Each language has its own history, character and temperament, which “imbues” its people. One of the most beautiful and most romantic languages of the world is Italian. We enjoy its delightful melody and nobility. Not a single song on it can fail to attract attention and admiration, not a single film was left without positive criticism and heated discussions, not a single writer or artist remained “behind the screen” of time. So what is this miracle - the Italian language?
to his lexical origin he owes to Latin, thanks to which he constantly enriched himself. Belongs to the Indo Romance group European languages. During his long period of formation he embodied a significant number of Germanic elements. To achieve your perfection, throughout historical development and formation, suffered the “entry” of a significant number of Gallicisms, French and Spanish words. As a result, today we notice a huge number of dialects in it, with the exception of the Italian city of Florence. It first appeared in literature in the 12th century and developed after the fall of the Roman Empire. The basis of all-Italian literary literature was the Florentine dialect, which was facilitated by the work of the well-known word creators and thinkers Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio. But its most important founder is considered to be the great creator of the “Divine Comedy” - Dante Alighieri. Italian language- this is the language great era Renaissance. It was finally established in the 14th century and since then has practically not been subject to significant changes.
Today Italian is the official language of Italy. It is considered official in Switzerland, the Vatican and San Marino. It is spoken in the USA, Canada, the Republic of Somalia and Australia. More than 65 million people All over the country they are native speakers of Italian. His generosity was significantly reflected in the Russian vocabulary, where we often use the following words: volcano, pasta, spaghetti, broccoli, gondola, fresco, sonata, tempo, concert, aria. His huge advantage is the musical terminology that he gifted to the whole world. The beauty of Italian immerses us in times great culture Renaissance. It is one of the five most popular languages in the world. Many of us strive
Italian language (lingua italiana listen)) is the official language of Italy, Vatican City (along with Latin), San Marino, Switzerland (along with German, French and Swiss Romansh). Recognized as a second official language in several counties in Croatia and Slovenia with significant Italian populations.
The Italian language directly goes back to folk Latin, common in Italy. During the Middle Ages, when Italy was politically divided, there was no common literary language, although written monuments survived different dialects. Starting from the Renaissance, the dialect of Tuscany, or more precisely Florence, in which Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio wrote, became the most prestigious. Nevertheless, highly educated people continued to call the Italian language “common” - volgare, in contrast to classical pure Latin. Since the 18th and 19th centuries, a single Italian literary language has been formed on the basis of the Tuscan dialect, which is transitional between northern and southern idioms. At the same time, many dialects are widespread in Italy, mutual understanding between which can be difficult: from a historical point of view, northern Italian dialects are Gallo-Roman, and southern Italian dialects are Italo-Roman. In addition to dialects, there are several regional varieties of the Italian literary language, as well as a number of idioms that are considered separate languages rather than dialects of Italian (most notably Sardinian and Friulian).
The structure of the Italian language is quite typical for the Romance family. In phonology, it is worth noting the preservation of oppositions by length in consonantism, unusual for new Romance languages. In addition to the original Latin stock, the vocabulary contains many later, “book” borrowings from Latin.
Story
The Italian language developed on the basis of the Romance dialects of Italy, dating back to folk Latin. Literary Italian is based on the dialect of Tuscany, that is, the region where the Etruscans previously lived. There was an opinion that the features of the Tuscan dialect are associated with an Etruscan substrate, but this is now considered obsolete.
The history of the Italian language is divided into a number of periods, the first of which covers the time from the 10th century, when the first records in the vernacular appear (Verona Riddle, 9th century; Capuan Litigation, etc.) to the 13th century, the time when the dominance of the Florentine standard begins. Actually early stage dialect monuments are created mainly in the center and south of the country, these are usually legal documents and religious poetry. Large center the monastery of Montecassino becomes the center of learning. Later, by the end of the 12th century, separate centers for the development of literary tradition in dialects were formed: Sicily (courtly poetry), Bologna, Umbria, etc. The Tuscan tradition is especially rich, which is characterized by significant genre diversity. At the same time, along with the “folk” language, Latin, Old French and Old Provençal are used in Italy.
Letters c And g represent sounds [k] And [g] before front vowels ( o, u, a), and before vowels e, i they read like [ʧ] And [ʤ] respectively. In combinations " ci, gi+ vowel" letter i not read, but only indicates reading c And g as an affricate (ciao "hello"/"bye" ["ʧao]), if only for i The emphasis doesn't fall. Combinations cie, gie may be referred to as [ʧje] And [ʤje] (cieco"blind" [ʧjeko]), and [ʧe] And [ʤe], for example in the plural of names female: valigia"carpet", pl. h. valigie(Not valige). Trigraph sci stands for [ʃj](="s+h" = "sch"). (Therefore, there is With And sch, but not w: s esto, "w eat"; a s ettimo, "With edm.")
Phonetics and phonology
In the field of phonetics and phonology, the Italian language differs from other Romance languages in a number of features. In the field of vocalism it is special development, called the “Italian type” (in particular, the coincidence of Latin short vowels of the upper rise and long vowels of the middle rise in vowels of the upper-middle rise). In the area of consonants, the Italian language is characterized by fairly large conservatism: quantitative oppositions are preserved, processes of intervocalic weakening of consonants do not occur or occur irregularly.
Vowels
In Italian there are also diphthongs (combinations of vowels with [j], [w]): poi "Then", buono "good" - and triphthongs: buoi"good ones". Moreover, from a phonological point of view, most of these combinations are not diphthongs, but are considered as juxtapositions of vowels and glides. True diphthongs are, in particular, uo And ie, Wed buono And bonta"kindness" ( uo participates in alternation).
The stress in Italian usually falls on the penultimate syllable (such words in the Italian tradition are called “even” ( parole piano): casa"house", giornale"newspaper". Words with stress on the third syllable from the end (“broken”, parole sdrucciole). There are a lot of words in this class unstressed suffixes: simpatico"cute", edìbile"edible". In addition, this includes verbs to which enclitics are attached, which do not affect the placement of stress, and verbs of the 3rd person plural present tense ending -no, also without changing the accent: lavòrano"they work" (as lavòra"she works"), scrìvi-gli"write-to-him" (as scrìvi"write"). A number of words have a fixed stress on the third syllable from the end: zucchero"sugar", abita"she lives".
Words with stress on the last syllable are called “truncated” ( parole tronche). This is borrowing ( caffè"coffee"), words going back to a certain type Latin declension (civilta"civilization" from Lat. civilitas, civilitas), as well as some forms of the future tense and simple perfect (see below on verbal morphology). Finally, a rare type of words are words with stress on the fourth syllable from the end (“twice broken”, parole bisdrucciole). They are formed either by adding one clitic (or ending) to the “broken words” -no) (abitano"they live"), or when added to "full" verb forms two clitics: scrìvi-glie-lo"write-him-this" dimenticàndo-se-ne"having forgotten about it" (literally "having forgotten about it"). In this case, in writing, stress is indicated only when it falls on the last syllable (see section).
Grammar
Names
Italian has two genders: masculine ( maschile) and female ( femminile), and formally there are no cases, there are only prepositions.
Verbs
There are three verb conjugations in Italian. Verbs ending in -are (volare) belong to the first conjugation, -ere (cadere) to the second, and -ire (capire) to the third. All verbs are inflected by person, that is, in each tense, each verb has 6 forms (three in the singular and three in the plural). Incorrect Italian verbs don't obey general rules formation of shapes in faces, so all the shapes of each time have to be memorized.
Anthroponymy
According to the pan-European tradition of Romance languages, modern Italian citizens have a given name and a surname.
Name
- son of his brother Bonaventure named Senya appears in documents as Segna di Bonaventura, that is "Segna, belonging to Bonaventure"("son of Bonaventure")
- and Senya's son Niccolo accordingly was called Niccolo di Segna, that is, "Niccolò, belonging to Segna".
In addition to patronymy, they were common 1564, Di Ferdinando;
There are also surnames in which the articles merged with each other - Del Sarto, Del Castagno.
Rules for practical transcription into Russian
For transmission Italian For proper names and untranslatable realities in the Russian language, unified rules of practical transcription are used.
| Letter/letter combination | Note | Broadcast | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | A | ||
| a | after gli, gn | I | Bologna Bologna, Modigliani Modigliani |
| b | b | ||
| c | before e,i | h | Caesar Cesare |
| c | before a, o, u and consonants | To | Corriere Corriere |
| cc | before e,i | hh | Boccaccio Boccaccio |
| cc | before a, o, u and consonants | kk | Boccaccio Boccaccio |
| cch | kk | Zecchi Zecchi | |
| ch | To | Cherubini Cherubini | |
| ci | if on i the emphasis doesn't fall | h | Ciociaria Chocharia |
| ci | if on i the emphasis falls | chi | Lucia Lucia |
| d | d | ||
| e | at the beginning of a word and after vowels (except i) | uh | Raffaele Raffaele |
| e | after consonants and i | e | Vieste Vieste |
| f | f | ||
| g | before a, o, u and before consonants, except l And n) | G | Guttuso Guttuso |
| gg | before a, o, u | yy | |
| gg | before e, i | j | Messaggero Messagero |
| gh | G | Lamborghini Lamborghini | |
| gi | at the end of a word, before consonants and before vowels, if i the emphasis falls | ji | Agira Ajira |
| gi | before vowels, if i the emphasis doesn't fall | j | Giulio Giulio |
| gli | at the end of a word before consonants and before vowels, if i the emphasis falls | ly | Fogli Fogli |
| gli | before vowels, if i the emphasis doesn't fall | l | Modigliani Modigliani |
| gn | no | Agnana Anyana | |
| gu | before vowels | gu guards | Guardi Guardi Guarneri Guarneri |
| h | cm. cch, ch, gh, sch | ||
| i | In most cases | And | Iriarte Iriarte |
| i | in diphthongs (as the second element) | th | Perreira Perreira |
| i | before e | b | Piedad Piedad |
| i | before vowel after c, g, sc unstressed | not translated into Russian | Sergio Sergio |
| ia | I | Bayardo Bayardo | |
| ia | ch, gh | and I | Giustizia Justitia |
| ia | as part of suffixes -iago, -iale, -iano, -iasco, -iato | ia | Ceriale Ceriale |
| ia | after ch, gh, sch | ya | Arischia Ariskya |
| ii | yi | ||
| io | at the beginning of a word and after vowels | yo | Iolanda Yolanda |
| io | at the end of a word (except for the position after ch, gh), and also as part of suffixes -iola, -iolo | and about | Oriolo Oriolo |
| io | after ch, gh, sch | yo | |
| iu | at the beginning of a word and after vowels | Yu | Iudrio Yudrio |
| iu | at the end of a word (except for the position after c, gh) | yiwu | Marrubiu Marrubiu |
| iu | after ch, gh, sch and in the middle of a word after consonants | yu | Fiumicino Fiumicino |
| j | th | ||
| ja | occurs only in words of foreign origin | I | |
| je | occurs only in words of foreign origin | e | |
| ju | occurs only in words of foreign origin | Yu | |
| k | occurs only in words of foreign origin | To | |
| l | before vowels | l | Labriola Labriola |
| l | before consonants and at the end of a word | l | Malpighi Malpighi |
| m | m | ||
| n | n | ||
| o | O | ||
| p | P | ||
| qu | ku kv | Aquara Aquara Quasimodo Quasimodo |
|
| r | R | ||
| s | usually | c | Ciusdino Kyusdino |
| s | usually between vowels and also before l, m, n, v | h | Paese Paese |
| sc | before e, i | w | Scesta pole |
| sc | before a, o, u | sk | Bosco Bosco |
| sch | before e, i | sk | Schio Schio |
| sci | before consonants or under stress | shi | Scisciano Shishano |
| sci | before vowels, if i the emphasis doesn't fall | w | Sciascia Shasha |
| t | T | ||
| u | In most cases | at | Ujué Wuhue |
| u | after ll | Yu | Caballuco Caballuco |
| v | V | ||
| w | occurs only in words of foreign origin | V | |
| x | ks | Artabax Artabax |
If the Italian language is the language of the state, then the dialect is the language of the heart of the people.
Franco de Renzo
“Ma-ma-ma, Mamma Maria – maa...” - probably one of the very first songs that comes to the mind of a Russian (see Soviet) person, if we're talking about about Italy. Italian is one of the most consonant (singing) languages in the world. The greatest musical operatic masterpieces, recognized as world classics, were written to texts by Italian poets by Italian composers. The language of music. Song language. After all, this is how we characterize the official language of Italy? What do we even know about him?
In its modern, familiar form, the Italian language has existed not so long ago. If anyone imagines Ancient Rome and the great Caesar, speaking in Italian, is greatly mistaken. The Great Caesar (like his subjects) spoke good old Latin, rightly called the “mother of languages.” It was the Latin language that laid the foundation for the birth of Italian, Spanish, French, and other European languages (by the way, many words in the modern Russian language have Latin roots).
Birth of the Italian language
But let's return to the Italian language, which did not exist at that time. Just as Italy itself did not exist. The territory of the peninsula, so reminiscent of a boot, was fragmented into many separate and independent states (counties, duchies), each of which had its own culture, ruler, and also a language different from the language of the neighboring region. These languages (like many others) came from classical Latin, and were called VOLGARE (Volgare) from Latin word“vulgus” – folk, from the people. All these Volgare languages today are nothing more than dialects of the regions of modern Italy.
The Italian language itself is born from the Tuscan dialect, the dialect of the Florentines. The famous Dante Alighieri wrote his " Divine Comedy“It is here that Dante is rightly called “the father of the Italian language,” because his comedy marked the beginning of the development of the language called Italian. Since the 16th century, based on the Tuscan dialect, the Italian language begins to take its form. Comedies, chronicles, and historical documents are written in the Tuscan dialect (volgare toscano).
Italian is the official language.
In 1861, all regions of Italy were united into single state, whose main language becomes Italian. But this is only theoretical. In practice, things were completely different. At the time of the formation of Italy as a state, only 2 or 3 Italians out of 100 could speak Italian. As a state, it existed only on papers (documents, acts, laws, books). The people stubbornly continued to speak their dialects. And there was nothing strange about this, because for each region the native language was precisely the dialect. Since all dialects are different from each other and are quite far from the classical Italian language, it became necessary for the people to study and accept a single state language. How else can a resident of one region understand another?
I must say, the people were not very happy about this, the Italian language became the only and obligatory language in schools and higher education educational institutions. It was taught despite the fact that the native language of the population was their regional dialect. For many Italians, the state language was equivalent to a foreign language. Dialects fell into disgrace. In schools and public institutions it was forbidden to speak the dialect, as well as to address public figures and law enforcement officers in it. Dialect-speaking citizens were ridiculed. It got to the point where speaking the local dialect became something disgraceful. And this situation continued for more than a century, until several decades ago.
With the advent of television and radio, the task of introducing state language significantly simplified. Today, thanks to a correct educational system, thanks to the media and the development of economic and social structures in Italy, about 95% of the population knows and speaks Italian fluently.
Dialects today
In the second half of the last century, when the feverish introduction of the Italian language subsided a little, and teaching methods changed in school system– the dialect again found its well-deserved place in the life of the people. Dialect is not just a language used in a certain area - it is the greatest cultural heritage, this is what does not allow Italians to forget their true origin. Despite the fact that all Italian citizens are called Italians, they continue to divide themselves along regional lines and are very jealous and sensitive to the dialect of their region.
How many dialects are there in Italy? Even scientists find it difficult to answer this question. It is commonly believed that there are as many dialects as there are regions in Italy, but this is not true. In addition to the regional dialect, there are dialects specific to a particular province or even city. So it turns out that the language in Italy is a kind of nesting doll. Imagine the biggest nesting doll - the Italian language. Inside there is a smaller one - a regional dialect (for example, Sicilian). Then provincial (for example, the province of Ragusa) and there is already a dialect of cities inside. Of course, local dialects are built on the basis of the regional one, but there are very sharp differences.
Dialects in culture and art.
If anyone thinks that in dialect you can only talk about everyday problems, laugh with friends or discuss a football match, then he is very, very mistaken. Yes, documents are not written in dialects, they are not maintained trials and official procedures, but it is a language capable of expressing a sea of emotions and feelings. This is the language of the people. The Italian soul speaks dialect. Therefore, many authors, writers and poets, adhere to the tradition of writing in their native dialect.
For example, in the 17th century, Gianbattista Basile wrote a series of tales in the Neapolitan dialect, Lo cunto de li cunti (the telling of stories). Very a shining example There will be our favorite and well-known songs such as “Come back to Sorrento” or “O sole mio”. These beautiful songs, which have become classics of the genre, are written in the Neapolitan dialect. Operas were written based on the libretto of the dialect. Dialects are widely used in cinema when there is a need to better characterize a character or a specific location.
One day a Sicilian was asked: “Why do you, having such a beautiful and melodious language, continue to speak in dialects?” And he replied: “The Italian language is wonderful, but for us it will never become native. It's like putting an artificial kidney into your body. Yes, the body will accept it. Yes, the kidney will function. But it will never become native to the body. Dialect is our history. This is what sets us apart from each other. Emphasizes our individuality. Dialects will never die. This is the soul of nations. And the soul is immortal."
Italian is the spoken and official language of Italy. Italian is also spoken in the state of San Marino, Malta, and Corsica. In Switzerland, Italian is one of the four official languages. Italian is also common among emigrants in the USA, Canada, Australia and the Republic of Somalia.
Italian belongs to the Romance group Indo-European languages. Derived from colloquial Latin after the fall of the Roman Empire. First found in literature at the end of the 12th century.
The Italian language, as the language of Renaissance culture, had a significant influence on the formation of the languages of Western Europe. Musical terminology around the world is predominantly Italian.
The first dictionary of the Romance language was the Italian dictionary, created in 1612.
In the XIV century. a gap arose between literary Italian and dialect speech, which persisted until the middle of the 20th century, until the spread of funds mass media did not democratize the literary language. Moreover, until 1912, teaching in the Italian higher school was conducted in Latin.
The Italian language has many very different dialects, the emergence and existence of which was influenced by the centuries-old fragmentation of the country, and independent development its individual parts in subsequent periods of history. Among the Romance languages, Italian is the most dialectally fragmented. Dialects can be roughly divided into three groups: northern, central and southern. Due to dominance in early XIII V. in the trade and culture of Tuscan cities, in particular Florence, the Tuscan dialect gained predominant importance, since it was here that the need for national language, instead of the previously used Latin. The Tuscan dialect subsequently developed into a literary form of the language. In modern Italy there are 16 main dialects, very distant from each other.
Today Italian is considered one of the most widely spoken Romance languages.
It turned out that precisely defined boundaries of dialects are often quite difficult to identify. Moreover, separate distinctive features characteristics of one dialect may also be present in other dialects. Chapter 2. Differentiation of the Italian language by territorial basis 2.1 History and reasons for the emergence of dialects of the Italian language The Italian language belongs to the Romance group of Indo-European...
... “Ohimi, che dolorosa notizia” (“What sad news!”) “Ahi, che dolore!” (“Oh, how it hurts!”) “Ahimi, come siamo infelici!” (“Oh, how unlucky we are!”) Borrowed interjections Aldo Gabrielli describes how borrowings appeared in the Italian language. According to his data, the strange exclamation “hip, hip, hurrah!”, which became famous thanks to English seafarers, in my time...
The specialization turned out to be important factor compensation of old cases and a reduced system of prepositions. As you know, the most common word in the Russian language is the preposition v, according to frequency dictionaries, in Greek – σε, in Italian – a. 3.3. Semantics and functions of prepositions in Greek and Russian languages. The primary 18-member system is being reduced due to the complete loss of the dative and...
Hi, which, due to the sound changes of the Middle English period, coincided with the forms nominative case singular masculine and feminine. The Scandinavian form they spread and became established in English language new period. By the end of the 15th century the form genitive case the plural of here became possessive pronoun and was replaced by the Scandinavian form their. ...
Italian language (lingua italiana) is the official language of Italy, the Vatican (along with Latin), San Marino, Switzerland (along with German, French and Swiss Romansh). Recognized as a second official language in several counties in Croatia and Slovenia with significant Italian populations.
The Italian language directly goes back to folk Latin, widespread in Italy. In the Middle Ages, when Italy was politically divided, there was no common literary language, although written monuments of various dialects survived. Since the Renaissance, the dialect of Tuscany, or more precisely Florence, in which Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio wrote, has become the most prestigious. Nevertheless, highly educated people continued to call Italian the “common” language - volgare, in contrast to classical pure Latin. Since the 18th-19th centuries, a single Italian literary language has been formed on the basis of the Tuscan dialect, which is transitional between northern and southern idioms. At the same time, many dialects are widespread in Italy, mutual understanding between which can be difficult: from a historical point of view, northern Italian dialects are Gallo-Roman, and southern Italian dialects are Italo-Roman. In addition to dialects, there are several regional varieties of the Italian literary language, as well as a number of idioms considered separate languages rather than dialects of Italian (most notably Sardinian and Friulian).
The structure of the Italian language is quite typical for the Romance family. In phonology, it is worth noting the preservation of longitude contrasts in consonantism, which is unusual for new Romance languages. In addition to the original Latin stock, the vocabulary contains many later, “book” borrowings from Latin.
The Italian language developed on the basis of the Romance dialects of Italy, dating back to folk Latin. Literary Italian is based on the dialect of Tuscany, that is, the region where the Etruscans previously lived. There was an opinion that the features of the Tuscan dialect are associated with an Etruscan substrate, but this is now considered outdated.
Dante Alighieri
The history of the Italian language is divided into a number of periods, the first of which covers the time from the 10th century, when the first records in the vernacular appeared (Verona Riddle, 9th century; Capuan Litigation, 960 and 963) to the 13th century, the time when the dominance of the Florentine standard began . At a very early stage, dialect monuments were created mainly in the center and south of the country, usually legal documents and religious poetry. The Montecassino monastery becomes a major center of learning. Later, by the end of the 12th century, separate centers for the development of literary tradition in dialects were formed: Sicily (courtly poetry), Bologna, Umbria, etc. The Tuscan tradition is especially rich, which is characterized by significant genre diversity. At the same time, along with the “folk” language in Italy, Latin, Old French and Old Provençal are used.
IN end of XIII century, a school of “new” is being formed sweet style"(dolce stil nuovo), based on the Tuscan dialect. The most significant figures of Tuscan literature of the 13th-14th centuries are Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch. In his treatises “The Feast” (Convivio) and “On Popular Eloquence” (De vulgari eloquentia), Dante substantiated the thesis that it is possible to create works on any topic in the popular language - from artistic to religious. He called such an “enlightened” folk language volgare illustre, although Dante did not believe that all necessary qualities has one dialect.
Pietro Bembo (portrait by Titian)
In the 14th century, the processed Tuscan dialect, guided by the examples of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, became, in fact, a common Italian literary language. The period of the XV-XVI centuries is called Central Italian. At this time, statements about the superiority of the vernacular, or rather Tuscan language over Latin, increasingly appeared (Leon Battisto Alberti, Angelo Poliziano), and the first grammar appeared (“Rules of the vernacular Florentine language”, 1495). Writers from other regions, such as the Neapolitan Jacopo Sannazzaro, try to bring the language of their works closer to the Tuscan standard.
In the 16th century, the “Language Controversy” (Questione della lingua) took place in Italy, after which it became finally accepted to take as a model the language of the classical authors of the 14th century: this point of view was adhered to by Pietro Bembo, who opposed the theory of “Tuscanism”, which proposed to take as a basis the living modern speech of Tuscany, and the theory of the “court language” (lingua cortigiana), which was focused on the usage of court circles throughout Italy. As a result, prescriptive publications begin to appear that focus specifically on this theory, in particular printed grammars (“Grammar rules of the vernacular” by Giovanni Fortunio, “Three Sources” by Niccolò Liburnio) and dictionaries. Despite this, in the Central Italian period in literary works there are many living Tuscan features that did not ultimately remain within the norm (for example, the ending -a in the 1st person singular of the imperfect indicative: cantava “I sang”, modern cantavo, postposition of objective clitics: vedoti “I see you”, modern ti vedo), primarily among Tuscan writers such as Machiavelli.
Alessandro Manzoni - one of the creators of the modern Italian literary language
In the XVII and XVIII centuries The position of Tuscan as the single literary language of Italy continues to strengthen, and other varieties are beginning to be considered as “dialects.” In the 17th century, the fundamental dictionary of the Accademia della Crusca appeared (three editions: 1612, 1623 and 1691), which included many archaisms and Latinisms. The Italian language begins to be used in science (Galileo), in philosophy, and continues to be used in literature and theater (commedia dell'arte). In the 18th century, the awakening of Italian self-awareness began, in particular based on single language(L. A. Muratori), ideas about the need to bring the literary language closer to the folk language reappear (M. Cesarotti). At the same time a new blossoming begins literary creativity in dialects (Carlo Goldoni writes plays in the Venetian dialect, Gioachino Belli writes poems in Romanesco).
After the Risorgimento, literary Italian acquires official status, although the vast majority of Italians do not use it. Formation begins modern language, in which the work of Milanese Alessandro Manzoni played a major role. Serious study of Italian dialects begins (G. I. Ascoli). At the same time, the government's attempts to expand the use of the Italian language lead to the fact that the position of the dialects is beginning to weaken. Big role First played in this World War, during which the literary language was often the only way communication of soldiers from different regions, and the policies of the Mussolini government. After the Second World War, the rapid spread of the literary language began due to universal education, MASS MEDIA. At the same time, there is an active migration of people from the south to the north of the country and from villages to cities, which leads to the leveling of dialects and an increase in the role of the literary Italian language.