c) Synonymy. The ability of a language to express the same content by different means is manifested at the lexical-semantic level in the fact that the language has a large number of synonyms - words that are identical or similar in meaning.
Synonyms in a language have different functions - semantic and stylistic. The stylistic functions of synonyms (the evaluation function and the aesthetic function) in modern dialects are carried out in a unique way due to the mutual influence of dialects and the influence of the literary language, which became especially intense in the second half of the 20th century. The inclusion of words from other dialects and a literary language in synonymous series leads to a restructuring of the relations between its members, which can be seen in the example of the synonymous series considered above with the meaning “many” (§ 143). In it, the restructuring of relations between members is associated with the former polysemy of some of them and the appearance in the synonymous series of the adverb full in the meaning of many (only in relation to objects)", while initially the meaning of plurality in this word was necessarily associated with the filled volume (the jar is full of water). Losing this element of meaning, the adverb completely becomes a doublet of the word marvelously, as a result of which the word marvelously goes out of use, remaining only in the speech of the older generation. The most common is the stylistically neutral adverb a lot, which has no restrictions on compatibility.
Synonymy is related to polysemy due to the fact that a polysemantic word in its different meanings (variants) is a member of different synonymous series. For example, in the Narym dialect of the Tomsk region, the word strong is included in three synonymous series, since it has corresponding meanings here: I - rich1 - black earth - strong" - productive fertile (about the earth)"; II. rich2 - strong2 - strong “wealthy (about a good owner)”; III. strong3 - able - becoming - hefty strong (about a person, animal, machine)."
3 groups according to the definition of polysemy:
1. polysemantic words, meaning cat. known to the entire population (to go for a walk - to have fun, to cheat on your spouse)
2. polysemantic at the station generation, unambiguous for mol. (pillar - vertical standing log; participant of land allocated for common use for 100 peasants; road separating plots)
3. word, cat. polysemous in the dialect, as a single lexical family. s-me, but not in the speech of each of the speakers of the dialect (mol. - one meaning, art. - another: family in art. 10-50 people (I didn’t live in the family, only my husband, mother-in-law and father-in-law), in mol. - husband, wife, children.
Enrichment of the literary language with the vocabulary of dialects.
Noun 2 t.z.
1. Efimov: lit. language. The dial is no longer replenished. words, stop in the 19th century
2. Vinogradov: from mid. 19th century turning on area adv. vocabulary in Russian lit. language dictionaries. become tense, diverse. and fast.
Thurs. figure it out, no. took the word Ushakova, 17-t. BAS Russian language and MAS. Using the sampling method, words marked regional were identified: in Ushakov there are 3286 words, in BAS and MAS 1063. These words are used. and lastly dictionaries:
Names of persons by occupation (raftmaster)
Est. vocabulary (shaggy)
Rodsvt. connections (matchmaker, brother-in-law)
Flora (hazel, moss mushroom)
Fauna (baibak, cleaver)
Pr-you of everyday life (holic, sheepskin coat)
Phenomenon of the pr-dy (mound, blizzard)
Distraction Lesika (flare, carols)
Ch. (cooperate, hustle) + sound. (crow)
from 1063 - 405 nouns. without litter, 196 chapters, 108 appendix, 3 exts.
712 without markings, 182 colloquial, 91 obsolete, 58 special, 15 nar-poet.
Ways and reasons for the transition of dialect vocabulary into a literary language.
Reasons and conditions for the transition:
1. extralingual.
change in the region language interaction Econ. reasons: development of new r-v, involvement b. masses into production, migration, expansion of contacts with native speakers of Lithuanian language, democrat of native speakers.
Art. known words (media, newspapers)
Areal character: the wider the distribution, the. b. advantages of entering the literary language. (kovriga)
Factor ots-I equivalent dial. word in Literary language (dung - bricks made of clay, manure, straw)
F-r sl\obr req. awareness of the native speaker. sl\arr. models) noun +suf. = hook maker
Motivir-ti: transition unmotivated. sv. limited, mainly motivation (hazel - no root in Literary language, rowan, viburnum, raspberry...). often go overboard. words
Expressions (Khoromina)
1. unimportant
2. mediated
From the city. vernacular; terminol. s-mu; language. thin liters, f-ra. The significance of the paths varies. Guides: educational, special, scientific, art. liter, press, media, documents
Dialectal phraseology.
Dialect phraseology is usually called a set of dialect phraseological units - stable phrases that have a holistic meaning and are regularly reproduced in speech.
As in a literary language, the stability of a phraseological unit in dialects is understood as the unity of the composition and structure of a phraseological unit, the ability to have an established character, fixed by tradition. The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is manifested in its semantic and functional and grammatical similarity to the word (sit on the comb - “spin”).
The regular use of phraseological units in the speech of speakers of a particular dialect is the main form of existence of these lexical units in a dialect language.
A distinctive feature of dialect phraseology, as well as literary one, is its inherent pronounced figurative and emotional assessment of actions and qualities of objects that already have their own names in the language. For example: to fall through a stick - to become infirm, weak." It is natural that precisely because of their expressiveness, most phraseological units characterize the properties and state of a person. For example: a fat person is a glutton"; a dirty belly button is a "slob". The figurative and expressive essence of phraseological units is especially clearly manifested in cases where phraseological units are formed as a result of metaphorical transfer: swallow the sun - “yawn”; not covering the tooth - “laughing”; to sit in rotten houses - “to be bored, to lead a monotonous lifestyle.”
Dialectal phraseological units are semantically heterogeneous. In Russian folk phraseology, a significant number of thematic groups can be distinguished related to the reflection of the spiritual culture of the people, their production activities, the environment, etc. Phraseologisms can characterize the properties, state of a person: to eat a tooth - to be experienced,” with a pestle in a mortar don’t understand - about a fidgety person; human actions: roar loudly, cry loudly for a long time, walk - crawl"; can characterize natural phenomena: sweaty weather - thaw; orphan winter - “warm, mild winter", horse water ~ dirty rain water"; can be second names for household items: black wiggler - poker", steel pencil -| "scrap", etc. Dialectal phraseological units actively reflect the people1-! new ritual: shouting thresholds - asking for a gift from the bride”, driving with whitewash - “bringing gifts to the bride”, etc.
Dialectal phraseological units, in their own way, correlate with nouns (farm-headed -■ [a woman who does not know how to run a household"), adjectives (a century-old maid - a girl who never married; an old maid"), verbs (by the way to meddle - to spin in the head, in the tongue; about something familiar, but forgotten at the moment"), adverbs (where rage -I ■ very good"), interjections (forget Perun, split the stashnik, take you away - abusive expressions of annoyance , dissatisfaction). In phraseological units, the degree of fusion of components can be presented in different ways. Thus, in some phraseological units, imagery and figurative meaning are motivated (to play nests - to celebrate several weddings at once), while in others, the meaning is not motivated by the components that make up the phraseological unit. In such phraseological units, it is impossible to establish ways of forming a figurative meaning, to outline an image that carries the main expressive load (Barma Yaryzhka is a stupid person"). A phraseological unit, like a free phrase, can be characterized by the following syntactic connections between components: coordination - in native boots (barefoot"), walked for a long time, control - there is no one to reason with - to consult", by contiguity - the radio speaks the program well (predicts") - about the weather .
Dialects are characterized by turns of a tautological nature, which is due to the speaker’s desire to clarify the direct nominative meaning of the first word in a phraseological unit and to enhance the expressiveness of the entire phraseological turn. Thus, in the dialects of the Moscow region, the typical phraseological unit is to rave spring - "to sow spring crops", in Voronezh dialects elephants are used to loiter - "to mess around", in Ryazan - to rave nonsense - to talk nonsense", in Siberian dialects - to run in a race - to compete in a race", etc. d.
Phraseologisms formed by the repetition of words with the same root are characterized by the loss of independent meaning in the second component, which serves mainly to give the entire phraseological unit greater expressiveness, emotionality, and also enhance the semantic connotation: I’ll put up a fence or the chickens will fly ; My legs are burning right now; I have no time to chat. Why is there no need to chatter? Go be shy.
Tautological phraseological units can be different in structure. 1) Verb + cognate adverb formed from a noun in the form creative. p.: let's walk, throw kidkdm. 2) Verb + single-root noun in the form of other indirect cases: stand on the ground, lie down on the ground. 3) Verb.ol -+- single-root component in the form of a verbal adverb in -mya (-ma): padma maw, sidma sit, burn in grief. 4) Noun -+- adjective: the darkness is dark, the year is good. 5) Noun + verb: summer to fly, the clock is ticking, the cry is to click. 6) Noun -\- noun with a preposition: day by day.
What is one of the features of dialect phraseology? its inherent variability, which is revealed when a phraseological unit is repeatedly reproduced by the same person or when a phraseological unit is used in the speech of residents of different settlements of the same region, as well as several; regions.
Phraseological variability presupposes, given the identity of semantics, the replacement of some components by others. The reasons for the occurrence of variability are many factors, including the time frame for using phraseological units, the territory of functioning of phraseological units.
The variability of phraseological units in dialects in many cases arises in connection with the penetration and approval of new norms: accentological (selling beauty - selling beauty, curling a kurnik - curling a kurnik - a ritual in which the bride was seated near a decorated Christmas tree, songs were sung to her, and the groomsman or groom gave ransom), phonetic (mounted fire - mounted in "fire - flame"), morphological, which manifest themselves most often in the forms of case, gender, number of nouns (mdlin to collect - mblino to collect - molina to collect - molina to collect - a rite in which they gave gifts young people with gifts; hubbub scream - hubbub scream - shout loudly, call for help"; like a brown wolf - like brown wolves - work a lot, hard"), syntactic (howl in a voice - howl in a voice; walk in a circle - walk in a circle - walk in circles - lead a round dance"; walk on a broom - walk behind a broom - a wedding ceremony in which before the wedding the bride, before the bathhouse, stops by the groom’s house to receive a treat along with the broom).
Lexical variability is the most common phenomenon in dialect phraseology, which is largely due to the presence of synonyms in the speech of dialect speakers, the use under the influence of radio, television, cinema, schools of literary, popular words along with dialects, etc. For example: add (widen) eyes ( light) - to be surprised, to be amazed, to look at something with surprise", to collect (thresh, carry, chat, harrow, weave) around the head and in the bosom " - talk nonsense", like a spinner (vertnik, spinner) spin - behave fussy."
Varying the components does not violate the integrity of the phraseological unit and does not destroy its semantics, but on the contrary makes it possible to more accurately convey the emotional and evaluative characteristics of the phenomenon.
Some dialect phraseological units may include words that are common to the literary language (far from being related - a big difference"), others include dialect lexemes as a component (neither a candle to God, nor a burn to the devil, cf. neither a candle to God, nor a poker to the devil ; here the dialectal phraseological unit varies the literary phraseological unit due to the use in its composition of the dialect word burn - “a stick replacing a poker with which coals are stirred; a piece of wood burnt at the end”). The third type of phraseological units contains both dialect and literary words, but it has a unique structure and semantics (to ash your head - “to do evil, to harm”).
The relationship between dialect and literary phraseology osu
is realized through national models, common to both dialects
noah, and for literary phraseology. Phraseological
model is a structural type of phraseological unit that provides
ensures both its reproducibility and semantic stability
ness. According to one model, dialect phraseological units based on
busy maiden, untransplanted maiden and literary phraseolo
gizm old maid.
Under the influence of the literary language, dialect phraseological units can change their lexical composition by replacing one of the components with a literary lexeme (to be in the chabras with to be in the neighbors). The dialectal distinctive feature may be lost if the dialect phraseological unit is structurally aligned with the literary phraseological unit (headlong after headlong).
In modern Russian dialects, not all thematic groups of phraseological units are included in the active vocabulary of native speakers. In connection with the change in the worldview and psychology of people in the conditions of universal literacy, the penetration of radio and television into rural life, many thematic groups of phraseological units pass into passive stock. Thus, the phraseological units stake to stake - neither stake nor yard", grab a shepherdess - determine which of the fortune-telling friends will get married first", eat fragments - "get refused during matchmaking", etc. are preserved only in the speech of the older generation. Other phraseological units continue to live in new conditions, but change the original meaning and acquire a new meaning. Thus, the phraseological phrase “to sit in rotten villages”, formed from the name of the village of Gnilushki, which initially had the meaning of “living in a remote village surrounded by swamps and forests”, changed its original semantics and began to be used in the meaning of “to be bored, to lead a monotonous lifestyle” (There is no need for us to sit in rotten villages, We'll be watching TV soon).
Despite the increasing leveling influence of the literary language on dialects, the dialect language is replenished with new phraseological units that convey figurative ideas based on the local specific situation, reflecting the life, work and character of the Russian person. Such phraseological units may include expressions that characterize the new social conditions of life in a modern village (the chairman’s road is an impeccable, impeccable, principled line of behavior”, to live among the bosses - “to be in a leadership position”, to a learned mind - with knowledge of the matter”, to walk with tenth grade - have a secondary education").
Dialectal phraseology makes the speech of speakers of a particular dialect figurative, vivid, and emotional. And it is natural that it is this phraseology that is reflected in the modern works of art of many Soviet writers.
Linguistics
Bulletin of Nizhny Novgorod University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky, 2013, No. 6 (2), p. 29-32
UDC 81"374"282(038)
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF DIALECTAL PHRASEOLOGISTS
© 2013 E.N. Akimova, V.L. Akimov
Mordovian State University named after. N.P. Ogareva
aktouaep@shaP. gi
Received by the editor on December 9, 2013
The article describes the experience of creating an electronic dictionary of dialect phraseological units of Russian dialects of Mordovia.
Key words: dialectology, phraseology, phraseography, computer technology.
The development of the humanities in the digital age suggests the widespread use of corpus technologies in linguistic research.
Dialectal phraseology is currently being studied in various aspects: the peculiarities of phraseologization of phrases in dialects, issues of phraseological synonymy and variation are being studied, the structural and grammatical properties of phraseological units are being analyzed, their component composition is being determined, issues of phraseological derivation are being considered, etc. Published materials show that dialects have significant reserves of phraseological means with characteristic features. Evidence of this is a significant number of publications that reveal the specifics of dialect phraseology; Monographs have been created where its problems are studied to one degree or another (A.I. Fedorov, L.A. Ivashko, V.M. Mok-ienko, I.L. Podyukov). However, in this branch of linguistics there is still much that is undeveloped and unexplored. The theoretical study of dialect phraseology is hampered by the lack of phraseological material and its fragmentation in regional dictionaries.
Recently, many researchers have been talking about the “lexicographic boom”, the “lexicographization of modern linguistics”, the “tendency towards lexicographic parameterization of language”. The creation of any regional dictionaries is recognized as an extremely difficult task, more time-consuming and in many respects more complex than the compilation of dictionaries of the Russian literary language. This is especially true in relation to dialect phraseology.
In the 1970s, several dialect phraseological dictionaries appeared: “Material
ala for the phraseological dictionary of dialects of the Northern Kama region" (1972), "Dictionary of phraseological units and other stable phrases of Russian dialects of Siberia" (1972), "Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of Siberia" (1983). Over the last decade, they have been supplemented by “Materials for the dictionary of phraseological units and other stable combinations of the Chita region” (1999-2004), “Dictionary of Pskov proverbs and sayings” (2001), “Phraseological dictionary of Perm dialects” (2002), “Materials for the ideographic dictionary Novgorod phraseological units" (2004), "Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of the Komi Republic" (2004), "Man in Russian dialectal phraseology" (2004), "Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of the Baikal region" (2006), "Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of Lower Pechora" ( 2008). In 2007, the “Phraseological Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Republic of Mordovia” was published, compiled by R.V. Semyon-kova.
Most of these dictionaries demonstrate new approaches to the lexicographic development of the phraseological spectrum of Russian folk dialects. This is expressed both in the implementation of the idea of semantic presentation of the material, and in expanding the scope of the dictionary entry and increasing the number of parameters characterizing the dialect phraseology
For example, I.A. Kobeleva writes: “Today there is a need for a comprehensive, comprehensive description of the phraseology of dialects (including dictionary) and, most importantly, the development of the principles of such a theoretical and lexicographical representation, taking into account the latest achievements in the field of phraseology and phraseography of the Russian literary language, according to which it is currently possible to show almost all parameters of dialect phraseological
sky unit (its form, grammar, meaning, compatibility, paradigmatic relations)".
Analysis of the current state of the problem allows us to draw the following conclusions:
Dialectal vocabulary and phraseology need new approaches to their description, based on the ideas of anthropocentrism;
There is a need for a comprehensive study and description of dialect phraseological units, taking into account the provisions of linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics, and sociolinguistics;
Particular attention should be paid to Russian dialects that were formed in a multicultural space;
It is necessary to publish collected and systematized scientific and illustrative materials, including in electronic form.
The relevance of such a study is determined by the lack of study of dialectal phraseological material on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia in the linguocultural aspect, in particular the lack of an analytical description of the ethnic experience presented in the phraseology of Russian dialects of Mordovia, features of the expressive secondary naming of fragments of reality, due to the national and cultural originality of the linguistic situation in conditions of bilingualism . This is due to the fact that dialect phraseological units have characteristic features and largely reflect the specifics of traditional speech culture, focused on dialects: the cognitive side of rural speech communication, including the mythological nature of the worldview of dialect speakers, the zones of greatest detail in the linguistic picture of the world, the specifics of the nomination of natural objects and artifacts etc. The study of the specified dialect phraseological fund provides new opportunities for identifying the most characteristic methods of associations, which are reflected in the form of an ethnopsychological element in the language of the people.
We proceed from the working hypothesis that phraseological units, which form an integral part of the Russian national language, represent the peculiarities of the worldview of representatives of a territorially closed society, their cultural traditions, contain elements of empirical experience, mythological ideas, and reproduce a system of moral values. In addition, the Russian dialects of Mordovia, formed in a multicultural environment, have specific
linguistic properties and cultural features caused by the interaction and mutual influence of languages of different types (Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic, etc.).
This article describes the experience of creating an electronic dictionary of dialect phraseological units of Russian dialects of Mordovia.
At the first stage, stored at the Department of Russian Language of Moscow State University. N.P. Ogarev’s card index was replenished with new examples collected during scientific expeditions to various settlements of the Republic of Mordovia using the method of direct observation and experimental techniques.
Transcription of audio materials containing original oral texts recorded from speakers of dialects made it possible to carry out a reliable description of dialect phraseological units and analyze them comprehensively.
At the second stage of the work, an ideographic systematization of the collected material was carried out; phraseological units reflecting the value system as represented by dialect speakers were distributed into thematic groups and described in the linguocultural aspect; patterns of motivation of their internal form were traced; the areal characteristics of stable combinations formed under conditions of interaction and mutual influence of languages of different types were given; Phraseological units reflecting the influence of linguocultural factors of a different language environment (Finno-Ugric, Turkic, etc.) were analyzed.
For the convenience of storing and using the corpus of collected phraseological units, creating various types of samples, the created card index was transferred to electronic form.
The next natural and logical step is the creation of an electronic dictionary.
An electronic dictionary is one of the types of automated information and reference systems created on the basis of a database management system (DBMS). The use of modern DBMS allows you to create a convenient information storage system with a wide range of functionality for processing information, generating sampling requests and reports of various types, and implementing a variety of statistical methods.
Domain analysis, i.e. structure and composition of the dialect phraseological dictionary, showed that the basic structural unit is the dictionary entry. When reviewing dictionary entries, several
Electronic dictionary of dialect phraseological units
variants of their structure, which is explained by the different status of the words that make up the phraseological unit. Only one of them is the main or supporting one, and the rest are secondary.
An article starting with a key word has the following structure: key word - phraseological unit - explanation of the meaning of phraseological unit - example indicating a geographical mark. This structure can have many variations, since there can be several phraseological units related to one reference word and examples.
An article starting with a secondary word has a simpler structure: a word - phraseological unit - a link to a supporting word. In addition, the structure can be mixed, since the supporting word of one phraseological unit may be secondary for another.
This data structure is of a hierarchical type and is considered very inconvenient for processing. For this reason, the resulting structure of dictionary entries was decomposed and a data diagram was built, consisting of five relational tables linked by key fields with the type of relationships “one to one” and “one to many”.
The following tables are highlighted:
The “Key words” table contains all the key words of the dictionary;
The “Phraseological Units” table contains all phraseological units in the dictionary with an interpretation of the phraseological unit and a link to the reference word;
The table “Examples of phraseological units” contains all examples of phraseological units separately with reference to the phraseological unit and geographical mark;
The “Geographical marks” table contains a list of all geographical marks of the dictionary indicating the short and full name of the locality and region of the republic;
The proposed data scheme allows you to implement various options for the structure of dictionary entries, as well as facilitate the selection of information on queries and the generation of various reports.
The electronic dictionary is implemented on the basis of the Microsoft Access DBMS. For the convenience of working with the dictionary, a set of forms has been created that makes up an intuitive user interface.
face Entering information can be done manually or via the clipboard if the text of the new dictionary entry is available in electronic form. Frequently repeated information is entered through the directory system.
The functionality of the electronic dictionary can be expanded. The “Geographical marks” table can be supplemented with a field indicating the geographical coordinates of the locality. In this case, for each example or request, not only text will be displayed, but also a map indicating the location of one or more settlements.
If you have an electronic file cabinet, it is possible to automatically generate dictionary entries and add them to an existing electronic dictionary. The structure of the created database allows you to create an electronic file cabinet of already processed cards automatically using a system of special queries implemented by the internal tools of the Microsoft Access DBMS, which eliminates the repeated entry of information. Thus, the electronic dictionary can be replenished with new dictionary entries after each dialectological expedition, which significantly increases its scientific relevance.
Replication of the dictionary can be carried out on any electronic medium or by e-mail, which significantly reduces its cost, but at the same time increases its accessibility in the scientific world. If necessary, you can implement the distribution of new versions to all interested users.
So, the use of information technologies in the humanities opens up new opportunities for creating fully functional electronic dictionaries of various fields, and the development of the Internet makes it possible to quickly disseminate them in the scientific community.
Bibliography
1. Semenkova R.V. Phraseological dictionary of Russian dialects of the Republic of Mordovia. Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. Univ., 2007. 332 p.
2. Kobeleva I.A. Modern Russian dialect phraseology: lexical-grammatical and lexicographical aspects. Abstract of thesis. ... Dr. Philol. Sci. Syktyvkar, 2012. 38 p.
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF DIALECT PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
E.N. Akimova, V.L. Akimov
This paper describes the experience of creating an electronic dictionary of dialect idioms of the Mordovia area, a variant of the Russian language.
Keywords: dialectology, phraseology, phraseography, computer technology
UDC 81"373
ABOUT TWO DIALECT PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS E. F. Zhukova, A. V. Klevtsova ABOUT TWO DIALECT PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
E.F.Zhukova, A.V.Klevtsova
Humanitarian Institute of NovSU, [email protected]
The article examines the phraseological units bzdy cold, popel lifted, recorded in the village of Klevtsovo, Oryol (now Lipetsk) region. The structure of phraseological units, semantics, and the reflected sphere of life of the people are determined; synonymous relations are established with phraseological units of the literary language. Phraseologisms have two components, one component refers to the national vocabulary, the second to the dialect. Phraseologisms are correlative with the verb and act as predicative units; bzdy has caught a cold - a personal construction; raised with a bang - impersonal. Bzdy cold states that the ash has completely cooled; raised like a pope - someone or something appears to have burned, turned to ashes and disappeared without a trace. The functional-speech sphere of the abdomen is narrow, associated with the situation of heat and cold; The scope of popel use has expanded significantly: many things can turn into ashes and disappear. Popelom raised is included in the synonymous series, numerous in the literary language. A common thread in the article is the idea that dialectologists need to make every effort so that not a single phraseological unit falls into oblivion. Key words: dialectism, phraseology, dialect, semantics, synonyms
The papers investigates phraseological units bzdy prostyli, popielom podnyalo recorded in the village Klevtsovo Orel (now Lipetsk) region. The structure of the phraseological units, semantics, reflected sphere of the people's life are determined; synonymous relations with the phraseological units of the literary language are established. The phraseological units have two components; one component refers to the nation-wide vocabulary, the second - to the dialect. The phraseological units correlate with the verb and are predicative units, bzdy prostyli personal construction, popielom podnyalo - impersonal. Bzdy prostyli state the full ash cooling; popielom podnyalo someone or something seems burned into ashes and disappeared without a trace. Functional speech sphere in bzdy prostyli is narrow, associated with heat-cold situation, the use of popielom podnyalo is much wider: much can turn into ashes and disappear. Popielom podnyalo is included in the synonymous row, numerous in the literary language. In the article the idea, that dialectologists need to make every effort to ensure that no phraseological units are dead, is stressed. Keywords: dialecticism, phraseological unit, dialect, semantics, synonyms
Regional dictionaries, the number of which has been growing in recent years, immerse not only the lexical richness of the Russian language, but also the phraseological richness of folk dialects and involuntarily direct scientific thought to the study of this wealth and the creation of phraseological dictionaries, which are still isolated.
The phraseology of dialects is an integral part of the national language; it is unique and original, but far from being studied or even collected. “...For science, every word has a certain value, regardless of whether it is part of the literary language or is... belonging... to a local dialect, because it appeared. in order to. to call some particle of reality. Lose
a dialect word means losing... a significant part of what constituted the content of the lives of millions of people for many centuries.” And even more so, we cannot allow dialect phraseology to sink into oblivion, because phraseological units are characterized by “indisputable nominative self-sufficiency and high cognitive value...”, which “is confirmed not only by the impossibility of replacing them with lexical synonyms. but also their catchy, colorful imagery and... laden with... cultural information
historical nature."
Our attention was drawn to the phraseological units bzdy caught a cold, as if suddenly raised, recorded in
the village of Klevtsovo, Oryol (now Lipetsk) region, the homeland of the authors of this note. These phraseological units are not registered in any dictionary that was in our field of vision.
Let's turn to the text with the first phraseological unit: “A ray of sun looked through the window of our house, slid across my face - and I woke up. Mom was busy in the kitchen, rattling buckets. “Mom,” I say, “bake apples from my favorite honey cake today.” “What apples,” I hear in response. - The stove was heated long ago with damp twigs. She’s already gone cold.”
The cold means that the wood in the stove has burned out, everything has cooled down, the heat has gone, if you blow on the ashes, there won’t even be a spark; If you splash water, it won't hiss.
Without dwelling on the question of the verbal nature of the composition of phraseological units, we note that no understanding of a phraseological unit is possible without special attention to each word of the phraseological unit. Despite the fact that the components of a phraseological unit, due to their de-actualization, are deprived of the basic features of a word, they undoubtedly participate in the formation of phraseological meaning and help to understand the denotative content contained in the phraseological unit.
The vocabulary of dialects is dominated by national vocabulary, and it is not surprising that it forms the basis of dialect phraseological units, combining with local words. In our phraseological units, verbs belong to the popular vocabulary, and names are dialectal.
The semantic center of the phraseological unit bzdy prostily is the verb prostit, which is also used in free use. It has the same root as in the verb studit and its derivatives, only at a different level of alternation (у - ы). The verb has two meanings; in phraseological units colloquial is implemented. - “cool down, cool down.”
The first component is not found in free use. This is dialectism, the semantics and etymology of which are not clear. Based on the dictionaries of V.I. Dahl, A. Preobrazhensky, M. Vasmer, we can attribute it to the word-formation nest: bzdyrit, staring, bzyk, etc. The verb means: “rush, rage, roar”; nouns - “roaring, running of cattle”, as well as “horsefly, wasp”, which cause anxiety in animals. Preobrazhensky and Vasmer are inclined to explain the root of these words as onomatopoeia.
A large word-formation nest with this root is contained in the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects. Of the words listed in the dictionary, the verbs bzdat - bazdat with the meaning “to give steam in a bathhouse, wetting a hot heater” (Perm., Volog., Arch.) are closest to the one being analyzed, as well as the verb bzdat with the same meaning. An illustration is given for the latter: I never cheat in the bathhouse (Sverd.).
Tracing the above words, you can catch in them the “hissing”, “excitement”, “restlessness”, like the reaction of water in combination with hot or the reaction of animals to a bite. In the phraseological unit bzda cold, it is as if the absence of this
reactions, as well as the sparks themselves - the remains of combustion, hot.
The analyzed phraseological unit, being a figurative representation of the world, reflects the economic and everyday sphere of life of the people, without which it is difficult to imagine the very existence of a person. Producing heat by burning wood, the remainder of the firewood - ash - has been known to people since ancient times. People had the opportunity to observe the properties of ash. And in phraseological units the properties of ash are recorded. Ash retains heat for some time; If you pour water on it, it will hiss. There will be no hissing when it cools completely.
The second phraseological unit is also associated with the same economic and everyday sphere, appearing in three variants: as if it was lifted with a bang, as if it was lifted with a bang, so that it was lifted with a bang. More often than others, the phrase with the conjunction as is used. The option without a conjunction is usually used to indicate the loss of something inanimate. The construction with the conjunction so(s) functions in relation to living beings when expressing a negative attitude towards them.
Let's look at the texts:
Evlekha screams on the shore of the pond: her goat is missing. “I can’t even wonder where my little animal is, it’s gone, it’s nowhere, God help me,” the old woman screams (And the village boys tied the goat to a pipe on the roof of the house).
Mahora kept money in an old chest for a rainy day, but when she needed to take it, she found nothing. She was dying, wailing: “Even if you walk around the world, everything has risen in ashes, but they collected pennies at a time: they were malnourished, did not drink enough. How to offend children now?
May it lift you up, I'm tired of it!
Someone or something seems to have burned, decayed, turned into ashes, ash and disappeared without a trace; the last sentence expresses a wish for something unkind - disappearance.
The verb component has raised a national level, it also functions in free use, it is polysemantic, and in the phraseological unit the meaning “to move to a higher position, to move upward” is realized. From a burnt object (usually a tree), ashes remain, which easily crumble in the wind, scatter to the sides, and disappear.
The word popel in Dahl's dictionary is interpreted as tsrk. with the meaning “ashes”, “ash”, “burnt ashes” and is noted in the South, Orl., Cal. Vasmer gives ashes, dial. sang with reference to Dahl, indicating Orl., Kursk., Kaluga, South. A. Preobrazhensky in his article ashes cites popel (popela, popelu) with the droppings of eagles and chickens. .
The word sang is a phonetic dialectism, a variant of the word ash. Ash - “gray (with different shades) dust, powder remaining after something burnt, burnt, ash.” Phonetic dialectism also functions in free use, as noted in the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, in the “Dictionary of Modern Russian Folk Dialects (village of Deulino, Ryazan District, Ryazan Region)”, “Dictionary of Oryol Dialects”.
In the first two dictionaries, the phraseological unit “to sit down on the spot” is repeated - “to crumble, turn to dust, decay.” Ryaz. 1960-1963. It echoes ours, which, however, is not in the dictionaries.
The nominal components of our phraseological units are semantically connected in a certain way: sang
Ash, ash, bzdy - the behavior of ash when it is specially checked.
Both phraseological units give a negative assessment to the nominated fragment of reality by the potential subject of speech. Their functional-speech sphere is different. The cold in the abdomen is narrow, specific, associated with the situation of heat and cold. The scope of use of popel has expanded significantly: living and nonliving things can turn into ashes and disappear; one can affirm the disappearance, the transformation into ashes, or one can assume this disappearance and desire it.
These phraseological units are correlated with the verb and act as predicative units, but these are phrases of different structures. The bzdy got cold - a personal construction, raised like a pope - impersonal, deprived of the ability to be combined with the nominative case of the name as the subject.
The phraseological units under consideration arose as a result of a figurative representation of the properties of one reality - ash, ash. Each of them verbalizes different properties of this reality, and the commonality that is found in these units does not make them synonymous. The assholes have caught a cold and are incapable of replacing each other. Meanwhile, the highest synonymy is where phraseological units have a common dominant and freely replace each other in any context. The same cannot be said about our phraseological units.
It is difficult to give a synonym from the literary language for the phraseological unit bzdy proshilya, while popelom lifted is included in the synonymous series, numerous in the literary language, which is easy to verify by referring to the “Dictionary of Phraseological Synonyms of the Russian Language,” ed. V.P.Zhukova. Here are synonymous phraseological units from this dictionary:<И>no trace - "someone quickly and usually unexpectedly left, disappeared from somewhere." . Search<как>winds in the field - “disappeared irretrievably, someone has disappeared, it is useless to search for, pursue, etc. someone.” . As if (as if, as if, exactly) the wind had blown away - “someone disappeared with lightning speed, something instantly disappeared.” As if (as if, exactly) it was washed away with water - “someone disappeared without a trace, something ceased to exist.” Like (as if, exactly) a cow licked (licked) with its tongue
- “quickly and without a trace disappeared, as if it had never happened at all.” This is far from a complete synonymous series expressing the concept of disappearance, loss, but the given synonyms are enough to talk about the phraseological richness of the Russian literary language, and together with dialect phraseological units - about the richness of the national language, about the figurative representation of the picture of the world by native speakers of the Russian language.
Phraseological synonymy, like verbal,
An indisputable indicator of semantic diversity, emotional and expressiveness of language.
Dialectal phraseological units, synonymous with phraseological units of the literary language, expand the framework of synonymous nests of the national language, giving native speakers additional means for figurative interpretation of the real world.
Studying dialect phraseology, you are once again convinced that the Russian language is a treasure trove, the depth of which cannot be measured. When drawing from this well, you need to take care of its cleanliness and take care of its contents. A word or phraseological unit that is not used in speech, not written down anywhere, is forgotten and dies over time. Therefore, it is so important to collect linguistic units bit by bit, study them, and compile various dictionaries. Dialectologists are obliged to make every effort to collect phraseological units created by the Russian people and pass on this miracle as an inheritance to descendants, who, in their language creation, will reveal something new to the world and prolong the life of the creations received as an inheritance.
1. Melnichenko G.G. Concise Yaroslavl regional dictionary. Yaroslavl, 1967. P. 7.
2. Zhukov V.P., Zhukov A.V. Russian phraseology. Tutorial. Ed. 2, rev. and additional M., 2006. P. 38.
3. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. M., 1959, vol. III. C. 711.
4. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. M., 1955, vol. I, vol. III. C. 85.
5. Preobrazhensky A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1910-1914, vol. I, vol. II. C.57.
6. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1964, vol. I; 1971, vol. III. C.164.
7. Dictionary of Russian folk dialects. Vol. 2, M.-L., 1966; issue 29, S.-P., 1995. pp. 287-289.
8. Dictionary of the Russian language. C. 279.
9. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary... P. 289.
10. Vasmer M. Ibid. C. 234.
11. Preobrazhensky A. Etymological dictionary... P. 37.
12. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. M., 1993, vol. II. C.20.
13. Dictionary of Russian folk dialects. C. 301.
14. Dictionary of modern Russian folk dialect (village of Deulino, Ryazan district, Ryazan region). M., 1969. P. 439.
15. Dictionary of Oryol dialects. Vol. 1, Yaroslavl, 1989; issue 10, Orel, 1999. P. 155.
16. Zhukov V.P., Sidorenko M.I., Shklyarov V.T. Dictionary of phraseological synonyms of the Russian language / Under. ed. V.P.Zhukova. M., 1987. P. 123.
17. Ibid. C. 180.
18. Ibid. P. 187.
1. Me1shchenko G.G. Kratkiy yaroslavskiy oblastnoy slovar ". Yaroslavl, 1967, p. 7.
2. Zhukov V.P., Zhukov A.V. Russian frazeologiya. Ucheb-noe posobie. . Moscow, 2006, p. 38.
3. Evgen "eva A.P. ed. Slovar" russkogo yazyka: v 4t. . Moscow, 1959, Vol. III, p. 711.
4. Dal V.I. Tolkovyy slovar" zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka. Moscow, 1955, Vol. I, Vol. III, p. 85.
5. Preobrazhensky A. Etimologicheskiy slovar "russkogo yazyka. Moscow, 1910-1914, Vol. I, Vol. II, p. 57.
6. Fasmer M. Etimologicheskiy slovar "russkogo yazyka. Moscow, 1964, vol. I; 1971, Vol. III, p. 164.
7. Slovar" russkikh narodnykh govorov, Iss. 2, Moscow-Leningrad, 1966; Iss. 29, Saint Petersburg, 1995, pp. 287-289.
8. Slovar "russkogo yazyka. , p. 279.
9. Dal V.I. Ibid., p. 289.
10. Fasmer M. Ibid., p. 234.
11. Preobrazhensky A. Ibid., p. 37.
12. Chernykh P.Y. Istoriko-etimologicheskiy slovar" sovremen-nogo russkogo yazyka. . Moscow, 1993, Vol. II, p. 20.
13. Slovar" russkikh narodnykh govorov, p.301.
14. Slovar "sovremennogo russkogo narodnogo govora (d. Deulino Ryazanskogo rayona Ryazanskoy oblasti). Moscow, 1969, p. 439.
15. Slovar "orlovskikh govorov. Iss. 1, Yaroslavl, 1989; Iss. 10, Gryol, 1999, p. 155.
16. Zhukov V.P., Sidorenko M.I., Shklyarov V.T. Slovar" frazeologicheskikh sinonimov russkogo yazyka. Moscow, 1987, p. 123.
17. Ibid., p. 180.
47. Ways and reasons for the transition of dialect vocabulary into a literary language.
Reasons and conditions for the transition:
1. extralingual.
change in the region language interaction Econ. reasons: development of new r-v, involvement b. masses into production, migration, expansion of contacts with native speakers of Lithuanian language, democrat of native speakers.
Art. known words (media, newspapers)
Areal character: the wider the distribution, the. b. advantages of entering the literary language. (kovriga)
Factor ots-I equivalent dial. word in Literary language (dung - bricks made of clay, manure, straw)
F-r sl\obr req. awareness of the native speaker. sl\arr. models) noun +suf. = hook maker
Motivir-ti: transition unmotivated. sv. limited, mainly motivation (hazel - no root in Literary language, rowan, viburnum, raspberry...). often go overboard. words
Expressions (Khoromina)
1. unimportant
2. mediated
From the city. vernacular; terminol. s-mu; language. thin liters, f-ra. The significance of the paths varies. Guides: educational, special, scientific, art. liter, press, media, documents
48. Dialectal phraseology.
Dialect phraseology is usually called a set of dialect phraseological units - stable phrases that have a holistic meaning and are regularly reproduced in speech.
As in a literary language, the stability of a phraseological unit in dialects is understood as the unity of the composition and structure of a phraseological unit, the ability to have an established character, fixed by tradition. The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is manifested in its semantic and functional and grammatical similarity to the word (sit on the comb - “spin”).
The regular use of phraseological units in the speech of speakers of a particular dialect is the main form of existence of these lexical units in a dialect language.
A distinctive feature of dialect phraseology, as well as literary one, is its inherent pronounced figurative and emotional assessment of actions and qualities of objects that already have their own names in the language. For example: to fall through a stick - to become infirm, weak." It is natural that precisely because of their expressiveness, most phraseological units characterize the properties and state of a person. For example: a fat person is a glutton"; a dirty belly button is a "slob". The figurative and expressive essence of phraseological units is especially clearly manifested in cases where phraseological units are formed as a result of metaphorical transfer: swallow the sun - “yawn”; not covering the tooth - “laughing”; to sit in rotten houses - “to be bored, to lead a monotonous lifestyle.”
Dialectal phraseological units are semantically heterogeneous. In Russian folk phraseology, a significant number of thematic groups can be distinguished related to the reflection of the spiritual culture of the people, their production activities, the environment, etc. Phraseologisms can characterize the properties, state of a person: to eat a tooth - to be experienced,” with a pestle in a mortar don’t understand - about a fidgety person; human actions: roar loudly, cry loudly for a long time, walk - crawl"; can characterize natural phenomena: sweaty weather - thaw; orphan winter - “warm, mild winter", horse water ~ dirty rain water"; can be second names for household items: black wiggler - poker", steel pencil -| "scrap", etc. Dialectal phraseological units actively reflect the people1-! new ritual: shouting thresholds - asking for a gift from the bride”, driving with whitewash - “bringing gifts to the bride”, etc.
Dialectal phraseological units, in their own way, correlate with nouns (farm-headed -■ [a woman who does not know how to run a household"), adjectives (a century-old maid - a girl who never married; an old maid"), verbs (by the way to meddle - to spin in the head, in the tongue; about something familiar, but forgotten at the moment"), adverbs (where rage -I ■ very good"), interjections (forget Perun, split the stashnik, take you away - abusive expressions of annoyance , dissatisfaction). In phraseological units, the degree of fusion of components can be presented in different ways. Thus, in some phraseological units, imagery and figurative meaning are motivated (to play nests - to celebrate several weddings at once), while in others, the meaning is not motivated by the components that make up the phraseological unit. In such phraseological units, it is impossible to establish ways of forming a figurative meaning, to outline an image that carries the main expressive load (Barma Yaryzhka is a stupid person"). A phraseological unit, like a free phrase, can be characterized by the following syntactic connections between components: coordination - in native boots (barefoot"), walked for a long time, control - there is no one to reason with - to consult", by contiguity - the radio speaks the program well (predicts") - about the weather .
Dialects are characterized by turns of a tautological nature, which is due to the speaker’s desire to clarify the direct nominative meaning of the first word in a phraseological unit and to enhance the expressiveness of the entire phraseological turn. Thus, in the dialects of the Moscow region, the typical phraseological unit is to rave spring - "to sow spring crops", in Voronezh dialects elephants are used to loiter - "to mess around", in Ryazan - to rave nonsense - to talk nonsense", in Siberian dialects - to run in a race - to compete in a race", etc. d.
Phraseologisms formed by the repetition of words with the same root are characterized by the loss of independent meaning in the second component, which serves mainly to give the entire phraseological unit greater expressiveness, emotionality, and also enhance the semantic connotation: I’ll put up a fence or the chickens will fly ; My legs are burning right now; I have no time to chat. Why is there no need to chatter? Go be shy.
Tautological phraseological units can be different in structure. 1) Verb + cognate adverb formed from a noun in the form creative. p.: let's walk, throw kidkdm. 2) Verb + single-root noun in the form of other indirect cases: stand on the ground, lie down on the ground. 3) Verb.ol -+- single-root component in the form of a verbal adverb in -mya (-ma): padma maw, sidma sit, burn in grief. 4) Noun -+- adjective: the darkness is dark, the year is good. 5) Noun + verb: summer to fly, the clock is ticking, the cry is to click. 6) Noun -\- noun with a preposition: day by day.
What is one of the features of dialect phraseology? its inherent variability, which is revealed when a phraseological unit is repeatedly reproduced by the same person or when a phraseological unit is used in the speech of residents of different settlements of the same region, as well as several; regions.
Phraseological variability presupposes, given the identity of semantics, the replacement of some components by others. The reasons for the occurrence of variability are many factors, including the time frame for using phraseological units, the territory of functioning of phraseological units.
The variability of phraseological units in dialects in many cases arises in connection with the penetration and approval of new norms: accentological (selling beauty - selling beauty, curling a kurnik - curling a kurnik - a ritual in which the bride was seated near a decorated Christmas tree, songs were sung to her, and the groomsman or groom gave ransom), phonetic (mounted fire - mounted in "fire - flame"), morphological, which manifest themselves most often in the forms of case, gender, number of nouns (mdlin to collect - mblino to collect - molina to collect - molina to collect - a rite in which they gave gifts young people with gifts; hubbub scream - hubbub scream - shout loudly, call for help"; like a brown wolf - like brown wolves - work a lot, hard"), syntactic (howl in a voice - howl in a voice; walk in a circle - walk in a circle - walk in circles - lead a round dance"; walk on a broom - walk behind a broom - a wedding ceremony in which before the wedding the bride, before the bathhouse, stops by the groom’s house to receive a treat along with the broom).
Lexical variability is the most common phenomenon in dialect phraseology, which is largely due to the presence of synonyms in the speech of dialect speakers, the use under the influence of radio, television, cinema, schools of literary, popular words along with dialects, etc. For example: add (widen) eyes ( light) - to be surprised, to be amazed, to look at something with surprise", to collect (thresh, carry, chat, harrow, weave) around the head and in the bosom " - talk nonsense", like a spinner (vertnik, spinner) spin - behave fussy."
Varying the components does not violate the integrity of the phraseological unit and does not destroy its semantics, but on the contrary makes it possible to more accurately convey the emotional and evaluative characteristics of the phenomenon.
Some dialect phraseological units may include words that are common to the literary language (far from being related - a big difference"), others include dialect lexemes as a component (neither a candle to God, nor a burn to the devil, cf. neither a candle to God, nor a poker to the devil ; here the dialectal phraseological unit varies the literary phraseological unit due to the use in its composition of the dialect word burn - “a stick replacing a poker with which coals are stirred; a piece of wood burnt at the end”). The third type of phraseological units contains both dialect and literary words, but it has a unique structure and semantics (to ash your head - “to do evil, to harm”).
The relationship between dialect and literary phraseology is carried out through national models, common to both dialect and literary phraseology. A phraseological model is a structural type of phraseological unit that ensures both its reproducibility and semantic stability. According to one model, the dialect phraseological units “overstayed maiden”, “untransplanted maiden” and the literary phraseological unit “old maiden” were created.
Under the influence of the literary language, dialect phraseological units can change their lexical composition by replacing one of the components with a literary lexeme (to be in the chabras with to be in the neighbors). The dialectal distinctive feature may be lost if the dialect phraseological unit is structurally aligned with the literary phraseological unit (headlong after headlong).
In modern Russian dialects, not all thematic groups of phraseological units are included in the active vocabulary of native speakers. In connection with the change in the worldview and psychology of people in the conditions of universal literacy, the penetration of radio and television into rural life, many thematic groups of phraseological units pass into passive stock. Thus, the phraseological units stake to stake - neither stake nor yard", grab a shepherdess - determine which of the fortune-telling friends will get married first", eat fragments - "get refused during matchmaking", etc. are preserved only in the speech of the older generation. Other phraseological units continue to live in new conditions, but change the original meaning and acquire a new meaning. Thus, the phraseological phrase “to sit in rotten villages”, formed from the name of the village of Gnilushki, which initially had the meaning of “living in a remote village surrounded by swamps and forests”, changed its original semantics and began to be used in the meaning of “to be bored, to lead a monotonous lifestyle” (There is no need for us to sit in rotten villages, We'll be watching TV soon).
Despite the increasing leveling influence of the literary language on dialects, the dialect language is replenished with new phraseological units that convey figurative ideas based on the local specific situation, reflecting the life, work and character of the Russian person. Such phraseological units may include expressions that characterize the new social conditions of life in a modern village (the chairman’s road is an impeccable, impeccable, principled line of behavior”, to live among the bosses - “to be in a leadership position”, to a learned mind - with knowledge of the matter”, to walk with tenth grade - have a secondary education").
Dialectal phraseology makes the speech of speakers of a particular dialect figurative, vivid, and emotional. And it is natural that it is this phraseology that is reflected in the modern works of art of many Soviet writers.