmas were indispensable attributes on the wedding day of Russian rulers and were passed from sovereign to sovereign.
5. Vsevolod III Yurievich Big Nest. He is the tenth son of Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruky, who founded the city of Moscow, and the younger brother of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Under him, the Great Northern Principality of Vladimir reached its greatest power and finally began to dominate the southern Principality of Kyiv. The reasons for the success of Vsevolod's policy were reliance on new cities: Vladimir, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Dmitrov, Gorodets, Kostroma, Tver, where the boyars before him were relatively weak, as well as reliance on the nobility. Under him, Kiev Russia ceased to exist, and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' finally took shape. Vsevolod had a large offspring - 12 children (including 8 sons), so he received the nickname "Big Nest". The unknown author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” noted: his army “can splash the Volga with oars, and scoop up the Don with helmets.”
6. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. According to the “canonical” version, Alexander Nevsky played an exceptional role in Russian history. During his reign, Rus' was attacked from two sides: the Catholic West and the Tatars from the East. Nevsky showed remarkable talent as a commander and diplomat, concluding an alliance with the most powerful enemy - the Tatars. Having repelled the attack of the Germans, he defended Orthodoxy from Catholic expansion. For the faith of the Grand Duke, for love of the fatherland, for preserving the integrity of Rus', the Orthodox Church canonized Alexander.
7. Ivan Danilovich Kalita. This Grand Duke became famous for the fact that under him the rise of Muscovite Rus' began. Moscow under Ivan Kalita became the real capital of the Russian state. On the instructions of Metropolitan Peter, Ivan Kalita in 1326 laid the foundation for the first stone Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God in Moscow. Since then, the Russian metropolitanate moved from Vladimir to Moscow, which elevated this city above others in the Vladimir principality. Ivan Kalita became the first prince who received the label for a great reign in the Golden Horde. Thus, he increasingly strengthened the role of the capital of the state beyond Moscow. Later, for silver, he bought from the Horde labels for reign in other Russian cities, annexing them to the Moscow principality.
8. Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. The Great Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich was nicknamed Donskoy after his first serious victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. After a number of significant military victories over the Golden Horde, she did not dare to fight the Russians in the open field. By this time, the Moscow Principality had become one of the main centers of unification of Russian lands. The white stone Moscow Kremlin was built in the city.
9. Ivan III Vasilievich. During the reign of this Grand Duke and Sovereign, many events took place that determined the fate of the Russian state. Firstly, there was a unification of a significant part of the scattered Russian lands around Moscow. This city finally becomes the center of the all-Russian state. Secondly, the final liberation of the country from the power of the Horde khans was achieved. After standing on the Ugra River, Rus' finally threw off the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Thirdly, under the reign of Ivan III, the territory of Rus' increased fivefold and began to amount to about two million square kilometers. The Code of Laws, a set of state laws, was also adopted, and a number of reforms were carried out that laid the foundations for the local land tenure system. The sovereign established the first post office in Rus', city councils appeared in cities, drunkenness was prohibited, and the armament of troops was significantly increased.
10. Ivan IV Vasilievich. It was this ruler who was nicknamed the Terrible. He headed the Russian state for the longest time of all rulers: 50 years and 105 days. The contribution of this tsar to the history of Rus' is difficult to overestimate. Under him, boyar strife ceased, and the territory of the state grew by almost 100 percent - from 2.8 million square kilometers to 5.4 million. The Russian state became larger than the rest of Europe. He defeated the slave-trading khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan and annexed these territories to Rus'. Also under him, Western Siberia, the Don Army Region, Bashkiria, and the lands of the Nogai Horde were annexed. Ivan the Terrible entered into diplomatic and military relations with the Don and Terek-Grebensky Cossacks. Ivan IV Vasilievich created a regular Streltsy army, the first Russian military flotilla in the Baltic. I would especially like to note the creation of the code of law of 1550. The collection of laws of the period of the class monarchy in Russia is the first legal act in Russian history proclaimed as the only source of law. It contained 100 articles. Under Ivan the Terrible, the first printing house (Pechatny Dvor) appeared in Russia. Under him, the election of local administration was introduced, a network of primary schools was created, a postal service and the first fire brigade in Europe were created.
The history of Rus' goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.
Main historical stages of development of Russia
Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:
Reign of the Novgorod princes (862-882);
Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);
From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;
From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovich, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)
The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena; Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled until 1093;
Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;
Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;
From 1132 to 1139 Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present time, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the country’s role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them walked towards the goal in their own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than their predecessors.
The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus
During the times of feudal fragmentation of Rus', changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Rus'. By the middle of the 13th century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the 12th century. So, from 1139 to 1146 Vsevolod Olgovich was the prince of Kyiv. In 1146, Igor the Second was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav of Smolensky, Izyaslav of Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.
The capital moves to Vladimir
The period of formation of late feudalism in Rus' was characterized by several manifestations:
Weakening of the Kyiv princely power;
The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;
Strengthening the influence of feudal lords.
On the territory of Rus', 2 largest centers of influence arose: Vladimir and Galich. Galich was the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of Russian rulers who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history will still have to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Rus' was not as long as the Kiev period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Rus' began. Let us consider the reign dates of all the rulers of Russia at this time. In the first years of this stage of development of Rus', rulers changed quite often; there was no stability, which would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes were in power in Vladimir:
Andrew (1169-1174);
Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);
Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);
Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);
Alexander (Nevsky), great commander (1252-1263);
Yaroslav III (1263-1272);
Dmitry I (1276-1283);
Dmitry II (1284-1293);
Andrey Gorodetsky (1293-1304);
Michael "Saint" of Tverskoy (1305-1317).
All rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars
The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow chronologically approximately coincides with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Rus' and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:
Prince Ivan (1328-1340);
Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);
Ivan the Red (1353-1359);
Alexey Byakont (1359-1368);
Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);
Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);
Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);
Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);
Ivan III (1462-1505);
Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);
The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of timelessness when boyar families were in power.
The reign of tsars in Rus': the beginning of the monarchy
Historians distinguish three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after him. The reign dates of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:
Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);
Again Ivan the Terrible (1576-1584);
Feodor (1584-1598).
Tsar Fedor had no heirs, so it was interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our homeland. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the Romanov dynasty has ruled the country:
Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);
Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);
He ascended the throne in 1676 and reigned for 6 years;
Sophia, his sister, reigned from 1682 to 1689.
In the 17th century, stability finally came to Rus'. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, leading to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, and the leading world powers began to take it into account. The main credit for changing the appearance of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.
Rulers of Russia after Peter
The reign of Peter the Great was the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All Russian rulers, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were given the opportunity to realize the country's enormous potential. An important feature of that time was Russia's aggressive foreign policy, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).
The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:
Ekaterina Skavronskaya (1725-1727);
Peter the Second (killed in 1730);
Queen Anna (1730-1740);
Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);
Pyotr Fedorovich (1761-1762);
Catherine the Great (1762-1796);
Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);
Alexander I (1801-1825);
Nicholas I (1825-1855);
Alexander II (1855 - 1881);
Alexander III (1881-1894);
Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.
This marks the end of a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.
Russia during the USSR and after its collapse
The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period one can single out Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Next, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);
Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);
Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);
General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);
Mikhail Gorbachev, first president of the USSR (1985-1991);
Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);
The current head of state is Putin - President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when the state was led by Dmitry Medvedev)
Who are they - the rulers of Russia?
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for the entire more than thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wanted the flourishing of all the lands of the vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made their own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. Of course, all the rulers of Russia wanted the good and prosperity of their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening the borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.
According to the preamble to the chronicle, he reigned for 37 years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kyiv in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 77), according to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” - June 11 6486 (978
) year (Library of literature of Ancient Rus'. T.1. P.326). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov, but there is still no consensus in science. Died on July 15, 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 130).
He began to reign after the death of Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 141-142).
He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016). Destroyed in the Battle of the Bug July 22(Thietmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 143).
Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 1018 (6526) years ( Thietmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, he was expelled by Yaroslav in the same year (apparently in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his expulsion is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 144).
Settled in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 146). According to a number of chronicles, he died on February 20, 6562 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150), on the first Saturday of the fast of St. Theodore, that is, in February 1055 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162). The same year 6562 is indicated in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. However, the most probable date is determined by the day of the week - February 19 1054 on Saturday (in 1055 the fast began later).
He began to reign after the death of his father (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 162). Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 171).
Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned for 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 173)
Sat on the throne on May 2, 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 174). Expelled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 182)
Sat on the throne on March 22, 6581 (1073) (PSRL, vol. I, stb.182). Died on December 27, 6484 (1076) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199).
He sat on the throne on January 1, March 6584 (January 1077) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 190). In July of the same year he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav.
Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 202).
He took the throne in October 1078. Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113 years. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the research of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles 6622 ultra-March year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Trinity Chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 206), according to the Ipatiev Chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 295, vol. II, stb. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208)
Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Laurentian, Trinity and Novgorod first chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultramartian year) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 301, vol. II, stb. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle. P. 212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultra-March 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle UltraMartov 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, it is clearly erroneous on November 8, 6646 (PSRL, vol. IX, Art. 163).
Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24 of UltraMart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 306, vol. II, stb. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 302).
Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, UltraMart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 307, vol. II, stb. 303). Died July 30(so according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles, according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles on August 1) 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. II, stb. 321, vol. IV, p. 151, t VII, p. 35).
He took the throne after the death of his brother. Reigned for 2 weeks (PSRL, vol. III, p. 27, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 227). August 13 1146 defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 313, vol. II, stb. 327).
Sat on the throne August 13 1146 Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 383).
Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 322, vol. II, stb. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the chronicle, but is calculated almost flawlessly: the next day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kyiv, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Expelled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396).
He sat down at Yaroslav's court in 1150, when Yuri left the city. But the people of Kiev immediately called Izyaslav, and Vyacheslav left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396-398). Then, by agreement with Izyaslav, he sat down in Yaroslav’s courtyard, but immediately left it (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 402).
He sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 326, vol. II, stb. 398). A few weeks later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 327, vol. II, stb. 402).
He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, stb. 403), after which the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned in the chronicle (vol. II, stb. 404) (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 330, vol. II, stb. 416).
He sat on the throne in 6658 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 330, vol. II, stb. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
He sat on the throne together with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 336, vol. II, stb. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186). Died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 342, vol. II, stb. 472).
He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 342, vol. II, stb. 470-471). According to the First Novgorod Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Taking into account the travel time, his arrival in Kyiv dates back to January 1155. In the same year, he was defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 343, vol. II, stb. 475).
He sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 344, vol. II, stb. 476). Gave power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 477).
He sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Hypatian Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 345, vol. II, stb. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultra-Martov 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 489).
Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list erroneously May 15) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Expelled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultra-March year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
Sat down in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), expelling Izyaslav from there, but then lost him to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348)
Sat down in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). Left besieged Kiev on February 8 of Ultramart 6669 (that is, in February 1161) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 515).
Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultra-March 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (Ultra-March 6670) year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 518).
He ascended the throne again after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the Ultra March year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon Chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
He was the legal heir after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 expelled Vladimir Mstislavich from Kyiv and sat on the throne (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under the years 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This plot is also presented by Jan Dlugosz (Schaveleva N.I. Ancient Rus' in “Polish History” by Jan Dlugosz. M., 2004. P.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention the reign of Vladimir at all; apparently, he was not reigning then.
According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 535). The combined army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 354), along the Ipatiev and Nikon chronicles, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to the First Sophia, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 8, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, the year is 6679, according to the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, the year is 6678, but the day of the week and the indication for the second week of fasting corresponds exactly to 1169) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
He sat on the throne on March 8, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 355).
He sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 548). He left Kyiv that same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the Ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March count by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 566). Died May 30 1171 on Sunday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kyiv in the winter of Ultramart 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 364, vol. II, stb. 566). He sat on the throne in July 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he left for Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570).
According to the First Sofia Chronicle, he sat on the throne after Roman in 6680 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 237; vol. IX, p. 247), but immediately lost it to his brother Vsevolod.
He sat on the throne for 5 weeks after Roman (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). Reigned in the Ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian Chronicles), taken prisoner by Davyd Rostislavich for the praise of the Holy Mother of God (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 365, vol. II, stb. 570).
He sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 Ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
In November 1173 (Ultra-March 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). Reigned in the Ultra-March year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
He sat in Kiev for 12 days and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 234)
He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of the Ultra-Martian year 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv lost to Roman in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600).
Settled in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683), in the spring (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604).
Entered Kyiv in 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In 6688 (1181) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616)
He sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 616). But he soon left the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621).
He sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 621). Died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in the Ultra March 6703) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412), in July, on the Monday before the Day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 680) .
He sat on the throne in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra-Martov 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 412, vol. II, stb. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman in the ultra-Martian year 6710 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417).
He sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection Chronicles in the Ultra March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles in the March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yuryevich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; vol. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle. P. 284).
Took Kyiv on January 2, 1203 (6711 Ultra March) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418). In the Novgorod first chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod fourth chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle. P. 285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv. Roman tonsured Rurik as a monk in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 420) (in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicle, winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. S. 286), in the First Sofia Chronicle, 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260).
see Boguslavsky's encyclopedia
Placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after the tonsure of Rurik in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 421, vol. X, p. 36).
He sat on the throne again in July, the month is established based on the fact that Rurik took off his hair after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultra-March 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under the year 6712 (PSRL , vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260), in the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. P. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50). After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he settled in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two reigns)
He settled in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 427), around August. The date of 1206 is being clarified to coincide with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 428), then sat down in Kyiv in 1207, expelling Rurik. In the autumn of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 433). Messages in the chronicles under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other.
He settled in Kyiv in the fall of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. pp. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is established by synchronism with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yuryevich. By agreement of 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718) he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 435). According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 62), according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235).
He reigned for 10 years and was expelled from Kiev by Mstislav Mstislavich in the fall of 1214 (in the first and fourth Novgorod chronicles, as well as the Nikon chronicle, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the First Sofia Chronicle it is clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in The Resurrection Chronicle under the year 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, stb. 312, 314). The intra-chronicle reconstruction data speaks for the year 1214, for example, February 1 of the March 6722 (1215) year was a Sunday, as indicated in the First Novgorod Chronicle, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle Vsevolod is indicated as a Kiev prince under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 (Mayorov A.V. Galician-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411). However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod Chronicles with the Livonian Chronicles, this is 1212.
His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the First Novgorod Chronicle under the year 6722). He was killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place on May 30, 6731 (1223) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle the year 6732, in the First Novgorod Chronicle on May 31, 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in the Nikon Chronicle on June 16, 6733 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 year (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of Voskresenskaya on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed on June 2, 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 508) There is no number in the chronicle, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for three more days. The accuracy of the 1223 date for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat down in Kiev in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate to his co-government. He sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 509) on June 16, 1223 (Ultra-March 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 282, vol. XV, stb. 343). He was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the First Sofia and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287).
In the early chronicles without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 772, vol. III, p. 74), in the Laurentian one it is not mentioned at all. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod fourth, Sofia first (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is named the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in the Nikon and Voskresensk - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, stb. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya - named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv). According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion has been widespread since N.M. Karamzin), or the son of Mstislav Udaly (analysis of this issue: Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volynskaya Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P.542-544). He sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741.
He sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113).
The short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 2), but this may be a mistake. M. B. Sverdlov accepts this reign (Sverdlov M. B. Pre-Mongol Rus'. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 653).
Occupied Kyiv in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in the Nikon Chronicle under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
Occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Hypatian Chronicle under 6746, in the Fourth Novgorod Chronicle and the First Sophia Chronicle under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, Stb. 301).
Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousand Dmitry there (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitry led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786) on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6, 1240) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470).
According to his Life, he returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 319).
From now on, Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans of the Golden Horde (in Russian terminology, “kings”), who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands “the oldest prince in the Russian language” (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the chronicles. It is known that in the year (his boyar Dmitr Eykovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under the year 6758 (1250) in connection with the trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with the Polish sources. Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471).
After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers held formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei's expulsion in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then received Vladimir in the Horde. Died November 14
Settled in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultra-Martov 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). Killed June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, ultramartian year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle on June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 580), according to Sofia First Chronicle June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 238).
He sat down in Vladimir in Ultramart 6683, but after 7 weeks of the siege he retired (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 373, vol. II, stb. 596).
Settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (Ultra-March 6683). June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 601).
Sat in Vladimir June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is established by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on April 13, 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle on April 14 in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle on April 18, 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle. P.299). In 1212, April 15 is Sunday.
He sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 1216, on Wednesday, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 500, the date is not directly indicated in the chronicle, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
He sat on the throne in 1216 (Ultra-March 6725) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Laurentian and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. P. 304).
He took the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with the Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465, 520).
He sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471)
He sat on the throne in 1247, when the news of Yaroslav's death came (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 523) (according to the Novgorod fourth chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229).
Expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Killed in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 471). According to the Fourth Novgorod Chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, stb. 230). The exact month is unknown.
He sat on the throne for the second time, but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him out (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31).
Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in December), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the correlation of news in the chronicle shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252
) year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod first junior edition and the Sofia first chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 327), according to the Easter tables of the mid-14th century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod Fourth, Tver, Nikon Chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 473) (according to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
He sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). Died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 353, vol. XV, stb. 404; Trinity Chronicle. P. 331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272.
He took the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. Died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle. P. 333).
He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultra-March 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 357), in the winter of 6789, coming to Rus' in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) Reconciled with his brother in 1283 (Ultra-March 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle. P. 340). This dating of events was accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. M., 2003. pp. 15-16).
He came from the Horde in 1283, having received the great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 362), returned to Rus' in the winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) years (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod fourth and Nikon chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultramartian year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle. p. 351).
Received the great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultramart 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle. P. 352). Executed on November 22, 1318 (in the First Sofia and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and the Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 391, vol. X, p. 185).The year is established by the day of the week.
He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultra-March 6826, in the Novgorod fourth chronicle and the Rogozh chronicler of March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), receiving a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 374, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 37). Killed by Dmitry Tverskoy in the Horde.
Received the great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 396). Arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in the fall (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) years (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42, vol. XV, stb. 415).
Received the great reign in the fall of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov and then to Lithuania.
In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Alexander Vladimir and the Volga region (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469) (this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. p. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 (Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Orda. M., 2003. P. 62).
He sat down for the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal, but acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received the entire great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozh chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 52; Trinity Chronicle. p. 364).
Received the great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). He sat down in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle. P.364). Died 26 April ultramartovsky 6862 (in Nikonovsky Martovsky 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle. p. 373). (In Novgorod IV, his death is reported twice - under 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
He received his great reign in the winter of 6861, after Epiphany. Sat in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. P. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded it to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Arrived in Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. P. 377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 433) .
