Mir (Salyut-8) is a Soviet (later Russian) third-generation orbital station, which was a complex multi-purpose research complex. She was launched into orbit in February 1986 and scuttled on March 23, 2001. Pacific Ocean. 280 organizations worked on “The World” under the auspices of 20 ministries and departments. The base unit was launched into orbit on February 20, 1986. Then, over the course of 10 years, six more modules were docked one after another. So, the general opinion, which is considered to be the fundamental axiom, is “ estimated cost OS "Mir" is $3 billion. According to experts, its resources have been used up by no more than 50%, that is, its residual value is about $1.5 billion. According to experts, the cost of Mir user resources is $220–240 million per year. At the same time, maintaining and ensuring the normal functioning of the station requires $200 million a year." There are also more absurd versions of the sinking of the station, such as, for example, "anomalous organisms that began to develop at the station itself. The entire station at the time of the flooding was "CAPTURED "unknown fungi that looked like algae, which NASA chemists could not destroy. Therefore, it was decided to burn the pest in the atmosphere, which poses a huge danger to human life. Fungal spores, penetrating the respiratory tract, caused pulmonary edema in astronauts, which after 36 hours led to fatal outcome. The origin of the fungus is still unknown." Let's leave science fiction as a field of activity for Hollywood and return to "our sheep."
This means that we must believe that $200 million a year is a lot of money for Russia (even with the most difficult economic conditions, in which she stayed)? Or are there other reasons that high-ranking Kremlin officials are silent about?
“This happened at the end of 1989-90, this was noticeable on the part of Gorbachev and his company, who did not believe in the strength of our science, industry, in the strength of our economy. And after the deliberate destruction of the Soviet economy on the part of this entire company and Yeltsin, when he came to power, everyone turned away from astronautics." This is the opinion of the USSR Minister of General Engineering Oleg Baklanov.
Here is the opinion of cosmonaut Gennady Strekalov: “The fact that we are going to sink the Mir station is a political decision. This, first of all, is needed by the United States, Russia’s main competitor in space...”
And finally, the general opinion of opponents of the destruction of the station is that “the end of the Mir program will lead to the reduction of more than 100 thousand jobs of highly qualified scientific, engineering and technical workers. For the internal political situation, this is an increase social tension, the liquidation of modern knowledge-intensive industries, which, if properly managed, could in the future become the basis for the growth of the country’s well-being. In addition, the flooding of the domestic station will entail the infringement of the spiritual principle and the undermining of faith in the future of the country of several generations of Russians, especially those on whose eyes it was created space technology which they were proud of."
Back at the beginning of the 20th century, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, dreaming of creating “ethereal settlements,” outlined ways to create orbital stations.
What is it? As the name suggests, it's heavy artificial satellite, long time flying in near-Earth, near-lunar or near-planetary orbit. The orbital station is distinguished from conventional satellites, first of all, by its size, equipment and versatility: it can carry out large complex various studies.
As a rule, it does not even have its own propulsion system, since its orbit is corrected using the engines of the transport ship. But it has much more scientific equipment, it is more spacious and comfortable than a ship. Astronauts come here for a long time - several weeks or even months. During this time, the station becomes their space home, and in order to maintain good performance throughout the flight, they must feel comfortable and calm in it. Unlike manned spacecraft, orbital stations do not return to Earth.
The first orbital space station in history was the Soviet Salyut, launched into orbit on April 19, 1971. On June 30 of the same year, the Soyuz-11 spacecraft with cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov and Patsayev docked at the station. The first (and only) watch lasted 24 days. Then, for some time, Salyut was in automatic unmanned mode, until the station ended its existence on November 11, burning up in dense layers of the atmosphere.
The first Salyut was followed by a second, then a third, and so on. For ten years, a whole family of orbital stations operated in space. Dozens of crews spent a lot of time on them scientific experiments. All Salyuts were multi-purpose space research laboratories for long-term research with a rotating crew. In the absence of astronauts, all station systems were controlled from Earth. For this purpose, small-sized computers were used, in the memory of which were stored standard programs flight operations management.
The largest was Salyut-6. The total length of the station was 20 meters, and the volume was 100 cubic meters. The weight of the Salyut without the transport ship is 18.9 tons. The station housed a lot of different equipment, including the large-sized Orion telescope and the Anna-111 gamma-ray telescope.
Following the USSR, the USA launched its orbital station into space. On May 14, 1973, their Skylab station was launched into orbit. It was based on the third stage of the Saturn 5 rocket, which was used in previous lunar expeditions to accelerate the Apollo spacecraft to the second escape velocity. The large hydrogen tank was converted into utility rooms and a laboratory, and the smaller oxygen tank was converted into a waste collection container.
"Skylab" included the station itself, an airlock chamber, a mooring structure with two docking points, two solar panels and a separate set of astronomical instruments (it included eight different devices and a digital Calculating machine). The total length of the station reached 25 meters, weight - 83 tons, internal free volume - 360 cubic meters. To launch it into orbit, a powerful Saturn 5 launch vehicle was used, capable of lifting up to 130 tons of payload into low-Earth orbit. Own engines Skylab did not have any means to correct the orbit. It was carried out using the engines of the Apollo spacecraft. The orientation of the station was changed using three power gyroscopes and micromotors running on compressed gas. During the operation of Skylab, three crews visited it.
Compared to Salyut, Skylab was much more spacious. The length of the airlock chamber was 5.2 meters, and its diameter was 3.2 meters. Here in cylinders high pressure On-board reserves of gases (oxygen and nitrogen) were stored. The station block had a length of 14.6 meters with a diameter of 6.6 meters.
The Russian orbital station Mir was launched into orbit on February 20, 1986. The base block and station module were developed and manufactured by the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunicheva, and technical task prepared by the Energia rocket and space corporation.
The total mass of the Mir station is 140 tons. The length of the station is 33 meters. The station consisted of several relatively independent blocks - modules. Its individual parts and on-board systems are also built using a modular principle. Over the years of operation, five large modules and a special docking compartment were added to the complex in addition to the base unit.
Base unit dimensions and appearance similar to the Russian orbital stations of the Salyut series. Its basis is a sealed working compartment. The central control post and communications facilities are located here. The designers also took care of comfortable conditions for the crew: the station had two individual cabins and a common wardroom with a work desk, devices for heating water and food, a treadmill and a bicycle ergometer. On the outer surface of the working compartment there were two rotating solar panels and a fixed third, mounted by the astronauts during the flight.
In front of the working compartment is a sealed transition compartment, which could serve as a gateway to enter outer space. There are five docking ports for connection with transport ships and scientific modules. Behind the working compartment there was an unsealed aggregate compartment with a sealed transition chamber with a docking unit, to which the Kvant module was subsequently connected. Outside the assembly compartment, a highly directional antenna was installed on a rotating rod, providing communication through a satellite repeater, which was located on geostationary orbit. Such an orbit means that the satellite hangs over one point on the earth's surface.
In April 1987, the Kvant module was docked to the base unit. It is a single hermetic compartment with two hatches, one of which served as a working port for receiving transport ships"Progress-M". Around it there was a complex of astrophysical instruments intended primarily for studying inaccessible observations from the Earth. x-ray stars. On the outer surface, the astronauts mounted two mounting points for rotating, reusable solar panels. Design elements international station- two large-sized farms “Rapana” and “Sophora”. At Mir they underwent many years of testing for strength and durability in space conditions. At the end of the Sophora there was an external roll propulsion system.
Kvant-2 was docked in December 1989. Another name for the block is the retrofitting module, since it contained the equipment necessary to operate the station’s life support systems and create additional comfort for its inhabitants. In particular, the airlock compartment was used as a storage space for spacesuits and as a hangar for an autonomous means of transport for the astronaut.
The Crystal module (docked in 1990) housed primarily scientific and technological equipment for researching the technology of producing new materials under zero-gravity conditions. A docking compartment was connected to it through a transition unit.
The equipment of the Spectrum module (1995) made it possible to conduct constant observations monitor the state of the atmosphere, ocean and earth’s surface, as well as conduct medical and biological research, etc. “Spectrum” was equipped with four rotating solar panels that provided electricity to power scientific equipment.
The docking compartment (1995) is a relatively small module created specifically for the American spacecraft Atlantis. It was delivered to Mir by the American reusable manned transport spacecraft Space Shuttle.
The “Nature” block (1996) housed high-precision instruments for monitoring earth's surface. The module also included about a ton of American equipment for studying human behavior during long-term space flight.
On June 25, 1997, during the docking experiment with the Mir station using remote control the unmanned cargo ship Progress M-34 damaged its seven tons solar battery module "Spectrum" and pierced its body. Air began to flow out of the station. In case of such accidents, an early return of the station crew to Earth is provided. However, the courage and competent coordinated actions of cosmonauts Vasily Tsibliev, Alexander Lazutkin and astronaut Michael Foale saved the Mir station for operation. The author of the book "Dragonfly" Brian Burrow reproduces the situation at the station during this accident. Here is an excerpt from this book, partially published in GEO magazine (July 1999):
“...Foul climbs out of the Soyuz compartment to head to the base unit and find out what's going on. Suddenly Lazutkin appears and begins to tinker with the Soyuz hatch. Foul realizes that the evacuation is beginning. "What should I do, Sasha?" he asks. Lazutkin does not pay attention to the question or does not hear it; in the deafening howl of a siren it is difficult to even hear your own voice. Grasping a thick ventilation pipe like a wrestler in an arena, Lazutkin tears it in half. He disconnects the wire connections one by one to free the Soyuz for launch. Without saying a word, he pulls out the plugs one by one. Foul watches all this silently. A minute later, all connections are open - except for the pipe that drains condensed water from the Soyuz to the central tank. Lazutkin shows Foul how this pipe is unscrewed. Foul makes his way into the Soyuz and begins to hastily wield the key with all his might.
Only after making sure that Foul is doing everything right does Lazutkin return to Spectrum. Foale still believes the leak occurred in the base unit or Quantum. But Lazutkin has no need to guess - he watched it all happen through the porthole and therefore knows where to look for the hole. He dives headfirst into the Specter's hatch and immediately hears a whistling sound - this is air flowing out into outer space. Involuntarily, Lazutkin is pierced by the thought: is this really the end?...
To save Mir, you need to somehow close the hatch of the Spektr module. All hatches are designed the same way: a thick ventilation pipe passes through each, as well as a cable of eighteen white and gray wires. To cut them you need a knife. Lazutkin returns to the main module, where, as he remembers, there were large scissors, to Tsibliev, who is just leaving for a communication session with the Earth. And then Lazutkin sees with horror that there are no scissors. There is only a small knife for stripping wires ("which is suitable" for cutting not a cable, but butter, he will later remember), Foul, having finally dealt with the pipe, leaves the Soyuz and sees that Lazutkin is working with the Spectra hatch. “I was absolutely sure that he had mixed up the hatch,” Foale later said. - And I decided that I would not interfere for now. But all the time I thought: shouldn’t I stop him?" However, the feverishness with which Lazutkin worked had an effect on Foul. He grabbed the free ends of the cut cable and began to tie them with a rubber band, which he found in the base unit. "Why are we disconnecting the Spectrum "? - He shouted in Lazutkin's ear so that he could hear him through the howl of the siren. - To plug the leak, you need to start with.. Quantum!" "Michael! I saw it myself - there was a hole in.. Spectrum 1 "". Only now Foul understands why Lazutkin is in such a hurry: he wants to isolate the depressurized Spektr in order to save the station in time. In just three minutes, he manages to disconnect fifteen of the eighteen wires. The three remaining do not have any connectors. Lazutkin uses a knife and cuts the sensor cables. The last one left. Lazutkin begins to cut the wire with all his might with a knife - sparks fly to the sides, and he is shocked: the cable is energized.
Foul sees the horror on Lazutkin’s face. "Come on. Sasha! Cut!" Lazutkin does not seem to react. "Cut faster!" But Lazutkin doesn’t want to cut the electrical cable...
In some dark corner, Lazutkin feels for the connecting part of the electrical cable - and, guided by it, gets to the Spectr module. There he finally finds the connector. With one furious jerk, Lazutkin disconnects the cable.
Together with Foul, they rush to the Specter's internal valve. Lazutkin grabs onto it and wants to close it. The valve does not budge. The reason is clear to both: artificial atmosphere station, like a stream of water, with enormous pressure flows through the hatch and further, through the hole, into outer space... Of course, Lazutkin could go to the “Spectrum” and batten down the valve from there - but then he would remain there forever and die from suffocation. Lazutkin doesn't want heroic death. Again and again, together with Foul, they try to close the Specter hatch from the station side. But the stubborn hatch does not give in, does not move even an inch...
The valve still won't budge. It has a smooth surface and no handles. If you close it by grabbing the edge, you may lose your fingers. “Lid! shouts Lazutkin. We need a lid!” Foul immediately understands that. Since the internal valve of the module does not lend itself, you will have to close the hatch from the side of the base unit. All modules are equipped with two round, trash can lid-like flaps, heavy and light. At first, Lazutkin grabs the heavy lid, but it is secured with many bandages, and he understands: there is no time to cut them all. He rushes to the light lid, held on only by two bandages, and cuts them. Together with Foul, they begin to fit the cover to the hatch opening. It needs to be secured with staples. And then they are lucky - as soon as they manage to close the hole, the pressure difference helps them: the air stream tightly presses the lid to the hatch. They are saved.."
Thus, life once again confirmed the reliability of the Russian station, the ability to restore its functions in the event of depressurization of one of the modules.
The cosmonauts lived at the Mir station for a long time. Here they carried out scientific experiments and observations in real conditions outer space, tested technical devices.
Many world records were set at the Mir station. The longest flights were made by Yuri Romanenko (1987-326 days), Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov (1988-366 days), Valery Polyakov (1995^437 days). The longest total time at the station belongs to Valery Polyakov (2 flights - 678 days), Sergei Avdeev (3 flights - 747 days). Records among women are held by Elena Kondakova (1995-169 days), Shannon Lucid (1996-188 days).
104 people visited Mir. Anatoly Solovyov flew here 5 times, Alexander Viktorenko 4 times, Sergey Avdeev, Victor Afanasyev, Alexander Kaleri and US astronaut Charles Precourt 3 times.
62 foreigners from 11 countries and the European Space Agency worked on Mir. More than others are from the USA 44 and from France 5.
Mir carried out 78 spacewalks. Anatoly Solovyov went beyond the station more than anyone else - 16 times. Total time, which he spent in outer space, amounted to 78 hours!
Many scientific experiments have been conducted at the station. "Talk about what last years"Mir" did not engage in science deception, says general designer space corporation"Energy" named after. Koroleva Yuri Semenov. -Brilliant experiments were carried out. " Plasma crystal"under the leadership of academician Fortov, he pulls on Nobel Prize. And also “Pelena” - providing a second life support circuit. "Reflector" - a new quality of telecommunications. Bringing the module to the libration point to prevent magnetic storms. New principle refrigeration unit in zero gravity..."
Mir is a unique orbital station. Many of the astronauts simply fell in love with her. Pilot-cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov says: “I flew into space five times - and all five times on Mir.” Arriving at the station, I caught myself thinking that my hands themselves were doing habitual actions. This is a subconscious memory of the body; “The World” has become embedded in the subcortex. Did my wife discourage me from flying? Never. Now I can admit that there was a reason for jealousy: “Peace” cannot be forgotten, like the first woman. I’ll become an old man, but I won’t forget the station.”
February 20, 1986 The first module of the Mir station was launched into orbit, which became long years symbol of the Soviet, and then Russian development Space. It has not existed for more than ten years, but its memory will remain in history. And today we will tell you about the most significant facts and events concerning orbital station "Mir".
Mir orbital station - all-Union shock construction
Traditions All-Union construction projects The fifties and seventies, during which the country's largest and most significant facilities were built, continued in the eighties with the creation of the Mir orbital station. True, it was not lowly qualified Komsomol members who worked on it, brought from different corners USSR, and the best production capacities of the state. In total, about 280 enterprises operating under the auspices of 20 ministries and departments worked on this project.The Mir station project began to be developed back in 1976. It was supposed to become a fundamentally new man-made space object - a real orbital city where people could live and work for a long time. Moreover, not only cosmonauts from Eastern Bloc countries, but also from Western countries.
Active work on the construction of the orbital station began in 1979, but was temporarily suspended in 1984 - all the forces of the space industry Soviet Union went to create the Buran shuttle. However, the intervention of senior party officials, who planned to launch the facility by the XXVII Congress of the CPSU (February 25 - March 6, 1986), allowed short time complete the work and launch Mir into orbit on February 20, 1986.
Mir station structure
However, on February 20, 1986, a completely different Mir station than we knew appeared in orbit. This was just a basic block, which was eventually joined by several other modules that turned the “World” into a huge orbital complex connecting residential blocks, scientific laboratories and technical premises, including a module for docking the Russian station with the American space shuttles.At the end of the nineties, the Mir orbital station consisted of the following elements: base unit, modules “Kvant-1” (scientific), “Kvant-2” (household), “Crystal” (docking and technological), “Spectrum” (scientific), “Nature” (scientific), as well as a docking module for American shuttles.
It was planned that the assembly of the Mir station would be completed by 1990. But economic problems in the Soviet Union, and then the collapse of the state prevented the implementation of these plans, and as a result, the last module was annexed only in 1996.
Purpose of the Mir orbital station
Orbital station“Mir” is, first of all, a scientific object that allows us to conduct unique experiments on it that are not available on Earth. This includes astrophysical research and the study of our planet itself, the processes occurring on it, in its atmosphere and near space.An important role at the Mir station was played by experiments related to human behavior under conditions of prolonged exposure to weightlessness, as well as in the cramped conditions of a spacecraft. The reaction was studied here human body and psyche for future flights to other planets, and indeed for life in Space, the exploration of which is impossible without this kind of research.
And, of course, the Mir orbital station served as a symbol of the Russian presence in Space, the domestic space program, and, over time, the friendship of cosmonauts from different countries.
Mir - the first international space station
The possibility of attracting cosmonauts from other countries, including non-Soviet countries, to work on the Mir orbital station was included in the project concept from the very beginning. However, these plans were realized only in the nineties, when the Russian space program was experiencing financial difficulties, and therefore it was decided to invite foreign countries to work at the Mir station.But the first foreign cosmonaut arrived at the Mir station much earlier - in July 1987. It was the Syrian Mohammed Faris. Later, representatives from Afghanistan, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Japan, Austria, Great Britain, Canada and Slovakia visited the site. But most of the foreigners on the Mir orbital station were from the United States of America.
In the early 1990s, the United States did not have its own long-term orbital station, and therefore decided to join Russian project"World". The first American to be there was Norman Thagard on March 16, 1995. This happened within the framework of the Mir-Shuttle program, but the flight itself was carried out on domestic ship"Soyuz TM-21".
Already in June 1995, five people flew to the Mir station at once American astronauts. They got there on the Atlantis shuttle. In total, US representatives appeared at this Russian space object fifty times (34 different astronauts).
Space records at the Mir station
The Mir orbital station is itself a record holder. It was originally planned that it would last only five years and would be replaced by the Mir-2 facility. But funding cuts led to its service life being extended for fifteen years. And the time of continuous stay of people on it is estimated at 3642 days - from September 5, 1989 to August 26, 1999, almost ten years (the ISS beat this achievement in 2010).During this time, the Mir station became a witness and “home” for many space records. More than 23 thousand scientific experiments were carried out there. Cosmonaut Valery Polyakov, while on board, spent 438 days in space continuously (from January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995), which is still a record achievement in history. And a similar record was set there for women - American Shannon Lucid in 1996 stayed in outer space 188 days (already beaten on the ISS).
Another unique event that occurred on board the Mir station was the first in history on January 23, 1993. Within its framework, two works by Ukrainian artist Igor Podolyak were presented.
Decommissioning and descent to Earth
Breakdowns and technical problems at the Mir station were recorded from the very beginning of its commissioning. But at the end of the nineties it became clear that its further operation would be difficult - the facility was morally and technically outdated. Moreover, at the beginning of the decade, a decision was made to build the International Space Station, in which Russia also took part. And on November 20, 1998, the Russian Federation launched the first element of the ISS - the Zarya module.In January 2001 it was adopted final decision about the future flooding of the Mir orbital station, despite the fact that options for its possible salvation have emerged, including the purchase by Iran. However, on March 23, the Mir was sunk in the Pacific Ocean, in a place called the Cemetery spaceships– this is where objects that have reached the end of their service life are sent for eternal stay.
Residents of Australia that day, fearing “surprises” from the long-problematic station, jokingly posted on their land plots sights, hinting that it might fall there Russian object. However, the flooding took place without unforeseen circumstances - the Mir went under water approximately in the area where it should have been.
Legacy of the Mir orbital station
Mir became the first orbital station built on a modular principle, when many other elements necessary to perform certain functions can be attached to the base unit. This gave impetus to a new round of space exploration. And even with future creation, long-term orbital modular stations will still be the basis for human presence beyond the Earth.
The modular principle, developed at the Mir orbital station, is now used at the International Space Station. On this moment, it consists of fourteen elements.
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The Mir orbital research complex has been operating in near-Earth space since February 20, 1986 - it was then that the base unit was launched into orbit. Over the 15 years of operation of the station, one hundred and four cosmonauts visited it, and five target modules were attached to the block.
The Mir station began operating in orbit on February 20, 1986. During its operation, one hundred and four cosmonauts from twelve countries worked on it. The first manned flight to it with the 1st main expedition was carried out in June on the Soyuz T-15 apparatus by cosmonauts Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, and the first international flight took place in 1987 - except Soviet cosmonauts was Muhammad Faris from Syria. There were thirty-nine manned flights in total.
The last crew stations were S. Zaletin and A. Kaleri, they started on April 4, 2000, arrived at the station on April 6 and left on June 16, mothballing it.
Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov
Second main expedition to the station.
M. Faris, A. Viktorenko, A. Alexandrov
S. Zaletin and A. Kaleri
The main module of the station was launched into orbit on February 20, 1986. Module weight - 20.9 tons. The station initially provided for the possibility of adding new modules, the first of which was launched into orbit in the spring next year. Kvant-1 is an astrophysical research module weighing more than eleven tons. Its design had a sealed laboratory compartment with a transition chamber. To secure this module, the crew made an unscheduled spacewalk. A total of five target modules were added to the station.
Kvant-2
Crystal
The long-term orbital station "Mir" was intended for work and rest of a crew of up to six people, managing the operation of on-board systems, supplying electricity and conducting experiments. The station consisted of four compartments - a working compartment, a transition chamber, an intermediate chamber and an unpressurized aggregate compartment. Maneuvering of the station was carried out using two main engines with a thrust of 300 kg each, installed in the engine compartment. The orientation system used thirty-two engines with 14 kg of thrust.
Yuri Usachev
During work at the station, a number of emergency situations occurred. The first could be called the unplanned spacewalk of cosmonauts to dock the Kvant-1 module. In February 1997, a fire occurred at the station; the crew had to wear gas masks and then respirators due to smoke. That same year, toxic ethylene glycol leaked from the air conditioning system. On June 25, 1997, a vehicle collided cargo ship"Progress M-34" with the "Spectrum" module.
