Non-ferrous metals and alloys
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Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Among non-ferrous metals, tin, lead, zinc, antimony, aluminum, and copper are widely used in the automotive industry.
Tin (Sn) is a silvery-white metal with a slight bluish tint. The specific gravity of pure tin is 7.3; melting point 232° C, boiling point 2270° C. Tin has high ductility, malleability, and is easily rolled into thin sheets and foil (staniol).
When heated, the ductility of tin decreases and at a temperature of 200 ° C it becomes so brittle that it can easily be ground into powder. Pure tin is resistant to corrosion and organic acids. Tin is obtained from tin ores, the main of which is the mineral cassiterite (tin stone).
Commercial tin is produced mainly in the form of pigs weighing 25-45 kg, as well as in the form of rods with a cross-section of about 1 cm2 and a length of 30-40 cm. Tin is widely used as a component of various alloys, as well as for tinning.
Lead (Pb) is a shiny metal of a bluish-gray color. Specific gravity 11.34, melting point 327.4 ° C, boiling point 1640 ° C. Lead is a very soft metal, easily cold rolled into sheets of various thicknesses and forged well. In humid air it quickly oxidizes, becoming covered with a thin film of gray oxide, which protects it from further corrosion.
All lead compounds are poisonous, especially its organic derivatives, such as tetraethyl lead, which is added to gasoline. Lead is very resistant to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, as well as organic acids, alkalis and oils. It dissolves easily in nitric acid. The main ore from which lead is obtained is lead luster (galena). Lead is produced in ingots weighing 30-35 kg.
In the automotive industry, lead is used mainly for the manufacture of battery plate grids, active mass of plates, battery terminals and jumpers. In addition, it is used as a component in bronzes, tin-lead solders and anti-friction alloys.
Zinc (Zn) is a silver-white metal with a bluish tint; when fractured it has a strong metallic luster. Specific gravity 7.13; melting point 419° C, boiling point 907° C. At normal temperatures it is very fragile. Heated to a temperature of 100-150 ° C, zinc acquires plasticity, is easily forged, rolled into thin sheets and drawn into wire; when heated above 200-250 ° C, it loses its plasticity and toughness and becomes brittle again.
In its dry form, zinc almost does not oxidize. In humid air and water it oxidizes, becoming covered with a thin layer of oxide, which protects the metal from further oxidation. It dissolves well in acids and alkalis. Zinc is obtained from an ore called zinc blende.
Zinc is used for various purposes. It is a component of such alloys as brass, bronze, cupronickel, printing metal, and is used to coat the surfaces of various steel products (hot-dip galvanizing) to protect them from corrosion.
Antimony (Sb) is a shiny silver-white metal, very brittle. Specific gravity of antimony 6.62; melting point 630°C, boiling point 1440°C. At normal temperature, antimony does not oxidize in air. It is resistant to water and dilute acids. Antimony dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. Antimony is obtained from a mineral called antimony luster.
Antimony as a component in various alloys gives them hardness and increases corrosion resistance. Alloys of antimony and lead are used for the manufacture of battery plates and for products resistant to the action of sulfuric acid. Alloys of antimony, copper, tin and lead are used as antifriction alloys for casting bearings. In accordance with GOST 1089-62, antimony is produced in the following grades: SuO, Cyl, Su2, SuZ and Su4.
Aluminum (A1) is a silver-white metal with a matte tint, which is obtained due to oxidation. Specific gravity 2.7; melting point 658° C, boiling point about 2000° C. In air it oxidizes very quickly and becomes covered with a thin film of oxide, which protects it from further oxidation. The aluminum oxide film melts at a temperature of 2050° C.
Aluminum is a soft metal, easily machined, forged, cut, rolled, drawn into wire, and conducts heat and electric current well. It is very unstable to the action of alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Organic and nitric acids have no effect on it. Aluminum dissolves in hydrochloric acid.
Aluminum is mined primarily from bauxite, which contains it in the form of aluminum oxide (alumina). Commercial aluminum is produced in the form of ingots weighing 15 kg, slabs (ingots) weighing 100 kg and square bars weighing 35 kg.
Aluminum is used as a component in various alloys. In the automotive industry, pure aluminum is used to make foil for capacitor plates, to cover headlight reflectors in headlight lamps, etc.
Copper (Cu) is a yellowish-red metal. Specific gravity 8.94; The melting point of pure copper is 1083°C, and the boiling point is 2310°C. Copper vapors have a greenish color, they are very poisonous, like copper compounds.
Pure copper is a soft metal, viscous, easily forged and rolled into sheets up to hundredths of a millimeter thick. Copper stretches well into wire of various thicknesses. Pure copper conducts heat and electricity well. In terms of electrical conductivity, it ranks second after silver.
Copper is mined from ores called copper pyrite and copper luster.
Copper is produced in the form of ingots, rods, pipes, wire, sheets, strips, foil and powder.
Copper is used both in its pure form and in the form of alloys with other metals (brass, bronze, tombac, etc.). In the automotive industry, copper is used for the manufacture of electrical wires, parts of electrical equipment, soldering irons, etc.
Copper-based alloys. Copper is the main component in brass, bronze and brazing alloys.
Brass is an alloy composed primarily of copper and zinc. Brass has wide application in various industries. It is well forged, rolled into sheets of various thicknesses and stamped. In the automotive industry, it is used for the manufacture of various bushings, taps, carburetor parts, and radiators. cooling systems, clamping screws and various fittings.
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Bronzes, which contain, in addition to copper and tin, other elements, are called special bronzes. Bronze has high strength and resistance to abrasion and exposure to atmospheric air and acids. Bronze fills molds well, has low shrinkage and is easy to machine.
In the automotive industry, bronze of various chemical compositions is used for casting worm wheels and for the manufacture of bushings, air brake parts and fittings.
Hard solders. The most widely used are copper-zinc solders, which are alloys of copper and zinc. They have high strength and a high melting point (810-880°C). Copper-zinc hard solders are marked with the letters PMC, which indicate that this is copper-zinc solder. After the letters there are numbers that determine the percentage of copper, for example PMC-36, PMC-48 (corresponding to copper 36+2%, 48±2%, the rest zinc). Hard solders are used mainly for soldering copper, bronze, and brass.
Aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys include copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, silicon, iron and other elements.
Aluminum casting alloys, which contain silicon in an amount of 10 to 14%, are called silumins. These alloys have good casting and mechanical properties. Aluminum alloys are used to make pistons, cylinder heads of carburetor engines and other parts.
Zinc alloys, consisting of zinc, the content of which reaches 95%, aluminum (3.5-4.5%) and copper (2.75-3.5%), are used for the manufacture of carburetor housings and fuel pumps by injection molding. , car signal housings, various handles, measuring instrument housings, radiator trims, etc.
Antifriction alloys are used to fill bearings. The structure of such alloys is a plastic base with harder particles embedded in it, evenly distributed. Due to the soft, plastic base of the alloy, the bearing is easily worn into the surface of the journals of the shaft rotating in it.
The hard particles embedded in the base support the shaft, since the soft base of the alloy wears out faster. When worn, the surface of contact between the shaft and the bearing decreases, as a result of which friction decreases and oil circulation improves. Babbitts, lead bronzes and other alloys are used as antifriction alloys.
Babbitts are alloys of tin and lead. Depending on the tin content, they are divided into high-tin and low-tin. High-tin ones have a tin base, and low-tin ones have a lead base. All babbitts, except tin and lead, contain antimony and copper.
Babbitts BN and BT are widely used in the automotive industry. Babbitt BN has the following chemical composition (%): tin - 9-11, antimony - 13-15, copper - 1.5-2, arsenic - 0.5-1.75, cadmium - 1.25-1.75, nickel - 0.75-1.25 and the rest is lead. Babbitt BT: tin - 9-11, antimony - 14-16, copper - 0.7-1.1, tellurium - 0.05-0.2 and the rest is lead.
For filling crankshaft bearing shells of diesel engines, lead bronze BrSZO is used. This bronze has high thermal conductivity and the ability to retain its properties when heated to a temperature of 200° C.
A new antifriction alloy SOS 6-6 is being produced and used for thin-walled bearing shells of carburetor engines. The chemical composition of the SOS 6-6 alloy is as follows: 5.5-6.5% tin, 5.5-6.6% antimony and the rest is lead.
Non-ferrous metals, their properties and alloys
Non-ferrous metals* and alloys include almost all metals and alloys, with the exception of iron and its alloys, which form the group of ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are less common than iron and often cost significantly more to mine than iron. However, non-ferrous metals often have properties that are not found in iron, and this justifies their use.
The expression “non-ferrous metal” refers to the color of some heavy metals: for example, copper is red.
If metals are properly mixed (in a molten state), alloys are obtained. Alloys have better properties than the metals from which they are composed. Alloys, in turn, are divided into heavy metal alloys, light metal alloys, etc.
Non-ferrous metals are divided into the following groups according to a number of characteristics:
- heavy metals - copper, nickel, zinc, lead, tin;
- light metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium;
- precious metals - gold, silver, platinum, osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium;
- small metals - cobalt, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, mercury, arsenic;
- refractory metals - tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, chromium, manganese, zirconium;
- rare earth metals - lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, ytterbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, lutetium, promethium, scandium, yttrium;
- dispersed metals - indium, germanium, thallium, thallium, rhenium, hafnium, selenium, tellurium;
- radioactive metals - uranium, thorium, protactinium, radium, actinium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium.
Most often, non-ferrous metals are used in technology and industry in the form of various alloys, which makes it possible to change their physical, mechanical and chemical properties within a very wide range. In addition, the properties of non-ferrous metals are changed by heat treatment, cold hardening, artificial and natural aging, etc.
Non-ferrous metals are subjected to all types of mechanical processing and pressure treatment - forging, stamping, rolling, pressing, as well as cutting, welding, and soldering.
Cast parts are made from non-ferrous metals, as well as various semi-finished products in the form of wire, profile metal, round, square and hexagonal rods, strip, tape, sheets and foil. A significant part of non-ferrous metals is used in the form of powders for the manufacture of products using powder metallurgy, as well as for the manufacture of various paints and as anti-corrosion coatings.
· - the National Commission of Ukraine (NKU) recommends calling some chemical elements as follows: Silver - Argentum, Gold - Aurum, Carbon - Carbon, Copper - Cuprum, etc. The names of elements in certain cases are used as proper names - they are written with a capital letter in the middle of the sentence. In schools, children (in chemistry lessons) call nitric acid nitrate, sulfuric acid - sulfuric, etc. In other cases (geography, history, etc.) commonly used names are used, i.e. gold is called gold, copper is called copper, etc.
Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Alloys of non-ferrous metals are used for the manufacture of parts operating in aggressive environments, subject to friction, requiring high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and reduced weight.
Copper is a reddish metal characterized by high thermal conductivity and resistance to atmospheric corrosion. The strength is low: a = 180... ...240 MPa with high ductility b>50%.
Brass - an alloy of copper with zinc (10...40%), lends itself well to cold rolling, stamping, drawing<7ь = 25О...4ОО МПа, 6=35..15%. При маркировке лату-ней (Л96, Л90, ..., Л62) цифры указывают на содержание меди в процентах. Кроме того, выпускают латуни многокомпонентные, т. е. с другими элементами (Мп, Sn, Pb, Al).
Bronze is an alloy of copper with tin (up to 10%), aluminum, manganese, lead and other elements. It has good casting properties (valves, taps, chandeliers). When marking bronze Br.OTsSZ-12-5, individual indices indicate: Br - bronze, O - tin, C - zinc, C - lead, numbers 3, 12, 5 - percentage content of tin, zinc, lead. The properties of bronze depend on the composition: bw=15O...21O MPa, b=4...8%, HB60 (on average).
Aluminum is a light silver metal with low tensile strength - aa = 80... ...100 MPa, hardness - HB20, low density - 2700 kg/m3, resistant to atmospheric corrosion. It is rarely used in its pure form in construction (paints, gas-forming agents, foil). To increase its strength, alloying additives (Mn, Cu, Mg, Si, Fe) are introduced into it and some technological methods are used. Aluminum alloys are divided into casting alloys, used for casting products (silumin), and deformable alloys (duralumin), used for rolling profiles, sheets, etc.
Silumins are alloys of aluminum with silicon (up to 14%), they have high casting qualities, low shrinkage, strength 0 = 200 MPa, hardness HB50...70 with a fairly high ductility 6==5...10%. The mechanical properties of silumins can be significantly improved by modification. At the same time, the degree of dispersion of the crystals increases, which increases the strength and ductility of silumins.
Duralumins are complex alloys of aluminum with copper (up to 5.5%), silicon (less than 0.8%). manganese (up to 0.8%), magnesium (up to 0.8%), etc. Their properties are improved by heat treatment (hardening at a temperature of 500...520°C followed by aging). Aging is carried out in air for 4...5 days when heated at 170°C for 4...5 hours.
Heat treatment of aluminum alloys is based on dispersed hardening with the release of solid dispersed particles of complex chemical composition. The smaller the particles of new formations, the higher the effect of hardening of alloys. The tensile strength of duralumin after hardening and aging is 400...480 MPa and can be increased to 550...600 MPa as a result of hardening during pressure treatment.
Recently, aluminum and its alloys are increasingly used in construction for load-bearing and enclosing structures. The use of duralumin for structures in long-span structures, prefabricated structures, seismic construction, and structures intended to operate in aggressive environments is especially effective. The production of three-layer hinged panels from aluminum alloy sheets filled with foam materials has begun. By introducing gas-forming agents, it is possible to create a highly efficient aluminum foam material with an average density of 100...300 kg/m3
All aluminum alloys can be welded, but welding is more difficult than welding steel due to the formation of refractory AlO3 oxides.
The features of duralumin as a structural alloy are: low elastic modulus, approximately 3 times less than that of steel, the influence of temperature (a decrease in strength when the temperature rises above 400 ° C and an increase in strength and ductility at negative temperatures); linear expansion coefficient increased by approximately 2 times compared to steel; reduced weldability.
Titanium has recently begun to be used in various branches of technology due to its valuable properties: high corrosion resistance, lower density (4500 kg/m3) compared to steel, high strength properties, increased heat resistance. Titanium is used to create lightweight and durable structures with reduced dimensions and capable of operating at elevated temperatures.
Metal surface preparation technologies
Reliable anti-corrosion protection of metal is possible only with a high level of surface preparation.
Before applying an anti-corrosion paint and varnish material, it is necessary, first of all, to select a technology and method for preparing the metal surface before painting.
There are mechanical and chemical methods of surface preparation. Mechanical methods have a number of limitations in application and are not able to provide good protective properties of paint and varnish coatings, especially when used in harsh conditions. Currently, chemical methods of surface preparation have become widespread. These methods make it possible to process products of any shape and complexity, are easy to automate and provide high quality surfaces of the painted products.
How to choose a surface preparation process?
Which surface preparation scheme should be chosen for different metals, different paint coatings and operating conditions? Let's talk about everything in order.
The choice of surface preparation technology depends on three main factors: the operating conditions of the painted products, the type of metal and the paint coating used.
In terms of surface preparation, metals can be divided into two categories:
Ferrous metals - steel, cast iron, etc.;
Non-ferrous metals - aluminum, zinc, titanium, copper alloys, galvanized steel, etc.
To prepare the surface of ferrous metals, phosphating is used; for processing non-ferrous metals, phosphating or chromate plating is used. When simultaneously processing zinc and aluminum with ferrous metals, preference is given to phosphating. Passivation is used at the final stage after the operations of phosphating, chromating and degreasing.
Technological processes for preparing the surface of products used indoors can consist of 3-5 stages.
In almost all cases, after chemical preparation of the surface, the product is dried from moisture in special chambers.
The full cycle of chemical surface preparation looks like this:
Degreasing;
Flushing with drinking water;
Application of a conversion layer;
Flushing with drinking water;
Rinsing with demineralized water;
Passivation.
The technological process of crystalline phosphating involves an activation stage immediately before applying the conversion layer. When chromate plating is used, clarification steps (when using strong alkaline degreasing) or acid activation steps can be introduced.
Materials science: lecture notes Alekseev Viktor Sergeevich
1. Non-ferrous metals and alloys, their properties and purpose
The valuable properties of non-ferrous metals have led to their widespread use in various branches of modern production. Copper, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, titanium and other metals and their alloys are irreplaceable materials for the instrument-making and electrical industries, aircraft manufacturing and radio electronics, nuclear and space technology. Non-ferrous metals have a number of valuable properties: high thermal conductivity, very low density (aluminum and magnesium), very low melting point (tin, lead), high corrosion resistance (titanium, aluminum). Aluminum alloys with other alloying elements are widely used in various industries.
Magnesium-based alloys are characterized by low density, high specific strength, and are easy to cut. They have found wide application in mechanical engineering and in particular in aircraft manufacturing.
Technical copper, containing no more than 0.1% impurities, is used for various types of current conductors.
Copper alloys According to their chemical composition, they are classified into brass and bronze. In its turn brass According to their chemical composition, they are divided into simple, alloyed only with zinc, and special, which, in addition to zinc, contain lead, tin, nickel, and manganese as alloying elements.
Bronze also divided into tin and tin-free. Tin-free bronzes have high strength, good anti-corrosion and anti-friction properties.
Magnesium is widely used in metallurgy, with the help of which deoxidation and desulfurization of certain materials are carried out.
a variety of metals and alloys, modify gray cast iron to obtain spherical graphite, produce difficult-to-reduce metals (for example, titanium), mixtures of magnesium powder with oxidizing agents are used for the manufacture of lighting and incendiary rockets in rocket technology and pyrotechnics. The properties of magnesium are significantly improved by alloying. Aluminum and zinc with a mass fraction of up to 7% increase its mechanical properties, manganese improves its corrosion resistance and weldability, zirconium, introduced into the alloy along with zinc, refines the grain (in the structure of the alloy), increases mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
Magnesium alloys are used to make shaped castings, as well as semi-finished products - sheets, plates, rods, profiles, pipes, wires. Industrial magnesium is obtained by electrolytic method from magnesite, dolomite, carnallite, sea water and waste from various industries according to the scheme of obtaining pure anhydrous magnesium salts, electrolysis of these salts in the molten state and refining of magnesium. In nature, powerful accumulations form magnesium carbonates - magnesite and dolomite, as well as carnallites .
In the food industry, packaging foil made of aluminum and its alloys is widely used - for wrapping confectionery and dairy products, and aluminum cookware is also used in large quantities (cookers, trays, bathtubs, etc.).
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From the author's book45. Copper; influence of impurities on the properties of copper. Brass, bronze, copper-nickel alloys Copper is a red metal, pink when fractured, has a melting point of 1083 ° C. The crystal lattice is fcc with a period of a 0.31607 well. The density of copper is 8.94 g/cm3. Copper has high
Non-ferrous metals and their alloys are in great demand and are widely used in all sectors of industry and agriculture. These include all metals except iron and its derivatives, which are classified as ferrous metals.
Almost all non-ferrous metals have the following properties:
- Resistant to corrosion and significant temperature changes;
- Plasticity;
- Versatility of application.
In addition, an important feature of non-ferrous metals is that their properties can be changed by hardening, artificial aging or heat treatment. They are also well processed by stamping, rolling, forging, welding, soldering, pressing and cutting.
The most valuable non-ferrous metals are: Aluminum; Copper; Nickel; Tin; Lead; Zinc; Magnesium.
Aluminum.
Possessing high electrical conductivity, aluminum in its pure form is widely used where this property is important, for example, for the manufacture of power line wires.
Aluminum alloys are also widely used, which are divided into two groups: hardenable and non-hardenable.
Hardenable alloys that undergo heat treatment are known under the names duralumin and avial; they contain copper, zinc and a certain combination of magnesium and silicon.
In addition to heat treatment, such alloys are subjected to natural aging and hardening, which increases their strength characteristics. These types of alloys are used to create high-strength, low-weight structures for use in the aerospace industry.
Alloys that cannot be strengthened by heat treatment are widely used in transport engineering for the manufacture of components for a wide variety of vehicles.
Copper
Copper became the first metal that man began to use, and this most likely happened many millennia BC. In addition, copper was the first material that was used to transmit electricity. Its main technical characteristics are high electrical conductivity and malleability.
Pure copper is widely used in the electrical industry for the manufacture of cable products and various types of wires. It is also used in the production of electric generators, radio equipment, telegraph and telephone equipment.
In other industries, its alloys are more often used. Particularly popular are brasses that contain zinc and other elements to impart the necessary properties. They have excellent mechanical characteristics and are easy to process, therefore they are widely used in the chemical industry and mechanical engineering for the manufacture of various containers and pipelines. They are also used everywhere for the production of household goods for various purposes.
In addition to them, bronzes containing tin as the main component of the alloy are widely used.
Nickel
Pure nickel is used as a protective anti-corrosion coating for surfaces against the effects of chemically active substances.
In addition, various boilers, tanks and crucibles are made from it, which have high corrosion resistance and are used in the chemical, textile, and food industries. Nickel is widely used in the production of various types of batteries and electrodes for fuel cells.
Some applications use powdered nickel as a catalyst for chemical processes. For example, it is used in the hydrogenation reactions of alcohols, cyclic aldehydes, aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Tin
Pure tin is mainly used to produce tinplate, which is used to make tin cans.
Alloys made from this non-ferrous material are very popular in various industries. For example, when printing books, fonts are used that are cast from garth, which is an alloy of tin with lead and antimony.
Babbitt, produced by alloying tin with lead, antimony and copper, is very popular. A huge number of parts are made from this alloy, in particular bearings, the working surface of which is highly stable and has a low coefficient of friction.
Lead and zinc.
Although lead and zinc are mined from the same natural deposits, their applications differ significantly. Lead's resistance to aggressive influences allows it to be used as protective coatings for telephone and telegraph wires. In chemical production, special equipment is made from it.
Pure zinc is often used to make galvanized iron. Both metals are widely used in various alloys for the manufacture of equipment components in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, medicine and other sectors of the national economy.
Among non-ferrous metals, aluminum alloys, used as structural materials, are most widely used in construction. Alloys of copper and titanium are used mainly for shut-off and control valves, plumbing, heating and electrical systems of buildings and structures.
Aluminum and its alloys.Aluminum- a silver-white metal with a density of 2,700 kg/m 3, with a melting point of 658 "C. Pure aluminum is rarely used in building structures due to its low strength. Its alloys are used.
Aluminum alloys are characterized by tensile strength Rp= 100...700 MPa and relative elongation b = 6...22%. The modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloys is almost 3 times lower than that of steel (0.7-10 5 MPa). Grades of aluminum alloys consist of letters and numbers characterizing the composition of the alloy. Aluminum alloys are divided into cast and wrought (pressure-processed).
Casting alloys due to their low ductility, they are used in construction only for supporting parts of structures (AL-8 alloy).
Wrought alloys used for the production of sheets, extruded profiles, pipes and rods, as well as for the production of parts by forging and stamping. Their mechanical properties are increased by alloying (with elements Mg, Mn, Cu, Si, Al, Zn), plastic deformation (hardening) and hardening followed by aging at room or elevated temperatures.
Wrought alloys are divided into thermally hardenable and non-hardenable. Thermally hardened ones include:
1) avial (Al-Mg-Si) (AD31, ADZZ, AD35, AB);
2) duralumin (Al - Cu - Mg) (D1, D16);
3) high-strength alloys based on Al - Zn - Mg - (Cu) (B92, B95);
4) forging heat-resistant alloys (Al - Mg - Si - Cu) (AK6, AK8).
Thermally unstrengthened include:
1) technical aluminum (an alloy with an impurity content of no more than 1%), designated by the letter A with a number (for example, A1);
2) aluminum-manganese alloy (AMts);
3) aluminum-magnesium alloys (magnalium) (AMg).
The type of alloy processing is indicated by letters added through a dash to the main grade: M - annealed (soft); N - hard-worked; H2 - semi-hardened; T - hardened and naturally aged; T1 - hardened and artificially aged (at a temperature of 160... 180 °C); T4 - incompletely hardened and artificially aged; A - without pressure treatment; cry - clad; B - without cladding.
Plating is the coating of sheets of aluminum alloys during rolling with a thin layer (5% of the sheet thickness on each side) of pure aluminum, which protects the base metal from corrosion. Hardening and semi-hardening are used for thermally non-hardening alloys, hardening and aging - for thermally hardening alloys.
Special groups of alloys include sintered aluminum powders (SAP) and alloys (SAS), as well as foamed aluminum obtained by mixing titanium hydride powder in liquid aluminum. Foamed aluminum has a density of 300... 500 kg/m 3, so it can be used as a heat and sound insulating material.
Copper and its alloys. Copper in its pure form has low strength and high ductility. Its melting point is 1,083 "C. It is poorly processed by cutting, but is easily deformed in cold and hot states. In construction, copper is used for water pipes and roofing tiles.
Copper alloys (brass and bronze) are used in construction for decorative purposes (handrails, linings, fittings for doors and windows) and in plumbing.
Brass - an alloy of copper and zinc. Brands of brass are designated by the letter L and numbers indicating the copper content as a percentage. Tensile strength of brass R p - 250...600 MPa. To improve the properties of brass, it is subjected to cold and hot deformation, recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 500...700°C and alloying with additives Sn, Si, Mn, Al, Fe, Pb, which increase strength, corrosion resistance and anti-friction properties. Special brass is marked as follows: LA77-2 (brass containing 77% Cu, 2% Al and 21% Zn); LAZH60-1-1 (brass containing 60% Cu, 1% Al, 1% Fe and 38% Zn). They are homogeneous solid solutions and are therefore very plastic.
Tin bronze is a solid solution of 4 - 5% tin in copper. With a higher tin content, the ductility and casting properties of bronze are sharply reduced. Before pressure treatment, bronze is subjected to recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 600...650°C. To improve casting properties and increase strength, up to 1% phosphorus is introduced into bronze. Pressure treated bronzes have strength R p - 350...400 MPa, plasticity 8 = 40...70% (after annealing) and 8 = 4... 12% (after cold deformation).
Aluminum And silicon bronzes(alloys of copper with aluminum and silicon) have mechanical properties similar to tin bronzes, but are more resistant in aggressive environments.
Beryllium bronzes(alloys of copper with beryllium) contain 2.0... 2.5% Be and have the best properties of all bronzes. After hardening at 760...780°C and aging at 300...350°C, the mechanical properties of beryllium bronze are: Rp= 1,300... 1,350 MPa, 8 = 1.5%.
Lead bronzes(copper-lead alloys) contain up to 30% lead. Their components do not form solid solutions. They have low strength (I r - 60 MPa) and plasticity (8 = 4%).
All bronzes are marked similarly to brass. For example: BrOTsSNZ-7-5-1 - tin bronze containing 3% Sn, 7% Zn, 5% Pb, 1% Ni and 84% Cu; BrAZHN 10-4-4 - aluminum bronze containing 10% Al, 4% Fe, 4% Ni and 82% Cu.
Titanium and its alloys.Titan - silver-white metal, melting at a temperature of 1,665 "C. There are two modifications of titanium: at temperatures below 882 ° C - a-titanium with a hexagonal lattice with a density of 4,505 kg/m 3; at temperatures of 900 ° C and above - (i -titanium with a body-centered cubic lattice with a density of 4,320 kg/m 3. Technical titanium grades VT1-00, VT1-0 and VT1-1 (D, = 300...350 MPa, 8 = 20...30%) is well processed pressure and welded.To improve the properties, titanium is alloyed with additives Al, Mo, V, Mn, Cr, Sn, Fe, Zn, Si.
There are a-alloys and (a + P)-titanium alloys. The first are solid solutions with aluminum and alloying elements (Sn, Zn and Mo, Fe, Cr) in α-titanium. They are not strengthened by heat treatment and are subjected only to recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 780... 850 °C. The latter consist of a and p solid solutions and contain, in addition to aluminum, Cr, Mo, Fe. They are strengthened by hardening and aging. The most common a-alloys (VT5, VT5-1, OT4) have the following indicators: /? p = = 700...950 MPa; 8 = 12...25%; (a + p)-alloys (VT6, VT8, VT14) have the following indicators: Rp= 950... 1,400 MPa; 8 = 8... 15%. Titanium alloys are corrosion-resistant, easily deformable in hot and cold states, and can be welded.
Products made of non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than steel and cast iron, therefore they are used in cases where their specific properties are required: corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, decorative properties, and the low weight characteristic of aluminum and its alloys.
Copper, aluminum and zinc-titanium alloy are used as roofing materials. To install a copper roof using seam technology, copper tape is used, which is produced in rolls. Aluminum is used both for the manufacture of metal tiles and for the construction of seam roofs.
In Europe, roofs made of X)-zinc - zinc alloyed with titanium and copper - are quite common.
Aluminum alloys are used for the manufacture of bent and pressed profiles, stampings, and corrugated sheets of various shapes. Such elements are used to make various prefabricated and sheet structures, load-bearing structures of suspended facades, three-layer panels ("sandwich" type) of external walls and coverings, suspended ceilings, siding, decorative trims, door and window frames.
Copper alloys are used for the production of water pipes, fittings, door and window fittings, decorative interior parts and facades.