Adaptations that have been developed in the body in the process of evolution in response to influences external environment or are produced during the life of each individual, are called adaptations. According to A.D. Slonim, physiological adaptation should be understood as a set of physiological characteristics, causing the body to balance with constant or changing environmental conditions. G. Selye argued that the ability to adapt is probably the most distinctive feature life.
All adaptations are divided into phenotypic (individual), developing during the ontogeny of each individual, and genotypic, or heritable carried out on the basis of heredity, variability and natural selection.
Phenotypic adaptations are divided into species And population. The latter have more complex structure, since the influence of the specific environment in which this population lives is added to the characteristics of the species.
Depending on the main strategies for implementing adaptations, they are divided into active and passive. Active adaptations occur with the expenditure of energy, an increase in oxygen consumption (while maintaining the body’s homeostasis), and passive are accompanied by a minimization of function with some disruption of homeostasis, for example, the subordination of the body to environmental conditions (changes in fur color in hares in winter period year) or avoiding them (the bear lies in a den for hibernation). Man, unlike animals, except biological mechanisms can use social achievements for adaptation - clothing, air conditioning, transport, etc. In the process of evolution, this led to a decrease in the functional biological reserves of adaptation, which required the development social funds increasing the security of human existence (Fig. 14.1).
Individual adaptations according to the time of development are divided into urgent, or short-term, and long-term. Urgent adaptations are carried out with the help of nervous and endocrine mechanisms, mobilizing ready-made, already existing reserves of the body: biochemical, functional, mental. Such functioning at the limit of physiological capabilities is pre-
Rice. 14.1.
poses a direct danger to the body, since there is a high probability of a breakdown. On the other hand, it largely does not ensure the realization of all the potential adaptive capabilities of the organism.
Long-term adaptations lead to stimulation of the genetic apparatus of cells, as a result of which a systemic structural trace of adaptation is formed - a morphological component that allows one to expand the range of functional capabilities of body systems (F.Z. Meyerson). Long-term adaptation develops gradually, in the process of long-term, chronic exposure to stress or environmental factors on the body (Fig. 14.2). An increase in the intensity of functioning of structures is the first moment that triggers long-term adaptation. The basis of long-term adaptation is the formation of new structures that can further ensure the implementation of increased tasks. Yes, adaptation muscular system to increased loads is expressed in an increase in muscle mass. New structures arise according to the following scheme. Strengthening the work of an organ (heart, skeletal muscles, lungs, etc.) somehow mobilizes synthesis nucleic acids and proteins in working cells. The first shift in the developing chain of events is the expression of the gene responsible for the synthesis of a particular protein. This leads to the production of RNA or an increase in the rate of its transcription on structural DNA genes. An increase in the amount of messenger RNA leads to an increase in the number of ribosomes, in which the synthesis of protein molecules occurs. As a result, the mass of the working structure increases and its functionality increases. The new structures that arise are called systemic structural trace(CCS).
Individual adaptations formed in the early postembryonic period undoubtedly have their own characteristics, which consist primarily in their greater stability. Hereditary adaptations, in turn, are divided into species and
Rice. 14.2.
populational. The latter have a more complex structure, since the influence of the specific environment in which the population lives is added to the characteristics of the species. This influence is the stronger the larger number generations have been exposed to these environmental influences.
Adaptation to climatic conditions one way or another geographical area called acclimatization, and adaptation to any one environmental factor - acclimation. Some researchers believe that true acclimatization occurs only in the second or even third generation of resettled persons. They call short-term, imperfect adaptation in the first generation of people who moved to a new place of residence acclimation. Thus, the term “acclimation” is not entirely established and possible different variants its use.
One of the most important problems modern physiology and medicine is the study of the patterns of the body’s adaptation to different conditions environment. Adaptation to any human activity is a very complex, multi-level process that affects various functional systems of the body (L.V. Kiselev, 1986; F.Z. Meerson, M.G. Pshennikova, 1988, etc.). In terms of physiology, adaptation to muscular activity is a systemic response of the body, which is aimed at achieving high fitness and minimizing the physiological cost for this. From this point of view, adaptation to physical activity can be considered as a dynamic process based on the formation new program response, and the adaptive process itself, its dynamics and physiological mechanisms are determined by the state and correlation of external and internal conditions of activity (V.N. Platonov, 1988; A.S. Solodkov, 1988).
Conducted in last years Research into the mechanisms of people’s adaptation to various operating conditions has led to the conviction that physiological factors during long-term adaptation are necessarily accompanied by the following processes:
a) perestroika regulatory mechanisms;
b) attracting and using the physiological reserves of the body;
c) development of a special functional system of adaptation to specific labor (sports) human activity (A.S. Solodkov, 1981; 1982).
In essence, these three physiological reactions are the main and basic components of the adaptation process, and the general biological pattern of such adaptive changes is relevant to any human activity.
One can imagine a mechanism for implementing these physiological processes in the following way. To achieve sustainable and perfect adaptation big role plays the restructuring of regulatory adaptive mechanisms and the attraction of physiological reserves, as well as the sequence of their activation at different functional levels. Apparently, the usual physiological reactions are activated first, and only then - the tension reactions of adaptation mechanisms, which require significant energy expenditure using reserve capabilities body. This ultimately leads to the formation of a special functional adaptation system that provides specific activity person. In athletes, such a functional system represents a newly formed relationship nerve centers, hormonal, vegetative and executive bodies, which is necessary to solve the problems of adapting the body to physical stress. Development of a functional adaptation system, through the involvement of various morphologies in this process functional structures of the body, forms the fundamental basis for long-term adaptation to physical stress and is carried out by increasing the efficiency of the various organs and systems of the body as a whole. Taking into account the patterns of formation of a functional system, it is possible to effectively influence its individual links by various means, while accelerating adaptation to physical activity and increasing fitness, i.e. manage the adaptation process.
For a healthy body, there are two types of adaptive changes:
* changes that occur in familiar zone fluctuations in environmental factors when the functional system continues to function in regular composition;
* changes that occur under the influence of excessive factors with the inclusion of additional elements and mechanisms in the system, i.e. with the formation of a special functional adaptation system.
In the literature, both of these groups of adaptive changes are often called adaptive. Perhaps it would be more justified and correct to call the first group of changes ordinary physiological reactions, since these changes are not associated with significant functional changes in the body and, in most cases, do not go beyond physiological norm. The second group of adaptive changes is distinguished by significant tension in regulatory mechanisms, the use of physiological reserves and the formation of a functional adaptation system, and therefore it is advisable to call them adaptive shifts (A.S. Solodkov, 1982, 1990).
Adaptation - adaptation to changing external and internal conditions.
IN psychological sense adaptation - adaptation of a person as an individual to implementation in society in accordance with the requirements of this society and with own needs, motives and interests.
Social adaptation is the process of an individual’s active adaptation to conditions social environment.
Adaptation in its socio-psychological meaning is considered as the relationship between an individual and a small group. That is, the adaptation process is understood as the process of an individual’s entry into a small group, his assimilation of the norms, relationships, and occupation that have developed in the group. specific place in the structure of relations between its members. The peculiarities of the socio-psychological study of adaptation lie in the fact that the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups of which the individual is a member; the small group becomes one of the parties involved in adaptation interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which it adapts Human .
Socio-psychological adaptation consists of a person mastering the socio-psychological characteristics of a small group, entering into the system of relationships that has developed within it, and positively interacting with group members.
A person, entering a new social environment, changes the system of his relationships in a certain way. The group, in turn, reacts to the appearance of a “newcomer” by adjusting its norms, traditions, and rules.
The impetus for the adaptation process in most cases is the individual’s understanding that previous behavioral experience learned in social activities, ceases to ensure the achievement of success, and the restructuring of behavior, in accordance with the requirements of social conditions or a new social environment, becomes relevant.
Typically there are 4 stages social adaptation individual in a new social environment:
- 1. initial stage: the individual’s awareness of types of behavior that should be used in a new social environment, but the individual is not yet ready to accept them and tends to adhere to old patterns of behavior.
- 2. Stage of tolerance: individual, group and new environment show mutual understanding of each other’s value systems and behavior patterns.
- 3. Accommodation stage: the individual’s acceptance of the fundamental elements of the value system of the new environment.
- 4. Assimilation stage: complete coincidence of the value systems of all participants in the adaptation process.
The adaptation mechanism distinguishes two response systems - fast and slow. In the first case, in response to the action of an adaptation factor, all possible response mechanisms are implemented and a functional state is formed that obviously exceeds the requirements for an adequate response. This reaction is observed under the influence of an extreme or unexpected factor.
The second type of reaction involves a gradual increase in the number and power of response mechanisms.
Adaptation can include both physiological and behavioral responses, depending on the level of organization of the system. The main content of the adaptation is internal processes in the system that ensure its preservation external functions in relation to the environment, i.e. maintaining homeostasis.
A set of adaptive reactions from the initial psychological and physiological state person to the final stage represents an adaptive cycle.
The obligatory initial link in the chain of adaptation reactions is the primary response reaction, which occurs in response to the appearance, disappearance or change in the quantitative parameters of any factor.
Following this first reaction of adaptation, a reaction of payment for the primary response occurs. Its task is to ensure effective recovery of energy and psychological costs.
With sufficient intensity and duration of exposure to adaptogenic factors, when the existing regulatory mechanisms are insufficient to restore balance in the person-environment system and the parameters of the reactions of the primary response and reactions of payment for the primary response deviate beyond the limits of permissible fluctuations, the task of creating new system homeostatic regulation. Then the actual process of adaptation begins.
Behavioral reactions during this period carry the main protective function, ensuring minimization of the action of adaptogenic factors and overstrain of regulation. V.I. Medvedev notes the importance of the information protection mechanism, which limits the flow of information into the human brain for its subsequent processing. Filtering of information can be carried out at all stages of its movement, from receptors to projection zones of the cortex cerebral hemispheres and the inclusion of mnestic processes, where the main role is played by forgetting mechanisms. With the participation of this information filter, a subjective conceptual model reality, in accordance with which an individual adaptation strategy is built.
In the next phase of adaptation, a search for the optimal program of regulatory mechanisms occurs. currency banking foreign
The last phase of the adaptation process is the phase of stable adaptation, characterized by stabilization of adaptation indicators, including performance parameters, which are established at a new, more optimal level
It is worth distinguishing between adaptation as a process and adaptation as a result, i.e. the result of the adaptation process. There are subjective and objective criteria adaptability:
- · Subjective - satisfaction with the conditions created for the implementation and development of one’s basic social needs, satisfaction with membership in this group.
- · Objective - the level of implementation by an individual of the norms and rules of relationships accepted in a given social group.
The quantitative and temporal characteristics of adaptation normally correspond to the magnitude of the discrepancy between the necessary and available levels of adaptation. If they exceed the mismatch value, they speak of hyperreactivity; if they are below the mismatch value, they speak of hyporeactivity up to unresponsiveness - the absence of adaptive reactions where they should be. Thus, adaptation is an exact correspondence of the degree of adaptive shifts to the existing adaptive situation.
Starting from the moment of birth, the body suddenly finds itself in completely new conditions and is forced to adapt the activities of all its organs and systems to them. In the future (in the course of individual development), the factors acting on the body are continuously modified, which requires constant functional rearrangements. Thus, the process of adaptation of the organism to general natural climatic and geographical conditions, as well as to industrial and social conditions, is a universal phenomenon. Under adaptation understand all types of congenital and acquired adaptive activity, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring at the cellular and organ levels. Protectively - adaptive reactions are regulated by reflex and humoral pathways, and the main role in these reactions belongs to higher nervous activity.
The theory of functional systems, formulated in our country by P.K. Anokhin, contributed to the understanding of the patterns of development of reactions of the whole organism to a changing environment. Systems approach made it possible to explain how the body, with the help of self-regulation mechanisms, ensures optimal vital functions and how they are carried out under normal and extreme conditions.
The process of self-regulation is cyclical and is carried out on the basis of the “golden rule” - any deviation from the vital level of any factor serves as an impetus for the immediate mobilization of numerous devices of the corresponding functional system, again restoring this vital adaptive result.
Since there are many beneficial adaptive results in the human body that provide different sides its vital activity, the work of the whole organism is built from the combined activity of many functional systems. Such adaptive results that are useful for the body, building various functional systems, are: indicators internal environment(nutrient levels, oxygen, temperature, blood pressure and etc.); results of behavioral activity that satisfy the basic biological needs of the body (food, drinking, sexual, etc.); results of human social activity, conditioned by social and individual experience, position in society, satisfying its social needs.
Functional system includes receptor formations, which are a kind of living sensors that dynamically assess the value of the regulated indicator. It has a central office – brain structures that analyze the variety of incoming signals, make decisions and program the expected result. Finally, in a functional system there are actuators – peripheral organs that implement incoming commands. In addition, the system has reverse afferentation ( Feedback), which informs the center about the effectiveness of the executive mechanisms and the achievement final result. All the diversity of activities of a living organism, its resistance to external factors, stability various functions are provided by the complex interaction of self-regulating functional systems in which central and peripheral organs are dynamically combined to achieve the final adaptive result.
Interacting according to the principle of a hierarchy of results, various functional systems ultimately constitute a harmoniously working organism. Moreover, there is a dominance of one or another functional system, which has this moment most important for the body.
The biological meaning of active adaptation is to establish and maintain homeostasis, allowing one to exist in a changed external environment. Homeostasis– the relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment and some physiological functions of the human body (thermoregulation, blood circulation, gas exchange, etc.), supported by self-regulation mechanisms in conditions of fluctuations in internal and external stimuli.
Of greatest interest to us are external stimuli – factors environment, in contact with the human body – temperature, humidity, chemical composition air, water, food, noise, psychogenic factors, etc. The main constants of homeostasis (body temperature, osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid, and others) are supported by complex self-regulation mechanisms, in which the nervous, endocrine, sensory systems. Constancy of composition, physico-chemical and biological properties the internal environment of the human body is not absolute, but relative and dynamic; it is constantly correlated depending on changes in the external environment and as a result of the vital activity of the organism. The range of fluctuations in the parameters of environmental factors, in which self-regulation mechanisms function without physiological stress, is relatively small. When the parameters of environmental factors deviate from optimal levels, self-regulation mechanisms begin to function with tension, and adaptation mechanisms are included in the process to maintain homeostasis.
So , adaptation– the process of adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions, which means the ability of a person to adapt to natural, industrial or social conditions. It ensures performance, maximum life expectancy and reproduction in inadequate environmental conditions. As important component The adaptive reaction of the body is the stress syndrome - the sum of nonspecific reactions that create conditions for the activation of homeostatic systems.
If the levels of exposure to environmental factors go beyond the adaptive capabilities of the organism, then additional defense mechanisms, counteracting the emergence and progression of the pathological process.
Compensatory mechanisms are adaptive reactions aimed at eliminating or weakening functional changes in the body caused by inadequate environmental factors. For example, under the influence of cold, the processes of production and conservation of thermal energy intensify, metabolism increases, and as a result of a reflex narrowing of peripheral vessels, heat transfer decreases. Compensatory mechanisms serve integral part reserve forces of the body. Possessing high efficiency, they can maintain relatively stable homeostasis long enough for the development of stable forms of the adaptation process.
The effectiveness of adaptation depends on the dose of the influencing factor and individual characteristics body. The dose of exposure and tolerance depend on the hereditary (genetic) characteristics of the body, the duration and strength (intensity) of exposure to factors. Stress syndrome, when exposed to excessively strong environmental influences, can transform into a link in pathogenesis and cause the development of diseases - from ulcerative to severe cardiovascular and immune.
Factors influencing the success of adaptation are usually divided into two groups: subjective and environmental factors. The first group includes age, gender, physiological and psychological characteristics of a person; the second - working conditions, mode and nature of activity, features of the social environment.
Adaptation as a response to the influence of some factor is extremely rare and is natural only in model conditions laboratory experiment. The body is predominantly influenced by a whole group of factors that are interdependent and closely related to one another.
Characteristic feature adapted system is the efficiency of functioning in order to maximize the economy of the body's resources. This feature is found both at the level of individual functional structures and at the level of neurohumoral regulation.
Determining the initial manifestations of adaptation disorders will be difficult if you do not rely on the concepts of an adapted norm. The adapted norm is individual for each person and represents a functional-dynamic formation, which includes potential response capabilities, reflects features associated with constitutional-genetic characteristics, as well as adequate reactions to social factors and environmental influences.
This is consonant with the generalized understanding of the norm as the process of finding a correspondence between the active system and the environment, their strengthened form of relations. At the same time, the norm, as a zone of optimal functioning of living systems, on the one hand, is determined by genotypic norms of reactions, and on the other, reflects the modeling effect of the environment.
Considering the dynamics of changes in homeostatic adaptive regulation in the age aspect, V.Y. Medvedev concludes that the thesis about reducing adaptation is not entirely correct. For although the physiological components of adaptation are characterized by a decrease in the functional range, this is largely compensated by behavioral components, which makes it possible to carry out the necessary activities for a sufficiently long time.
In Robots M.O. Agadzhanyan and V.P. and S.V. Kaznacheev distinguishes three qualitatively different types of human adaptive response: “sprinter”, “stayer” and “intermediate” type (based on the criterion of time to perform submaximal work). The first type is marked by the individual’s ability to withstand short-term and strong loads well, but the inability to withstand long-term weak stimuli. Another is the ability to maintain a high level of resistance to strong short-term stimuli. The third is the ability to combine in one’s reactions to external stimuli the features of an individual’s reactions that are characteristic of the first and second types of response, which do not always complement (more often than not complement) each other.
In studies using the example of elite sports, six adaptation types were noted: 1) “improvement” - characterized by a stable and constant improvement in the PFS over a long training process (it was characteristic of 23% of those 26 athletes who took participation in research); 2) “stable” - relatively stable content good level PFS (19%); 3) “deterioration” - a relatively stable deterioration of the PFS (15%); 4) “improvement-deterioration” - first improvement, and then deterioration of the PFS (15%); 5) “deterioration-improvement” - first by deterioration and then by improvement of the PFS (15%); 6) “unstable” - very unstable dynamics of the PFS (12%).
Comparison of athletes with different types adaptive response to the effectiveness of training and competitive activity has shown that the highest and most stable results are shown by athletes who belong to the adaptation types of “improvement” and “stable”, and athletes with the types of “deterioration”, “improvement-deterioration” and “unstable”, as As a rule, they have insufficient success in training and competitive activities.
According to the concept of J. P”jazhe, adaptation is considered as the unity of two oppositely directed processes - accommodation and assimilation. The process of accommodation ensures modification of the functioning of the organism or the actions of the subject in accordance with environmental conditions. The process of assimilation causes changes in certain components of this environment in accordance with the structure of the organism or including them in the behavior pattern of the subject. Based on the above concept, G.O. Ball believes that the decisive role in social behavior for average-level individuals, accommodation processes play a role, and for individuals top level- processes of assimilation.
Such views echo the views of V.I. Medvedev, who identifies three types of adaptive response (biological), the differences of which are associated with the predominant focus of changes on one of the elements of the “environment - person” system.
In order to emphasize the dominance of certain components in the entire system when implementing adaptation, as well as for the purpose of convenience when studying human adaptation to certain group homogeneous factors, different researchers mainly distinguish such types of adaptation as physiological (biological), mental and psychological, psychophysiological, socio-psychological.
T.G. Dichev and K.E. Tarasov note that other types of adaptation can also be distinguished: inherited and acquired, prenatal and postnatal, individual and population (species), universal (broad) and specialized (narrow), specific and nonspecific, single and general, one-sided and versatile, internal and external, holistic and partial, conditional and unconditional, potential and actual, normal and stressful, reactive and active, etc.
Adaptive reactions human body(adaptation reactions) can be divided into urgent and long-term, congenital and acquired. Increased breathing or redistribution of blood flow in response to physical activity, increased threshold auditory perception with noise, increased heart rate with mental excitement, etc. - these are all urgent innate reactions. With the help of training they can only be changed, while urgent acquired reactions (for example, complex technical and tactical skills) owe their very existence to training and training.
Long-term adaptation occurs gradually, as a result of prolonged or repeated exposure to certain stimuli on the body. In essence, long-term adaptation develops based on repeated implementation urgent adaptation and is characterized by the fact that as a result of the gradual quantitative accumulation of certain changes, the organism acquires a new quality - from unadapted it turns into adapted.
Considering the interaction of urgent and long-term adaptation, it should be pointed out that the transition from an urgent, largely imperfect, stage of adaptation to a long-term one is a key moment of the adaptation process, since it is evidence effective adaptation to relevant environmental factors. For the transition of urgent adaptation into guaranteed long-term adaptation, it must occur within the emerging functional system important process, associated with a complex of structural and functional changes in the body, ensuring the development, fixation and increase in the power of the system in accordance with the requirements placed on it. It has been established that morphofunctional rearrangements during long-term adaptation are necessarily accompanied by the following processes: a) changes in the relationships of regulatory mechanisms; b) mobilization and use of the body’s physiological reserves; c) the formation of a special functional system of adaptation to specific activities. These three physiological reactions are the main and main components of the adaptation process. In achieving stable and perfect adaptation, a major role is played by the restructuring of regulatory adaptive mechanisms and the mobilization of physiological reserves, as well as the sequence of their activation at different functional levels. Apparently, the usual physiological reactions are activated first, and only then - the tension reactions of the adaptation mechanisms, which require significant energy expenditure using the body's reserve capabilities, which as a result leads to the formation of a special functional adaptation system that ensures specific human activity. Such a functional system in athletes is a newly formed relationship between nerve centers, hormonal, autonomic and executive organs, necessary to solve the problems of adapting the body to physical activity (Solodkov, Sudzilovsky, 1996).
Physiological adaptation according to M.O. Agadzhanyan represents a stable level of activity and interconnection of functional systems, organs and tissues, as well as control mechanisms, which ensures the normal functioning of the body and human labor activity in different (including social) conditions of existence.
According to the definition of S.D. Maksimenko, mental adaptation - “... is a process of interaction between the individual and the environment, in which the individual must take into account the characteristics of the environment and actively influence it in order to ensure the satisfaction of their basic needs and the implementation of significant chains.” Yu.A. Alexandrovsky and L.G. Dick gets stressed systemic nature mental adaptation and indicate that it can be presented as a result of the activity of an integral self-governing system.
In our opinion, the essence of mental adaptation is most fully reflected in the definition of F.B. Berezin, although this definition lacks consistency: “Mental adaptation can be defined as the process of establishing an optimal match between the individual and the environment in the course of carrying out activities characteristic of a person, which allows the individual to satisfy current needs and implement related meaningful goals(while maintaining mental and physical health), while ensuring responsibility mental activity a person, his behavior and the requirements of the environment.
The system of mental adaptation is dynamic and is always in development, because the functional capabilities of its leading and secondary subsystems and chains are constantly changing due to the instability of the biological and socio-psychological basis that determines them (temperament, abilities, personal orientation, a set of needs, moral, volitional and emotional qualities).
It is noted that human mental adaptation is the most complete and complex adaptive process, which depends on the psychological development of a person. At unfavorable conditions this type of adaptation can be disrupted, primarily leading to disruption of other adaptation levels.
The concept of socio-psychological adaptation is relatively less covered in the literature. F.B. Berezin defines it as an aspect of mental adaptation, which ensures the organization of microsocial interaction, the formation of adequate interpersonal relationships, taking into account the expectations of the environment and the achievement of socially significant goals.
As for the comprehension and definition of such a concept as psychophysiological adaptation, it is scientific literature also did not receive sufficient lighting. This can be considered a significant gap, because, in our opinion, the very concept of adaptation is essentially psychophysiological. After all, based on systemic understanding adaptation, adaptation processes, which are most often considered separately, are processes that are predominantly attributed to the mental or physiological sphere, as a rule, are integral from each other and are closely interrelated during a person’s adaptation to constantly changing conditions of existence. The adaptation process concerns all levels of the organism: from molecular to mental regulation activities.
In the scientific literature there are only a few definitions of the concept of psychophysiological adaptation. According to Ts.P. Korolenko, psychophysiological adaptation is adaptation not only at the level mental sphere, but also at the level of physiological functions associated with it. F.B. Berezin defines psychophysiological adaptation as the optimal balance between mental and physiological adaptation processes. And, in his opinion, it is only one of three aspects of mental adaptation (he also distinguishes socio-psychological and mental adaptation itself).
Such interpretations of the concept of psychophysiological adaptation significantly narrow its content and do not adequately reveal its essence and meaning. Therefore, the content of psychophysiological adaptation can most adequately be determined based on the content of the concept of PFS, which is considered from the perspective of the theory of functional systems.
Based on the indicated approach, the following definition of psychophysiological adaptation was proposed: “... this is a process that is caused by a change in the psychophysiological state of a person under the influence of maladaptive factors, requiring simultaneous and coordinated interaction of functional subsystems at all levels whole system psychophysiological state in order to effectively ensure activity in new conditions."
Similar definition meets the completely favorable requirement to consider adaptation in the dialectical unification of three levels - biological. Psychological and social. Close relationship different components adaptation is also emphasized by other researchers. Although it is indicated that such components are relatively independent.
It is from such positions that, as a rule, professional adaptation is understood, which represents the unity of an individual’s adaptation to physical conditions professional environment (psychophysiological aspect) adaptation to professional assignments, ongoing operations, professional information, etc. ( professional aspect), and personality adaptation to social components professional environment (socio-psychological aspect). An important place among psychological mechanisms adaptation is given to self-esteem, since inadequacy of self-esteem usually becomes an obstacle to professional adaptation, especially in conditions of activity of a stressful nature.