The importance of the Far East in the Russian economy.
The Far East is the largest economic region of the country in terms of territory - 6215.9 thousand sq. km. (36.4% of the territory Russian Federation). Population: 7.6 million people (5.4% of the population of the Russian Federation). The Far East is the richest region in terms of diversity of natural resources. There are non-ferrous and rare metals (tin, gold, tungsten, polymetals), diamonds, graphite, fluorite, coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric resources, mineral resources, ocean resources, timber, furs. With the exception of non-ferrous and rare metal ores, the resources are poorly studied and require extensive geological work to prepare for their industrial development. The richest deposits and entire areas of non-ferrous and rare metals, polymetals, rare and trace elements are confined to the folded strip of the so-called Pacific metallogenic belt, running along the entire eastern periphery of the Asian continent. An extensive diamond-bearing province in Western Yakutia has been discovered and explored. The main gold-bearing regions of the Russian Federation are located in the northeast. In terms of proven industrial reserves of tin and tungsten, the Far East plays a leading role in the country. In addition to oil and gas, deposits of iron, manganese, magnesium, and titanomagnetite sands have been discovered and are being explored in the vast shelf zone. The hydropower potential of the rivers of the Far East is about 1/7 of the country's total hydroresources. The region accounts for more than 30% of all Russian potential resources.
Vessels of the Far East fish in 8 fishing areas of the World Ocean out of 20, which account for about half of all biological resources oceanic reservoirs, while the raw material base is characterized by great diversity.
When planning the development of the national economy of the Far East, favorable opportunities for expanding economic ties with the countries of the Pacific basin are also taken into account. Many of these countries need a variety of raw materials, which the Far East can provide them with on the basis of mutually beneficial trade. Timber and lumber, fish and canned fish, fluff, and coal are the main export items to the Pacific countries. The south of the Far East is a favorable field of activity for joint ventures and free economic zones. Four such zones have been formed - “Nakhodka” (Primorsky Territory), “Eva” (Jewish Autonomous Region), “Sakhalin” and the “Kuri-ly” subzone.
Taking into account natural conditions and the existing production skills of the population, the economic appearance of the Far East, the structure of its economy are formed, and the main industries that are important not only for the region, but also for the entire country are developing.
The directions and rates of development of the productive forces of the Far East are determined by:
"the need of other regions of the country for goods, the production of which is Far East is unique or has higher technical and economic indicators.
"the possibility and efficiency of supplying Far Eastern goods to the foreign market.
"the need of the local population for low-transport and perishable products.
"The need of the economy of the Far East for products, the production of which locally is more economical than its import from other regions of the country.
The basis of the modern economy of the Far East is industry, which produces a variety of products. Today there are several thousand industrial enterprises here, equipped with sufficient outdated technology, but in Lately In this regard, there has been some progress, and enterprises with sufficient funds, which is quite rare in our time, are purchasing quite modern equipment. On industrial enterprises Approximately 1/3 of all workers in the Far East work (1980).
Agriculture is now inferior in importance not only to industry, but also to transport. Agriculture employs 3 times less people than industry, and almost 1.5 times less than transport. The rate of development of agriculture is much lower than that of industry. And this is no coincidence, since the costs of producing agricultural products in the Far East are still very high due to unfavorable natural conditions. Therefore, it turns out to be more profitable to import some products here from other parts of the country.
Transport plays a special role in the economy of the region. It connects cities, towns and enterprises remote from each other into a single economic complex. long distances, promotes the development of new territories. The importance of transport in the economy of the Far East is evidenced by the fact that the share of people employed in this industry in the Far East is significantly higher than the national average.
Summarizing all of the above, we can assume that the importance of the industry of the Far East in the economy of the Russian Federation is mainly to meet the needs of the western zone of Russia for certain types of raw materials and semi-finished products. This is also confirmed by the fact that if in the Russian Federation as a whole the gross output of the manufacturing industry is 9.3 times higher than the output of the mining industry, then in the Far East it is only 5.5 times.
Features and factors of placement of market sectors of the economy:
a) fishery.
The fishing industry of the Far East reached its greatest prosperity in the 70-80s. At that time, its share accounted for almost 1/3 of the all-Union catch of fish, catch of sea animals and seafood. In our time, the situation has not worsened at all; now the Far Eastern seas provide about 60% of fish production in the Russian Federation, and even now, in our difficult time, canned fish, canned seafood, fresh frozen fish, salted herring and some other types of fish products are supplied from here to many parts of the country, as well as for export. Since the 70s, fishermen have moved from passive coastal fishing to active fishing in open seas and oceans. The active fishing areas were the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. A crab canning production facility has been created, the products of which are in demand on the world market. Currently, the basis of the fishing industry is active fishing in the open seas, which is occupied by a large fishing, fish processing and refrigerated transport fleet. Ocean fishing has significantly expanded the range of fish products: sea bass, hake, hake, halibut, saury, tuna, sable fish and such fairly new types of seafood as shrimp, squid, scallops, mussels.
The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).
The fishing industry of the Far East in pre-perestroika times produced more than 700 types of products, including the world-famous caviar, balyk, and canned crab. All this was achieved thanks to the fact that the fishing industry received a new fishing and transport fleet. At that time, the Far East had the largest fleet of large freezer fishing trawlers in the USSR. Currently, most of these ships are morally and physically outdated, and the arrival of new ships is extremely rare. But despite this, a fairly powerful coastal fishing industry continues to function - fleet bases, fishing ports, ship repair plants, fish processing plants, refrigerators.
For a long time, the growth of the fishing industry was hampered by the fact that it shore base could not cope with the processing of all the fish delivered by the fishing fleet. With the transition to active sea fishing, when ships go fishing for a long period of time, the processing of catches is carried out mainly directly at sea on large herring floating bases with artificial cooling of the holds, floating crab canning plants and refrigerators. For a long time, salting chum and pink salmon remained very labor-intensive: it was necessary to perform up to 10 different operations manually. Now salmon are salted in cooled circulating brines, and the savings on salting for every 1000 centners of chum salmon is more than 1.5 thousand rubles.
The vast territory of the Far Eastern region in terms of level economic development can be divided into three zones: southern, middle and northern.
IN Southern zone intensive development includes Primorsky Krai, southern parts Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin regions. This is the most developed economically part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is the sea, forest and mining complexes. Currently time is running development along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.
Part Middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin regions, South part Republic of Sakha. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates development. The main specialization is the mining industry, and service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made great changes to the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the formation of the industrial belt of the region is underway. The main objectives of the economic development of the zone, in addition to the construction of a second exit to the Far East, are the development of new mineral deposits and the creation of potential in the BAM area for the development of the northern part of the region. With the economic development of the zone Baikal-Amur Mainline connected with the formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK.
The South Yakutsk TPK is being formed in the south of the Sakha Republic on the basis of a variety of minerals. In the river basin Aldan to the north of the Stanovoy Range (80-100 km) and not far from the South Yakut high-quality iron ores is the South Yakut coal basin. Chulmakanskoye, Neryungrinskoye and other deposits have been explored here. The thickness of the seam at the Neryungri deposit exceeds 50 m. At the Chulmakan deposit, the coal seams have a horizontal strike. A mine with a capacity of 6 million tons of coal per year was put into operation in the South Yakutsk basin.
Up close coal basin There is the Aldan iron ore basin with an iron content in the ore of up to 42%. The most studied fields are Taezhnoe, Pionerskoye, Sivanglinskoye, whose reserves amount to 2.5 billion tons.
Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.
In the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.
Output of Yakut coals to BAM and to Siberian Railway gives the new BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation to Berkakit. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutsk basin will be supplied in significant volumes to southern regions Far East to metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. For their export to Japan, the first stage of a new major port- Eastern.
In the future, in addition to coal, it is planned to involve the region’s iron ore resources in the exploitation in order to create a raw material base for ferrous metallurgy here in the future. full cycle. Agriculture is of a focal nature.
IN Northern zone In the Far East, focal development is typical not only for Agriculture, but also for industry. The extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals. IN northern zone Several industrial centers can be identified in which, along with industries of specialization, production infrastructure is developing. Aldanskoye, Mirnensky, Magadansky, Vilyuisky, Bilibinsky are turning from small settlements with a mining industry into territorial production hubs with developed forestry, food industries, machine repair, fishing and hunting industries.
An analysis of the territorial structure of the Far Eastern region showed that the scale and structure of industry in the region are characterized by large differences and indicate the uneven distribution of industry. Major changes to the territorial structure of the region were made by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the creation of new territorial production complexes.
The Far East has fairly developed inter-regional and international economic ties. Its role is especially great in foreign trade relations with the countries of the Pacific Rim. Dozens of countries trade through the region, and its export functions are of exceptional importance. More than half of the cargo imported into the regions from foreign countries transits in a western direction.
The development of foreign trade relations entails the improvement of the region’s transport system, economic indicators work, improving the structure of freight turnover and inter-district transport connections.
If until recently the import of goods to the Far East was four times higher than their export, now the structure is changing. Freight turnover is growing at a very high rate, and exports are growing faster than imports. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the district's economic complex.
Improving the structure of the economy of the Far Eastern region is associated with the further development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone, the formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK, the development of foreign trade transport links (including container transportation between the countries of the Pacific basin and Europe), the provision of agricultural products to the population of the region, the development of social infrastructure, solving environmental problems.
See also:
natural resource industrial agroclimatic
There are currently three free economic zones in the Far East: Nakhodka, Greater Vladivostok, and Sakhalin.
The vast territory of the Far Eastern region can be divided into three zones according to the level of economic development: southern, middle and northern.
The southern zone of intensive development includes the Primorsky Territory, the southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. This is the most economically developed part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is the sea, forest and mining complexes. Currently, development is taking place along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.
The middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions, and the southern part of the Sakha Republic. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates of development. The main specialization is the mining industry, and service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made great changes to the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the formation of the industrial belt of the region is underway. Main tasks economic development zones, in addition to the construction of a second exit to the Far East, are the development of new mineral deposits and the creation of potential in the BAM area for the development of the northern part of the region. The formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK is associated with the economic development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone.
The South Yakutsk TPK is being formed in the south of the Sakha Republic on the basis of a variety of minerals. In the Aldan River basin north of the Stanovoy Range (80-100 km) and not far from the South Yakut high-quality iron ores there is the South Yakut coal basin. Chulmakanskoye, Neryungrinskoye and other deposits have been explored here. The thickness of the reservoir at the Neryungri field exceeds 50 meters. At the Chulmakan deposit, the coal seams have a horizontal strike. A mine with a capacity of 6 million tons of coal per year was put into operation in the South Yakutsk basin.
Near the coal basin there is the Aldan iron ore basin with an iron content in the ore of up to 42%. The most studied deposits are Taezhnoe, Pionerskoye, Sivaglinskoye, whose reserves amount to 2.5 billion tons. Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.
In the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.
The new BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation to Berkakit provide access to Yakut coal to the BAM and to the Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutia basin will be supplied in significant volumes to the southern regions of the Far East to metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. To export them to Japan, the first stage of a new large port, Vostochny, was built in Wrangel Bay.
In the future, in addition to coal, it is planned to involve in the exploitation of iron ore resources of the region in order to create here in the future a raw material base for full-cycle ferrous metallurgy. Agriculture is of a focal nature.
In the northern zone of the Far East, focal development is characteristic not only of agriculture, but also of industry. The extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals.
In the northern zone, several industrial centers can be identified, in which, along with industries of specialization, production infrastructure is developing. Aldanskoye, Mirnensky, Magadansky, Vilyuisky, Bilibinsky are turning from small settlements with mining industry into territorial production hubs of the forestry, food industry, machine repair, fishing and hunting industries.
Leading industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region are based on widespread use his natural resources. The main industries with which the region acts in the interregional division of labor are fishing, forestry and mining. From industries that strengthen integrated development region, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy economy, industry have received significant development building materials, food and light industry.
Leading place Among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region, it belongs to the metallurgical complex, which includes the mining industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy.
The production of non-ferrous metals has grown rapidly in the Far East, and even now it is not experiencing such a significant decline as in other industries.
The “Queen of the Far East” continues to be the gold mining industry, which is one of the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises in this industry are located throughout the Far East. The Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha provide 2/3 of all gold in Russia. Most old district gold mining - Amur region.
The Kolyma-Indigirsky mining region is connected by highway with Magadan and Yakutsk, and by sea routes- from the south of the Far Eastern region. The distribution of gold mining is local in nature.
Mining and beneficiation of tin ores in the Far East is common in many places. After the war, the Khabarovsk Territory became one of the leading regions of the country in terms of tin mining. Tin ores are also mined in the west of the Jewish Autonomous Region and near Komsomolsk. But their production has reached a particularly significant scale in the south of Sikhote-Alin, in the Dalnegorsk-Kavalerovo region.
The lead-zinc industry, concentrated in the Primorsky Territory, has developed, producing lead-zinc concentrates and lead. New ones are currently being developed large deposits lead-zinc ores - Voznesenskoye and Nikolaevskoye. Tungsten is mined in the Magadan Region and Primorsky Territory.
Mining centers have been created for diamond mining in the Verkhne-Vilyuisky region of Yakutia. The city of diamond miners, Mirny, has already grown here, connected by a highway to Lensk, and the Vilyuiskaya hydroelectric power station has been built. Centers for the development of diamonds are being created at the Aikhal and Udachnoye deposits, where a highway has been built.
The Far Eastern seas constitute the richest base for the fishing industry. They provide 60% of fish production in Russia. Availability of rich and diverse fish resources and fishing equipment modern technology ensure high efficiency of fisheries: the cost of raw fish here is lower than in the northern and western seas adjacent to the European macrozone.
Active fishing areas included the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.
Currently, seal, seal, and beluga whale have commercial value in the Far Eastern seas. U western shores Crab fishing is carried out on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The fish resources of the Far Eastern seas are diverse. The most important fishing areas are the waters of Kamchatka, the Okhotsk coast, the Amur Estuary, the coasts of Southern Sakhalin and Primorye. In first place in importance are the migratory salmon fish - chum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon, and chinook salmon. They go to spawn in the Amur, in the rivers of the Okhotsk coast, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
In Posyet Bay Sea of Japan operates the only enterprise in the country where shellfish (scallops, giant oysters) are produced in natural conditions - highly nutritious and with medicinal properties.
The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).
In addition to the development of the main branch of the food industry - fishing, other industries have been created in the Far East: flour milling, the largest enterprise of which is the Khabarovsk flour mill; meat industry, which has large meat processing plants in Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan; oil and fat (the raw material for which is soybean), represented by oil and fat factories in Khabarovsk and Ussuriysk.
The mechanical engineering and metalworking complex includes: large industries industry of the region. They account for 1/5 of the cost of manufactured industrial products and almost 1/3 of the industrial production personnel. Mechanical engineering itself is developed only in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories and in Amur region, in other regions and Yakutia, repair work and the production of some spare parts for machines and equipment of the local economy have been established.
Shipbuilding and ship repair, directly related to the fishing industry, sea and river transport, have received the greatest development. There are shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises in the sea and river ports of the region. They build small and medium-sized fishing vessels and repair large ones.
Agricultural engineering has been created, represented by a plant (Birobidzhan), which produces a variety of equipment adapted to the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the Far East, including combine harvesters with caterpillar tracks. Numerous repair bases have been built in all major agricultural areas, some of which produce spare parts. Transport engineering is represented by numerous automobile repair enterprises and repair plants railway transport in Ussuriysk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Svobodny.
Behind last years Electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tool construction received noticeable development in Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ussuriysk, Birobidzhan and some other cities.
Agricultural engineering is located in the city of Svobodny (Amur Region). The Amurelectropribor plant was built in Blagoveshchensk, a tool factory and other factories were built in Vladivostok, the Daldizel plant operates in Khabarovsk, a lifting and transport equipment plant operates in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Dalselmash operates in Birobidzhan.
In the production of goods consumer consumption(without the food industry) the overwhelming majority of production is provided by enterprises of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. The most developed sectors of light industry were clothing, knitwear and footwear. But they are far from meeting the needs of the region’s population with their goods. A significant part of them comes from other regions of Russia.
The fuel and energy complex of the region is developing at a faster pace. The energy sector is based mainly on the use of brown and hard coals. More than half of brown coal production comes from deposits in the Primorsky Territory, a significant part from the Amur and, to a lesser extent, Sakhalin regions.
In the northeast of Sakhalin - from Okha to Katangli - oil is produced. From here, through two oil pipelines, it goes to the oil refineries of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. But the amount of oil production on the island is small and does not satisfy the needs of the area. Therefore, a lot of oil and oil products are imported to the Far East from Western Siberia.
The enormous forest wealth of the Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters) led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes, the effectiveness of which is determined by the concentration of large forest resources, including many valuable species of wood, with a high proportion of ripe and overripe trees in the forest composition.
For the placement of the timber industry crucial has a factor raw materials And strong meaning- factor of consumption areas finished products.
The location of the woodworking industry is equally influenced by two factors: raw materials and areas of consumption of finished products.
The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the pulp and paper industry, and two factors have an equally weak impact: fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption of finished products.
The Khabarovsk Territory produces the most timber - over 40%. Among the forest products exported from the Khabarovsk Territory, it is necessary, first of all, to name standard houses, plywood, containers, parquet, pine-vitamin flour, feed yeast, ethanol and carbon dioxide. Of the coniferous trees, the most valuable include Daurian larch, Ayan spruce, Siberian and Korean fir. Their wood can be used to produce cellulose, varnishes, red paint, adhesives and tannins, and also as timber.
The level of development of the forestry and woodworking industries does not yet fully correspond to the opportunities available here. A lot of broadleaf timber remains unremoved, while coniferous species are completely removed.
One of the main areas of increasing economic efficiency forestry and woodworking industry of the Far East is the creation not of individual isolated, although powerful enterprises, but of large forestry complexes consisting of production facilities for timber harvesting and its consistent and deep mechanical and chemical processing.
The timber and wood processing industries are most developed in the Far East. Especially great development they received in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, in the Republic of Sakha, Amur and Sakhalin regions, from where a significant part of the lumber is exported.
Agriculture is an important industry in the region. The leading place in agriculture is occupied by the production of grain, soybeans and low-transportable products for local consumption. Agricultural land is located mainly in the south (Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, southern regions of the Sakha Republic). The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, primarily spring wheat, as well as barley, winter rye, and oats. In the south of the Primorsky Territory, rice crops are significant. The main industrial crop is soybean. Indoor vegetable growing is developing, especially in Kamchatka, where hot underground waters are used to grow vegetables. Large areas allocated for forage crops and perennial grasses, which creates a sustainable food base for livestock farming. Livestock farming is developed mainly in the south. Special place belongs to reindeer herding. In the north, where there are extensive pastures, they breed reindeer, and in the south, in Primorye, antler reindeer herding is developed. Great importance Fur farming was acquired, fur farms, animal nurseries and state farms were created. There are more than 40 species of valuable fur-bearing animals in the forests.
In the structure of gross agricultural output, livestock farming accounts for 70%, agriculture - 30%. Cattle for dairy and meat production are raised in the area. Light industry is of intraregional importance. Cotton, sewing, knitting and leather footwear enterprises are located in Blagoveshchensk, Birobidzhan, Khabarovsk, Belogorsk, Raichikhinsk, Artyom and other cities. The food industry (canning vegetables, meat and dairy and oil processing) is located mainly in the southern zone of the region.
The economic and geographical position of the Far East is presented in Figure..5.
The leading sectors of the market specialization of the Far Eastern region are based on the widespread use of its natural resources. The main industries with which the region acts in the inter-district division of labor are fishing, forestry and mining. Of the industries that strengthen the comprehensive development of the region, mechanical engineering and metalworking, fuel and energy management, the building materials industry, food and light industry have received significant development.
The leading place among the industries of market specialization of the Far Eastern region belongs to the metallurgical complex, which includes the mining industry, as well as ferrous metallurgy.
The mining industry of the region includes the extraction of gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, lead-zinc and other ores, the production of non-ferrous metals, as well as ferrous metallurgy.
The “Queen of the Far East” continues to be the gold mining industry, which is one of the oldest sectors of the national economy of the region. Enterprises in this industry are located throughout the Far East. It has long been carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Amgun rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin. Now new areas have become gold mining areas - Kolyma-Indigirsky and Chukotka; in the first, gold mining began in the 30s, in the second - in the 60s. The Magadan region and the Republic of Sakha provide 2/3 of all gold in Russia. The oldest gold mining area is the Amur region. It was she who at one time created world fame The Far East as the largest gold-bearing region. And today the Amur region gives the country a lot of gold. The main method of extracting gold here is the cheapest, dredging. The Kolyma-Indigirsky mining region is connected by highway with Magadan and Yakutsk, and by sea routes with the south of the Far Eastern region. The distribution of gold mining is local in nature. The boundaries of the centers are determined by the distribution areas of ore formations and placer gold of the developed deposits, the creation for certain group mines of unified service areas and infrastructure: power plants, construction, repair, supply and trade bases, boarding schools, medical institutions. This focal nature of the mining industry is typical, by the way, for other northern regions Far East.
The Far Eastern seas constitute the richest base for the fishing industry. They provide 60% of fish production in Russia. The presence of rich and varied fish resources and the provision of modern fishing equipment ensure high efficiency of fisheries: the cost of raw fish here is lower than in the northern and western seas adjacent to the European macrozone.
The fishing industry of the Far East reached its greatest prosperity in the 70-80s. At that time, its share accounted for almost 1/3 of the all-Union catch of fish, sea animals and seafood. In our time, the situation has not worsened at all, now the Far Eastern seas provide about 60% of fish production in the Russian Federation, and even now, in our difficult times, canned fish, canned seafood, fresh frozen fish, salted herring are supplied from here to many parts of the country, as well as for export. Since the 70s, fishermen have moved from passive coastal fishing to active fishing in the open seas and oceans. Active fishing areas included the Bering and Okhotsk Seas (fish and sea animals), the Sea of Japan (fish), the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and Antarctica. Crab fishing is carried out in the waters washing the southern and western parts of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. A crab canning production facility has been created, the products of which are in demand on the world market. Currently, the basis of the fishing industry is active fishing in the open seas, which is occupied by a large fishing, fish processing and refrigerated transport fleet. Ocean fishing has significantly expanded the range of fish products: sea bass, hake, hake, halibut, saury, tuna, sable fish and such fairly new types of seafood as shrimp, squid, scallops, mussels.
The most important factor in the orientation of the fishing industry is raw materials, that is, the entire industry as a whole is oriented towards the coast (this applies to coastal farming).
The enormous forest wealth of the Far East (about 11 billion cubic meters) led to the creation here of one of the largest logging and wood processing complexes, the effectiveness of which is determined by the concentration of large forest resources, including many valuable species of wood, with a high proportion of mature and overripe trees. In 1969, timber export in the Far East amounted to 24 million cubic meters. (including 20 million cubic meters of business), and in 2003 - 35 million cubic meters. This industry was not particularly affected by a decline in production, and according to some data, timber exports in 1995 slightly exceeded the same figure in 1993. In the southern part of the Far East - in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur and Sakhalin regions - 54 sq.m. are occupied by forests. out of every 100 sq.m. territories. The main logging bases are located in the territories adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the entire Ussuri, to the middle Zeya and Bureya, in the center and south of Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of Lensky river basin. A new timber industry base is now being created in the area adjacent to the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the timber industry, and the factor of areas of consumption of finished products plays a strong role. The location of the woodworking industry is equally influenced by two factors: raw materials and areas of consumption of finished products. The factor of raw material resources plays a decisive role in the location of the pulp and paper industry, and two factors have an equally weak impact: fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption of finished products (for a map of the location of the main industries, see Appendix). Business map of Russia. Far East. Industry. Book 1 / Comp. O.V. Yuferev et al. - M.: MP "NIK", 2003. pp. 123 - 140.
11.2. Territorial and sectoral structure of the Far Eastern economy economic region
IN sectoral structure The economy of the Far Eastern economic region can be divided into sectors of specialization, as well as service and auxiliary industries. A characteristic feature of this structure is the extreme weakness in the development of industries serving the needs of the population: agriculture, light and food (except fishing) industries, etc. Underdevelopment has an electric power industry in the region.
Sectors of specialization areas are fishing, forestry, mining and sea transport.
Fishing industry complex unites enterprises for the extraction and processing of fish and seafood (shrimp, krill, squid, scallops, seaweed, crabs, sea cucumbers, mussels), located in the Primorsky Territory, on the coast of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands.
Forestry industry of the Far East is represented wide range industries: logging, sawmilling, woodworking, pulp and paper industry, wood chemicals.
Basic logging bases located in areas adjacent to railways and rivers. These are territories located along the Lower and Middle Amur, the Ussuri River, in the middle reaches of the Zeya and Bureya, in the upper reaches of the Lena river basin, on Sakhalin. The largest amount of timber (40%) is harvested by the Khabarovsk Territory, almost 20% by the Primorsky Territory, and approximately 10% each by Sakhalin, the Amur Region and Yakutia.
Of the woodworking industries, sawmilling is the most developed, located at the intersection of floatable rivers with railways.
Sawmills produce planks, sleepers, plywood, building parts, furniture, matches and other products.
The pulp and paper industry is developed in Southern Sakhalin, in Birokan, and Amursk.
Mining industry represented by the mining of gold, diamonds, tin, tungsten, lead-zinc and other ores.
Gold mining is carried out in the basins of the Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Amguni rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Khingan and Sikhote-Alin, in the Kolyma-Indigirsky and Chukotka regions. In addition to gold, tin, tungsten and other ores are mined here. The distribution of gold mining is most often of a focal nature, in groups of mines.
Mining and enrichment of tin ores, in addition to Chukotka, is carried out in Yakutia, where ores with the most high content tin and therefore cheaper than in other places in the country, in Solnechny - near Komsomolsk, in Khingansk - in the west of the Jewish Autonomous Region. But their production was most significant in the south of Sikhote-Alin, in the Dalnegorsk-Kavalerovo region. It has developed here large complex diverse mining industry: gold mining, development of lead-zinc ores, tin mining and tin concentration.
Diamond mining is carried out in the Leno-Vilyuisky region of Yakutia, a the whole city diamond miners - Mirny, new deposits are being developed - Aikhal and Udachnoye.
The role of auxiliary and service industries in the region is played by: mechanical engineering, fuel and energy, light and food industry, Agriculture.
Territorial structure farms area consists of the following administrative units: Republic of Sakha - Yakutia (Yakutsk), Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) with Koryaksky Autonomous Okrug(Palana), Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region (Birobidzhan), Amur Region (Blagoveshchensk), Primorsky Territory (Vladivostok), Sakhalin region(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). 1422 created in the region municipalities, located in 70 cities, 237 towns and 141 rural area, in which 1068 are registered rural settlements.
A characteristic feature of the territorial structure of the district’s economy is disunity industrial centers and the considerable distance of many of them from each other. However, there are several industrial zones here, the largest of which is Yuzhno-Sakhalinskaya. It includes Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Korsakov, Dolinsk, Kholmsk, Nevelsk, Gornozavodsk, Tomadi, Lopatino, Makarov, Vakhrushev, Uglegorsk, Poronaisk. These settlements located in the eastern and west coast Sakhalin and have railway connections not only with each other, but also with the mainland (railway ferry crossing Vanino - Kholmsk). This industrial zone has a fairly clear specialization: forestry, including the pulp and paper industry, fishing industry (these industries provide products for the whole of Russia), as well as coal mining and mechanical engineering (these industries serve the internal needs of the island and the Far Eastern region).
Vladivostok industrial zone In addition to Vladivostok, it includes Nakhodka, Partizansk, Artyom, Ussuriysk, and specializes in maritime transportation, the fishing industry and industries serving the two named industries and the population of the region (mechanical engineering, food, light industry, electric power industry, coal industry).
Khabarovsk industrial zone stretched along the Siberian railway line and includes Khabarovsk, Khor, Vyazemsky, Bikin. Mechanical engineering, forestry, fuel and energy, light, food and building materials industries are developed here.
Blagoveshchensk industrial zone includes Blagoveshchensk, Belogorsk, Sbodny, Shimanovsk, Raichikhinsk - settlements connected to the Siberian Railway. The timber industry, mechanical engineering, production of building materials, coal mining and the food industry are developing here.
In the future, large industrial zones will emerge in the Far East with the development of transport communications. A clear sign of such prospects is the presence of satellite villages major cities: Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Amursk, Magadan - Stekolny, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Yelizovo.
Territorial structure of agriculture area is characterized by the presence huge territories occupied by reindeer herding and commercial agricultural areas (hunting, fishing). It covers almost the entire territory of Yakutia, the Chukotka Peninsula, most Kamchatka and Magadan regions, 2/3 of Khabarovsk region, northern Amur region. There are also areas that are more economically developed. For example, on the Zeysko-Bureinskaya Plain there is an area of grain crops, soybeans, meat and dairy cattle breeding. In the southern part of Primorye there is a region of meat - dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, grain crops, soybeans. Rice is grown in the Khanka lowland of Primorye. In Central Yakutia there is an area of meat and meat-dairy cattle breeding, herd horse breeding, where agriculture is of a focal nature. Around the cities there are areas of suburban vegetable and dairy farming.