Atmosphere- the shell of the globe that protects the Earth from overheating. This is the air that people, animals, and plants breathe. If there were no atmosphere, the daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations would reach 2000°C. The ozone layer in the atmosphere protects living organisms from the deadly radiation of the Sun and outer space. Weather and climate are formed in the atmosphere. It influences the development of human economic activity. The current composition and state of the atmosphere have been formed over millions of years. Now she needs help.
Let's consider causes and consequences of air pollution. Air pollution happens natural And artificial. Natural atmospheric pollution occurs during volcanic eruptions, dust storms, and forest fires caused by lightning. Various bacteria are constantly present in the atmospheric air, in particular those that cause diseases, as well as fungal spores. But they can disappear over time and do not have much effect on the composition of atmospheric air.
At the present stage of human development, irreparable damage is caused artificial air pollution. The person himself is to blame for this, so he must stop the negative processes. Otherwise, humanity may disappear along with plants and animals, and the planet will become uninhabitable. Towards artificial sources of pollution include these.
- Activities of industrial enterprises, polluting the atmosphere with gases, mainly toxic. For example, sulfur gas from burning coal; carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide during the production of artificial fibers. The source of dust is thermal power plants. When burning 2000 tons of coal (a small power plant), 400 tons of ash and 120 tons of sulfur gas, etc. are released into the air per day.
- Intensive development of motor transport in the world leads to the release of millions of tons of harmful gases into the atmosphere, including annually 50 million tons of rubber dust from the abrasion of car tires alone. And emissions of toxic heavy metals from cars in the world amount to over 300 thousand tons.
- Radioactive air pollution. It is worth remembering the radiation pollution resulting from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which still affects the health of people in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.
Air purification methods divided into three main groups:
- Rational use of fuel and creation of treatment facilities.
- Improvement of production technologies and vehicles. Cars powered by gas and solar energy have been created.
- Improving the planning of settlements - from cities to villages, increasing the area of green spaces. Material from the site
Of course, this will require the combined efforts of countries around the world. Many states have adopted laws on the protection of atmospheric air. In order to reduce the amount of emissions of toxic gases, ash, and dust into the atmosphere, the Kyoto Protocol “On Climate Change” was drawn up at the UN conference in December 1997. In this protocol, the amount of emissions into the atmosphere is determined for each state with a gradual reduction. The document was supported by 119 countries, except the USA and Japan.
Atmosphere - this is not only the basis of life on the planet, but also a kind of “screen” that protects the Earth from the deadly rays of the Sun and outer space. Weather and climate are formed in the atmosphere. Protecting the atmosphere is an urgent task for all humanity.
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Ambient air pollution - economic consequences
Atmospheric pollution is artificial
Topic: causes of air pollution and consequences
Quotes on the relationship between man, nature, chemistry and
Report on the causes of air pollution and consequences
Questions about this material:
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Earth is the only planet in our solar system that has life. If you look at Earth from an airplane, you can see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. You will see high snow-capped mountains, green forests and fields.
There are more territories occupied by oceans, seas, and lakes than land. Everything that lives on Earth needs water, air and the Sun, or rather solar energy. The nature around us is called the environment.
Since ancient times, man has tried to make his life easier. He gradually invented machines and tools, chemicals and nuclear energy. Today, these inventions pollute the world in which we live, and therefore us.
There are at least two things in our world that do not belong to any country: air and oceans. There are a large number of pollutants in both air and water. People are concerned about the air and water that everyone uses, and they are also concerned about the future of the Earth.
One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water - fishing boats, some ships carrying people, transporting oil. If oil leaks from a ship into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many seabirds die due to polluted water. Many species of fish die in the sea from pollution. Fishermen catch contaminated fish, which are then sold in markets, and people who buy them can get sick if they eat them. Lakes and rivers also become polluted. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming. This is indicated by installed warning signs.
The second equally important problem is atmospheric pollution. Cars and industry pollute the air we use to support our lives. Smoke from factories also destroys the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The aerosols we use create large "holes" in the ozone layer around the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming, which can cause changes in the world's climate.
Another problem is that our forests are being killed by acid rain. Deforestation, especially tropical forests, affects the ecological balance of the planet. Changing the balance kills animals and changes the world's climate and ecosystem.
Humans may cause some damage to the environment, but most of the pollution is, of course, due to our industry. Modern industry is the main threat to nature.
Today people are also worried about the threat of nuclear energy. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986, as a result of the explosion of a nuclear reactor, terribly affected Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Approximately 18 percent of the country's soil is unsuitable for agriculture and these areas are dangerous to live in.
Currently, there are various organizations in Europe and America that are actively working to protect nature from harm caused by humans. They want to stop the damage caused by man to nature as a result of nuclear tests and toxic emissions into seas and rivers.
It's time to ask yourself the question: "What can I do to protect nature?" If we want our children to live in the same world we live in, or in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect water, air and soil from pollution...
Sources of pollution are numerous and varied in nature. There are natural and anthropogenic air pollution. Natural pollution occurs, as a rule, as a result of natural processes beyond any human influence, and anthropogenic pollution occurs as a result of human activity.
Natural air pollution is caused by the influx of volcanic ash, cosmic dust (up to 150-165 thousand tons annually), plant pollen, sea salts, etc. The main sources of natural dust are deserts, volcanoes and bare areas of land.
Anthropogenic sources of air pollution include power plants burning fossil fuels, industrial enterprises, transport, and agricultural production. Of the total amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere, about 90% are gaseous substances and about 10% are particles, i.e. solid or liquid substances.
There are three main anthropogenic sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boiler houses, and transport. The contribution of each of these sources to total air pollution varies greatly depending on location.
In the last decade, the supply of pollutants from individual industries and transport has been distributed in the order shown in the table:
Main pollutants
Air pollution is the result of emissions of pollutants from various sources. The cause-and-effect relationships of this phenomenon must be sought in the nature of the earth’s atmosphere. Thus, pollutants are transported through the air from sources of occurrence to places of their destructive impact; in the atmosphere they can undergo changes, including the chemical transformation of some pollutants into other, even more dangerous substances.
Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, which enter directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, which are the result of the transformation of the latter. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:
a) Carbon monoxide. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of the combustion of solid waste, exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. Every year, at least 1250 million tons of this gas enter the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with components of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
b) Sulfur dioxide. Released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores.
c) Sulfuric anhydride. Formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and aggravates diseases of the human respiratory tract. The fallout of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical plants is observed under low clouds and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km. from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where drops of sulfuric acid settled.
d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing artificial fiber, sugar, coke plants, oil refineries, and oil fields.
e) Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, and aniline dyes.
f) Fluorine compounds. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or sodium and calcium fluoride dust. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.
g) Chlorine compounds. They come into the atmosphere from chemical plants producing hydrochloric acid. In the atmosphere they are found as impurities of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors.
Consequences of pollution
a) Greenhouse effect.
The Earth's climate, which depends mainly on the state of its atmosphere, has changed periodically throughout geological history: periods of significant cooling alternated, when large areas were covered with glaciers, and periods of warming. But lately, meteorologists have been sounding the alarm: the Earth's atmosphere appears to be warming up much faster than at any time in the past. This is due to human activity, which, firstly, heats the atmosphere by burning large amounts of coal, oil, gas, as well as the operation of nuclear power plants. Secondly, and this is most important, the burning of fossil fuels, as well as the destruction of forests, leads to the accumulation of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Over the past 120 years, the content of this gas in the air has increased by 17%. In the earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts like glass in a greenhouse: it freely transmits the sun's rays to the Earth's surface, but retains the heat of the Earth's surface heated by the Sun. This causes the atmosphere to warm up, known as the greenhouse effect. According to scientists, in the coming decades the average annual temperature on Earth due to the greenhouse effect may increase by 1.5-2 C.
The problem of climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions should be considered as one of the most important modern problems associated with long-term impacts on the environment, and it should be considered in conjunction with other problems caused by anthropogenic impacts on nature.
b) Acid rain.
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which are released into the atmosphere due to the operation of thermal power plants and automobile engines, combine with atmospheric moisture and form small droplets of sulfuric and nitric acids, which are carried by winds in the form of acid fog and fall to the ground as acid rain. These rains have an extremely harmful effect on the environment:
the yield of most agricultural crops decreases due to damage to foliage by acids;
calcium, potassium, magnesium are washed out of the soil, which causes degradation of fauna and flora;
forests are dying;
the water of lakes and ponds is poisoned, where fish die and insects disappear;
waterfowl and animals that feed on insects are disappearing;
forests are dying in mountainous areas, causing mudflows;
the destruction of architectural monuments and residential buildings is accelerating;
the number of human diseases is increasing.
Photochemical fog (smog) is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin.
Research by scientists shows that smog occurs as a result of complex photochemical reactions in air polluted with hydrocarbons, dust, soot and nitrogen oxides under the influence of sunlight, elevated temperatures of the lower layers of air and large amounts of ozone. In dry, polluted and warm air, a transparent bluish fog appears, which smells unpleasant, irritates the eyes, throat, causes suffocation, bronchial asthma, and emphysema. The foliage on the trees withers, becomes spotted, and turns yellow.
Smog is a common phenomenon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. Due to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death in urban residents with poor health.
d) Ozone hole in the atmosphere.
At an altitude of 20-50 km, the air contains an increased amount of ozone. Ozone is formed in the stratosphere due to molecules of ordinary, diatomic oxygen O2, which absorbs hard UV radiation. Recently, scientists have become extremely concerned about the decline in ozone levels in the ozone layer of the atmosphere. A “hole” was discovered in this layer over Antarctica, where its content is less than usual. The ozone hole has caused an increase in the UV background in countries located in the Southern Hemisphere, primarily in New Zealand. Doctors in this country are sounding the alarm, noting a significant increase in the number of diseases caused by increased UV radiation, such as skin cancer and eye cataracts.
Air protection
Air protection includes a set of technical and administrative measures directly or indirectly aimed at stopping or at least reducing the increasing air pollution resulting from industrial development.
Territorial and technological problems include both the location of sources of air pollution and the limitation or elimination of a number of negative effects. The search for optimal solutions to limit air pollution from this source has intensified in parallel with the growing level of technical knowledge and industrial development - a number of special measures have been developed to protect the air environment.
Protection of the atmosphere cannot be successful with unilateral and half-hearted measures directed against specific sources of pollution. The best results can be obtained only with an objective, multilateral approach to determining the causes of air pollution, the contribution of individual sources and identifying real opportunities to limit these emissions.
Many modern man-made substances, when released into the atmosphere, pose a significant threat to human life. They cause great damage to human health and wildlife. Some of these substances can be carried over long distances by winds. For them there are no state borders, as a result of which this problem is international.
In urban and industrial conglomerates, where there are significant concentrations of small and large sources of pollutants, only an integrated approach, based on specific restrictions for specific sources or their groups, can lead to the establishment of an acceptable level of air pollution under a combination of optimal economic and technological conditions. Based on these provisions, an independent source of information is needed that would have information not only on the degree of air pollution, but also on the types of technological and administrative measures. An objective assessment of the state of the atmosphere, coupled with information about all emission reduction opportunities, allows for the creation of realistic plans and long-term forecasts of air pollution for worst-case and best-case scenarios and forms a solid basis for developing and strengthening an air protection program.
By duration, atmosphere protection programs are divided into long-term, medium-term and short-term; Methods for preparing air environmental protection plans are based on conventional planning methods and are coordinated to meet long-term requirements in this area.
The most important factor in forming forecasts for atmospheric protection is the quantitative assessment of future emissions. Based on an analysis of the sources of emissions in individual industrial areas, especially from combustion processes, a nationwide assessment of the main sources of solid and gaseous emissions over the past 10-14 years has been established. Then a forecast is made about the possible level of emissions for the next 10-15 years. At the same time, two directions of development of the national economy were taken into account: 1) pessimistic assessment - the assumption of maintaining the existing level of technology and emission restrictions, as well as maintaining existing methods of pollution control at existing sources. 2) optimistic assessment - the assumption of maximum development and use of new technology with a limited amount of waste and the use of methods that reduce solid and gaseous emissions from both existing and new sources. Thus, an optimistic estimate becomes the goal when reducing emissions.
The degree of harmfulness of environmental pollutants depends on many environmental factors and on the substances themselves. Scientific and technological progress poses the task of developing objective and universal criteria for harmfulness. This fundamental problem of protecting the biosphere has not yet been completely resolved.
Individual areas of research on atmospheric protection are often grouped into a list according to the rank of processes leading to air pollution.
1. Sources of emissions (location of sources, raw materials used and methods of their processing, as well as technological processes).
2. Collection and accumulation of pollutants (solid, liquid and gaseous).
3. Determination and control of emissions (methods, instruments, technologies).
4. Atmospheric processes (distance from chimneys, long-distance transport, chemical transformations of pollutants in the atmosphere, calculation of expected pollution and forecasting, optimization of chimney heights).
5. Recording of emissions (methods, instruments, stationary and mobile measurements, measurement points, measurement grids).
6. Impact of polluted atmosphere on people, animals, plants, buildings, materials, etc.
7. Comprehensive air protection combined with environmental protection.
Atmospheric protection methods
1. Legislative. The most important thing in ensuring a normal process for the protection of atmospheric air is the adoption of an appropriate legislative framework that would stimulate and assist in this difficult process. However, in Russia, no matter how sad it may sound, in recent years there has been no significant progress in this area. The world already experienced the latest pollution that we are now facing 30-40 years ago and took protective measures, so we do not need to reinvent the wheel. The experience of developed countries should be used and laws should be passed that limit pollution, provide government subsidies to manufacturers of environmentally friendly cars and benefits to owners of such cars.
In the United States, a law to prevent further air pollution came into force in 1998.
In general, in Russia there is practically no normal legislative framework that would regulate environmental relations and stimulate environmental protection measures.
2. Architectural planning. These measures are aimed at regulating the construction of enterprises, planning urban development taking into account environmental considerations, greening cities, etc. When constructing enterprises, it is necessary to adhere to the rules established by law and prevent the construction of hazardous industries within the city limits. It is necessary to carry out mass greening of cities, because green spaces absorb many harmful substances from the air and help cleanse the atmosphere. Unfortunately, in the modern period in Russia, green spaces are not so much increasing as decreasing. Not to mention the fact that the “dormitory areas” built in their time do not stand up to any criticism. Since in these areas, houses of the same type are located too densely (to save space) and the air between them is subject to stagnation.
The problem of rational layout of the road network in cities, as well as the quality of the roads themselves, is also extremely acute. It is no secret that the roads thoughtlessly built in their time were not at all designed for the modern number of cars. It is also impossible to allow combustion processes in various landfills, since in this case a large amount of harmful substances are released with smoke.
3. Technological and sanitary-technical. The following activities can be distinguished: rationalization of fuel combustion processes; improving the sealing of factory equipment; installation of high pipes; massive use of treatment devices, etc. It should be noted that the level of treatment facilities in Russia is at a primitive level; many enterprises do not have them at all, and this despite the harmfulness of the emissions from these enterprises.
Many production facilities require immediate reconstruction and re-equipment. An important task is also to convert various boiler houses and thermal power plants to gas fuel. With such a transition, emissions of soot and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere are greatly reduced, not to mention the economic benefits.
An equally important task is to educate Russians about environmental consciousness. The lack of treatment facilities can, of course, be explained by a lack of money (and there is a lot of truth in this), but even if there is money, they prefer to spend it on anything but the environment. The lack of elementary ecological thinking is especially noticeable at the present time. If in the West there are programs through the implementation of which the foundations of environmental thinking are laid in children from childhood, then in Russia there has not yet been significant progress in this area.
The main air pollutant is transport powered by heat engines. Car exhaust gases produce the bulk of lead, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, etc.; tire wear - zinc; diesel engines - cadmium. Heavy metals are strong toxicants. Each car emits more than 3 kg of harmful substances daily. Gasoline, obtained from certain types of oil and petroleum products, releases sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere when burned. Once in the air, it combines with water and forms sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide is the most toxic, it affects the human lungs. Carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide, entering the lungs, combines with hemoglobin in the blood and causes poisoning of the body. In small doses, acting systematically, carbon monoxide promotes the deposition of lipids on the walls of blood vessels. If these are the vessels of the heart, then the person develops hypertension and may have a heart attack, and if these are the vessels of the brain, then the person has the potential to have a stroke. Nitrogen oxides cause swelling of the respiratory system. Zinc compounds not only affect the nervous system, but also, accumulating in the body, cause mutations.
The main directions of work in the field of protecting the atmosphere from pollution by vehicle emissions are: a) creation and expansion of production of cars with highly economical and low-toxic engines, including further dieselization of cars; b) development of work on the creation and implementation of effective exhaust gas neutralization systems; c) reducing the toxicity of motor fuels; d) development of work on the rational organization of vehicle traffic in cities, improving road construction in order to ensure non-stop traffic on highways.
Currently, the planet's automobile fleet amounts to more than 900 million vehicles. Therefore, even a slight reduction in harmful emissions from cars will significantly help the environment. This direction includes the following activities.
Adjusting the fuel and brake systems of the car. Fuel combustion must be complete. This is facilitated by filtration, which allows the gasoline to be cleared of clogging. A magnetic ring on the gas tank will help catch metal contaminants in the fuel. All this reduces the toxicity of emissions by 3-5 times.
Air pollution can be significantly reduced by maintaining optimal driving habits. The most environmentally friendly operating mode is movement at a constant speed.
Dust from industrial enterprises, containing mainly metal particles, poses a great health hazard. Thus, dust from copper smelters contains iron oxide, sulfur, quartz, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, lead or their compounds.
In recent years, photochemical fogs have begun to appear, resulting from the exposure of vehicle exhaust gases to intense ultraviolet radiation. A study of the atmosphere made it possible to establish that the air even at an altitude of 11 km is polluted by emissions from industrial enterprises.
The difficulties of purifying gases from pollutants include, first of all, the fact that the volumes of industrial gases emitted into the atmosphere are enormous. For example, a large thermal power plant is capable of releasing up to 1 billion cubic meters into the atmosphere in one hour. meters of gases. Therefore, even with a very high degree of purification of exhaust gases, the amount of pollutant entering the air basin will be estimated to be significant.
In addition, there is no single universal treatment method for all contaminants. An effective method for purifying waste gases of one pollutant may not be effective for other pollutants. Or a method that has worked well under specific conditions (for example, within strictly limited limits of changes in concentration or temperature) turns out to be ineffective under other conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to use combined methods, combining several methods at the same time. All this determines the high cost of treatment facilities and reduces their reliability during operation.
The World Health Organization, depending on the observed effects, has defined four levels of pollutant concentrations for health indicators:
Level 1 - no direct or indirect effect on a living organism is detected;
Level 2 - sensory irritation, harmful effects on vegetation, reduced atmospheric visibility or other adverse effects on the environment are observed;
Level 3 - there may be either a disorder of vital physiological functions, or changes that lead to chronic diseases or premature death;
Level 4 - acute illness or premature death is possible in the most vulnerable groups of the population.
Harmful impurities in exhaust gases can be presented either in the form of aerosols, or in a gaseous or vaporous state. In the first case, the purification task is to extract suspended solid and liquid impurities contained in industrial gases - dust, smoke, fog droplets and splashes. In the second case - neutralization of gas and vapor impurities.
Cleaning from aerosols is carried out using electric precipitators, filtration methods through various porous materials, gravitational or inertial separation, and wet cleaning methods.
Purification of emissions from gas and vapor impurities is carried out by adsorption, absorption and chemical methods. The main advantage of chemical cleaning methods is a high degree of purification.
The main methods for cleaning emissions into the atmosphere:
Neutralization of emissions by converting toxic impurities contained in the gas stream into less toxic or even harmless substances is a chemical method;
Absorption of harmful gases and particles by the entire mass of a special substance called an absorbent. Typically, gases are absorbed by a liquid, mostly water or suitable solutions. To do this, they use passing through a dust collector operating on the principle of wet cleaning, or spraying water into small drops in so-called scrubbers, where water, sprayed into drops and settling, absorbs gases.
Purification of gases with adsorbents - bodies with a large internal or external surface. These include various brands of active carbons, silica gel, and aluminum gel.
To purify the gas stream, oxidative processes, as well as catalytic transformation processes, are used.
Electric precipitators are used to clean gases and air from dust. They are a hollow chamber containing electrode systems. The electric field attracts small particles of dust and soot, as well as pollutant ions.
The combination of various methods of air purification from pollutants makes it possible to achieve the effect of purifying industrial gaseous and solid emissions.
Ambient air quality control
The problem of air pollution in cities and the general deterioration of air quality is a serious concern. To assess the level of air pollution in 506 cities of Russia, a network of posts of a national service for observation and control of air pollution as part of the natural environment has been created. The network determines the content in the atmosphere of various harmful substances coming from anthropogenic sources of emissions. Observations are carried out by employees of local organizations of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology, the State Committee for Ecology, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, sanitary and industrial laboratories of various enterprises. In some cities, surveillance is carried out simultaneously by all departments.
The main value of environmental regulation of the content of harmful substances in the air is the maximum permissible concentration, /MPC/. MPC is the content of a harmful substance in the environment that, with constant contact or exposure over a certain period of time, has virtually no effect on human health and does not cause adverse consequences in his offspring. When determining the maximum permissible concentration, not only the impact of harmful substances on human health is taken into account, but also their impact on vegetation, animals, microorganisms, climate, atmospheric transparency, as well as on natural communities as a whole.
Air quality control in populated areas is organized in accordance with GOST “Nature Conservation. Atmosphere. Rules for monitoring air quality in populated areas,” for which three categories of air pollution observation posts are established: stationary, route, mobile or flare. Stationary posts are designed to provide continuous monitoring of the content of pollutants or regular air sampling for subsequent monitoring; for this purpose, stationary pavilions equipped with equipment for conducting regular observations of the level of air pollution are installed in various areas of the city. Regular observations are also carried out at route posts, using vehicles equipped for this purpose. Observations at stationary and route posts at various points in the city make it possible to monitor the level of air pollution. In each city, the concentrations of the main pollutants are determined, i.e. those emitted into the atmosphere by almost all sources: dust, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, etc. In addition, the concentrations of substances that are most characteristic of emissions from enterprises in a given city are measured, for example, in Barnaul - these are dust, sulfur and nitrogen dioxides , carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, phenol, formaldehyde, soot and other substances. To study the characteristics of air pollution from emissions of individual industrial enterprises, concentration measurements are carried out on the leeward side under the smoke plume emerging from the chimneys of the enterprise at different distances from it. Under-flare observations are carried out on a vehicle or at stationary posts. In order to become more familiar with the characteristics of air pollution created by cars, special surveys are carried out near highways.
Conclusion
The main task of humanity in the modern period is to fully understand the importance of environmental problems and radically solve them in a short time. Human impact on the environment has reached alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, targeted and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and effective policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, reasonable knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, and if we develop new methods for reducing and preventing harm caused to Nature by humans.
The atmosphere plays an important role in all natural processes. It serves as reliable protection from harmful cosmic radiation and determines the climate of a given area and the planet as a whole.
Drawing a conclusion, it can be noted that atmospheric air is one of the main vital elements of the environment, its life-giving source. Taking care of it, keeping it clean means preserving life on Earth.
Calculation part
Task 1. Calculation of general lighting
1. Determine the category and subcategory of visual work, lighting standards in the workplace, using the data of the option (Table 3) and lighting standards (see Table 1).
3. Distribute general lighting fixtures with LL across the area of the production premises.
5. Determine the luminous flux of a group of lamps in a general lighting system using the data of the option and formula (2).
6. Select a lamp according to the data in the table. 2 and check the fulfillment of the condition of compliance between Fl.table and Fl.calc.
7. Determine the power consumed by the lighting installation.
Table 1. Initial data
Level and sublevel of visual work
S=36*12=432 m2
L=1.75*H=1.75*5=8.75 m
= = 16 lamps
Fl.calc. = (0.9..1.2) => 1554 = (1398..1868) = 1450 - LDC 30
P= pNn= 30*16*4=1920 W
Answer: Fl.calc. = 1450 - LDC 30, R = 1920 W
Task 2. Calculation of noise levels in residential buildings
1. In accordance with the data of the option, determine the reduction in the sound level at the design point and, knowing the sound level from vehicles (noise source), use formula (1) to find the sound level in a residential area.
2. Having determined the sound level in a residential building, draw a conclusion about the compliance of the calculated data with acceptable standards.
Table 1. Initial data
Option rn , m δ, m W , m L i.sh., dBA 08 115 5 16 75 1) Reducing the sound level from its dispersion in space
ΔLс=10 lg (rn/r0)
ΔLс=10 lg(115/7.5)=10lg(15.33)=11.86 dBA
2) Decrease in sound level due to its attenuation in air
ΔLair = (αair *rn)/100
ΔLair =(0.5*115)/100=0.575 dBA
3) Reducing sound levels by green spaces
ΔLgreen = αgreen * V
ΔLgreen =0.5*10=1 dBA
4) Reduction of sound level by the screen (building) ΔLe
ΔLЗЗ =k*w=0.85*16=13.6 dBA
Lрт =75-11.86-0.575-1-13.6-18.4=29.57
Lрт =29.57< 45 - допустимо
Answer:<45 допустимо
Task 3. Assessing the impact of harmful substances contained in the air
1. Rewrite the form of the table. 1 on a blank sheet of paper.
2. Using the regulatory and technical documentation (Table 2), fill out columns 4...8 of Table 1
3. Having chosen the task option (Table 3), fill out columns 1...3 of Table 1.
4. Compare the concentrations of substances specified according to the option (see Table 3) with the maximum permissible (see Table 2) and draw a conclusion about compliance with the standards for the content of each substance in columns 9...11 (see Table 1), i.e.<ПДК, >MPC, = MPC, indicating compliance with standards with a “+” sign, and non-compliance with a “-” sign (see sample).
Table 1. Initial data
Table 2.
Option Substance Concentration of harmful substance, mg/m3 Hazard Class
Features of the impact
Compliance with the standards of each substance separately actual maximum permissible in the air of the working area
in the air of populated areas during exposure time
in the air of the working area in the air of populated areas maximum one-time daily average <=30 мин >30 min £30 min >30 min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 01 Ammonia 0,5 20 0,2 0,04 IV - <ПДК(+) >MPC(-) >MPC(-) 02 Nitrogen dioxide 1 2 0,085 0,04 II ABOUT* <ПДК(+) >MPC(-) >MPC(-) 03 Tungsten anhydride 5 6 - 0,15 III f <ПДК(+) >MPC(-) >MPC(-) 04 Chromium oxide 0,2 1 - - III A <ПДК(+) >MPC(-) >MPC(-) 05 Ozone 0,001 0,1 0,16 0,03 I <ПДК(+) <ПДК(+) <ПДК(+) 06 Dichloroethane 5 10 3 1 II - <ПДК(+) >MPC(-) >MPC(-) Answer: The concentration of harmful substances contained in the air of a working area is permissible, but in the air of populated areas is not permissible.
Task 4. Assessing the quality of drinking water
C1/MPC1 + C2/MPC2 + … + Cn/MPCn
1. Manganese (MPC> Actual concentration) – 0.1>0.04
2. Sulfates (MPC > Actual concentration) – 500 > 50
3. Lithium (MPC> Actual concentration) – 0.03>0.01
4. Nitrites (MPC> Actual concentration) - 3.3< 3,5
5. Formaldehyde (MPC> Actual concentration) – 0.05>0.03
Since class 2 harmful substances are present in water, it is necessary to calculate the sum of the ratios of the concentrations of each substance in a water body to the corresponding MAC values and it should not exceed one.
3,5/3,3+0,03/0,05+0,01/0,03=1,99
Answer: Water contains the harmful substance Nitrites in greater quantities than the established amount; because the water contains substances of hazard class 2, the quality of drinking water was assessed; the sum of the concentration ratios exceeds 1, so the water is not suitable for consumption
Task 5. Calculation of required air exchange during general ventilation
Table 1 – Initial data
For calculations take t beat = 26 °C; t pr = 22 °C, q pr = 0.3 MPC.
1. Select and record the initial data of the option in the report (see Table 1).
2. Perform calculations for the option.
3. Determine the required air exchange.
4. Compare the calculated air exchange rate with the recommended one and draw the appropriate conclusion.
Qizb = Qe.o. +Qp
Qp = n * kp = 200 * 400 = 80000 kJ/h
Qe.o = 3528 * 0.25 * 170 = 149940 kJ/h
Qiz = 80000 * 149940 = 229940 kJ/h
K = L/Vc =38632.4/33600 =1.15
The air exchange rate K=1.15 is suitable for machine and instrument making shops.
Answer: Required air exchange m3/h, air exchange rate K=1.15
Bibliography
1. Life safety. (Textbook) Ed. E.A. Arustamova 2006, 10th ed., 476 p.
2 Fundamentals of life safety. (Tutorial) Alekseev V.S., Ivanyukov M.I. 2007, 240 p.
3. Bolbas M.M. Fundamentals of industrial ecology. - M.: Higher School, 1993.
4. Ecology and life safety. (Tutorial) Krivoshein D.A., Ant L.A. et al. 2000, 447p.
5. Chuikova L.Yu. General ecology. - M., 1996.
6.Life safety. Lecture notes. Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko N.V. (2008, 160 pp.)
Goals:
- generalize knowledge about the sources of air pollution, the consequences they lead to and air protection rules;
- formulate rules for personal environmental safety;
- develop memory, logical thinking, vocabulary;
- foster respect for the environment.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. ORGANIZATIONAL POINT (1 min)
2. Introduction to the topic of the LESSON (2 min)
Red Crow:
Not enough fresh air! I can not breathe! I even changed the color. I'm suffocating! Help!
I propose to help CROW. Based on her request, how to formulate the topic of the lesson? (How to protect yourself from air pollution). "Appendix 1=slide 1."
What questions should we answer for her? / What causes air pollution and what does it lead to? What needs to be done to protect air from pollution? How to protect yourself from air pollution? /"Appendix 1=slide 2".
I propose to conduct the lesson in the form of a conference at which you will be environmental scientists. Before our environmental conference begins, I would like to remind you of the following information:
"Appendix 1=slide 3" The atmosphere is the layer of air surrounding the Earth. Its thickness reaches 1000 kilometers. Air does not fly away from the Earth, since it attracts it to itself, like any body. The atmosphere is of great importance for life on Earth: it protects the Earth from meteorites, scatters the sun's rays, which would otherwise burn the Earth and everything on it.
3. Test of knowledge on homework (12 min).
Atmospheric air becomes heavily polluted as a result of an increase in impurities in the air, such as carbon dioxide. There is more and more of it in the air. The expression “I can’t breathe” is increasingly found in the conversations of most citizens.
As the environmental conference progresses, you will fill out an ecologist sheet "Appendix 2", in which you will record all the stages of work on this topic.
Name the sources of air pollution; to do this, build chains of harmful substances entering the body. We covered this material in the previous lesson.
1. The car has become the worst enemy of nature and man. It ranks first in terms of emissions of harmful substances into the environment. Please note: 1 car per year emits a little more than a ton of exhaust gases, which contain 200 types of harmful substances. The same car produces 10 kg of rubber dust. In addition, it raises whole clouds of dust; plants along the roads are contaminated with hard metals. Thus, the car is one of the main sources of pollution.
/ option:
- car - exhaust gases - org. breathing
- car - dust - soil or plants - org. digestion/
2. There is almost no vegetation around factories; grass and shrubs have died, and there are frail trees. The reason is that the plant emits huge amounts of pollutants when burning fuel. When 10 tons of coal are burned, 1 ton of sulfur dioxide is released, while 1 ton of dust falls per 1 km per day. Millions of tons of ash are transported to dumps.
/ dumps - smog - org. breathing/
3. The smell of freshness after a thunderstorm is the smell of ozone. Oxygen is converted into it during a lightning discharge. By the way, there is a smell of the same ozone near a working copier: in the machine, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, oxygen also turns into ozone.
This gas blanket covers the Earth at an altitude of 18-25 meters. It is what blocks the sun's rays, which are destructive to all living things.
The reason for its destruction is gases containing chlorine in their molecule. Freon is also dangerous for ozone. This is a volatile substance that is pumped into aerosol cans to create the necessary pressure. More than 20 years ago, scientists discovered the first ozone hole over Antarctica. Here the ozone layer has almost disappeared.
4. Smoke is very small solid particles that appear in the air when wood, coal, or fuel burn. Smoke particles are so light that they float in the atmosphere for years.
Smoke is harmful. It irritates the respiratory system and corrodes the eyes. Heavy metals (lead, mercury) cause changes in the blood.
- cigarette smoke - org. breathing
- smoke from combustion - fog or smog - plants - org.digestion and org. breathing/
5. Accidents. This happened on April 26, 1986 at a nuclear power plant in the city of Pripyat, which is located near Chernobyl. One day there was an explosion and the block caught fire. At the same time, such a quantity of radioactive substances was released into the air that people who were nearby, and especially firefighters, received a lethal dose of radiation.
Fortunately, such accidents are rare, but millions of minor accidents occur every year.
/ accident - release - acid rain - plants or soil - org. digestion/
/ as student responses are received, entries appear:
1. Exhaust gases
2. Factory emissions
3. Dumps.
5. Volatile substances.
CONCLUSION: So what sources of air pollution have we named?/ "Appendix 1=slide 4"
REFLECTION:
3. PREPARATION FOR ACTIVE MENTAL ACTIVITY (3 min).
"Appendix 1 = Slide 5"
What effect does air pollution have on plants and animals?
6. SMOG comes from combinations of 2 English words - smoke and fog. This is a harmful fog that forms in cities. In 1959, heavy smog in London, consisting of soot particles, sulfur dioxide and fog droplets, killed 4 thousand people.
7. I have the following data. In Holland, 1/3 of the trees were affected by acid rain. At the height of summer, the leaves suddenly fell, the roots died, the trees turned yellow and withered, and the fish disappeared from the lakes. In southern Norway, fishermen could not catch fish in half the lakes. Due to acid rain, architectural monuments are destroyed. But most importantly, human health suffers.
How is acid rain formed?
Tall factory chimneys emit sulfur dioxide into the air, it combines with atmospheric moisture, and droplets of sulfuric acid solution are formed. These toxic substances permeate the clouds, which the wind carries for thousands of kilometers. This is how acid rain falls.
(Draw on the extension board)
DYNAMIC PAUSE (3 min)
4. Learning new material (12 min)
What air protection measures should be taken?
There are a lot of ways. Let's find out the main ways.
Differentiated work:
Strong students solve the problem situation “Where to build a factory,” as a result of which a diagram appears in a notebook. (Discussion of the correct option)
Solve the problem and highlight the way to protect the air. Secondary students solve environmental problems:
1.Trees help clear the air of dust and other pollutants. A deciduous forest, the area of which is equal to the area of a square with a side of 100 m, can retain 68 tons of dust during the year. But a spruce forest of the same area is capable of “swallowing” 32 tons of dust in the same time. How much more tons of dust does a deciduous forest retain than a spruce forest?
2. In the house where Lena lives, waste metal, paper, plastic, glass, as well as food waste are thrown into different containers. Thereby most waste, thrown away by the residents of this house, can be recycled and reused. A container intended for metal contains 12 kg of waste, for glass - 6 kg, for paper - 7 kg, but a container for plastic contains 3 kg of waste less than a container for paper. The food waste container contains 9 kg more waste than the plastic container. How many kilograms of garbage are in each container?
3. In the city where Valya and Tanya live, there are no cleaning filters or dust catchers on the factory pipes, so both girls are collecting signatures on a letter to the authorities with a request build cleaning filters and install dust catchers. Valyusha collected 7 signatures, and Tanyusha - 4 times more. How many signatures did the girls collect?
4. You can't light a fire in the forest. Vasya and Kolya forgot about it. The fire they lit set the forest on fire. 96 trees burned. The boys were very ashamed, and they decided that they would correct the evil they had caused by planting 4 young trees to replace each one that burned down due to their fault. How many trees were the boys going to plant?
Examination. "Appendix 1=slide 6"
Formulate rules for personal environmental safety.
(Students who have learning difficulties read page 31 of the textbook and answer the question: “How to protect yourself from polluted air?”)
If you are walking along the road and the air is polluted, go to the next street.
Don't stop on the street near a car with the engine running.
Don't linger in places where it's smoky. Cigarette smoke is a dangerous air pollutant.
PRIMARY CHECKING OF NEW MATERIAL
Add your own rules. (Collective compilation of a memo for air purification)
1.As you answer, the following slides appear on the board:
Installation of cleaning filters on factory pipes
Forest plantations
Smoke eliminator devices
Banning fires in forest parks
Recycling
Summarizing.
"Appendix 1=slide 7"
REFLECTION:
Use a traffic light to indicate the correct answer.
5. Fixing the material (up to 4 minutes)
Take the test and find out what every living thing on the planet needs
/test/ (self-assessment)
1. What substances make up air?
A) hydrogen, copper, zinc
B) oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
D) chlorine, fluorine, iodine
2. What air gas is needed for breathing?
O) oxygen
U) carbon dioxide
3. What gas do plants absorb when breathing?
C) oxygen
H) carbon dioxide
4. Do humans and other living beings need clean air to breathe?
T) No, not needed.
D) Yes, it is necessary.
5. How should we protect air from pollution?
S) stop all factories and factories, stop logging. Prohibit the use of vehicles that emit harmful substances into the environment. Turn the Earth into one huge reserve.
U) Factories and factories must have dust and harmful substance traps. Transport must be made environmentally friendly. Create belts of gardens, parks and forests in and around cities. Plant young trees in place of felled trees
6.Which representatives of wildlife can influence the cleanliness of the air?
L) animals
X) plants
H) mushrooms and microbes
REFLECTION:
Use a traffic light to indicate the correct answer.
6. Generalization and systematization (2 min)
Let's remember what our environmental conference was dedicated to.
"Appendix1=slide 8"
7. RESULT OF THE LESSON (2 min)
Guys, who will explain to the crow the causes of air pollution and tell him what he needs to do in order not to breathe polluted air? How can we help the residents of our city in the fight for clean air, and what rules must they follow?
8. D/Z (2 min)
Draw environmental signs to protect air from pollution.
Come up with symbols for the rules of personal environmental safety.
We have completed the conference program. What new rules will you follow to keep the air clean (Assessment)
Reflection(red and green traffic lights) (1 min)
- Determine the degree of significance of this topic for a person.
- Indicate your attitude to this problem.
- Determine the extent to which you have studied this topic in class.