07.27.1657 (09.08). – Hetman Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky, leader of the liberation war for the reunification of Little Russia and Great Russia, died.
Bogdan (Zinovy) Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky (c. 1595–27.7.1657), Russian statesman, commander, hetman of Little Russia, who won the liberation war from 1648 to 1654. against Polish domination. The result of the war was the destruction of the influence of the Polish gentry, the Catholic clergy and their Jewish tenants, as well as the reunification of Little Russia with Great Russia.
Khmelnitsky Born into an Orthodox family of a Cossack centurion. He received his primary education at the Kiev-Brotherly School; then, according to Polish historians, he studied with the Jesuits in Yaroslavl-Galitsky and received a good education for that time. In addition to his native Little Russian language, he spoke Polish and Latin. During the Polish-Turkish War in 1620, he was captured by the Turks; spent two years in , where he learned Turkish. Upon returning home, he joined the registered Cossack army. He took part in the naval campaigns of the Cossacks against Turkish cities (in 1629, the Cossacks under the command of Khmelnitsky visited Constantinople and returned with rich booty); in the popular uprising of 1637–1638; held the position of military clerk; after the uprising - the Chigirin centurion.
In the mid-1640s. began preparing an uprising against Polish rule in Little Russia. Entered into secret negotiations with King Vladislav IV (who reigned in Moscow in 1610-1613); outwardly agreeing with his plan to send Cossacks against the Crimean Khan, a vassal of Turkey, Khmelnitsky, under the cover of this plan, began to form a Cossack army to fight against Poland. In 1647, Khmelnytsky was arrested, but fled to the Zaporozhye Sich. In January 1648, an uprising broke out in Sich under the leadership of Khmelnytsky, marking the beginning of the war of liberation. In Zaporozhye, Khmelnytsky was elected hetman. On May 6, 1648, Khmelnitsky defeated the Polish vanguard near Zheltye Vody, and on May 16, near Korsun, the main Polish forces. These victories served as a signal for a nationwide uprising in Little Russia. Peasants and townspeople abandoned their homes, organized detachments and tried to take revenge on the Poles and Jews for the oppression they suffered from them for long years. By the end of July, the Cossacks drove the Poles out of the Left Bank, and at the end of August, having strengthened themselves, they liberated three right-bank voivodeships: Bratslav, Kiev and Podolsk. At the same time, the master's estates were destroyed, many Polish magnates, Jewish tenants and thousands of Jews in general were killed.
Letter (8.6.1648) from Bogdan Khmelnitsky to the Moscow Tsar with a message about victories over the Polish army and the desire of the Zaporozhye Cossacks to come under the rule of the Russian Tsar
On June 8, 1648, Hetman Khmelnytsky addressed a request for the reunification of Little Russia with Great Russia. At the same time, in military assistance Khmelnitsky did not yet need Moscow: the victories of the Cossack army over the Poles continued.
On September 20-22, 1648, Khmelnitsky defeated a 36,000-strong gentry militia near the town of Pilyava (Podolsk province). In October, he besieged Lviv and approached the Zamosc fortress, which served as the key to Warsaw, but did not go further. I decided to wait for the election of a king for negotiations (since Vladislav IV died in May 1648). The Jesuit and papal cardinal Jan Casimir was elected to the throne. He appeased Khmelnytsky with signs of hetman's dignity and promises of reforms favorable to Orthodoxy, so Khmelnytsky ordered the uprising to end. In January 1649, he was solemnly greeted by the people in Kyiv. Patriarch Paisiy of Jerusalem blessed the hetman to stand strong for the Orthodox Faith.
From Kyiv, Khmelnitsky went to Pereyaslav, where embassies began to arrive one after another - from Turkey, Moldova, Wallachia, Russia with offers of friendship and alliance. At the beginning of 1649, Khmelnitsky again turned to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with a request for the reunification of Little Russia with Great Russia. But the tsarist government hesitated, because this meant war with Poland.
Profits and Polish ambassadors for peace talks. Khmelnitsky delivered an ultimatum: the complete destruction of the union within all of Rus' and the replacement of all ranks and positions in it by persons of exclusively Orthodox confession; granting the Kyiv Metropolitan a seat in the Senate; subordination of the hetman directly to the king himself. The Poles considered the ultimatum unacceptable and decided to continue the war.
Numerous volunteers continued to flock to Khmelnitsky. In the spring of 1649, the Cossack army, accompanied by the Tatars under the leadership of the Crimean Khan Islam Girey, moved west, besieging the Polish army near Zbarazh (on the Gniezna River in Galicia) in July. On August 5, the battle began, but the next day, when the defeat of the Poles and the capture of the king was approaching, Khmelnitsky, in the midst of the battle, gave the order to stop the attack (not wanting the Christian king to be captured by the Tatars). The Treaty of Zboriv was concluded on following conditions: Poland actually recognized its Little Russian Ukraine as an autonomy - the Hetmanate, where the deployment of Polish troops was prohibited, administrative positions had to be provided to Orthodox Christians, the only ruler was recognized as the elected Hetman, and supreme body- General Cossack Rada. The number of registered Cossacks was set at 40 thousand; Jesuits could not live in Kyiv and lost influence on Russian schools; The Kyiv Metropolitan received a seat in the Senate; An amnesty was declared to all participants in the uprising. This was a victory for the uprising.
However, the Poles did not want to implement the Zboriv Treaty. Metropolitan Joasaph of Corinth, who came from Greece, encouraged the hetman to war and girded him with the sword sacred at the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Constantinople also sent a letter, blessing him for the war against the enemies of Orthodoxy. Athonite monks also encouraged the Cossacks to fight. In the spring of 1651, Khmelnytsky’s army again moved to the West. Near Zbarazh, he waited for the arrival of his ally, the Crimean Khan, and moved to Berestechko (Volyn province). Here, on June 20, another battle with the Poles began, which lasted almost two weeks. But the khan betrayed and retreated, capturing Khmelnitsky, and the Cossacks fought off the Poles for 10 days, but were defeated.
A month later, the freed hetman appeared among the Cossacks and inspired them to continue the fight; New rebels rose up, but the Poles had already approached Kyiv. New negotiations took place near Belaya Tserkov, and on September 17 peace was concluded on less favorable terms: the Cossacks, instead of 4 voivodeships, were given one Kiev voivodeship, their number was reduced to 20 thousand, the peasants returned to their previous state under the rule of Polish landowners, etc. Therefore, the Belotserkov Peace Treaty entailed a number of new clashes between peasants and Cossacks and the Poles. Mass migrations to the east began. Khmelnitsky's army also decreased due to the people's dissatisfaction with the alliance with the Tatars, without whom the Hetman could not do. In the spring of 1653, a Polish detachment under the command of Charnetsky began to devastate Podolia, and soon the Tatars, with royal permission, began to plunder Little Russia. The only hope left was for Moscow's help.
In August 1653, “Hetman of the glorious army of Zaporozhye and everything on both sides of the Dnieper of the existing Ukraine [outskirts] of Little Russia,” Bogdan Khmelnitsky once again wrote to the Tsar through the ambassador: “We don’t want to serve another unfaithful Tsar; We strike only you, the great Orthodox Sovereign, with our brow, so that your royal greatness does not leave us. The King of Poland with all the might of Latvia is coming at us, they want to destroy the Orthodox faith, the holy churches, the Orthodox Christian people from Little Russia" (Acts of the Southern and Western Russia, vol. XIII).
On October 1, 1653, the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow, after some discussions, decided to reunite Little Russia with Russia and declare war on Poland. The decision to reunite was unanimously approved on January 8, 1654.
Khmelnytsky died on July 27, 1657 from apoplexy. He was buried in the village of Subbotovo (now Chigirinsky district), in a stone church that he built himself, which still exists to this day.
KHMELNITSKY Bogdan (Zinovy; 1595, the village of Subotov near the city of Chigirin, now Cherkasy region, Ukraine, - 1657, Chigirin), leader of the uprising in Ukraine 1648–56, hetman of the Zaporozhye army. The name of Khmelnitsky is associated with one of the most tragic pages in the history of Jewry in Eastern Europe.
His father, a nobleman (gentry), according to Khmelnitsky himself, was a Chigirin under-elder; There is information that my father held the more modest position of county clerk. (The assertion that Khmelnitsky’s father is a baptized Jew from the town of Khmelnik first appeared in the work of the Polish historian of the early 20th century. F. Ravita-Gavronsky and is in no way confirmed by earlier sources.) In September 1620, as part of a detachment of “registered” (then there are Cossacks officially registered in the Polish army) Khmelnitsky, together with his father, took part in the battle of the Poles with the Turkish-Tatar army. The Poles were defeated, Khmelnitsky's father was killed in the battle, and Khmelnitsky himself ended up in Turkish captivity. Two years later he returned from captivity and was reinstated as a registered Cossack, got married, and made a career. In December 1637, Khmelnytsky was listed as “clerk of the Zaporozhian Army” in an agreement signed between troops loyal to Poland and defeated rebels of Pavel But (Pavlyuk). A year later, Khmelnitsky was a centurion of the Chigirinsky regiment (which was one of the highest positions for an Orthodox registered Cossack), in January-February 1639 he participated in negotiations between the Cossacks and King Vladislav IV in Vilna (see Vilnius), in the fall of the same year he was part of Cossack delegation at the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Warsaw. In April 1646, Khmelnitsky again took part in Cossack negotiations with the king in Warsaw.
In the same 1646, Khmelnitsky entered into acute conflict with the nominal “elder” of Chigirin, Alexander Konetspolsky, and the actual ruler of the area, “sub-elder” Daniel Czapliński. The reason was Chapliński’s claims to a plot that had long belonged to the Khmelnytskys; Various sources add to this romantic motives, as well as competition from the Subotovsky (owned by Khmelnitsky) and Chigirinsky taverns, which brought significant income to the owners. According to the Jewish chronicler N.H. of Annover, the Chigirin tavern was owned by the tenant (see rent) of the “starostvo”, the Jew Zakharya Sobilenko; According to documents coming from Khmelnytsky himself, Jews were definitely involved in the conflict. Thus, in one of the complaints to the highest Polish official in the Dnieper Ukraine, crown hetman Nikolai Pototsky, Khmelnytsky wrote: “Even from the Jews we experienced unbearable insults and humiliation” (the last word can also be translated as “damage”), in a complaint to the king: “ Even the Jews, hoping for the support of the elders, also inflict on us great damage" Similar claims against Jews are repeated in the surviving personal letters of Khmelnitsky, addressed to A. Kazanovsky and V. Zaslavsky (both - 1648). In 1646, a certain Polish soldier (probably sent by D. Chaplinsky) made an attempt on Khmelnitsky's life, and in 1647 Khmelnitsky's wife Anna died or was killed. In March–April 1647, the Subotov estate was seized by Chaplinsky, and the Khmelnytsky family was expelled from their home. The victim's complaints only led to his arrest on charges (apparently false) of trying to smuggle weapons to the Sich. In December 1647, Khmelnytsky was released from arrest under the guarantee of one of his former Polish commanders, and in January 1648, together with a group of close Cossacks and his eldest son Timosh, he fled to the Zaporozhye Sich.
Khmelnitsky managed to become the leader of those who were dissatisfied with the authorities. Relying on peasants and townsfolk who fled oppression; Cossacks removed from the lists of “registered” and deprived of earnings, Khmelnytsky achieved election as hetman of the Zaporozhye Army. From the very beginning of the uprising, Khmelnitsky managed to come to an agreement with the strong enemy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crimean Khan, and this changed the balance of power in the confrontation between the Cossacks and the metropolis.
Beginning in 1648, documents signed by Khmelnytsky appeared (see above). These documents mention individual cases of oppression of the Orthodox Church. Contemporaries of the events and, in particular, N. Hannover, also talked about Khmelnitsky’s manifestos, which called for the extermination of Poles and Jews; The manifestos allegedly made detailed accusations against Jews. Not only social confrontation and religious strife, but also the personal scores of Khmelnitsky, who stood at the head of the great uprising, tragically affected the fate of Ukrainian Jewry, which was subjected to mass extermination (see Ukraine. Jews of Ukraine under the rule of Lithuania and Poland). The uprising led by Khmelnytsky was accompanied by sophisticated cruelties towards the inhabitants of the captured cities. The rebels especially hated Catholic priests, monks and Jews, who were usually exterminated en masse; often the same fate awaited the Polish townspeople. During the war, the extermination of the Jews of Nemirov and Tulchin (June 1648) caused a special resonance in the Jewish world.
The Peace of Zborov, concluded between Khmelnitsky and the Polish king John II Casimir in August 1649, for the first time led to the formation of a Ukrainian autonomous “hetmanate” in the Chernihiv, Kiev and Bratslav voivodeships, which was actually the beginning of Ukrainian statehood. The seventh paragraph of the peace treaty is specifically dedicated to the Jews: “The Jews (at that time - an ethnonym for designating Jews) should not be holders (that is, managers), tenants, and not meshkans (residents) in the Ukrainian places where the Cossacks set up their regiments” - which meant complete absence of Jews on the territory of Ukrainian autonomy.
In September 1650, Khmelnitsky's army made a campaign in Moldavia, which was accompanied by robbery and massacre of the Jewish population. In June 1651, Khmelnitsky's army was defeated by the Poles near the city of Berestechko (Volyn). According to the terms of the Belotserkov Peace Treaty concluded in September of the same year between the king and Khmelnytsky, the Jews, at the strict insistence of the Polish side, were allowed to return to the boundaries of the Ukrainian autonomy: “The Jews, in the estates (estates) of His royal favors and in the gentry, as they were residents and tax farmers, they still have to be.” However, the renewed outbreak of hostilities did not give the Jews the opportunity to realize this right.
In 1653, Khmelnytsky’s son Timosh made a new trip to Moldavia with a Cossack detachment, during which a terrible massacre of Jews occurred in Iasi, described in the diary of the Syrian Christian author, Pavel of Aleppo.
In 1654, Khmelnitsky made a turn in Ukrainian politics, moving, after attempts to come under Turkish rule, to submit to the co-religionist Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Pereyaslav Rada). Ukraine's broad autonomy was initially maintained. Collaboration The Moscow army and a small Cossack army against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place mainly on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania, where numerous old Jewish communities of Vitebsk, Polotsk, Mogilev, Old Bykhov, Vilna (see Vilnius) and other cities suffered. The invasion of the Swedish army into Central and Western Poland in 1655 and events Northern War also caused heavy losses Jews, including refugees from the southeast (present-day Ukraine and Belarus).
At the same time, troops reporting directly to Khmelnytsky fought with with varying success fighting directly on Ukrainian territory, as well as in Galicia, besieged Kamenets-Podolsky, Lviv and other cities. When at the end of October 1656 Moscow state declared a truce in the war with Poland, Khmelnitsky did not agree with this and, behind the back of the Moscow sovereign, sent Cossacks to help Prince Gyorgy II Rakoczi of Transylvania to continue the war with the Poles. This action began the confrontation between Ukrainian autonomy and Moscow, which was continued by some of Khmelnitsky's successors as hetman.
The events of the war unleashed by the Khmelnitsky uprising, as well as its long-term results, led to tragic consequences for the population - not only the Jewish one - of Ukraine, Poland and Belarus. At the same time - at the behest of Khmelnytsky or independently of him - they served as the basis for the formation of Ukrainian national mythology, much later formulated ideologically in the “History of the Rus” by an unknown author (late 18th century; first published in 1846). The personality of the merciless ruler, successful diplomat and commander Khmelnitsky left its mark on the content of the myth; it is possible that the anti-Jewish component of the myth goes back to Khmelnitsky himself. At the same time, it is doubtful that Khmelnitsky set the goal of the total extermination of Jews even on the territory of Ukraine. The fate of the inhabitants of any town captured by the rebels depended on the arbitrariness of the local commander who owned absolute freedom actions. There are known cases when Jews took an “oath” to the Cossacks (that is, they were baptized according to the Orthodox rite) and remained alive. It is characteristic that in Western Ukraine and southeastern Poland, when the army was under the direct command of Khmelnytsky, the Cossacks sometimes preferred not to storm, but took a ransom and left if the besieged agreed to pay (Lvov, Zholkiev /see Zholkva /, Zamosc, Dubno).
In the Jewish popular consciousness, the events of the “Khmelnytsia”, in particular, 1648, when the losses of the Jews were especially great and unexpected, were imprinted as “ gzerot tah"(`The Lord's Punishments 5408` /1648/) - an era of brutal cruelty and misfortune. Jewish historians of the 19th century. (and after them others) literally accepted the statement about the number of exterminated Jews recorded by the witness of the uprising of N. Hanover; According to him, hundreds of thousands of people were killed. In the 20th century clarifications related to demographic estimates began. Historians S. Ettinger and B. Weinrib (1900–82), having familiarized themselves with a wide corpus of available sources, determined more accurately the number of Jewish victims of the Khmelnytsky massacre. Thus, according to B. Weinrib, throughout the entire territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, engulfed in uprisings and wars, in 1648–67. forty to fifty thousand Jews died, as well as died from epidemics and famine, which amounted to 20–25% of the country's Jewish population according to maximum estimates; another five to ten thousand escaped (or did not return from captivity). The extermination of about a quarter of the Jewish population of the country in which the largest and most educated community of world Jewry was concentrated had a profound impact on Jewish world. The rabbis saw in the events of Khmelnytsia signs of the imminent coming of the Messiah. In Jewish folklore, literature and historiography, "Hop the Villain" is one of the most odious and sinister figures. Events of the era gzerot tah A number of works of Jewish literature are dedicated to them, including the drama in verse by N. Minsky “The Siege of Tulchin” (1888), the novel by Sh. Asch “Kiddush ha-Shem” (“For the Glory of God”, 1919), the ballad “Bat ha-Shem” Rav" ("The Rabbi's Daughter", 1924) by S. Chernikhovsky, the novel "Der Knecht" ("The Slave", 1960) by I. Bashevis-Singer. In turn, some time after the events of the uprising led by Khmelnytsky, works of the epic genre (“dumas”) appeared in Ukrainian folklore, demonizing the role of Jews in the social life of the previous era. These works feature, for example, a Jew forcibly driving a Cossack into a tavern or charging Orthodox Christians a fee for performing rituals in a church, which did not correspond to real life. The outstanding Ukrainian historian M. Grushevsky, as well as the writer and philologist I. Franko, attributed the emergence of “thoughts” to the 18th century. However, among the ideologists of the Ukrainian national movement, in the works of a number of Ukrainian writers and historians (including N. Gogol, N. Kostomarov and T. Shevchenko) these folklore motives received the meaning of indisputable realities.
The mythologized legacy of the Khmelnytsky period provoked a number of brutal massacres of Jews in the history of Ukraine (see also Haydamaky; S. Petliura; Pogroms; Uman) and darkened relations between Ukrainians and Jews for centuries. Only with the proclamation of the State of Israel (1948) and Ukraine gaining independence (1991) did relations between the two peoples enter a period of normalization.
KEE, volume: 9.
Col.: 852–855.
Published: 1999.
(1595 - 1657) - hetman, statesman, commander.
Bogdan Khmelnitsky was born on December 25, 1595 in the village of Subotov (one version) in the family of the centurion of the Chigirin regiment, Mikhail Khmelnitsky. Historians put forward different versions about the place of birth of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. The Khmelnitsky family is an ancient Moldavian family of the Lublin voivodeship.
Bogdan Khmelnitsky's education began at the Kyiv fraternal school, after which he entered the Jesuit College in Yaroslavl. And in the future he continues his studies in Lviv. It is characteristic that having mastered the art of rhetoric and composition, as well as fluent Polish and Latin, Khmelnitsky did not convert to Catholicism, but remained faithful to his father’s faith (that is, Orthodoxy). Later he would write that the Jesuits were unable to reach the very depths of his soul.
In 1620-1621, Bohdan Khmelnytsky took part in the Polish-Turkish war, during which his father died and he himself was captured. After two years of captivity, Khmelnitsky manages to escape (according to other sources, he was ransomed by relatives). After returning to Subotov, he enlists in the registered Cossacks.
Then, in Khmelnitsky’s biography, a series of campaigns with the Cossacks against Turkish cities begins. During the Cossack uprising of 1630-1638, Khmelnytsky's name is mentioned only once when signing the surrender agreement, which was written in Khmelnytsky's hand (he was the general clerk of the rebel Cossacks) and signed by him and the Cossack foreman.
In 1635, for his bravery, he was awarded a golden saber by the Polish king Vladislav IV. In 1644-1646 he participated in the war between France and Spain, commanding a detachment of more than two thousand Cossacks.
Taking advantage of Khmelnitsky's absence, the Polish elder Chaplinsky attacked his farm and plundered it. Fruitless attempts to seek retribution at trial led to the fact that Khmelnytsky raised the Cossacks to revolt, who proclaimed him hetman.
Since 1648, Khmelnitsky with an army of four thousand marched against the Poles. His victories over the Poles caused a general uprising of the Cherkasy people and the population of Little Russia against the Poles.
On September 17, 1651, the so-called Belaya Tserkov Treaty was concluded, which was very unfavorable for the Cossacks. After this agreement, the mass resettlement of people within the Russian state began. Soon the agreement was violated by the Poles.
On January 8, 1654, a council was assembled in Pereyaslavl, at which, after a speech by Khmelnitsky, who pointed out the need to choose one of the four sovereigns: the Turkish Sultan, the Crimean Khan, the Polish King or the Russian Tsar and surrender to his citizenship. The people supported the idea of surrendering to the Russian Tsar.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky died on July 27, 1657 from a stroke. He was buried in the village of Subotov, in a stone church he built himself, which exists to this day. In 1664, the Polish governor Stefan Czarnecki burned Subotov and ordered the ashes of Khmelnytsky and his son Timosh to be dug up and the bodies thrown out of the grave for “disgrace.”
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Coat of arms "Abdank" Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Khmelnytsky was born on December 27, 1595 in Subotov. His father Mikhail Khmelnitsky served as a centurion in the Chigirin regiment and came from an ancient Moldavian family of Lublin Voivodeship with the Abdank coat of arms. Khmelnitsky began his studies at the Kyiv fraternal school (as can be seen from his cursive writing), and after graduating, perhaps under the patronage of his father, he entered the Jesuit College in Yaroslav, and then, consequently, in Lvov. It is characteristic that having mastered the art of rhetoric and composition, as well as perfect Polish and Latin, Khmelnitsky did not convert to Catholicism, but remained faithful to his father’s faith (that is, Orthodoxy). Later, Khmelnitsky visited many European countries.
Service to the King
Returning to his homeland, Khmelnitsky takes part in the Polish-Turkish war of 1620-1621, during which, in the battle of Tsetsora, his father dies and he himself is captured. Two years of hard slavery (according to one version - on a Turkish galley, according to another - with the admiral himself) were not in vain for Khmelnitsky: having learned Turkish perfectly and Tatar languages he decides to escape. Returning to Subotov, he signed up for the registered Cossacks.
From 1625, he began to actively conduct the naval campaigns of the Cossacks against Turkish cities (the culmination of this period was 1629, when the Cossacks managed to capture the outskirts of Constantinople). After a long stay in Zaporozhye, Khmelnitsky returned to Chigirin, married Anna Somkovna (Ganna Somko) and received the rank of centurion of Chigirin. In the history of the subsequent Cossack uprisings against Poland between 1638 and 1638, the name Khmelnytsky does not appear. His only mention in connection with the uprising is that the agreement on the surrender of the rebels was written by his hand (he was the general clerk of the rebel Cossacks) and signed by him and the Cossack foreman. After the defeat, he was again demoted to the rank of centurion.
When Vladislav IV ascended the Polish throne and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth war with Russia began, Khmelnytsky fought against Russian troops and in 1635 received a golden saber from the king for bravery. In the war between France and Spain (1644-1646), for a good payment from the French government, with more than two thousand Cossacks, he took part in the siege of Dunkirk. Even then, Ambassador de Bregy wrote to Cardinal Mazarin that the Cossacks had a very capable commander - Khmelnitsky.
B. Khmelnitsky was respected at the court of the Polish king Vladislav IV. In 1638, he received the position of clerk of the Zaporozhian army, then became a centurion of the Chigirin Cossack regiment. When in 1645 the king decided to start a war with the Ottoman Empire without the consent of the Sejm, he entrusted his plan, among other things, to Bohdan Khmelnytsky. More than once he was part of deputations to present complaints to the Sejm and the king about the violence to which the Cossacks were subjected.
Khmelnytsky moved to Korsun, where the Polish army was stationed, under the command of the full and great crown hetmans Kalinovsky and Nikolai Pototsky. On May 15, Khmelnitsky approached Korsun almost at the same time when the Polish commanders received news of the defeat of the Poles at Zheltye Vody and did not yet know what to do. Khmelnitsky sent the Cossack Mikita Galagan to the Poles, who, having surrendered himself into captivity, offered himself to the Poles as a guide, led them into the forest thicket and gave Khmelnitsky the opportunity to easily destroy the Polish detachment. The entire crown (quartz) army of Poland in peacetime died - more than 20 thousand people. Pototsky and Kalinovsky were captured and given, as a reward, to Tugai Bey. According to legend, the captured Polish hetmans asked Khmelnytsky how he would pay off the “gentry knights,” meaning the Tatars and hinting that they would have to give up part of Ukraine for plunder, to which Khmelnytsky replied: “I’ll pay with you.” Immediately after these victories, the main forces arrived in Ukraine Crimean Tatars led by Khan Islam III Giray. Since there was no one to fight with (the khan had to help Khmelnitsky near Korsun), a joint parade in Belaya Tserkov, and the horde returned to Crimea.
People's movement. Massacres of Jews and Poles
Khmelnitsky's victories at Zheltye Vody and Korsun caused a general uprising of the Cherkasy people against the Poles. Peasants and townspeople abandoned their homes, organized detachments and tried with all cruelty to take revenge on the Poles and Jews for the oppression that they had suffered from them in the previous time.
At a time when the entire army of Khmelnitsky stood at the White Church, the struggle did not cease on the periphery. After active actions against the rebels from Jeremiah Vishnevetsky, they sent a 10 thousandth detachment under the command of Maxim Krivonos, who helped the rebels and allegedly did not act on behalf of Khmelnytsky. This detachment was supposed to, after clearing Ukraine of the Poles, take the crossing of the Sluch at Starokonstantinov, which was done.
Taking revenge on the Poles and the Jews they hired to collect taxes, the Cossacks, at times, dealt with them extremely cruelly and mercilessly. Knowing about the pogroms of the Jewish population and the monstrous scale of bloodshed, Khmelnitsky tried to resist the destruction, while realizing that he was unable to stop the tragedy that was unfolding. A significant number of captive Jews and Poles were sold in slave markets in Istanbul shortly after the uprising. The exact number of victims is unknown and, most likely, will never be reliably established. However, almost all sources agree with the fact of the total disappearance of Jewish communities in the territory covered by the uprising. . It should also be noted that within twenty years after the uprising, the Polish kingdom was subjected to two more destructive wars, which led to a large number of Jewish casualties: the War with the Swedes (“Flood”) and the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667; The losses of the Jewish population during this period are estimated according to various sources from 16,000 to 100,000 people.
The Jewish chronicler Nathan Hanover testified: “The Cossacks skinned some alive and threw their bodies to dogs; others were seriously wounded, but not finished off, but thrown into the street to slowly die; many were buried alive. Infants were cut up in the arms of their mothers, and many were chopped into pieces like fish. Pregnant women had their bellies ripped open, the fetus taken out and lashed in the mother's face with it, while others had a live cat sewn into their ripped stomachs and the unfortunates' hands were cut off so that they could not pull the cat out. Some children were pierced with a lance, roasted over a fire and presented to their mothers so that they could taste their meat. Sometimes they dumped heaps of Jewish children and made them into river crossings...”Modern historians question some aspects of the Hanover chronicle, as with any chronicle of that era; however reality specified events does not raise any objections.
Jews said about Bogdan Khmelnitsky, “Hops are a villain, may his name be erased!”
Modern methods of demographic statistics are based on data from the treasury of the Polish kingdom. The total Jewish population in the Polish kingdom in -1717 ranged from 200,000 to 500,000 people. A significant part of the Jews lived in places not affected by the uprising, and the then Jewish population Ukraine itself is estimated by some researchers at approximately 50,000-60,000. .
Jewish and Polish chronicles from the era of the uprising tend to emphasize the large number of victims. In the historical literature of the late 20th century, both estimates of 100,000 dead Jews or more and higher, as well as figures in the range from 40 to 100 thousand, are common. Besides:
Negotiations with the Poles
Meanwhile, Khmelnitsky began negotiations with the Poles in order to distance himself from the emerging general popular uprising, which was increasingly getting out of control. When a letter from Adam Kisel arrived, promising his mediation to reconcile the Cossacks with the Polish state, Khmelnitsky assembled a council, which, they say, included about 70 thousand people, and received its consent to invite Kisel for negotiations; but the truce was not concluded due to the hostile mood of the Cossack masses towards the Poles. The Poles responded to the cruelty of the Cossack leaders, who acted completely independently of each other and of Khmelnitsky, with the same cruelty; in this regard, the Polish prince Jeremiah (Yarema) Korybut-Vishnevetsky (father of King Michael Vishnevetsky) was especially distinguished. Having sent ambassadors to Warsaw, Khmelnitsky slowly moved forward, passed the White Church and, although he was convinced that nothing would come of negotiations with the Poles, he still did not take an active part in the popular uprising. At this time, he celebrated his wedding with the 18-year-old beauty Chaplinskaya (the hetman’s wife, who was once stolen from him from Subotov, died immediately after the wedding with the under-elder Chaplinsky). Meanwhile, the Sejm decided to prepare for war with the Cossacks. True, commissioners were sent to the Cossacks for negotiations, but they had to present demands that the Cossacks would never agree to (the handing over of weapons taken from the Poles, the handing over of the leaders of the Cossack detachments, the removal of the Tatars). The Rada, at which these conditions were read, was very irritated against Bogdan Khmelnytsky for his slowness and for the negotiations. Yielding to the Rada, Khmelnitsky began to move forward to Volyn, reached Sluch, heading towards Starokonstantinov.
The leaders of the Polish militia - princes Zaslavsky, Konetspolsky and Ostrorog were neither talented nor energetic. Khmelnitsky nicknamed Zaslavsky for his pampering and love of luxury “featherbed”, Konetspolsky for his youth - “child”, and Ostrorog for his learning - “Latin”. They approached Pilyavtsy (near Starokonstantinov), where Khmelnytsky stood, but did not take any decisive measures, although the energetic Jeremiah Vishnevetsky insisted on this. According to estimates even by such pragmatic scientists as V. Smoliy and V. Stepankov, the number of Polish troops reached 80,000 people with 100 guns. The army also had a huge number (from 50,000 to 70,000) of carts with provisions, fodder and ammunition. Polish oligarchs and aristocracy went on a campaign as if they were going to a feast. Their decoration included a gold belt worth 100 thousand zlotys and a diamond fairy worth 70 thousand. There were also 5,000 women in the camp, generous with sexual pleasures, ready at any moment to satisfy the traveling desires of the pampered aristocracy. This gave Bohdan Khmelnitsky the opportunity to strengthen himself; The leaders of individual detachments began to converge on him. The Polish army did not interfere with them. Until September 20, Khmelnitsky did nothing, waiting for the arrival of the Tatar detachment. At that time Don Cossacks By order of the tsar, they attacked Crimea and the horde was unable to come to the aid of the Cossack army. Khmelnitsky, having learned about this even before the start of the battle, sent messengers to the Budzhak Horde (in the territory of the modern Odessa region), which was not involved in the defense of Crimea and came to his aid. 4,000 people came. Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent an Orthodox priest to the Poles, who, when he was taken prisoner, told the Poles that 40 thousand Crimeans had come, and this led to the Poles panic fear. Before this, the Poles were so confident of victory that they did not even build fortifications to defend their camp. The choice of the battle site revealed Khmelnitsky’s military talent: it was almost impossible to gain a foothold on the Poles’ side due to the rugged terrain. On September 21, the battle began, the Poles could not resist and fled. The next morning the Cossacks found an empty camp and took possession of rich booty. The enemy was not pursued. Khmelnitsky occupied Starokonstantinov, then Zbarazh.
Attack on Lviv and Zamosc
In October 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky besieged Lviv. As his actions show, he did not intend to occupy the city, limiting himself to taking strongholds on its outskirts: the fortified monasteries of St. Lazarus, St. Magdalene, and the Cathedral of St. George. However, Khmelnytsky allowed detachments of rebel peasants and Cossack golota, led by the seriously wounded Maxim Krivonos, to storm the High Castle. The rebels captured the previously impregnable Polish castle, and the townspeople agreed to pay Khmelnytsky a ransom for his retreat from the walls of Lviv.
Hetmanate
In early January 1649, Khmelnitsky left for Kyiv, where he was greeted solemnly. From Kyiv Khmelnitsky went to Pereyaslav. His fame spread far beyond the borders of Ukraine. Ambassadors came to him from the Crimean Khan, the Turkish Sultan, the Moldavian ruler, the Prince of Sedmigrad (English) and from the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with an offer of friendship. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Paisius came to Khmelnitsky, who persuaded him to create a separate Orthodox Russian principality and abolish the union of the church. Ambassadors also came from the Poles, led by Adam Kisel, and brought Khmelnytsky a royal charter for hetmanship. Khmelnytsky convened a Rada in Pereyaslavl, accepted the hetman’s “dignity” and thanked the king. This caused great displeasure among the foreman, who was followed by ordinary Cossacks, who loudly expressed their hatred of Poland. In view of this mood, Khmelnitsky behaved rather evasively and indecisively in his negotiations with the commissars. The commissioners left without working out any terms of reconciliation. The war, however, did not stop after Khmelnitsky’s retreat from Zamosc, especially in Volyn, where individual Cossack detachments (corrals) continued continuously guerrilla warfare with the Poles. The Sejm, which met in Krakow in January 1649, even before the return of the commissars from Pereyaslav, decided to collect the militia.
Second trip to Volyn. Siege of Zbarazh and Battle of Zborov
In the spring, Polish troops began to gather in Volyn. Khmelnitsky sent station wagons across Ukraine, calling on everyone to defend their homeland. The chronicle of Samovidets, a contemporary of these events, quite picturesquely depicts how everyone, old and young, townspeople and villagers, abandoned their homes and occupations, armed themselves with whatever they could, shaved their beards and became Cossacks. 24 regiments were formed. The army was organized according to a new regimental system, developed by the Cossacks during campaigns in the Zaporozhye Sich. Khmelnitsky set out from Chigirin, but moved forward extremely slowly, waiting for the arrival of the Crimean Khan Islyam III Giray, with whom he united on the Black Way, behind Zhivotov. After this, Khmelnitsky and the Tatars approached Zbarazh, where they besieged the Polish army. The siege lasted more than a month (in July 1649). Famine began in the Polish camp and epidemic diseases. King John Casimir himself, at the head of a twenty-thousand-strong detachment, came to the aid of the besieged. The Pope sent the king a banner and a sword consecrated on the throne of St. Peter in Rome for the extermination of the schismatics, that is, the Orthodox. Near Zbrov, on August 5, a battle took place, which remained unresolved on the first day. The Poles retreated and dug themselves in a ditch. The next day a terrible massacre began. The Cossacks were already breaking into the camp. The king's capture seemed inevitable, but Khmelnitsky stopped the battle, and the king was thus saved. The witness explains this act of Khmelnitsky by the fact that he did not want the Christian king to be captured by the infidels.
Treaty of Zborov and the failed attempt at peace
When the battle subsided, the Cossacks and Tatars retreated; Khan Islam III Giray was the first to enter into negotiations with the king, and then Khmelnitsky followed his example, making a big mistake by allowing the khan to be the first to conclude an agreement with the Poles. Now the khan had ceased to be an ally of the Cossacks and, as an ally of Poland, demanded obedience from the Cossacks to the Polish government. By this, he seemed to take revenge on Khmelnitsky for not allowing him to capture Jan Casimir. Khmelnytsky was forced to make huge concessions, and the Zborov Treaty (XII, 352) was nothing more than a confirmation of the former, ancient rights of the Ukrainian Cossacks. It was actually extremely difficult to implement it. When Khmelnitsky began compiling the Cossack register in the fall of 1649, it turned out that the number of his troops exceeded the 40 thousand established by the treaty. The rest had to return to their original position, that is, become peasants again. This caused great discontent among the people. The unrest intensified when the Polish lords began to return to their estates and demand the same obligatory relations from the peasants. The peasants rebelled against the lords and expelled them. Khmelnitsky, who decided to firmly adhere to the Zborov treaty, sent out station wagons, demanding obedience from the peasants to the landowners, threatening those who disobeyed with execution. The lords with crowds of armed servants searched for and inhumanly punished the instigators of the rebellion. This provoked the peasants to commit new cruelties. Khmelnitsky hanged and impaled those responsible, based on complaints from landowners, and generally tried not to violate the main articles of the contract. Meanwhile, the Poles did not at all attach serious importance to the Zborov Treaty. When Metropolitan of Kyiv Sylvester Kossov went to Warsaw to take part in the sessions of the Sejm, the Catholic clergy began to protest against this and the Metropolitan was forced to leave Warsaw. Polish military leaders did not hesitate to cross the line beyond which the Cossack land began. Potocki, for example, who had recently been released from Tatar captivity, settled in Podolia and began to exterminate peasant gangs (the so-called “Leventsy”), and amazed with all his cruelty. When Cossack ambassadors arrived in Warsaw in November 1650 and demanded the abolition of the union in all Russian regions and a ban on the lords from committing violence against the peasants, these demands caused a storm at the Sejm. Despite all the efforts of the king, the Treaty of Zborov was not approved; it was decided to resume the war with the Cossacks.
Third war. Defeat at Berestechko
Hostile actions began on both sides in February 1651 in Podolia. Metropolitan of Kiev Sylvester Kossov, who came from the gentry class, was against the war, but Metropolitan Joasaph of Corinth, who came from Greece, encouraged the hetman to war and girded him with a sword, consecrated at the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Constantinople also sent a letter, approving the war against the enemies of Orthodoxy. The Athonite monks who walked around Ukraine greatly contributed to the uprising of the Cossacks. Khmelnitsky's position was quite difficult. His popularity has dropped significantly. The people were dissatisfied with the hetman's alliance with the Tatars, since they did not trust the latter and suffered a lot from self-will. Meanwhile, Khmelnitsky did not consider it possible to do without the help of the Tatars. He sent Colonel Zhdanovich to Constantinople and won over the Sultan, who ordered the Crimean Khan to help Khmelnitsky as a vassal with all his might Turkish Empire . The Tatars obeyed, but this help, if not voluntary, could not be lasting. In the spring of 1651, Khmelnitsky moved to Zbarazh and stood there for a long time, waiting for the Crimean Khan and thereby giving the Poles the opportunity to gather their strength. Only on June 8 did the khan unite with the Cossacks. The Polish army at that time was camped on a vast field near Berestechko (a place in the present Dubensky district of the Volyn province). Khmelnitsky also went there, who at that very time had to endure a difficult family drama. His wife was convicted of adultery, and the hetman ordered her to be hanged along with her lover. Sources say that after this brutal massacre, the hetman fell into depression. On June 19, 1651, the Cossack army clashed with the Polish one near Berestechko. The next day the Poles began the battle. The days of fighting coincided with the Muslim holiday Kurban Bayram, so the Tatars experienced heavy losses (Khmelnitsky’s constant ally and brother-in-arms, Tugai Bey, died) were perceived by the Tatars as God’s punishment. On the third day of fighting, in the midst of the battle, the horde suddenly fled. Khmelnitsky rushed after the khan to convince him to return. The Khan not only did not return, but also detained Khmelnitsky - despite the opinions of historians about the betrayal of the Khan, there is information that he himself did not command the fleeing horde (the Tatars left the wounded and killed on the battlefield, which was not in the Muslim tradition). In Khmelnitsky's place, Colonel Dzhedzhaliy was appointed chief, who had long refused this title, knowing how much Bogdan Khmelnitsky did not like it when someone took over the leadership instead of him. Dzhejaliy fought off the Poles for some time, but, seeing the army in extreme difficulty, he decided to enter into negotiations on a truce. The king demanded the extradition of B. Khmelnitsky and I. Vygovsky and the issuance of artillery, to which the Cossacks, according to legend, replied: “We can see Khmelnitsky and Vigovsky today, but we can’t see Harmati and we can’t face death with them.” The negotiations were unsuccessful. The dissatisfied army replaced Dzhedzhaliy and handed over the leadership to Vinnitsa Colonel Ivan Bogun. They began to suspect Khmelnitsky of treason; It was not easy for the Corinthian Metropolitan Joasaph to assure the Cossacks that Khmelnitsky had left for their own good and would soon return. The Cossack camp at this time was located near the Plyashovaya River; on three sides it was fortified with trenches, and on the fourth it was adjacent to an impassable swamp. The Cossacks withstood a siege here for ten days and courageously fought off the Poles. To get out of the encirclement, they began to build dams across the swamp. On the night of June 29, Bohun and his army began crossing the swamp, but first transferred the Cossack units and artillery through the swamp, leaving the mob and a covering detachment in the camp. When the next morning the mob learned that not a single colonel remained in the camp, terrible confusion arose. The mob, distraught with fear, despite all the calls of Metropolitan Joasaph to order, rushed to the dams in disarray; They could not stand it and many people died in the quagmire. Realizing what was happening, the Poles rushed to the Cossack camp and began to exterminate those who did not manage to escape and drown in the swamp. The Polish army moved towards Ukraine, devastating everything in its path and giving full rein to the feeling of revenge. By this time, at the end of July, Khmelnitsky, having spent about a month in captivity of the Crimean Khan, arrived in the town of Pavoloch. Colonels with the remnants of their detachments began to converge on him here. Everyone was despondent. The people treated Khmelnitsky with extreme distrust and blamed him for the Berestech defeat.
Continuation of the war
Khmelnitsky gathered a council on Maslovy Brod on the Rosava River (now the town of Maslovka) and managed to influence the Cossacks with his calmness and cheerful mood so much that distrust of him disappeared and the Cossacks again began to converge under his command. At this time, Khmelnitsky married Anna, the sister of Zolotarenok, who was later appointed a Korsun colonel. A brutal guerrilla war with the Poles began: residents burned own houses, destroyed supplies, spoiled roads to make it impossible for the Poles to further move deeper into Ukraine. The Cossacks and peasants treated the captured Poles extremely cruelly. In addition to the main Polish army, the Lithuanian hetman Radzivil also moved to Ukraine. He defeated the Chernigov colonel Nebaba, took Lyubech, Chernigov and approached Kyiv. The residents themselves burned the city, as they thought to cause confusion in the Lithuanian army. This did not help: on August 6, Radziwill entered Kyiv, and then the Polish-Lithuanian leaders met near Bila Tserkva. Khmelnitsky decided to enter into peace negotiations, which proceeded slowly until they were accelerated by the pestilence. On September 17, 1651, the so-called Belaya Tserkov Treaty was concluded (V, 239), which was very unfavorable for the Cossacks. The people reproached Khmelnitsky for the fact that he only cares about his own benefits and the benefits of the foreman, but does not think about the people at all. Resettlements within the Russian state took on the character of a mass movement. Khmelnitsky tried to detain him, but to no avail. Belotserkovsky Treaty was soon violated by the Poles. Khmelnitsky's son Timofey in the spring of 1652 went with an army to Moldavia to marry the daughter of the Moldavian ruler. Polish hetman Kalinovsky blocked his way. Near the town of Ladyzhina, at the Batoga tract, a major battle took place on May 22, in which a 20,000-strong Polish army died and Kalinovsky was killed. This served as a signal for the widespread expulsion of Polish zholners and landowners from Ukraine. However, the matter did not come to an open war, since the Sejm refused to the king to convene the destruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; nevertheless, the territory of Ukraine along the river. The case was cleared of Poles.
Negotiations with Russia. Pereyaslavskaya Rada
Khmelnytsky had long been convinced that the Hetmanate could not fight on its own. He started diplomatic relations with Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. Back on February 19, 1651 Zemsky Sobor in Moscow he discussed the question of what answer to give to Khmelnitsky, who then already asked the tsar to accept him under his authority; but the council, apparently, did not come to a certain decision. We have reached only the opinion of the clergy, who provided final decision the will of the king. The Tsar sent boyar Repnin-Obolensky to Poland, promising to forget some of the Poles’ violations of the peace treaty if Poland made peace with Bogdan Khmelnitsky on the basis of the Zboriv Treaty. The embassy was not successful. In the spring of 1653, a Polish detachment under the command of Czarnecki began to devastate Podolia. Khmelnitsky, in alliance with the Tatars, moved against him and met him near the town of Zhvanets, on the banks of the Dniester River. The situation of the Poles due to cold weather and lack of food was difficult; they were forced to conclude a rather humiliating peace with the Crimean Khan, just to break his alliance with Khmelnitsky. After this, the Tatars, with royal permission, began to devastate Ukraine. Under such circumstances, Khmelnitsky again turned to Moscow and began to persistently ask the Tsar to accept him as a citizen. On October 1, 1653, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which the issue of accepting Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the Zaporozhye army into Russian citizenship was resolved in the affirmative. On January 8, a council was assembled in Pereyaslavl, at which, after Khmelnitsky’s speech, which pointed out the need for Ukraine to choose one of the four sovereigns: the Turkish Sultan, the Crimean Khan, the Polish King or the Russian Tsar and surrender to his citizenship, the people shouted: “ we will (that is, we wish) for the Russian Tsar!
The collapse of Khmelnitsky's plans. Death of the Hetman
Following the annexation of the Hetmanate, the war between Russia and Poland began. In the spring, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich moved to Lithuania; Swedish King Charles X opened military operations against Poland from the north. It seemed that Poland was on the brink of destruction. King Jan Casimir resumed relations with Khmelnitsky, but the latter did not agree to any negotiations until the complete independence of all Little Russian regions was recognized by Poland. Then Jan Casimir turned to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who in 1656, without an agreement with Khmelnitsky, made peace with the Poles. Khmelnitsky's plans to win the full independence of the Hetmanate collapsed. For some time he still did not give up hope of carrying them out and at the beginning of 1657 he concluded an alliance treaty for this purpose with the Swedish king Charles X and the Sedmigrad prince Yuri Rakoci. According to this agreement, Khmelnitsky sent 12 thousand Cossacks to help the allies against Poland. The Poles notified Moscow about this, from where ambassadors were sent to the hetman. They found Khmelnitsky already ill, but secured a meeting and attacked him with reproaches. Khmelnitsky did not listen to the ambassadors, but nevertheless, the detachment sent to help the allies, having learned that the hetman was dying, retreated back - after this the allies were defeated and this was the last blow for the sick Khmelnitsky. About two months later, Khmelnitsky ordered a rada to be convened in Chigirin to choose his successor. To please the old hetman, the Rada elected his minor son Yuri.
Determining the day of Khmelnytsky’s death has long caused controversy. It has now been established that he died on July 27 from apoplexy, and was buried in the village of Subotov, in a stone church that he built himself, which still exists to this day. Feeling some relief, the hetman called his loved ones to him. “I’m dying,” he whispered to them, “bury me in Subotov, which I acquired through bloody labors and which is close to my heart.” In 1664, the Polish governor Charnetsky burned Subotovo and ordered the ashes of Khmelnytsky and his son Tymosh to be dug up and the bodies thrown out of the grave for “disgrace.”
Memory of Khmelnytsky
During the Soviet era, the cult of Bohdan Khmelnytsky was supported as national hero, despite the fact that nationalist circles considered him a traitor to the interests of Ukraine already in the middle of the 19th century (for example, the poetry of Taras Shevchenko contains sharp criticism of Khmelnytsky). In Kyiv, Lvov and other Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian cities, many streets are named after Khmelnytsky. Numerous monuments were also erected to him throughout Ukraine. During the Great Patriotic War, the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky was established. In Ukraine, the cities of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky (formerly Pereyaslav) and Khmelnitsky (formerly Proskurov) now bear his name.
The following works of art are dedicated to the life of Bohdan Khmelnytsky:
- Bogdan Khmelnitsky - drama by Alexander Korneychuk 1938
- Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Soviet black and white film from 1941
- Bogdan Khmelnitsky - 1951 Soviet opera by Konstantin Dankevich
- Bogdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky - Ukrainian film of 2007
- With Fire and Sword - a novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz and a film based on it
Zmist
Bohdan Khmelnitsky is a character who played a key role in the history of Ukraine. Criticized by today's short-sighted historians through their current policies, the most significant hero of the national-free revolution has been deprived of all hours in which they do not separate the Ukrainian marriage.
Monuments to Bohdan Khmelnytsky, streets, squares, parks in every large populated area of Ukraine do not reinforce his high status.
Pokhodzhennya
It has not been possible for a hundred hundred hundred kilometers to indicate where the future hetman was born. The father of the great man was the Chigirin centurion Mikhailo Khmelnitsky. Speaking about what a great man he was, we can definitely say - sanctified. From the Kiev fraternal school, he entered upon the apprenticeship to the Jesuites at Yaroslavl-Galitsky. Having studied it diligently: Ovolodiv has thoroughly studied Polish and Latin. I've been learning French and Turkish language for a long time now.
Characteristics reflect Khmelnytsky: fearlessness, innocence and dedication, cleverly turning sides. Once upon a time, before his birth and his biography, he recognized the mass of deep-seated spirits that fell into his share of that activity. Bogdan Khmelnytsky, like a politician, is respected by prominent people: he has achieved a great deal of intelligence not only in deeds, but also in words, but also in cunning, to speak of his inexhaustible intelligence.
Zvichaina Lyudina
Don’t be surprised by those who consider Khmelnytsky to be a national hero of Ukraine, as he is a great person. This portrait has both good and negative sides.
According to historians, the commander has a primary appearance: middle age and middle status. To a large extent, I have forgotten the character and memory of the keruvati with my ox rice. However, after the troubling stage of active activity comes a period of prolonged depression. Bogdan Khmelnitsky coolly stood before the sanctified people. It meant that after talking with them, he would regain his tension and be ready to rush into battle.
The historical portrait of Bohdan Khmelnytsky as a tyrant and cruel people was formed mainly by Polish historians. Thus, his armies wiped out the Polish and Jewish populations. Let us talk more about the desecration, and less about the blatant manifestation of the ruthless targeting of people of a different faith and nationality. No legal order was recorded, since the glorious son of Ukraine issued a order about the total guilt of the populated area. And it is impossible to put him on the same scale as the enemy’s military leaders: Charnetsky, Pototsky, Vishnevetsky, whose hands are up to their elbows in blood, and their orders are still crying out among the humane Europeans.
Family of the commander
His first love union was Bohdan Khmelnitsky Uklav with Ganna Somko in 1623. After her death, she became friends with Olenya Chaplinsky, who later became the driving force for the beginning of the active activity of the commander and the advance against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The third squad, who stayed with him until his death, was Ganna Zolotarenko. The commander’s appearance was attractive, and his character was strong-willed, and his squad was practically skin-to-skin.
Over the course of three loves, Khmelnytsky fathered all sorts of children: some boys and some girls. Most of them have a tragic fate. The children of the human line, Timosh and Yuri, helped their fathers in free Russia.
First serious decisions
Having entered the Cossack army in 1621, Bogdan Khmelnytsky spent his father in the Polish-Turkish war, and he himself wasted two days to Constantinople. Turning after the raid, you take part in the naval raids on Turkish places. The campaign on the lands of Constantinople was particularly successful, which brought a lot of wealth. After returning from an overseas campaign, Bogdan Khmelnytsky settled on the Subotiv farm and took up a different life. It didn't last long.
Bogdan Stupka as a hetman, “With Fire and Sword” The facts are about those who, in 1634, took part together with the Poles in the Smolensk region. Bogdan Khmelnytsky brought to his side the King of Poland Vladislav IV. People of today will witness that the main enemy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has robbed his life to the king, for which he later wanted a golden sword. He was one of the first people involved in the plan to attack the Ottoman Empire. The biography of the commander is very clear due to the various misunderstandings of his actions by historians of various countries, which they sometimes forgot to include in the chronicle, but which they simply guessed.
The hetman's decision
Bogdan Khmelnytsky spent a troubling hour encouraging the Polish king. This could have happened in the future. As if not approachable in Chaplinsky's old age, the distant alliance with Poland would have looked different. Rustic forces to fight were formed after the attack on the village of Subotiv, where Otaman lived. Not only was there a lot of ruin and burning, but also his civilian squad, Olena, was forcibly married to Chaplinsky. In addition, the servants of old age succumbed to the hetman’s son so much that Ostap Khmelnytsky died of a strong fever.
The upcoming sovereign leader was trying to find out the truth in court. The meeting did not lead to the desired result. Bogdan Khmelnytsky went berserk to the Polish king. But here you don’t know the best support. Vladislav called on the future hetman to punish his criminal, but did not want to give encouragement.
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi on choli viyska The death of a son and old age became a catalyst. Volodya's unprecedented oratorical skill and great natural diplomatic gift, he has the mind to send the Cossacks to his side. Khmelnytsky will be voted hetman and asked to carry out a reconciliation with the Tatar Khan, so that the rest will oppose the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the battle of the Zaporizian Sich. Having immediately realized that hetmanship had been confirmed, the commander was arrested.
Compliance with Pototsky’s order lasted for a long time, and on the 11th of April 1647 he arrived at Zaporizhzhya Sich. The decision to bring Krim out is not forfeited. The Cossack state sent it to Islam-Girey. Khan did not want to give an unambiguous confirmation: it was not in his plans to marry the Polish king. But Khmelnytsky had new comrades: Murza Tugai-Bey, who was familiar with the data of historians in the Turkish region, and his army.
Having arrived in Sich, Bohdan Khmelnytsky was appointed commander of the army. The title of hetman was assigned to him later. On April 22, 1648, the commander’s advance against Poland began. From this moment on, the national-free war actually began.
Khmelnytsky region
The beginning of the struggle has been over, since a revolt among the Ukrainian people is already brewing. A large part of the lands was included in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the rights of Ukrainians and Orthodox Christians were not respected. The national-free war was inevitable, and the Battle of Zhovti Vody became its beginning. The uprising under Khmelnytsky's conquest of Tugai Bey began with the complete defeat of the crown military.
On the 22nd quarter a battle took place, in which the army of Tatars and Ukrainians won. The diplomatic talents of Bogdan Khmelnytsky also helped. Having decided to settle with the registered Cossacks, they won the battle, securing a numerical advantage. A diplomat by nature, he is determined to convey to the registered Cossacks the reality of the founding of the Ukrainian state, which will ultimately unite all Ukrainians.
The hetman's foresight knew no bounds. The result of the battle of Korsun on May 15, 1648 was determined by fate. Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent to the Poles, who voluntarily surrendered. At the end of the day, the opponents were driven to the forest, where a large part of the Poles were killed.
The national-free war continued at Veresna with the Battle of Pilyavtsy. From the 11th to the 13th spring, the Poles fell into misery. The Cossack state became very rich, although a large part of the money went to the Tatars.
Battle of Pilyavtsy, photo: wikipedia.org The obloga of Lvov led to a significant indemnity. 220 thousand zlotys became a nasty sum for the treasury of the national free war and help for the Cossacks. The vote of the King of Poland, John Casimir (the throne was empty after the death of Vladislav IV) became a natural idea. Bogdan Khmelnytsky did not want to seek more truth and refused to return to a peaceful life.
At the beginning of 1649, the commander entered the Golden Gate of Kiev. Bogdan Khmelnitsky rejects the blessing of the Patriarch of Jerusalem Paisius and the remission of all sins. Ale didn't help. The national free war brought unexpected results: people all over Ukraine organized persecutions, and the great hetman gradually began to listen to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth again.
However, further military failures and constant joy on the side of the Crimeans led to the commander deciding to come under the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar. The union with the Orthodox ruler brought praise to a large part of the population, both Cossacks and villagers. So, in 1654, the Ukrainian state was taken under the hand of the Moscow Tsar.
Painting “The Entry of Bohdan Khmelnytsky to Kiev in 1649” by Mikoli Ivasyuk Moldavian campaigns
The hetman made his first campaign in alliance with the Crimean Khan in 1650. He tried to enlist the support of the Moldavian ruler Vasil Lupul, who was willing to marry his daughter Rozanda to Timosz Khmelnytsky, pay a large indemnity and appear in support of Poland. Moldova and Ukraine formed an alliance. This led to Wallachia, Transylvania, Vlasna, and Poland opposing the Moldavian ruler. Nezabar Vasil Lupul was relieved of power and Moldova joined the anti-Ukrainian coalition.
Khmelnytsky, trying to steal his reach from the foreign policy, he will send the army along with Timosh to the aid of Lupul. Three offensive campaigns in 1652 and 1653 were not far off. The battles were lost. The succession of Lupul to the throne led to his imprisonment at the fort of Suceavi. During the outbreak of Suceavi, Timosh was injured and died in early spring 1653. The battle lasted for almost 20 days and ended with the complete defeat of the Cossacks.
Death
The uninterrupted behind-the-scenes struggle between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to Bogdan Khmelnitsky simply becoming angry with the two great powers. Having stood on the side of the Swedish king Charles X and the Semi-City prince Yuri Rakotsi, he hoped to reason with the monarchs. Not feeling the strength for further struggle, Bogdan Khmelnytsky, already at the beginning of 1657, chose his attacker in the person of his son Yuri.
The Great Hetman died on June 27, 1657. They honored him with his son Timosh in the ancestral village of Subotov.
Bogdan Khmelnytsky has a superb biography. One thing is clear - having been a great son of his people, he has the vision to give all Ukrainians faith in their state and the strength to fight for it until the possible end. Donya’s memory of Bogdan Khmelnytsky is in the hearts of true patriots.
Monument to Bohdan Khmelnytsky on Sofiivskyi Square in Kiev Tsikava facts
Considering the greatness of the most famous Ukrainian hetman, it is not easy to marvel at the number of facts that are directly and indirectly related to his specialness. The axis is only a small part:
- on the island of Iturup there is the Bogdan Khmelnytsky volcano;
- two places in Ukraine were renamed in his honor: Proskuriv and Pereyaslav;
- the graves of the commander and his son Tymosh were spit out, and the ashes of those thrown into the street at the order of Stefan Chernetsky, the Polish hetman, a national hero, who in Ukraine is best known as a cruel punisher;
- believe that the charter, which gave the Cossacks the right to defend their rights, was stolen from Barabash, Bogdan Khmelnytsky added the royal signature;
- In the search for the truth about the adventures of the leader of the Ukrainian Zaporizhsky, historians may have gone too far: they will continue to prove that Mikhailo Khmelnytsky, Father Bogdan, was a Jew Berko, who accepted the Catholic faith;
- Mustafa Nayem confirms in his book that Bogdan adopted Islam from the Turks;
- When the people were born, the prominent son of the Ukrainian people took away the name of Zinovia.