Inkblot test. Rorschach inkblot technique

Psychological Rorschach test (ink blots)

Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922). Human personality and inkblots

Hermann Rorschach was born on November 8, 1884 in Zurich (Switzerland). He was the eldest son of an unsuccessful artist, forced to earn a living by giving art lessons at school. Since childhood, Herman was fascinated by color spots (in all likelihood, the result of the creative efforts of his father and the boy’s own love of painting), and his school friends nicknamed him Blob. When Herman was twelve, his mother died, and when the young man turned eighteen, his father also died. After graduating with honors from high school, Rorschach decided to study medicine. In 1912, he received his medical degree from the University of Zurich, after which he worked in a number of psychiatric hospitals. In 1911, while still studying at the university, Rorschach conducted a series of interesting experiments to test whether schoolchildren gifted with artistic talents had a more developed imagination when interpreting ordinary inkblots. This research had a huge impact not only on the future career of the scientist, but also on the development of psychology as a science in general. It must be said that Rorschach was not the first to use color spots in his research, but in his experiment they were used for the first time within the framework of an analytical approach. The results of the scientist's first experiment were lost over time, but over the next ten years Rorschach conducted large-scale research and developed a systematic technique that allows psychologists to determine people's personality types using ordinary inkblots.

Thanks to his work in a psychiatric clinic, the researcher had free access to its patients. Thus, Rorschach studied both mentally ill people and emotionally healthy people, which allowed him to develop a systematic test using inkblots, which can be used to analyze a person’s personality characteristics, determine his personality type and, if necessary, correct it.

In 1921, Rorschach presented the results of his large-scale work to the world by publishing a book called Psychodiagnostics. In it, the author outlined his theory about the personal characteristics of people. One of the main points is that each person's personality consists of the qualities of introversion and extroversion—in other words, that we are motivated by both external and internal factors. According to the scientist, the inkblot test allows one to assess the relative ratio of these properties and identify any mental deviation or, on the contrary, personality strengths. The psychological scientific community paid virtually no attention to the first edition of Rorschach's book, since at that time the prevailing belief was that it was impossible to measure or test what a person's personality consisted of. However, over time, colleagues began to understand the usefulness of the Rorschach test, and in 1922, the psychiatrist discussed the possibilities of improving his technique at a meeting of the Psychoanalytic Society. Unfortunately, on April 1, 1922, after suffering from severe abdominal pain for a week, Hermann Rorschach was admitted to the hospital with suspected appendicitis, and on April 2 he died of peritonitis. He was only thirty-seven years old and never saw the enormous success of the psychological tool he invented.

Rorschach ink blots

The Rorschach test uses ten ink blots: five black and white, two black and red, and three color. The psychologist shows the cards in strict order, asking the patient the same question: “What does this look like?” After the patient has seen all the pictures and given the answers, the psychologist shows the cards again, again in strict order. The patient is asked to name everything that he sees in them, where exactly in the picture he sees this or that image, and what in it forces him to give exactly that answer. Cards can be turned over, tilted, manipulated in any other way. The psychologist must accurately record everything the patient says and does during the test, as well as the timing of each response. Next, the answers are analyzed and points are calculated. Then, through mathematical calculations, a result is derived from the test data, which is interpreted by a specialist. If an inkblot does not evoke any associations in a person or he cannot describe what he sees on it, this may mean that the object depicted on the card is blocked in his consciousness, or that the image on it is associated in his subconscious with a topic that he would not like to discuss at the moment.

Card 1

On the first card we see a stain of black ink. It is shown first, and the answer to it allows the psychologist to suggest how this person performs tasks that are new to him - therefore, associated with a certain stress. People usually say that the image reminds them of a bat, a moth, a butterfly, or the face of some animal, such as an elephant or a rabbit. The answer reflects the respondent's personality type as a whole.

For some people, the image of a bat is associated with something unpleasant and even demonic; for others it is a symbol of rebirth and the ability to navigate in the dark. Butterflies can symbolize transition and transformation, as well as the ability to grow, change, and overcome difficulties. The moth symbolizes feelings of abandonment and ugliness, as well as weakness and anxiety. The face of an animal, particularly an elephant, often symbolizes the ways in which we confront difficulties and the fear of internal problems. It can also mean “a bull in a china shop,” that is, it conveys a feeling of discomfort and indicates a certain problem that a person is currently trying to get rid of.

Card 2

This card features a red and black stain, and people often see it as something sexy. Parts of the red color are usually interpreted as blood, and the reaction to it reflects how a person manages his feelings and anger and how he deals with physical harm. Respondents most often say that the spot reminds them of an act of supplication, two people, a person looking into a mirror, or a long-legged animal such as a dog, bear or elephant.

If a person sees two people in the spot, it can symbolize codependency, an obsession with sex, ambivalence about sexual intercourse, or a focus on connection and close relationships with others. If the spot resembles a person reflected in a mirror, this may symbolize self-centeredness or, on the contrary, a tendency to self-criticism. Each of the two options expresses either a negative or positive personality characteristic, depending on how the image evokes in the person. If the respondent sees a dog in the spot, this may mean that he is a loyal and loving friend. If he perceives the stain as something negative, then he needs to face his fears and acknowledge his inner feelings. If the spot reminds a person of an elephant, this may symbolize a tendency to think, developed intelligence and good memory; however, sometimes such a vision indicates a negative perception of one’s own body. The bear imprinted in the spot symbolizes aggression, competition, independence, and disobedience. In the case of English-speaking patients, a play on words can play a role: bear (bear) and bare (naked), which means a feeling of insecurity, vulnerability, as well as the sincerity and honesty of the respondent. The spot on this card is reminiscent of something sexual, and if the respondent sees it as a person praying, this may indicate an attitude towards sex in the context of religion. If the respondent sees blood in the stain, it means that he associates physical pain with religion or, when experiencing complex emotions like anger, resorts to prayer, or associates anger with religion.

Card 3

The third card shows a blot of red and black ink, and its perception symbolizes the patient's relationship to other people in social interaction. Most often, respondents see on it the image of two people, a person looking in the mirror, a butterfly or a moth.

If a person sees two people having lunch in a spot, this means that he leads an active social life. A spot that resembles two people washing their hands speaks of insecurity, a feeling of one’s own uncleanliness, or paranoid fear. If a respondent sees two people playing a game in a spot, this often indicates that he is taking the position of an opponent in social interactions. If the spot resembles a person looking at his reflection in the mirror, this may indicate self-centeredness, inattention to others and an inability to understand people.

Card 4

Experts call the fourth card “father’s.” The spot on it is black, and some parts of it are fuzzy and blurry. Many people see something large and frightening in this picture - an image that is usually perceived not as feminine, but as masculine. The reaction to this spot allows us to reveal a person’s attitude towards authorities and the characteristics of his upbringing. Most often, the spot reminds respondents of a huge animal or monster, or a hole of some animal or its skin.

If the patient sees a large animal or monster in the spot, this may symbolize feelings of inferiority and admiration for authority, as well as an exaggerated fear of people in authority, including one's own father. If the stain resembles the skin of an animal to the respondent, this often symbolizes severe internal discomfort when discussing topics related to the father. However, this may also indicate that the problem of one’s own inferiority or admiration for authority is not relevant for this respondent.

Card 5

On this card we again see a black spot. The association caused by it, like the image on the first card, reflects our true “I”. Looking at this image, people usually do not feel threatened, and since the previous cards evoked completely different emotions in them, this time the person does not experience any particular tension or discomfort - therefore, a deeply personal reaction will be characteristic. If the image he sees is very different from the answer given when he saw the first card, this means that cards two through four most likely made a big impression on him. Most often, this image reminds people of a bat, butterfly or moth.

Card 6

The picture on this card is also one-color, black; it is distinguished by the texture of the stain. This image evokes interpersonal intimacy, which is why it is called the “sex card.” Most often, people say that the spot reminds them of a hole or the skin of an animal, which may indicate a reluctance to enter into close relationships with other people and, as a result, a feeling of inner emptiness and isolation from society.

Card 7

The spot on this card is also black and is usually associated with the feminine. Since people most often see images of women and children in this spot, it is called “maternal.” If a person has difficulty describing what is shown on the card, this may indicate that he has difficult relationships with women in his life. Respondents often say that the spot reminds them of the heads or faces of women or children; it can also bring back memories of a kiss.

If the spot appears similar to the heads of women, this symbolizes the feelings associated with the respondent's mother, which affect his attitude towards the female sex in general. If the spot resembles children's heads, this symbolizes feelings associated with childhood and the need to care for the child who lives in the soul of the respondent, or that the patient's relationship with his mother needs close attention and, possibly, correction. If a person sees two heads bowed for a kiss in the spot, this indicates his desire to be loved and reunite with his mother, or that he seeks to reproduce the once close relationship with his mother in other relationships, including romantic or social ones.

Card 8

This card has gray, pink, orange, and blue colors. Not only is this the first multi-color card in the test, it is also particularly difficult to interpret. If it is when demonstrating it or changing the pace of showing pictures that the respondent experiences obvious discomfort, it is very likely that in life he has difficulties processing complex situations or emotional stimuli. Most often people say that they see a four-legged animal, a butterfly or a moth here.

Card 9

The spot on this card includes the colors green, pink, and orange. It has a vague outline, making it difficult for most people to understand what this image reminds them of. For this reason, this card assesses how well a person copes with lack of structure and uncertainty. Most often, patients see on it either the general outlines of a person, or some vague form of evil.

If the responder sees a person, then the feelings experienced convey how successfully he copes with the disorganization of time and information. If the spot resembles some abstract image of evil, this may indicate that the person needs a clear routine in his life to feel comfortable, and that he does not cope well with uncertainty.

Card 10

The last card of the Rorschach test has the most colors: there are orange, yellow, green, pink, gray, and blue. In form it is somewhat similar to the eighth card, but in complexity it is more consistent with the ninth. Many people have a rather pleasant feeling when they see this card, except those who were very puzzled by the difficulty of identifying the image depicted on the previous card; when they look at this picture they feel the same. This may indicate that they have difficulty coping with similar, synchronous, or overlapping stimuli. Most often people see a crab, lobster, spider, rabbit head, snakes or caterpillars on this card.

The image of a crab symbolizes the respondent's tendency to become too attached to things and people, or a quality such as tolerance. If a person sees a lobster in a picture, it can indicate his strength, tolerance and ability to cope with minor problems, as well as his fear of harming himself or being harmed by someone else. If the spot resembles a spider, it may be a symbol of fear, a feeling that the person has been dragged into a difficult situation by force or deceit. In addition, the image of a spider symbolizes an overly protective and caring mother and the power of a woman. If a person sees the head of a rabbit, it can symbolize reproductive ability and a positive attitude towards life. Snakes reflect a sense of danger or a sense of being deceived, as well as fear of the unknown. Snakes are also often regarded as a phallic symbol and are associated with unacceptable or forbidden sexual desires. Since this is the last card in the test, if the patient sees caterpillars on it, this indicates prospects for his growth and understanding that people are constantly changing and developing.

Fragment from Paul Kleinman's book “Psychology. People, concepts, experiments"

Series of messages "Psychological tests":
Part 1 - Psychological Rorschach test (ink blots)

In 1921. In terms of its popularity in psychodiagnostic personality studies, this test occupies a leading place among other projective techniques. The stimulus material for the test consists of 10 standard tables with black-and-white and color symmetrical amorphous (weakly structured) images (the so-called Rorschach “spots”).

The subject is asked to answer a question about what, in his opinion, each image looks like. A verbatim record of all the statements of the subject is kept, the time from the moment the table is presented to the beginning of the answer, the position in which the image is viewed, as well as any behavioral features are taken into account. The examination ends with a survey, which is carried out by the experimenter according to a certain scheme (clarification of the details of the image for which associations arose, etc.). Sometimes the procedure of “determining limits” is additionally used, the essence of which is to directly “call” the subject to certain reactions/answers.

Each answer is formalized using a specially developed symbol system into the following five counting categories:

1. localization (selecting the entire image or its individual details for the answer);
2. determinants (to form a response, image shape, color, shape together with color, etc. can be used;
3. level of form (assessment of how adequately the form of the image is reflected in the answer, while the interpretations received most often are used as a criterion);
4. content (the answer may concern people, animals, inanimate objects, etc.);
5. originality-popularity (very rare answers are considered original, and those that are found in at least 30% of respondents are considered popular).

These counting categories have detailed classifications and interpretive characteristics. Typically, “total scores” are studied, i.e. sums of similar assessments, relationships between them. The totality of all the resulting relationships makes it possible to create a single and unique structure of interconnected personality traits.

The Rorschach test diagnoses the structural characteristics of a personality: individual characteristics of the affective-need sphere and cognitive activity (cognitive style), intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts and measures to combat them (defense mechanisms), the general orientation of the personality (type of experience), etc.

Theoretical basis

Rorschach's main theoretical principles were as follows.

If a person operates on the entire spot, it means that he is able to perceive basic relationships and is prone to systematic thinking. If he fixates on small details, it means he is picky and petty; if he fixates on rare details, it means he is prone to the “extraordinary” and is capable of keen observation. Answers to a white background, according to Rorschach, indicate the presence of an oppositional attitude: in healthy people - about a tendency to debate, about stubbornness and self-will, and in mentally ill people - about negativism and oddities in behavior. In all these interpretations, there is a tendency towards direct analogies and the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe uniqueness of the way of seeing and the nature of thinking. You see every little thing - that means you’re a pedant; you see not the spots themselves, like most people, but the adjacent white background - that means you’re thinking unconventionally.

Rorschach considered the ability to clearly perceive the shape of spots to be an indicator of stability of attention and one of the most important signs of intelligence. He considered movement responses, arising with the assistance of ideas about movements previously seen or experienced by the subject himself, as an indicator of intelligence, a measure of inner life (introversion) and emotional stability. He regarded a large number of color responses as a manifestation of emotional lability.

Rorschach called the relationship between movement and color responses “a type of experience.” He associated the predominance of movement responses with the introversive type of experience, and the predominance of color responses with the extratensive type. He saw the main difference between introversion and extratension in its greater dependence on internal experiences than on external impressions.

Having paid special attention to the peculiarities of the perception of spots, Rorschach dwelled relatively little on what kind of objects were seen in them. He believed that the content of the answers only accidentally reflected the experiences of the subjects.

Despite the fact that to this day there is no complete theory linking the features of stimulus interpretation with personal characteristics, the validity of the test has been proven by numerous studies. Special studies of the 80-90s. The high test-retest reliability of both individual groups of test indicators and the methodology as a whole was also confirmed. The development of the Rorschach test led to the emergence of the six most well-known in world psychodiagnostic practice schemes for analyzing the results obtained, which have both formal and interpretative differences. There are known “ink blot” tests, developed on the model of the Rorschach test, and its modifications for conducting group examinations.

After the death of the author of the technique, the Rorschach test was further developed in the USA, where, starting in the 30s, interest in it began to grow and it began to gain popularity. In total, 5 main approaches to using the Rorschach test have been formed in the United States.

The first two approaches were created by S. Beck and M. Hertz, who adhered to the traditional Rorschachian view of this technique. These researchers attached primary importance to standardization of testing and data collection using the Rorschach method.

The next well-known approach, proposed by B. Klopfer, was based on the psychoanalytic interpretation of the formal characteristics of the subject’s response.

Another system of using the test (Z. Piotrovsky’s system) was focused on studying neurological patients with organic pathology of the brain using the Rorschach method.

Another psychoanalytic approach to using the Rorschach test was developed by D. Rapaport. His ideas regarding the Rorschach test were developed by R. Schafer, who presented the first attempt to interpret the content of the answers from the point of view of the psychodynamics of the subject's personality.

In Europe, the most prominent scientist who worked with the Rorschach test was E. Bohm. Unfortunately, in the 70s, further systematic development of the European school of using the Rorschach test practically ceased.

History of creation

Adaptations and Modifications

Procedure

The study should be carried out in a calm and relaxed environment in the absence of strangers. If the presence of a third party is necessary, it is advisable to warn the subject about this and obtain his consent. The continuity of the experiment should be ensured in advance, telephone calls and other distractions should be excluded. If the subject uses glasses, care must be taken in advance to have them at hand. The test is best carried out in daylight. In cases where a detailed psychological study is being conducted, it is recommended that the Rorschach test be offered to the subject first.

The experimenter sits at a table at a right angle to the subject or next to him so that he can see the tables at the same time as the subject. The tables are first placed face down to the left of the experimenter.

Before starting the experiment, you need to ask the subject if he is familiar with the technique, has heard or read about it. Before showing the tables in a preliminary conversation, you should establish contact with the subject. It is also extremely important to be aware of the physical (fatigue, illness) and mental state of the subject during the presentation of the tables.

The origin of the tables is usually not explained. If the subject asks whether this experiment is a test of intelligence, the answer should be in the negative, but one can agree with the opinion that the test is a test of fantasy. During the experiment, the subject’s questions should be avoided and their resolution should be postponed “for later.”

Working with the subject consists of four stages: 1) the actual execution, 2) questioning, 3) the use of analogies, 4) determining the limits of sensitivity.

1st stage

The tables are given to the test subject in the main position, in a certain sequence - according to the number on the back of the table. The subject is asked what the spots remind him of and what they look like. The instructions can be repeated several times. If the subject doubts the correctness of his answers, then he is told that there are no erroneous answers, since all people see different things on the tables. Bohm suggests supplementing the instructions with the following phrase: “You can rotate the tables as you wish.” According to Klopfer et al., comments about rotating tables should not be included in the initial instructions, but when the subject begins to rotate the table, he is not interfered with. We recommend using Bohm's instructions.

Any hint regarding the interpretation of spots should be avoided. Acceptable incentives are: “Yes”, “Excellent”, “See how well you are doing.” If there are difficulties in answering the first table, the experimenter behaves expectantly, but if an interpretation is not given, one must move on to the next table. If there is a long pause after the first answer, they ask: “What else?” You can give several answers."

There is no time limit. It is allowed to interrupt work with one table after 8-10 answers.

All responses of the subject are recorded in the study protocol. Exclamations, facial expressions, behavior of the subject and all remarks of the experimenter are recorded. The position of the table is marked by an angle, the top of which means the upper edge of the table, or by letters: Λ - the main position of the table (a), > - the upper edge of the table on the right (b), v - the table is inverted (c),< - верхний край таблицы слева (d). Локализация ответов описывается словесно или отмечается на специальной дополнительной схеме, где таблицы изображены в уменьшенном виде. Если речь идет не об основном положении таблицы, то обозначения типа «снизу», «сверху», «справа» рекомендуется заключать в скобки. Временные показатели фиксируются при помощи часов с секундной стрелкой; секундомер нежелателен, так как может вызвать экзаменационный стресс.

2nd stage

A survey required to clarify answers. The main orientation of the survey lies in the words: “where?”, “how?” and why?" (“Show me where it is”, “How did you get this impression?”, “Why is this such and such an image?”). In this case, it is better to use the terminology of the subject himself. If, for example, the answer is “a beautiful butterfly,” one might ask what makes the spot look like a butterfly and why it looks beautiful. The wording of subsequent questions will depend on the answers received. You should not use leading questions to inspire the subject with answers that do not reflect his personal perception.

If the subject finds it difficult to verbally indicate the location, he is asked to make a copy of the indicated part of the spot using transparent paper or draw the image he saw. To clarify whether a human image is visible in motion, the experimenter asks the subject to tell in more detail about what he perceived. Questions like: “Are we talking about living or dead?” - not recommended. To find out whether color is used in the answer, ask whether the same image can be seen on reduced achromatic diagrams.

If additional responses are given at this stage, they may be used for the overall assessment, but will not be taken into account in the calculations.

3rd stage

The use of analogies is optional and is used only where the survey did not reveal what features of the spots the subject relied on in his answers. They ask whether one or another determinant (color, movement, shades) indicated in one answer can be applied to other answers. The results obtained are referred to as additional estimates.

4th stage

Determination of sensitivity limits. The richer the initial protocol, the less necessary it is. At this stage, it is determined: 1) whether the subject can see details and integrate them into the whole, 2) whether he can perceive human images and project movement onto them, 3) whether he can perceive color, light and shade and popular images.

The subject's answers are provoked by increasingly specific questions. If the subject gives only complete answers, they say: “Some people may see something in certain parts of the table. Try it, maybe you will succeed too.” If the subject finds it difficult to fulfill this request, point to the usual part (D) and ask: “What does this look like?” If this does not help to see the image in the detail of the spot, we can say that some people see “animals” in the side pink areas of the table. VIII and “spiders” in the upper lateral blue spots of the table. X.

If the subject does not give popular answers, then he is shown several popular images and asked: “Do you think this looks like...?”

When there are no color answers in the protocol, it is proposed to divide all the tables into groups according to some criterion. When selecting groups, for example, by content, they are asked to divide the tables again according to another criterion. For the third time, you can suggest dividing the tables into pleasant and unpleasant. If within three Trials the subject does not identify a group of colored tables, it is concluded that he does not respond to the color stimulus.

Encryption of responses

Encryption refers to the designation and classification of responses taking into account five main categories: localization, determinants, content, popularity/originality, quality of form.

The main purpose of encryption is to establish a connection between the answer and the element of the spot, as well as to formalize the answer for subsequent operations of analysis and interpretation.

The answer is considered to be a statement corresponding to the whole inkblot or its parts. There are basic answers (spontaneous) and additional ones (obtained during the survey); the latter are calculated separately and taken into account in the calculation formulas with special coefficients.

Determining the answer

Answers are considered to be statements that the subject himself evaluates precisely as an answer, and not as a remark or comment. (Hereinafter: E. - experimenter, I. - subject.)

Table X“There’s a sense of balance here.”

E. “Do you consider this a remark or a response, like the “spiders” you saw here? I. “This is the answer... They are all in balance.” Estimate W mF Abs. 0.5

Comments are not considered an answer.

Table VII.“This table gives the impression of something furry.”

E. “When you mentioned the general “fur impression,” did you mean a response or a remark?” I. “That was a remark.” E. “Could it be a piece of fur?” I. “No...”

If the subject considers the naming of the color (for example, Table IX: “Here is red, green, yellow”) as the answer, it is encrypted:

W Cn (color naming) Color 0.0

If the subject does not consider his statement to be an answer, it is designated C des (color description) and is not encrypted.

Two or more responses to the same spot are coded separately unless the subject subsequently rejects one of them or says that they are different descriptions of the same image.

Table V."Butterfly. Bat".

E. “Do you think it’s a butterfly or a bat, or maybe it’s both?” I. “It’s more likely a bat.”

That's one answer.

Table V.“By the wings and legs it is a bat, and by the antennae it is an insect.”

These are two answers.

If a subject connects two or more responses with the word “or,” they are all encrypted separately. If a subject replaces one answer with another and uses different determinants, then the rejected answer is taken into account only in additional assessments. If an answer is given as a question or rejected without replacement, it is also scored as optional.

E. “Which part of the spot did you use for this answer?” I. “I meant a whole spot, but now it doesn’t seem like an animal skin to me. I don't know why I said that."

Table VI.“It could be an animal skin.”

Estimation (W Fc Aobj P 1.0).

Here the brackets mean that all elements must be classified as optional. If localization is difficult, such additional answers should be completely excluded from the rating system.

When the subject corrects his answer spontaneously, this is considered an elaboration of the original answer. Such developments (specifications) should be distinguished from individual responses. Specifications are considered to be elements that form essential parts of the seen image. For example, legs, arms, and head belonging to the same person are not scored as separate responses. The main criterion that distinguishes a specification from an answer is that it cannot be seen when taken separately, on its own. "Hats" can be considered as specifications of "heads", although they can be seen separately. "Rivers" and "forests" are specifications of "landscapes". When in the upper-central dark areas of the table. X see “two animals gnawing on a tree,” then “tree” should be considered a specification. On the other hand, the “butterfly” or “bow” seen in the table. III, and “spiders” or “caterpillars” on table. Xs are so often seen separately that they are judged as independent interpretations, even when they are part of a more complex answer.

With a “dense organization” of interpretations, individual parts are not regarded as independent answers unless they relate to popular images.

Table I."Three dancers. Two men in cloaks and hoods circle around a woman in the center with her arms raised. The woman is wearing a transparent shirt.”

This “dense organization” cannot be broken down into its component parts.

Rating W M Fc H 4.5

Table VIII."A multi-colored shield with animals standing on their hind legs."

Here, despite the “dense organization”, animal images are among the popular answers and are therefore evaluated separately.

W Fc Ernbl 2.0 D FM (A) P 1.5

A parenthesis indicates a relationship between responses.

With “free organization”, individual parts receive an independent localization assessment. If they are only mentioned in the survey, they receive extra credit.

Table VIII.“These are underwater creatures and corals. Green and pink are water and flowers. Sea lizards are climbing on the sides.”

W CF N 0.5 D FM A 1.5

Table IX."Marine". (When surveyed, “crayfish claws” and “oyster shell” are indicated.)

W CF N 0.5

Add. 1 D Fc Ad 1.0

Add. 2 D Fc" Aobj 1.0

In cases where relatively shapeless determinants are part of a larger response characterized by good shape, they are not separately encrypted. Table III. “Two natives are beating a drum; Smoldering embers fly out of the ashes left after the fire.”

W M CF Fc Fc" mF H ire P  O 4.5

Here, the ember response to the red parts would not have arisen if it had not been subordinated to a holistic organization. Therefore, the use of color is not reflected in a separate rating, but in an additional one.

Each answer receives five ratings: by localization of the image, by determinants, i.e. those features of the spot on which the subject relies when giving an answer, by content, by the degree of originality of the answer and by the level of form.

Localization of responses

Holistic answers

When the entire table is interpreted, the answers are called holistic and are designated W (from the English Whole). Among them, four groups are distinguished: W, W, DW and WS.

An example of a holistic answer W for the table. I can be either a “bat” or the “three dancers” described above. The first answer is simple, the second is simultaneous-combinatorial. Both of them reflect an instantaneous act of perception.

The successive-combinatorial holistic response does not arise at first glance, but gradually. One image follows another until they come together. For example, on the table. III: “Two people stand bent over. They are boiling something in a cauldron... The red is discarded bones.”

The answer is indicated as W and in cases where, when using the entire stain, individual small parts of it are ignored. If one symmetrical half is considered as a reflection of the other, this is also a holistic interpretation. It is more difficult to evaluate the answer in cases where it focuses on one half of the table, but says about the other: “It’s the same.”

Where only part of the spot is clearly perceived, but the subject tends to use the entire spot (these responses should be distinguished from confabulatory ones), the symbol “ W” is used, indicating a tendency towards the whole.

Table VIII."Mice climbing the wall."

E. “Where is the wall?” I. “Here” (points to the middle part). E. “What makes it look like a wall?” I. “Precisely that they are climbing on it.” D  W F M A R 1.5

An additional assessment of W (D  W) will also be given in cases where a holistic answer is indicated for the first time not during the actual execution, but at the questioning stage, or when the subject refuses the initially expressed holistic answer.

Table I."Wings of the Bat"

I. “At first I saw only the wings, now I see that the whole spot looks like a bat.” D  W F A P 1.0

Truncated W(cut-off Whole) is used in cases where the subject uses almost the entire spot (at least 2/3 of it) and indicates that he is omitting some elements that do not correspond to the concept of the image. Often the red parts in the table are excluded. II and III. The subject must spontaneously mention any missing parts of the spot. If the fact of non-use of some parts is revealed only during a survey in response to questions like: “Did you use this part?”, then such answers are scored as regular W.

Confabulatory holistic responses D.W. In these cases, one detail is clearly perceived, and everything else is thought of as a whole without taking into account the configuration of the entire spot or the location of individual parts relative to each other. Examples are “butterfly” (in Table VI) due to the “antennae” located at the top, or the response “thorax” (in Table VIII) resulting from judging the blue squares as “lungs”.

DW's answers are always poorly formulated. Some authors propose to consider interpretations not only with a bad form (DW-), but also with a good one (DW+) as confabulatory. This does not correspond to the point of view of Rorschach and most other researchers, who considered confabulatory responses as an important pathological sign. Therefore, complete images with good shape, based on the initial highlighting of any detail, should not be assessed as DW+, but simply as W+.

Holistic responses that take white spaces into account, such as the “mask” in the table. I are rated as WS.

Answers to the usual details

The parts of the spot that are easily visible and most often perceived are called common parts. Images built from them are designated D. Most Ds are large fragments, but small details also fall into this category if they have a distinct shape and are immediately noticeable. (American authors distinguish such small, but quite often perceived details into a special variety of ordinary details, designated by the symbol d). Rorschach did not indicate the frequency of responses sufficient to identify D. Lepfe proposed that those parts of the spots for which at least 4.5% of responses are given be classified as them. Beck and I.G. Bespalko used a 2% release level of D in their works.

In view of the dependence of the perception of Rorschach tables on the ethnic factor noted by many researchers, Losli-Usteri recommended the compilation of localization maps for each country separately. In our country, such work was carried out by I. G. Bespalko. Below is the list D he compiled, and in Fig. 2.1 - localization tables.

Table I.

1. The entire middle area (“beetle”, “man”).
2. The entire side section (“mythical animal”),
3. Upper half of the lateral area ("dog's head"),
4. The lower half of the lateral region has no clear external boundaries; the choice of this area occurs not due to the external boundaries, but due to the texture (“head of a teddy bear”, “head of an eagle owl”).
5. Lateral outline of the lower half of the side area (“doll profile”).
6. The most pronounced lateral protrusion (“wing”),
7. Upper central claw-like protrusions (“fawn horns”).
8. The upper half of the central area ("crab").
9. The dark part of the lower half of the central region (“hips”),

Table II.

1. The entire dark area (“bears”).
2. Lower red spot (“butterfly”).
3. Intermediate white central spot (“spinning top”),
4. Upper red areas.
5. Upper-central conical area (“rocket”, “castle”, “knight”),
6. Lower lateral protrusion (“rooster’s head”),

Table III.

1. Everything is dark (“two people”).
2. Upper-lateral red spots (“monkeys”).
3. Central red spot (“butterfly”)
4. Lower-lateral oblong areas (“fish”; in concept D1 - “people’s legs”),
5. Central-lower dark rounded areas (“black heads”).
6. The entire lower dark center.
7. “Head and torso of a person” from D1 (“man”; in the c-D1 position - “bird”),
8. The entire gray center of the lower central dark area of ​​D6.
9. "Human Head" from D1.
10. The lower part of the “human torso” (in the b-position - “mouse head”).
11. "One of the people."
12. Lower endings D4 (“high heels”, “hooves”).

Table IV.

1. Central lower region (“head of the snail”).
2. Inferolateral protrusion, outer part of the light gray area (“dog’s head”, “profile of a man with a forelock”).
3. The entire lower-side part (“boot”).
4. Upper oblong protrusion (“snake”, “roots”).
5. The entire lower side light gray area, the light part of the “boot” (in the b-position - “dog”).
6. Dark in the “boot” (“walrus”).
7. A small protrusion at the top of the spot (“clown profile” in b-position, “gymnast’s head” in D8).
8. The entire upper lateral projection, including D4, as well as its dark base and connecting stripe from the base to D4 (“bird’s head”).
9. The entire central dark stripe (“spine”),
10. The entire upper half of the spot (“dog’s head”).
11. The uppermost central light area, taken either as a whole (“human head”), or only in its protruding part (“flower”).

Table V

1. Lower central oblong protrusions (“snakes”),
2. The lateral region, including about a third of the “wing” and the outer lateral protrusions (“ham”, “running animal”),
3. The outermost side part (“crocodile head”),
4. Central upper region ("hare's head"),
5. Half of the entire spot or almost the entire half (“wing”),
6. The entire center (“hare”),
7. Upper projections (“rabbit ears”).
8. The outermost superior lateral process ("leg").
9. The upper contour of the wing ("profile") with the possible inclusion of lateral processes D3, forming the beard or horns of the profile.
10. The lower contour of the wing (“profile in a high cap”),

Table VI.

1. The entire lower part (“skin”),
2. The entire upper part (“bird”).
3. One of the halves of the lower part (“head with a long nose”; in the d-position - “iceberg”),
4. Upper projections on D2 (“bird wings”).
5. The uppermost part of the spot is in the form of a rounded protrusion with thin lines (“whiskers”) extending from it on the sides or without them (“snake’s head”).
6. The upper central oblong part remaining from the two, after excluding the lateral D4 ("wings").
7. The lower central small projections, two central and two slightly lateral (“flower organs”, “insect mouth”).
8. Large side protrusion (“walrus head”),
9. The entire dark central stripe, starting from the very top (“spine”).

Table VII.

1. Middle area (“monster head”),
2. One or both upper regions with or without the uppermost projections ("hairstyles") ("women's heads"),
3. The upper or middle areas as a whole (in the d-position - “dog”).
4. The entire lower region with or without indication of a dark center (“butterfly”),
5. Intermediate white area (“tricorn hat head”).
6. Dark lower central area with or without an underlying gray central area ("man", "well section").
7. The uppermost protrusion (“cat’s tail”).
8. One of the symmetrical halves of the entire lower area D4 (“chess knight”).
9. Small light gray pointed projections on the top area ("icicles").
10. The lowest light gray center, taken independently, i.e. outside D6 (“dog’s head”).

Table VIII.

1. Lateral pink areas (“walking animal”).
2. The entire lower orange-pink center (“butterfly”, “flower”).
3. The upper gray-green conical part (“mountain”) with the possible addition of a central dark stripe and underlying blue squares (“spruce”),
4. A light skeletal formation between blue squares with the possible inclusion of overlying and underlying central dark stripes (“spine”, “chest”).
5. Blue squares, one or both.
6. Most lateral projections on D2 ("dog's head").
7. The lowest orange part (bottom half of D2).
8. Top pink half D2.
9. The apical part on D3 (two pointed protrusions at the very top of the table - “two people from afar”, “beak”).

Table IX.

1. One of the symmetrical green areas.
2. One or both top orange areas.
3. The entire central light area with or without the inclusion of the central stripe and two eye-like spots (“dress”, “violin”),
4. Only the sides of the lower pink area (“human head”),
5. The entire central line or just part of it, enclosed in area D3, but called independently (“fountain”, “cane”),
6. The entire lower pink area (“clouds”, “swaddled baby”),
7. The largest brown protrusion is on the medial side of D2 (“crawfish claw”).
8. The entire branched brown on the medial side of D2 (when it is isolated, the response must include at least two of its three constituent projections - “deer antlers”, “two people and a tree”).
9. A small area in D1, partially bordering D2 ("moose head").
10. The pinkish area along with the central stripe (i.e. D6 and D5 taken as a whole; in the c-position - "tree").
11. Both green halves taken as a whole (“pelvic bones”).
12. A central light round area (lower part of D3) with or without two eye-like spots included (“owl heads”).
13. Orange top and green middle areas as a whole (D1 + D2).
14. The uppermost of the three protrusions included in D8 (in the d-position it resembles a “key” or “boot”).

Table X

1. Upper lateral blue spots (“crab”),
2. Lower green oblong areas without a center uniting them (“caterpillar”),
3. Dark dense areas at approximately the middle level of the map outside the pink areas ("bug"), sometimes including a dark spot associated with the main area in a yellow adjacent spot ("doe").
4. The lower central small part is light green with or without the inclusion of lateral dark dots (“rabbit head”, “man”).
5. Inner yellow areas ("amoeba", "sitting dog"),
6. One or both upper-central dark areas (“insects”).
7. All dark top center.
8. Large oblong pink areas.
9. Blue small areas on the inside of the pink spots with or without a small blue spot uniting them (“climbers”)
10. Lower outer brown spots ("shaggy dog")
11. The small, centrally located slingshot-shaped part of the orange center ("cherry").
12. Green upper spots (“grasshopper”).
13. The entire green lower horseshoe area, i.e. D2 + D4 taken as a whole ("lyre").
14. The uppermost dark central “pillar” (“cut off trunk”).
15. Yellow side areas (“autumn leaves”).
16. Both pink parts shared with a top dark center with or without the inclusion of a dark D14 center pillar.
17. The upper white central area, bounded by pink areas) on the sides and blue D9 below with or without the inclusion of the D1 located inside it (“white owl”, “turtle”).
18. The entire intermediate area between the elongated pink areas includes the colored areas located in it, forming the eyes (D5), whiskers (D13), etc. (“human face”, “goat head”).

Sometimes the subject can add to D or, conversely, omit small areas of spots. If such changes constitute an unimportant part of the concept, answers are still scored D. A combination of several normal answers is also scored, unless the combination is unusual.

Answers to unusual details

Those interpretations that are neither holistic nor ordinary and are not responses to white space are scored as responses to unusual details Dd. They are divided into several categories:

• dd - small or tiny details that are separated from the rest of the spot by space, shades or color;
• de - edge parts in which only contours are used; most often these are “profiles” or “coastlines”;
• di - internal details, in which the internal shadow part of the spots is used without indicating the edges;
• dr - unusually demarcated features that do not fall into any of the categories listed above; in size they can be large, close to W, or, conversely, small, approaching dd (unlike dd, their boundaries are controversial). Among them, two types are distinguished: with unusual outlines, not limited by the structural qualities of the spots, and with an unusual combination of D parts.

Bohm's manual uses one symbol, Dd, to represent all of these categories of responses to unusual details.

Answers to white space

In the grading system of Klopfer et al., they are designated by the symbol S. Bohm suggests dividing them into ordinary DZw and unusual DdZw (here “Zw” from the German “Zwischenfiguren”, similar to the English “S”). Beck, who paid a lot of attention to the frequency assessment of answers, came to the conclusion that the large white spots in tables II, VII and X are true D. According to the above list by I. G. Bespalko, D-answers should include not only interpretations of the indicated Beck high-frequency white details, but also indications of the white central region of the table. X. In our work, responses to areas of white space listed in I. G. Bespalko’s list of D-answers were graded as D, and indications of any other background fragments were graded as S.

Where white spaces are indicated in combination with the main spots, two designations are used to assess localization and the leading one is placed first.

Table VII.“This is an ocean with islands on it” (here “islands” are the whole spot, and “ocean” is the white space around it).

S W F Geo 1.0

Table I."A mask with holes for the eyes."

W S F Mask 1.5

Rorschach and Bohm used a special designation for the so-called oligophrenic details - parts of the figure of a person or animal that are given where most healthy subjects easily see the whole person or whole animal. For example, in Table III the subject points not to the figure of the entire person, but to his head or leg. Rorschach initially assumed that such responses were found only in mental retardation and people with low intelligence, but this assumption turned out to be incorrect. Following the American authors, we did not use a special designation for such parts.

Determinants

These include qualitative characteristics of the response in form, kinesthesia, color and light and shade. Only one determinant can be the main one, the rest are considered additional. The first place is given to the determinant emphasized by the subject in the description and development of the answer. A determinant that applies only to part of the indicated spot, for example, in the answer “Bears with red hats,” or is conditional on the clue, is evaluated as additional. In difficult cases, preference is given to the determinant already mentioned rather than to the one that first appeared during the survey. In other cases, kinesthesia is placed first, color second, and texture third. Since shape always occurs in kinesthetic responses and is included in judgments of light and shade and color, it is never taken into account as an additional determinant.

Form answers (F)

Form assessment is given to all answers where there is no other main determinant (movement, shades, color). This assessment is also applied in cases where the form is imprecise, vague, abstract.

Table I.“Mask” (during the survey, the eyes, nose and cheekbones are indicated).

W F+ Mask 2.0

Table IX.“This is an abstract thing, balance” (when surveyed, it is indicated that this is the answer).

WF- Abs 0.5

Rorschach distinguished responses with a good form of F+ and with a bad form of F-. He proposed to determine good forms in a statistical manner and classify among them those form responses that are most often given by healthy subjects. “Anything that is better than these formal answers is also rated as F+, everything that is seen less clearly is designated as F-.” Here the word “better” implies a good match between the concept of the image that the subject proposes and the configuration of the spot that he uses.

Among the formed answers with a bad form, a distinction is made between inaccurate F- and indefinite F-. In the former, with a certain statement, there is no resemblance to a spot (for example, the answer “bear” to a spot that looks completely different). Most anatomical answers fall into this category, such as “pelvis” or “chest” in the table. I. In the second case, there is no certainty of reasoning: “Something anatomical,” “Some kind of prehistoric animal.” For geographical answers like “country”, “some archipelago”, when there is no specification, but there is some semblance of an image in the spot, the F± score is used.

If the subject identifies the side spots on the table. VIII as “two animals”, when questioning you should clarify: “What kind of animals are these?” When specifying the answer, F+ is given, otherwise - F-.

An approximate list of good and bad answers, intended for beginning Rorschachists, is available in the monographs of Losli-Usteri and Bohm.

Answers by movement (M)

They arise with the assistance of kinesthetic engrams, that is, ideas about movements previously seen or experienced by the subject himself. Often the subject himself makes the appropriate movements with his arms and body. Bohm believes that movement responses are always empathized with by the subjects and there is always identification behind them. He includes not only human movements as kinesthetic responses, but also the movements of anthropomorphic and anthropomorphized animals. Anthropomorphic animals include bears, monkeys, and sloths. But their movements are coded as M only if they resemble human ones. “Bears climbing the wall” on the table. VIII are not coded as M because their movements are not human-like. (It should be noted that American authors evaluate human-like actions of animals not as M, but as FM.) Anthropomorphized animals include popular characters from books and films (Cheburashka, Hare and Wolf from the cartoon “Well, wait a minute!”), whose actions are experienced as humanoid.

M-responses do not always reflect a person in motion. Getting used to a particular body position, for example in the answer “sleeping women,” is also associated with a kinesthetic sensation. M-answers also include indications of parts of human figures visible in action (“two hands with raised index fingers”). American authors also classify descriptions of human facial expressions as M (“someone stuck out their tongue,” “distorted faces”), but a number of authors recommend not classifying such facial interpretations as kinesthetic. According to Schachtel, descriptions of facial expressions do not reflect the projection of one’s own feelings, but the attitude of other people expected by the subject towards him.

In cases where movement or posture appears when questioned in response to leading questions, or is attributed to the human figure expressed in a drawing, caricature or statue, or is noted in tiny human beings occupying an insignificant place in the overall concept, M is given as an additional score.

Animal movements are encrypted as FM.

The movements of inanimate objects (“flying carpet”, “falling vase”) are evaluated with the symbol m.

Answers by color

Depending on the combination with the form, they are encrypted as FC, CF, C.

Form-color answers FCs are noted when the shape is dominant and the color is secondary, for example, “boiled crayfish” - on the yellow spot (Table IX) and “grasshopper” - on the green upper spot (Table X). The response “butterfly” to the central red spot (Table III) is in most cases an F+ response, but the “tropical butterfly” to the same spot is coded as FC. The response "red polar bears" to the side pink areas (Plate VIII) is an F+ response because the color used is not the color of the object in its natural state. (American authors classify such responses as “forced color” and denote them with the symbol F ↔ C.)

FC responses can also be poorly shaped. In this case, the subject names a specific colored object, the shape of which does not correspond to the outline of the spot used.

If the form-color answer applies only to part of the concept (“colored clown hats” in Table II) or if the entire indicated spot is colored, and the color is used only for part of the concept (for example, “roosters” to the upper-lateral red spots of Table III, “ since they have a red crest"), then FC is counted as an additional mark. The use or non-use of color in a response should never be taken for granted; a survey aimed at identifying attitudes towards color is always necessary.

Color form answers CFs are defined primarily by color, while shape recedes into the background and is vague (“clouds,” “flowers,” “rocks,” etc.). Typical CF responses are “guts” or “explosion” in the table. IX. “Ice floes” and “lakes” on blue squares in the table. VIII.

Table VIII. "Corals".

W CF N 0.5

Table VIII, side pink area. "Strawberry ice cream".

DCF Food 0.5

Primary responses by color C are determined only by color. This is “blood” and “fire” for any red spot, “sky” for any blue spot, “forest” for any green spot. But if there is any form element (“blood stains”, “forest on a geographical map”, “paints on an artist’s palette”), the answer is encrypted as CF.

American authors propose even more stringent criteria for this category of answers and designate with the symbol “C” only those undifferentiated color answers that are repeated several times when presented with tables. They encrypt a one-time response “blood” as CF. Therefore, in their protocols, the symbol “C” is rare and has a special pathological meaning.

If the answer consists of naming or listing different colors, it is encrypted as “color naming” - Cn. In this case, the survey should establish that this is a response and not a remark.

Table X.“Here are two blue things, two yellow ones and two red ones.”

E. “Can you tell me anything else about what you see on this table?” I. “No.” E. “What could it be (upper lateral blue spot)?” I. “It’s blue.” W Cn Color 0.0

Color naming is rare in healthy adults and is more common in epilepsy and organic or schizophrenic dementia.

Achromatic color responses- those where black, white or gray parts of the tables are used as color characteristics of the object. They are encrypted as FC", C"F and C" depending on the combination with the form.

Table V."Bat".

E. “What makes her look like a bat?” I. “She’s black. The ribs holding the wings are visible.” W FC" A P 2.0

Table VII. "Black smoke".

W K C- Smoke 0.0

Answers on chiaroscuro

The interpretation of darker and lighter shades of gray and chromatic fields by Bohm and by American authors differs significantly from each other. We will first describe in general terms the basic principles of interpretation of shading responses according to Bohm, and then we will examine in more detail the more detailed ways of classifying these responses by American authors.

Bohm divides hue responses into two main groups: F(C) hue responses and Ch chiaroscuro responses. The first are characterized by the fact that subjects within the selected area of ​​the spot highlight each shade and consider first its boundaries, and secondly its color. Often these interpretations are perspectives, for example, in Table. II: “A park alley under the bright sun, bordered by dark trees hanging over the alley. The street narrows in perspective and becomes a narrow path in the distance.”

In the answers of the second group, individual shades are not perceived, but there is a general diffuse impression of the perception of light and dark on the table. Depending on the combination with the form, they are encrypted as FCh (“animal skin” on Tables IV and VI), ChF (“coal” on Table I, “X-ray” on Table IV, “storm clouds” on Table VII ) and Ch (“smoke”, “steam”, “dirty snow”, “fog”).

Klopfer et al classify chiaroscuro responses into three main categories: C - hue gives the impression of surface or texture, K - hue gives the impression of three-dimensionality or depth, k - hue gives the impression of three-dimensional space projected onto a two-dimensional plane. Depending on the combination of these categories with the form, different types of tint responses are formed.

FC scoring is used where the surface or texture is highly differentiated, or an object that has surface or texture qualities has a specific shape. This includes answers naming animal fur, silk or satin clothing, objects made of marble or steel.

Table VII, middle area. "Teddy bear".

D FC (A) 1.5

Table II, upper red area. "Red wool socks."

D F C Fc Obj 2.0

Table VI,“Fur rug” (sees fine curls).

W Fc Aobj P 1.0

The same rating is given for "cellophane transparency", for the luminous effect on a polished surface, for responses where a subtle differentiation of chiaroscuro is used to specify parts of objects, such as facial features, and where it creates a poorly differentiated three-dimensional effect, like a bas-relief. On the contrary, in cases where the difference between surfaces is more emphasized, an “FK” rating is given.

Table I, the entire middle region. "Dancer in a transparent shirt."

D M Fc H 2.5

The “dummy” response to the same spot (the subject sees the tree through clothing) is scored

D FK (H) 2.0,

since the distance between surfaces is emphasized here.

Table III, light shoots in the lower part. “Icicles” (in the survey he indicates that what makes them icicles is the effect of transparency).

Dd Fc Icicle 1.5

Table VI, upper central oblong part. “A shiny bedpost with a carved head.”

D Fc Obj 2.0

Table VII, left middle area. “The court clown. He says something funny and evil” (he sees a cap, an open mouth, a lip, teeth).

D Fc Нd 3.0

Table VII."Carved busts of women with feathers on their heads, pointing forward."

W Fc  M (Hd) 3.0

Table VIII, central red spot. “Vertebra” (sees shades).

D Fc At 1.0

In cases where the effect of texture is denied by the subject or the answer is given along the contours, the Fc rating is not used. Table VIII, lateral pink areas. “Fur-bearing animals climbing on something” (“furry” due to the irregularity of the outline, in which small standing hairs of fur are seen).

D → W F M A R 2.5

This uses an outer line rather than chiaroscuro, and no texture is implied.

The cF estimate is given in cases where the surface effect itself is not highly differentiated. These are vaguely defined pieces of fur, rocks, grass, corals, snow.

Table VI."Rock" (the survey states that it is rough and the color of a rock).

W cF C"F Rock 0.5

Here the effect of texture is combined with an object of indeterminate shape. A score of c is given in cases where the subject completely ignores any element of the form, focuses only on the surface effect, and repeats this type of response more than twice. Examples of such answers: “snow”, “something metal”. This rare type of tinted responses occurs only in severe pathology.

The FK rating is used when chiaroscuro contributes to the effect of depth. For this, at least three adjacent fields are required, the tint difference of which is used to form the concept. Such responses include bushes and trees reflected in water, views of terrain seen horizontally or from an airplane, and all responses where one object is in front of another and the distance between them is emphasized.

Table II, upper red area. “Spiral staircase” (indicates shades).

D FK Arch 1.5

The KF estimate is used where a particular form is included in the concept of diffusion.

Table VII."Clouds".

W KF Clouds 0.5

Table VII."Smoke in spirals."

W KF mF Smoke 0.5

If clouds are defined only by vague outlines and no shades are used, the KF score is not applied.

The K score refers to responses of light and dark filling space (e.g., “northern lights” in Table VI), or diffusion without form.

Diffusion criterion: it can be pierced with a knife without dividing into parts. These are completely undifferentiated “haze”, “fog”, “smoke” and “clouds”.

The Fk score is used primarily to indicate topographic maps and x-rays when they refer to a specific feature (a country of a particular geographic shape, a chest x-ray with ribs). If the specified part of the map does not belong to a specific country, and certain anatomical structures are not distinguished on the x-ray image, then such answers are encrypted as RF. And finally, if the answer “X-ray” does not imply any shape at all and is given in at least three tables, then such an answer is designated as k.

• H - human figures, whole or almost whole,
• (H) - human figures devoid of reality, i.e. presented as drawings, caricatures, sculptures, or as mythological creatures (monsters, witches),
• (Hd) - parts of human figures,
• A - figure of an animal, whole or almost whole,
• (A) - mythological animal, monster, caricature, drawing of an animal,
• Ad - parts of an animal, usually the head or paws,
• At - human internal organs (heart, liver, etc.),
• Sex - references to the genitals or sexual activity, or * references to the pelvis or lower body,
• Obj - objects made by people,
• Aobj - objects created from animal material (skin, fur),
• Aat - internal organs of animals,
• Food - food, such as meat, ice cream, eggs (fruits and vegetables are plants),
• N - landscapes, aerial view, sunset,
• Geo - maps, islands, bays, rivers,
• Pl - plants of all kinds, including flowers, trees, fruits, vegetables and plant parts,
• Arch - architectural structures: houses, bridges, churches, etc.,
• Art - children's drawing, watercolor, where what is drawn has no specific content; the landscape drawing will be N, etc.,
• Abs - abstract concepts: “power”, “strength”, “love”, etc.,
• Bl - blood,
• Ti - fire,
• Cl - clouds.

Rarer types of content are indicated by whole words: Smoke, Mask, Emblem, etc.

Originality of answers

According to the frequency of answers, only two extremes are noted: the most common, or popular, and the most rare - original answers. By popular answers, Rorschach meant the interpretations that are given by every third subject. Most authors classify the answers of every sixth subject as popular.

The popularity of answers is largely determined by ethnographic factors, so the lists of R by different authors are somewhat different from each other. Below we present a list of answers obtained by I. G. Bespalko on a sample of 204 adults, indicating the percentage of subjects naming them. His minimum frequency limit P is 16%, i.e. 1/6 of the number of subjects.

Table	R-answers	%
I	1. Bat (all spot)	38.2
	2. Butterfly (all spot)	25.5
	3. Beetle (entire central area)	22.5
II	4. Any quadruped in a normal or lateral position	31.5
III	5. Two people (the entire dark area in its normal position). One of the “people” is also R	66.7
	6. Bow tie or bow tie (central red area)	46.1
	7. A person or humanoid creature with arms raised (full dark area upside down) || 20.6
	8. The front part of an insect, fly, beetle (over the entire dark area in an inverted position)	20.6
IV	9. Fur skin or fur carpet (all stain)	21.6
V	10. Bat (all spot)	60.8
	11. Butterfly (all spot)	48.5
VI	12. Skin, fur clothing, fur carpet (all stain or without top D)	40.2
VII	13. Heads or faces of women (both or one upper area, called independently or included in larger localizations)	33.3
	14. The animal’s head is in the usual table position (in the middle area)	24.5
VIII	15. Any type of mammal (side pink areas) 82.4 X 16. Any multi-legged animal: spider, octopus, beetle (upper side blue spots)	60.8
	17. Hare's head (lower central area is light green)	16.2
	18. Seahorse inverted (central green oblong areas)	30.0
	19. Beetles, insects (two symmetrical central dark spots in the upper central area, taken with or without a trunk-like area uniting them)	17.2
	20. Beetle, crab, mite (side dark area on the middle level of the table)	27.5

Original answers occur approximately once per 100 answers in healthy people. Depending on the clarity of perception, the original answers are divided into Orig+ and Orig-. There are originally developed answers and original answers due to the peculiarities of perception. The latter reflect deviations from the usual methods of perception: a mixture of figure and ground is often noted.

Interpretation of the main categories of encryption

Psychological meaning of localization indicators

Localization of the answer (a whole spot or detail) indicates a way of approaching the knowledge of objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality, the desire to embrace the situation in all its complexity, the interdependence of its components, or interest in the particular, specific, concrete.

Well-articulated, integrated holistic responses combined with a clear form (WF+) are indicators of high intelligence with a theoretical orientation. On the contrary, syncretic or confabulatory responses (DW), which do not correspond to the shape of the spot (WF-), indicate intellectual impairments, for example, in schizophrenia or uncriticality, “subjectivism” and excessive ambition. Normally, holistic answers make up 20-30% of the total number of answers to all tables. The use of large and ordinary small details characterizes a specific spiritual orientation of thinking (norm D - 45-55%, d - 5-15%). A significant predominance of small details (d> 15%) may indicate excessive pedantry or a symptom of obsession. Rare flights (Dd), as a rule, indicate uncertainty, anxiety and attempts to cope with them (in particular, on tables IV-VI). In the absence of other indicators of affective distress (Dd), they indicate curiosity and originality of thinking (with F+).

Interpretation of the white background(5, WS, DS) is interpreted among extroverts as evidence of negativism, a desire to resist the influence of the environment, or among introverts - opposition to oneself, uncertainty, feelings of inferiority.

Normally, the subject, as a rule, begins with the interpretation of the whole spot, then its elements and, finally, the background. This sequence (W-D-d-Dd-S) indicates a systematic, logically ordered approach to reality. At the same time, if it remains unchanged when interpreting all the tables, we can talk about rigidity, stereotypical thinking and adaptation in general. A sequence is considered ordered if it, while maintaining the indicated order in most tables, varies depending on the structure of the spot itself. Chaotic disorderly sequence is obviously associated with adaptation disorders or (rarely) occurs in especially gifted individuals of the “artistic” type.

Psychological meaning of the main determinants

Form

Form (F) is one of the most popular determinants of the answer and, more than all others, characterizes the actual process of structuring and organizing uncertain material. Luzli-Usteri interprets F+ as a manifestation of conscious constructive tendencies of the individual, the ability to intelligently control one’s affective impulses. Klopfer also considers F+ an indicator of intellectual control and “ego strength,” i.e., the degree and quality of adaptation to reality. The more F+ (the norm is 20-50%), the more “impartially” a person is able to resolve life’s problems and adhere to objectivity, without falling under the influence of situational emotions. At the same time, with a small amount of M, FC', Fc, an increase in F above the norm indicates rigidity, “overcontrol”, lack of spontaneity, in some cases acting as a defense mechanism against excessive affectivity and a predisposition to conflicts. Low percentage F (<20%) на фоне М, Fc, FC’ говорит о недостаточно эффективном интеллектуальном контроле и возможных “прорывах” субъективности.

A clear “good” form indicates observational accuracy, realistic thinking; Normally, such responses are 80-90%; a lower percentage of clear forms is observed in schizophrenia and hysterical neuroses; in the latter case it is interpreted as neurotic inhibition of thinking.

Kinesthetic indicators (M, FM, t)

Psychological interpretation of kinesthetic indicators is the most difficult and controversial part of working with the Rorschach test. It is believed that this indicator is most intimately connected with the inner world of the individual, although there are different points of view on what specific tendencies M represents. Most researchers regard M as a projection of the unconscious deep layers of a person’s life, since, unlike color and shape, which are determined by objective qualities spots, movement seem to be introduced by the subject himself. Based on this, kinesthesia is often associated with creative abilities, high intelligence, and developed imagination. Rorschach considered M in connection with the introvertive orientation of the personality, i.e., a person’s ability to “withdraw into himself,” creatively process (sublimate) affective conflicts and thereby achieve internal stability.. Such an interpretation of the meaning of M seemed to be confirmed by a study of a certain contingent of subjects - actors, artists, intellectuals. At the same time, subsequent experimental tests demonstrated the dependence of this indicator on a number of other factors, for example, adaptability, the degree of differentiation of the “I”, the possibility of openly responding to affective impulses in external behavior, etc. There is also data on the connection of M with the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, in in particular, a person’s idea of ​​himself and his social environment, the ability to empathize and understand other people. According to these data, M is a multidimensional variable, the specific value of which is determined by the context, that is, a unique combination of all other indicators for a given person. The ambiguity of M partly stems from the fact that this determinant implicitly contains two other determinants - F and H. Apparently, therefore, Klopfer considers human kinesthesia a sign of a conscious, well-controlled inner life accepted by the subject - his own needs, fantasies and self-esteem. Rorschach also differentiated M into active (body in expansive movement) and passive kinesthesia (bent, inclined postures). The former speak of an active, benevolent and cooperative life attitude, the latter indicate passivity, a tendency to avoid difficulties, even to the point of being “away from the world.”

Thus, human kinesthesia indicates:

1) introversion; 2) maturity of the “I”, expressed in conscious acceptance of one’s own inner world and good control over emotions; 3) creative intelligence (at. F+); 4) affective stability and adaptability; 5) the ability to empathize.

The protocols of healthy, well-adjusted, mature subjects should contain at least 3M. As stated above, M should be diagnosed only in the case of experiencing movement, that is, identification with a moving object. Rorschach and some modern authors consider movements, postures, and facial expressions only of human beings or anthropomorphic animals as M. Klopfer formulates this idea more precisely: the symbol M denotes movements that convey human activity, for example, talking animals, quarreling caterpillars, etc.

Animal Movement (FM)

American psychologists use the FM symbol to designate the movements of animals, parts of animal bodies, or their caricatures in the activities inherent in animals. Identification with FM kinesthesia, as a rule, indicates an immature personality. In contrast to M, animal kinesthesia reflects less conscious, less controlled drives that are not fully accepted by the individual. The complete absence of FM indicates the suppression of primitive drives, perhaps due to their unacceptable content.

Movement of inanimate objects (Fm, mF, m)

These symbols denote the movements of objects, mechanical or abstract forces, for example, a running stream, developing coattails, etc. Obviously, identification with inanimate objects indicates deep unconscious, uncontrollable impulses, unfulfilled desires. Their inaccessibility to consciousness is often experienced by the subject as a feeling of anxiety, fear, and indicates high internal conflict. At the same time, a certain amount of FM and m in a certain ratio with M is acceptable and characterizes the richness and liveliness of the individual’s inner world, the spontaneity of its affective manifestations, developed imagination against the background of good control and adaptation.

Shades

A. Texture, surface(Fc, cF, c). The use of shades in answers indicates a person’s sensitivity to the subtle nuances of interpersonal relationships.

In combination. with form, shades indicate a way to manage the need for affection, dependence, and care from other people.

Fc means not only the need for such connections, but also the ability to take into account the needs of others. The need for contact is controlled and takes socialized forms. The optimal amount of Fc indicates sensitivity, sensitivity; too high Fc number indicates lack of independence, passivity, dependence; lack of Fc indicates the absence of these feelings.

cF characterizes a less mature, roughly manifested need for contact, even physical, sometimes sexual.

c is a symptom of an uncontrolled, undifferentiated need for care and physical contact.

B. Depth, perspective(FK, KF, K,). Typically, this determinant is seen as a reflection of ways to combat anxiety. Quite numerous FKs occur when fear is realized and effectively overcome; at the same time, the absence of FK is practically insignificant.

KF and K. refer to indicators of anxiety as a consequence of frustration of the need for attachment. More than ZK. indicate a high degree of frustration and a lack of mechanisms to overcome it.

B. Projection of three-dimensional objects onto a plane (Fk, kF, k). According to Klopfer, this determinant indicates anxiety, a search for contacts, which can be masked by intellectualization. Answers Fk indicate more successful rationalization than kF and k.

Color (C and C")

Colored responses, beginning with Rorschach, have been viewed as a sign of affective responsiveness to the environment, as an extraverted personality orientation. This determinant is usually taken into account in combination with form; the latter indicates the degree of controllability, sociality, and maturity of affect.

FC is a sign of well-controlled emotionality, which determines the adequacy of interpersonal relationships.

CF - less controlled emotionality, affective spontaneity with an element of egocentrism, suggestibility, and infantility.

C - explosiveness, impulsiveness, as a rule, a pathological symptom. Сn - attempts to influence an emotional situation in a magical rather than realistic manner.

Cdes - an intellectual approach, a conscious attitude towards emotional situations.

Csym - creative approach, aesthetic inclinations.

The achromatic color FC', C'F, C" is interpreted similarly to the chromatic one, considered as a sign of “softened nuanced affectivity.” Anzieu and Luzli-Usteri, however, associate the reaction to light and dark spots with deep primitive mechanisms for distinguishing light and dark, due to What C" indicates deep dysphoria, sadness, lack of self-confidence, pessimism and anxiety. Rorschach also saw C's answers as a sign of insufficient adaptation.

Qualitative analysis of responses has relatively recently attracted the attention of researchers, since it was believed that it characterizes the categorical apparatus of thinking rather than personality traits. According to some authors, content analysis involves a symbolic interpretation of responses (Shafer, Luzli-Usteri); Klopfer considers the content of the answers to be primarily an indicator of the breadth of interests of the individual and the direction of his motives. The category “animals” (A) is most common in the responses of both healthy and mentally ill people. In moderate quantities, it indicates the possibility of mutual understanding and cooperation in the field of thinking; over 50% A indicates stereotypy, poverty of interests. It is believed that images of predatory animals reflect aggressive tendencies, while images of domestic animals reflect passivity and dependence.

The category “people” (H) is associated with the perception of oneself, one’s body and one’s relationships with other people. The perception of exclusively individual parts of the body often indicates possible conflicts, for example, in the area of ​​sexual relations. Posture, facial expressions, and the affective coloring of the image are of great importance: for example, fighting people can reflect the hostility of the subject’s feelings and attitudes, while laughing, dancing figures, on the contrary, reflect satisfaction and optimism. Similarities with fairy-tale and fantasy characters often occur with the inability to identify with real people and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Normally, the protocol contains about 15% of N’s answers. There is evidence of projection in the content of I’s answers of personally significant experiences and conflicts. For example, a woman suffering from loneliness sees figures of men and women distant from each other.

Among the answers from other categories, “anatomy” and “geography” are noted, which, if they are not a reflection of professional interests, indicate an “intelligence complex”, a desire to show off. A large number of responses of sexual content are usually observed in individuals with difficulties in sexual adaptation; the complete absence of answers with sexual content in tables IV, VI, VII indicates a deep suppression of conflict in this area, which can reveal itself in symbolic images. Abstract interpretations are considered as a manifestation of a certain intellectual inclination, but sometimes (on tables IX, X) - as a defense against excessive affectivity, its processing through rationalization.

There are known attempts to identify the symbolic nature of the content: thus, “eyes” are interpreted as suspicion, surveillance, “pincers” - deprivation of strength, “open mouth” - a devouring mother, “mask” - the desire to hide one’s “true face” to hide, etc. . Luzli-Usteri considers it necessary to symbolically interpret also the localization of the response relative to the horizontal and vertical axes. According to psychoanalytic ideas, the vertical symbolizes the masculine principle, the horizontal symbolizes the feminine; then answers located along the vertical axis will indicate a search for support from the father, a desire for power; answers along the horizontal axis symbolize the search for refuge from the mother, the need for security, carelessness. The tendency to interpret the edges of the spot indicates an escape from anxiety; preference for the upper part of the spot reflects the desire for spiritual power, the lower part - a tendency towards depression, passivity, and submission.

Popular-original answers

The popularity (banality) of the answer is interpreted as an expression of normal intellectual conformism - a person sees the world like everyone else. The absence of popular answers may indicate pathological negativism, autism, or adaptation disorder. There is no statistically verified list of popular answers, which naturally vary somewhat in different populations. As a rule, data obtained by the most famous researchers in the field of Rorschach technology (Beck, Klopfer) are used. Original answers indicate creative abilities, but O- is a pathological sign of disorganization of thinking, loss of contact with reality.

Interpretation of results

The data obtained by the Rorschach test are interpreted depending on the theoretical attitudes of the researcher. We can talk about the existence of at least two directions in the development of the Rorschach technique: the first, represented by the Swiss and French clinical schools (Luzli-Usteri, Orr, Bohm), is based on the postulates of orthodox psychoanalysis and sees the test as a means of identifying various instinctive drives and their symbolic expression ; the second direction (Klopfer, Rapaport) has its theoretical origins in the psychology of “Ego”, experimental studies of New Look, and considers the cognitive style of the individual as the main category of interpretation. In the latter case, the test acts as a kind of “task”, “adaptation” to which is determined both by the test subject’s own intellectual capabilities and by the means of control and regulation of affective life available to him. In connection with New Look's research, the process of spot structuring began to be interpreted based on the interaction of “external” and “internal” factors. According to this approach, the interpretation of a stain is an act of “categorization”; this or that answer is considered as a “hypothesis”, determined by the properties of the stimulus - the spot and subjective factors - needs, affective conflicts, individual cognitive style. Thus, the authors conclude, the process of structuring uncertain stimulus material reflects the formal structure of the inner world of the individual, his inherent way of seeing himself and his social environment.

Test interpretation may involve several steps; its “depth” depends both on the tasks facing the experimenter and on his theoretical settings. In general, the first, “analytical” stage consists of identifying a number of parameters (type of experience, characteristics of intelligence, etc.), the values ​​of which are calculated using so-called formulas. The formulas are based primarily on clinical empirical experience, and are also based on a number of theoretical principles adopted by the author. The second stage consists of correlating individual test indicators with each other and creating a kind of “ensembles” of them, patterns. It is believed that an isolated indicator cannot serve as a reliable indicator, while the “ensemble” provides sufficient validity for the conclusion. The last step is the transition from describing certain spheres of personality to characterizing its holistic structure. According to Bohm, the higher the qualifications of the psychologist, the more capable he is of intuitive synthetic thinking, the more “deep” the interpretation will be. Given the methodological nature of this article, we will limit ourselves to describing the initial stages of working with the test material; The parameters and processing methods proposed here are given with slight abbreviations.

Interpretation of the main test indicators and their relationships

Type of experience

Let us recall that the concept of “type of experience” as the relationship between introversive and extratensive tendencies of a personality was introduced by Rorschach on the basis of an empirical comparison of two types of perception: the so-called color type (Fb-type) and motor (B-type). According to Rorschach, there are 5 groups of types of experience. The type of experience is co-articulated when the scores of both sides are 0 or 1 (types: 0:0, 1:0, 0:1, 1:1). With indicators of no more than three on each side, the type of experience is called coartative. The type of experience with an approximate balance of sides with indicators above three is called ambiequal (for example, 5:6, 8:8, 9:11). If M is significantly predominant, Rorschach calls the type of experience introversive; with an advantage on side C - extra intense. For both of the latter types, it is also necessary to distinguish whether the weakly expressed side has only lower indicators or they are absent altogether; if one of the sides is completely absent, they speak of introversion without extratension or egocentric extratension. The type of experience is calculated by the formula M: Sum C, where M is the number of responses with human kinesthesia, Sum C is the number of responses using chromatic color. Considering that the color determinant can appear in combination with the shape, Sum C is derived with the following coefficients:

Sum C= 3C+2CF+1FC
2

Formula M: Sum C is sometimes called primary, in contrast, the secondary formula developed by Klopfer takes into account all types of kinesthesia, as well as the determinants of achromatic color (C") and chiaroscuro (c)-FM+m: Fc+c+C1 where everything determinants are included in absolute values, according to the psychogram. From the relationship between the primary and secondary formulas, the type of personality experience is derived as the relative predominance of introversive or extratensive tendencies. The opposite direction of the formulas (for example, introversion in the primary, and extratension in the secondary or vice versa), as a rule, indicates current conflict experiences of the individual.

According to Rorschach, one or another personality orientation should not be considered as a frozen property, but as a dynamic balance of different tendencies. Introversive type characterizes people whose behavior is driven primarily by internal stimuli - their own motives, rather than the demands of the environment. With a relatively reduced responsiveness to external influences, introversion is not equivalent to autistic immersion in the inner world and withdrawal from reality. At the same time, introversion presupposes a developed ability for creative imagination, which, in case of frustration, performs compensatory and protective functions. At extra intense type environmental stimuli have the greatest motivating power; the individual is characterized by labile affectivity, open expression, and broad but somewhat superficial social contacts. In people with ambiequal type experiences of intra- and extra-intense tendencies alternate: a person can withdraw into himself for a while, as if drawing new strength from his own inner world, and then again turns to activity in the external world.

Coarticulated and coartative types experiences often characterize dry, prim people, prone to teaching, who have neither originality of thinking nor liveliness of feelings, but are persistent and reliable. Along with the norm, these types are found in depressive neurotics or compensated patients with schizophrenia. Additional characteristics of a particular type of experience, for example, stability, lability of affect, degree of awareness, controllability of needs and drives, are derived from a comparison of the primary and secondary formulas with other numerical ratios.

Affectivity and the degree of its controllability

General emotional reactivity determined based on a number of indicators:

A) Sum C - open emotional reactivity to external stimuli; normal Sum C=3; b) the percentage of answers to the last three (VIII-X) color tables must be equal to or exceed 40%; at R7-10<30°/о испытуемый заторможен, недоста­точно спонтанно реагирует на эмоциогенные характеристики окружения; в) если латентное время на хромати­ческие таблицы превышает латентное вре­мя на ахроматические более чем на 10 се­кунд, это означает, что испытуемый пло­хо контролирует свои эмоции, которые вно­сят дезорганизацию в его деятельность.

Affect control in the broad sense of the word includes regulation of the process of satisfying needs in accordance with the “barriers” of reality. The Rorschach test distinguishes between “external” control - the inclusion of affective processes in intellectual ones (a kind of intellectual mediation of affect), and “internal” control, carried out by reorganizing needs into a hierarchical system where higher needs control lower ones.

External control is diagnosed by the following ensemble of indicators:

A) percentage of F+ answers; normally should not exceed 20-50%, which indicates the effectiveness of control. Over 80% of F+ responses with a small number of M, FC and C" means increased control, “overcontrol” from intellectual, voluntarily controlled processes, lack of spontaneity; b) the percentage of F- responses shows weakness of control due to insufficient connection with reality; c ) the percentage of responses using differentiated (including form) determinants of light and shade: (FK+F+Fc) %, characterizes the degree of controllability of the need for contact and emotional attachment to other people. An increase in FK+F+Fc over 75% indicates a deficit of emotional spontaneity; d) the degree of maturity of affect, its adaptation in accordance with the requirements of reality is derived from the ratio FC: (CF + C), where FC denotes controlled, socially acceptable affectivity; CF - egocentrism, suggestibility, weak social control, C-impulsivity, lack of control. Normal control is determined when FC>CF+C, if CF+C¹0.

Internal control can be defined as the possibility of “delay” in satisfying lower needs (drives), indicates the degree of structuring of the motivational system and regulation of drives by higher needs; diagnosed by the ratio of kinesthesia indicators.

A) With M>2>FM (FM¹0), the direct discharge of drives gives way to their control by conscious motives; This ratio characterizes a mature personality with a relatively stable and harmonious affective life. b) FM+m>M indicates the predominance of unconscious, usually suppressed, impulsive tendencies that create a high level of anxiety; characterizes an infantile, immature personality with poorly controlled affectivity and deep conflicts.

Assessment of intellectual capabilities

The Rorschach test is not, as is known, a means of measuring intelligence, but it allows one to assess the cognitive capabilities of a subject in a situation of affective difficulties.

According to the test data, such characteristics of intelligence as high - low, clear - vague, flexible - rigid, theoretical - practical, etc. are obtained. Let us indicate the signs of some of these qualities. Rorschach considered M and F to be signs of high creative intelligence. Although M later began to be attributed relevance to other areas of mental functioning, most authors consider the complete absence of M to be an indicator of low intelligence or intellectual degradation; the presence of 3-5 M indicates above average intelligence. High intelligence is characterized by the presence of at least 80% of responses of the “form” type, and the clarity or vagueness of intelligence is reflected in the form quality indicator (F+ or F~). High intelligence is also distinguished by great productivity (at least 20-45 answers to 10 tables), the absence of stereotypy (no more than 50% of the answers are “animals”), and the presence of original answers (if they are combined with good form).

The indefinite shape of the spot, bizarre combinations of light and shade, bright and pastel colors create, as a rule, a state of emotional tension, sometimes reaching a feeling of discomfort. In the process of structuring the spot, this negative emotional state is overcome - in this sense, they say that the way the subject works with the test represents a model of his behavior in an “extreme situation.”

Flexibility of intellectual tactics can be traced by analyzing the sequence of localization indicators for each of the 10 tables (succession). Typically, subjects begin by interpreting a whole spot, then gradually move on to isolating details - large, small, rare, and finally interpreting white spaces. The sequence W-D-d-Dd-S is called orderly and indicates a systematic and disciplined intelligence. However, this sequence should not be rigid, since the variety of configurations of spots on tables I-X requires sufficient freedom in choosing interpretation tactics. Intellectual rigidity will manifest itself in an invariable sequence of localization indicators, uncorrectable by the objective qualities of the spot itself.

Based on the percentage of holistic (W) and detailed (D and d) answers, the theoretical or practical orientation of intelligence is judged, respectively. The ratio of holistic responses and kinesthesia is important, giving an idea of ​​the degree of realization of intellectual capabilities:

W>2M means that intellectual data is not fully used, which can cause a low level of aspirations and lead to conflict experiences.

The representation of answers that differ in content characterizes the intellectual orientation of interests.

The extent to which intelligence is resistant to emotional influences can be monitored by analyzing the following indicators:

1. quality of form in answers to color tables - the appearance of F- indicates disorganization of cognitive processes;
2. the impact of “shocks” 4 on the quality and quantity of subsequent responses;
3. “good” (O+) or “bad” (O-) original answers to colored tables or after “shocks”.
4. indication of affective conflicts and defense mechanisms.

Special phenomena

Unlike interpretive techniques such as the TAT, the Rorschach test, as a rule, does not reveal the content of a person’s conflicting experiences. However, not being directly represented in the subject’s answers, they can nevertheless be diagnosed indirectly - by studying the dynamics of interpretation during the research process. The object of analysis is any “deviations” in the subject’s behavior, his comments, features of working with each table, changes in latent time and the number of responses to particularly significant tables, and much more. The presence of conflict is also indicated by the violations of control described above, as well as special phenomena - shocks and refusals. All of the listed phenomena make it possible to diagnose, firstly, the conflict zone, and secondly, individual ways of dealing with it, i.e. defense mechanisms. Refusals and shocks are the crudest defense mechanisms, similar to suppression.

Refusal they call such a behavioral reaction when the subject does not give any interpretations to a particular table. Refusal as a neurotic reaction should not be confused with refusal indicating gross intellectual decline. The psychogenic nature of the refusal is often revealed by comparing a poor, unproductive protocol in the main part of the experiment and a large number of additions during the survey or determining the limits of sensitivity. Most often, failures occur when interpreting tables II, IV, VI and IX.

Shocks represent a neurotic reaction of defense against affect, as a rule, repression of affect or its conversion into a phobia.

Shock is diagnosed in the presence of the following “deviations”:

1) decreased productivity or deterioration in the quality of answers (the appearance of poor-form (F~) confabulatory (DW) answers or poor original O- answers); 2) the absence of color determinants when interpreting color tables; 3) lack of usual popular answers; 4) a sudden change in the method of perception, for example, ignoring whole or colored parts of a spot and “fleeing” into a white background; 5) increase in latent response time; 6) negative affective assessments (discrediting the test or one’s own abilities), facial expressions, intonation changes, silence, exclamation, etc.

The most powerful sign of shock is a decrease in the quantitative and qualitative productivity of the response. There are color, kinesthetic currents, shock to red, shock to emptiness and some other types. As a rule, a meaningful interpretation of shock is carried out in the spirit of psychoanalysis: shock to red is a symbol of repressed aggression, shock to emptiness is the denial of femininity, etc.

Diagnosis of conflict and defense mechanisms

Conflict, diagnosed according to the Rorschach test, can be of a different nature. In its most general form, external conflict is generated by the contradiction between immediate affectivity - needs that require immediate, direct satisfaction and the social and social need for their “delay” and mediation. At the same time, conflict can be caused by a clash of opposing tendencies within the system of needs itself. In both cases, the means of resolving the conflict will be mechanisms of protection and control. The difference between these types of regulatory mechanisms is not always explicit. Theoretically, it is indicated that defense mechanisms are activated only in situations of affective conflict, while control also operates in an affectively neutral situation. If defense mechanisms are designed to indirectly serve the satisfaction of “lower” instinctive needs, then control mechanisms ensure the satisfaction of “higher” motives - internalized conscious goals and relate to the regulation of more developed socialized forms of cognitive motivation.

In the Rorschach test, various deviations from the normal ratio of certain indicators, the appearance of “special phenomena,” a high level of anxiety, a decrease in the effectiveness of control mechanisms, as well as the inclusion of certain defense mechanisms are considered as “symptoms” of conflict. Below we provide a list of conflict indicators; Let us recall that the presence of one of them in the protocol does not provide grounds for reliable conclusions; on the contrary, the more conflict indicators are found in the protocol, the more reliable the conclusion.

Some conflict indicators:

1. CF+C>FC
2. FM+m>M
3. F+%> 80
4. FK+F+Fc>75%
5. Sometimes there is a complete absence of kinesthesia;
6. Different orientations of the primary and secondary formulas of the type of experience.
7. The ratio of differentiated and undifferentiated light and shadow indicators: K+KF+k+kF+c+cF>FK+Fk+Fc. The predominance of undifferentiated indicators indicates an egocentric, little-conscious, insufficiently controlled need for affection and physical contact. Failure to satisfy this need leads to a sharp increase in the level of anxiety, the main symptom of conflict.
8. The ratio of achromatic and chromatic indicators: Fc+c+C’>FC+CF+C - the predominance of achromatic indicators indicates autistic tendencies, sometimes depression.
9. Indicators of conflict (together with other indicators) can also be refusals, shocks, openly expressed phobias, sudden changes in the usual perceptual strategy.

Some authors conduct special diagnostics of defense mechanisms. This problem is solved by comparing the clinical manifestations of a particular defense mechanism with its analogues in the Rorschach test. We emphasize, however, that this part of the interpretation of the test has not yet been sufficiently developed, so the data presented here are of interest not so much in terms of practical diagnostics, but in a research sense.

As an example, we give signs of repression and isolation.

Signs of repression are considered:

1) an extremely “poor” protocol in the main procedure and a significant number of additions during interrogation or determination of sensitivity limits; 2) a large number of failures; 3) the presence of shocks; 4) few answers to color tables; 5) devitalization - sculpture, bust, statue of a person.

Signs of isolation found in:

1) the predominance of answers that are neutral in content; 2) minimum or complete absence of M, C, C"; 3) F+>85-90%; F>80%; 4) A>45%; 5) prevailing interpretation of details, especially rare ones; 6) in humorous interpretations unpleasant or dysphoric content, as well as supposedly shameless sexual interpretations; 7) in the content of the answers - objects, cars, ice and snow, statues.

For a more nuanced understanding of the reasons for the subject’s maladjustment, it may be useful to conduct a sequential analysis of the answers to each table. Attention should be paid to the presence or absence of commonly produced popular responses in the protocol (see the list of popular responses in Appendix III); their absence is often a symptom of autism, insufficient contact with reality or neurotic inhibition.

Analysis of the sequence of determinants, latent time and response time in Table I will allow you to see the spontaneous tactics of behavior and reaction of the subject in new situations. In addition, some answers may be of particular relevance to the understanding of personality “problems.” Let us note, however, that the meaningful interpretation of the answers is the most controversial and unfounded aspect of the analysis, since the latter, as a rule, relies on the psychoanalytic interpretation of certain “symbols”. Thus, it is believed that the answer “cat’s head” (W) on Table I may indicate fear of the outside world, “man in transparent clothes” (D central) - an interest in the hidden motives of people.

According to Table II, the reaction to color and the color red, in particular, is diagnosed for the first time: it makes sense to compare the latent time of the reaction to Tables I and II, to note whether there are signs of shock. When analyzing responses to Table III, attention is paid to the content of interpretations: the perception of extreme figures as dolls rather than living people (devitalization) may indicate affective poverty or a pathological syndrome of mental automatism; the perception of the central lower part of the spot as "pincers" sometimes indicates paranoia and phobia.

Tables IV, V, VI often provoke “tempo shock”, phobias, depression and suicidal tendencies, responses with sexual content (IV and VI especially) or, on the contrary, stupor to the sexual content of images.

Table VII is considered “feminine” and can reveal conflicts in the field of female sexual adaptation. Table VIII analyzes the subject's reactions to the newly appearing color. Saturated pastel colors, composed of scattered spots, tables IX-X present difficulties for holistic interpretation, so holistic answers (W) indicate productive creative intelligence and effective control of emotions. Table X generates the largest number of popular answers, the absence of which may be diagnostically significant

Stimulus material

The stimulus material for the test consists of 10 standard tables with black-and-white and color symmetrical amorphous (weakly structured) images (the so-called Rorschach “spots”).

Tables

Literature

1. Bely B.I. Rorschach test: practice and theory / Ed. L.N. Sobchik. - St. Petersburg: Dorval, 1992. - 200 p.
2. Burlachuk L.F. Introduction to Projective Psychology. - Kyiv: Nika-center; Vist-S, 1997. - 128 p.
3. Burlachuk L.F. Personality research in clinical psychology. - Kyiv: Vishcha school, 1978. - 174 p.
4. Rausch de Traubenberg N.K. The Rorschach Test: A Practical Guide. - M: Kogito-Center, 2005. - 255 p.
5. Sokolova E.T. Projective methods of personality research. - M.: Publishing house Mosk. University, 1980. - 176 p.

The Rorschach test or Rorschach inkblot technique is one of the most famous psychodiagnostic personality tests. Each of us has seen at least one picture with blots that resemble... But here, in fact, the test begins, since the answer determines the individual properties and inclinations of a particular person. Recently, due to its massive distribution on social networks, the Rorschach test is often presented in significantly simplified versions, but in fact it is a powerful psychological tool.

I often glimpsed these pictures and heard about this test, but I didn’t have to take it myself, and even more so I didn’t quite understand the methodology and specifics of this test. Let's all find out about this together now, and at the same time remember about its author and the history of the creation of the Rorschach test

HERMANN RORSCHACH WAS BORN ON NOVEMBER 8, 1884 IN ZURICH (SWITZERLAND). He was the eldest son of an unsuccessful artist, forced to earn a living by giving art lessons at school. Since childhood, Herman was fascinated by color spots (in all likelihood, the result of the creative efforts of his father and the boy’s own love of painting), and his school friends nicknamed him Blob. When Herman was twelve, his mother died, and when the young man turned eighteen, his father also died. After graduating with honors from high school, Rorschach decided to study medicine. In 1912, he received his medical degree from the University of Zurich, after which he worked in a number of psychiatric hospitals. In 1911, while still studying at the university, Rorschach conducted a series of interesting experiments to test whether schoolchildren gifted with artistic talents had a more developed imagination when interpreting ordinary inkblots. This research had a huge impact not only on the future career of the scientist, but also on the development of psychology as a science in general. It must be said that Rorschach was not the first to use color spots in his research.

It is clear to say that the Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Hermann Rorschach came up with the idea of ​​​​creating such a test - a very difficult task. PhD Jane Framingham, for example, believes that a similar idea could have been inspired by the popular children's game at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, “Klecksographie” - charades based on inkblots. Rorschach's teacher and friend Konrad Goering could have used inkblots as a psychological tool.

The history of the test itself can begin in 1911, when E. Bleuler first introduced the term “schizophrenia” into scientific use, and G. Rorschach became interested in this disease and devoted his dissertation to its study. During the experimental part, he noticed that patients interpreted the spots from the game “Klecksographie” differently. But then he made only a small report about his observation.

This was followed by several years of practice, during which G. Rorschach actively tested the inkblot technique on his patients in order to determine personal behavioral factors. As a result, 40 cards with inkblots were created and theoretical material was collected to present the methodology. But there were difficulties with publication. It’s hard to believe now, but not a single publishing house of that time wanted to undertake the printing of Rorschach’s book. And the reason for this was not the fantastic or anti-scientific nature of his ideas, but the banal technical difficulty in printing so many blot designs. As a result, they had to be reduced first to 15, and then to 10. Only after this did one of the publishing houses agree to publish the book. It was published in 1921 under the title “Psychodiagnostik”. In it, the author outlined his theory about the personal characteristics of people. One of the main points is that each person's personality includes such qualities as introversion and extroversion - in other words, that we are motivated by both external and internal factors. According to the scientist, the inkblot test allows one to assess the relative ratio of these properties and identify any mental deviation or, on the contrary, personality strengths. The psychological scientific community paid virtually no attention to the first edition of Rorschach's book, since at that time the prevailing belief was that it was impossible to measure or test what a person's personality consisted of. However, over time, colleagues began to understand the usefulness of the Rorschach test, and in 1922, the psychiatrist discussed the possibilities of improving his technique at a meeting of the Psychoanalytic Society. Unfortunately, on April 1, 1922, after suffering from severe abdominal pain for a week, Hermann Rorschach was admitted to the hospital with suspected appendicitis, and on April 2 he died of peritonitis. He was only thirty-seven years old and never saw the enormous success of the psychological tool he invented.

In it, in addition to introducing the concept of “psychodiagnostics” into science, the results of studies with inkblots and the test itself with explanations were presented. Rorschach's own scoring system (in other words, explanations of how to interpret the results obtained) focused on classifying possible answers, and paid minimal attention to their content. The following year, the author of the test died. Despite the weakness of certain aspects of the test (unclearness in which category of the proposed classification all possible answer options should be attributed due to the lack of their description in the work), its developments were very highly valued for a long time and were the main diagnostic tools in clinical psychology (for 40-50 years). x years of the twentieth century). In the 1960s, the Rorschach test was criticized, mainly due to the lack of a unified methodology for assessing answers (there are several most common scoring systems: Beck, Piotrovsky, Klopfer, etc.).

But complete discredit was avoided. Mainly thanks to the work of John Exner. He compared the 5 dominant evaluation systems and created something like a unifying system (the work “The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System”). Today, many psychologists use the Rorschach test within the framework of Exner's Integrative System. It is used for diagnosis in correctional institutions in the United States and some other countries, in forensic science, and for the diagnosis of personality disorders in clinical psychology. The test also reveals validity in understanding a person’s personality and emotional state in cases where the patient does not want or cannot (due to dementia, for example, as in the case of Charlie Gordon in Flowers for Algernon) talk about it directly. Globally, based on the answers, one can judge a person’s psychology, understand his past and predict future behavior.

Rorschach ink blots

The Rorschach test uses ten ink blots: five black and white, two black and red, and three color. The psychologist shows the cards in strict order, asking the patient the same question: “What does this look like?” After the patient has seen all the pictures and given the answers, the psychologist shows the cards again, again in strict order. The patient is asked to name everything that he sees in them, where exactly in the picture he sees this or that image, and what in it forces him to give exactly that answer. Cards can be turned over, tilted, manipulated in any other way. The psychologist must accurately record everything the patient says and does during the test, as well as the timing of each response. Next, the answers are analyzed and points are calculated. Then, through mathematical calculations, a result is derived from the test data, which is interpreted by a specialist. If an inkblot does not evoke any associations in a person or he cannot describe what he sees on it, this may mean that the object depicted on the card is blocked in his consciousness, or that the image on it is associated in his subconscious with a topic that he would not like to discuss at the moment.

CARD 1

ON THE FIRST CARD WE SEE A SPOT OF BLACK INK. It is shown first, and the answer to it allows the psychologist to assume how this person performs tasks that are new to him - therefore, associated with a certain stress. People usually say that the image reminds them of a bat, a moth, a butterfly, or the face of some animal, such as an elephant or a rabbit. The answer reflects the respondent's personality type as a whole.

For some people, the image of a bat is associated with something unpleasant and even demonic; for others it is a symbol of rebirth and the ability to navigate in the dark. Butterflies can symbolize transition and transformation, as well as the ability to grow, change, and overcome difficulties. The moth symbolizes feelings of abandonment and ugliness, as well as weakness and anxiety. The face of an animal, particularly an elephant, often symbolizes the ways in which we confront difficulties and the fear of internal problems. It can also mean “a bull in a china shop,” that is, it conveys a feeling of discomfort and indicates a certain problem that a person is currently trying to get rid of.

CARD 2

THIS CARD SHOWS A RED AND BLACK SPOT, and people often see it as something sexy. Parts of the red color are usually interpreted as blood, and the reaction to it reflects how a person manages his feelings and anger and how he deals with physical harm. Respondents most often say that the spot reminds them of an act of supplication, two people, a person looking into a mirror, or a long-legged animal such as a dog, bear or elephant.

If a person sees two people in the spot, it can symbolize codependency, an obsession with sex, ambivalence about sexual intercourse, or a focus on connection and close relationships with others. If the spot resembles a person reflected in a mirror, this may symbolize self-centeredness or, on the contrary, a tendency to self-criticism. Each of the two options expresses either a negative or positive personality characteristic, depending on how the image evokes in the person. If the respondent sees a dog in the spot, this may mean that he is a loyal and loving friend. If he perceives the stain as something negative, then he needs to face his fears and acknowledge his inner feelings. If the spot reminds a person of an elephant, this may symbolize a tendency to think, developed intelligence and good memory; however, sometimes such a vision indicates a negative perception of one’s own body. The bear imprinted in the spot symbolizes aggression, competition, independence, and disobedience. In the case of English-speaking patients, a play on words can play a role: bear (bear) and bare (naked), which means a feeling of insecurity, vulnerability, as well as the sincerity and honesty of the respondent. The spot on this card is reminiscent of something sexual, and if the respondent sees it as a person praying, this may indicate an attitude towards sex in the context of religion. If the respondent sees blood in the stain, it means that he associates physical pain with religion or, when experiencing complex emotions like anger, resorts to prayer, or associates anger with religion.

CARD 3

THE THIRD CARD SHOWS A SPOT OF RED AND BLACK INK, and its perception symbolizes the patient's attitude towards other people in social interaction. Most often, respondents see on it the image of two people, a person looking in the mirror, a butterfly or a moth.

If a person sees two people having lunch in a spot, this means that he leads an active social life. A spot that resembles two people washing their hands speaks of insecurity, a feeling of one’s own uncleanliness, or paranoid fear. If a respondent sees two people playing a game in a spot, this often indicates that he is taking the position of an opponent in social interactions. If the spot resembles a person looking at his reflection in the mirror, this may indicate self-centeredness, inattention to others and an inability to understand people.

CARD 4

SPECIALISTS CALL THE FOURTH CARD “FATHER'S.” The spot on it is black, and some parts of it are fuzzy and blurry. Many people see something large and frightening in this picture - an image that is usually perceived not as feminine, but as masculine. The reaction to this spot allows us to reveal a person’s attitude towards authorities and the characteristics of his upbringing. Most often, the spot reminds respondents of a huge animal or monster, or a hole of some animal or its skin.

If the patient sees a large animal or monster in the spot, this may symbolize feelings of inferiority and admiration for authority, as well as an exaggerated fear of people in authority, including one's own father. If the stain resembles the skin of an animal to the respondent, this often symbolizes severe internal discomfort when discussing topics related to the father. However, this may also indicate that the problem of one’s own inferiority or admiration for authority is not relevant for this respondent.

CARD 5

ON THIS CARD WE SEE THE BLACK SPOT AGAIN. The association caused by it, like the image on the first card, reflects our true “I”. Looking at this image, people usually do not feel threatened, and since the previous cards evoked completely different emotions in them, this time the person does not experience any particular tension or discomfort - therefore, a deeply personal reaction will be characteristic. If the image he sees is very different from the answer given when he saw the first card, this means that cards two through four most likely made a big impression on him. Most often, this image reminds people of a bat, butterfly or moth.

CARD 6

THE PICTURE ON THIS CARD IS ALSO SINGLE COLOR, BLACK; it is distinguished by the texture of the stain. This image evokes interpersonal intimacy, which is why it is called the “sex card.” Most often, people say that the spot reminds them of a hole or the skin of an animal, which may indicate a reluctance to enter into close relationships with other people and, as a result, a feeling of inner emptiness and isolation from society.

CARD 7

THE SPOT ON THIS CARD IS ALSO BLACK and is usually associated with the feminine principle. Since people most often see images of women and children in this spot, it is called “maternal.” If a person has difficulty describing what is shown on the card, this may indicate that he has difficult relationships with women in his life. Respondents often say that the spot reminds them of the heads or faces of women or children; it can also bring back memories of a kiss.

If the spot appears similar to the heads of women, this symbolizes the feelings associated with the respondent's mother, which affect his attitude towards the female sex in general. If the spot resembles children's heads, this symbolizes feelings associated with childhood and the need to care for the child who lives in the soul of the respondent, or that the patient's relationship with his mother needs close attention and, possibly, correction. If a person sees two heads bowed for a kiss in the spot, this indicates his desire to be loved and reunite with his mother, or that he seeks to reproduce the once close relationship with his mother in other relationships, including romantic or social ones.

CARD 8

THIS CARD HAS GRAY, PINK, ORANGE, AND BLUE. Not only is this the first multi-color card in the test, it is also particularly difficult to interpret. If it is when demonstrating it or changing the pace of showing pictures that the respondent experiences obvious discomfort, it is very likely that in life he has difficulties processing complex situations or emotional stimuli. Most often people say that they see a four-legged animal, a butterfly or a moth here.

CARD 9

THE SPOT ON THIS CARD INCLUDES GREEN, PINK AND ORANGE COLORS. It is vague in outline, so most people have a hard time understanding what the image reminds them of. For this reason, this card assesses how well a person copes with lack of structure and uncertainty. Most often, patients see on it either the general outlines of a person, or some vague form of evil.

If the responder sees a person, then the feelings experienced convey how successfully he copes with the disorganization of time and information. If the spot resembles some abstract image of evil, this may indicate that the person needs a clear routine in his life to feel comfortable, and that he does not cope well with uncertainty.

CARD 10

THE LAST CARD OF THE RORSCHACH TEST HAS THE MOST COLORS: there are orange, yellow, green, pink, gray, and blue. In form it is somewhat similar to the eighth card, but in complexity it is more consistent with the ninth. Many people have a rather pleasant feeling when they see this card, except those who were very puzzled by the difficulty of identifying the image depicted on the previous card; when they look at this picture they feel the same. This may indicate that they have difficulty coping with similar, synchronous, or overlapping stimuli. Most often people see a crab, lobster, spider, rabbit head, snakes or caterpillars on this card.

The image of a crab symbolizes the respondent's tendency to become too attached to things and people, or a quality such as tolerance. If a person sees a lobster in a picture, it can indicate his strength, tolerance and ability to cope with minor problems, as well as his fear of harming himself or being harmed by someone else. If the spot resembles a spider, it may be a symbol of fear, a feeling that the person has been dragged into a difficult situation by force or deceit. In addition, the image of a spider symbolizes an overly protective and caring mother and the power of a woman. If a person sees the head of a rabbit, it can symbolize reproductive ability and a positive attitude towards life. Snakes reflect a sense of danger or a sense of being deceived, as well as fear of the unknown. Snakes are also often regarded as a phallic symbol and are associated with unacceptable or forbidden sexual desires. Since this is the last card in the test, if the patient sees caterpillars on it, this indicates prospects for his growth and understanding that people are constantly changing and developing.

sources

http://www.factroom.ru/psychology/rorschach-test

http://4brain.ru/blog/%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1% 85%D0%B0/

http://www.psysocialis.ru/rorshah/

Here are some more interesting tests: here is an example, and here is a controversial one. Let's remember about this unusual one The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -

The inventor of this test, like many famous people, died without learning about his contribution to the research and study of personality and the human psyche. After the author's death, psychologists began to successfully apply the developments of the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach for a whole century. The projective Rorschach test is based on showing the subject 10 cards depicting a symmetrical ink blot. If you look at their photos, you can see that five of them are black, three are colored, and two are red-black.

What is a Rorschach test

The Rorschach technique is a psychodiagnostic study of personality. It was published by Hermann Rorschach in 1921. The second name for the test is Rorschach blots or blots. A simple-looking test, which is carried out using stimulus materials (cards with pictures), allows you to study the personality in detail, accurately determine the emotional state, find personality disorders and mental deviations up to schizophrenia, and identify an indicator of intelligence. Completing it takes little time and does not require special skills.

Preparing a person to take a Rorschach test

To pass a psychological test using Rorschach pictures, no special preparation is required. However, the passage should be postponed if the day before you:

• were nervous, worried;
• consumed alcoholic beverages or drugs;
• took medications that affect the neurological system.
• consumed a large amount of coffee and strong tea on the day of taking the test;
• feeling unwell, for example due to illness.

How the test is carried out

To pass this method of personality study, a person needs to answer the question when he sees a card: what do you see in the picture? There is no right or wrong answer here. Rorschach's ink blots are shown in a specific order. As soon as the answers are given, the psychologist will ask the subjects to look at the drawings again. Any answer is accepted; it can be a description of the whole spot or part of it. Cards are allowed to be rotated and tilted. The psychologist records the answers, analyzes the validity of the test, calculates the scores and gives the result.

There are times when a person does not associate this or that inkblot with anything. This is also not considered an error. This situation suggests that the subject’s consciousness is blocking the image or simply does not want to discuss a topic that is not desired at the moment. It is difficult to take a test with Rorschach blots on your own; this must be done in the presence of a psychologist, otherwise you can only get a “blurred” personality assessment. However, to satisfy interest, this is not prohibited.

Decoding

Each test card has an ink blot on it. The subject, looking at Rorschach pictures, uses his imagination to recreate in his head an animated or inanimate object. Sometimes Rorschach's ink picture evokes emotions in the subject. There are times when a person uses not the entire spot, but part of it. All this must be reported to a specialist. Depending on what the subject saw, a “portrait” of the individual is compiled. You can take this test yourself, using ready-made answer options, as in entertaining psychological tests.

First card

The first Rorschach picture shows a blot of black ink. From the perception of white and black spots, the general psychotype of a healthy subject is determined. The first picture also means the state of the person with whom he came to the Rorschach inkblot test: fear, excitement, etc. Here are several answer options and their explanation:

• Mol. A person feels unnecessary to society, he is downtrodden and not sociable, and is often in a state of depression.
• Bat. Discomfort within oneself or, on the contrary, a tendency to navigate in the “dark”.
• Butterfly. Symbolizes the stage of rebirth, new beginnings.
• The animal, including its face. May mean struggling with real problems. Feeling of discomfort.

Second

The following picture is in black and red. With its help, you can determine a person's sexuality or understand his ability to control strong emotions, such as anger or rage. Often respondents see blood, people in prayer, or a long animal. Basic answers and their explanation:

• Two people. It means that in life the subject pays great attention to sex and any close relationships.
• The man in the mirror. Self-admiration, not without self-criticism.
• Dog. The subject values ​​and values ​​friendship and will always “lender a shoulder” and come to the rescue.
• Bear. The respondent strives for leadership and tries to express his superiority through aggression.
• Negative feelings. A person must face his problems and not run from them.

Third

This Rorschach painting features red and black ink blots. Interpretation is a person’s attitude to society. In this blot, people often see two people, a dog, a moth:

• Two people against each other. If the characters in the picture are playing a game, this stands for rivalry. People wash their hands - a feeling of “dirty”, insecurity. People eating - active communication, a wide circle of friends and acquaintances.
• Man looking in the mirror. This means inattention to people, egocentrism, and inability to understand people.

Fourth

This black and white blurry picture on the Rorschach card is called "the father's". With its help, the respondent’s reaction to authority, leadership qualities, and upbringing is determined. In a blot, people see the skin of an animal, a monster, something big and menacing:

• Monster, monster, big animal. Deciphered as recognition of authority, power, feeling of inferiority, weakness. Respect for the father and recognition of him as the main one.
• Animal skin. The subject suffers from internal dissonance when touching on the father's topic. However, this may mean, on the contrary, not perceiving one’s own attitude towards the topic of leadership.

Fifth

At this stage of the Rorschach test, the person is asked to look at a black blot. It, like the very first image, symbolizes “I”. The answers coincide by 80-90%. In other cases, the range in answers can be perceived as a great emotional impression from cards 2, 3 and 4. During testing, respondents see a moth, a butterfly, a bat in the Rorschach picture.

Sixth

Rorschach's sixth ink painting is a black and white blot of unusual texture. For many, it is associated with close personal relationships. That's what they call it - a sexy card. To the subjects, the image resembles the skin of an animal, a hole. This type of perception of a Rorschach blot means withdrawal from society, loneliness due to reluctance or fear of close sexual relationships.

Seventh

This black and white Rorschach blot is called a woman's or child's. Respondents associate it with women or children, the contours of their heads. If a person cannot explain what he sees in the picture, this means difficult relationships with women. Here are the main visions of the blot:

• Kiss. If a person sees two heads reaching out to each other for a kiss, then this indicates a close relationship with the mother or a desire to be loved.
• Women's heads. This perception speaks of warm feelings for the mother and for all women in general.
• Children's heads. These are good childhood memories. The desire to care for someone and be loved.

Eighth

This is the first color Rorschach card, which often causes confusion among respondents. The eighth spot consists of pink, blue, gray and orange blots. If the subject cannot describe what is depicted on it or feels discomfort, then we can say that he has problems analyzing complex emotional situations. In this spot people see a butterfly, a moth, an animal standing on four legs.

Ninth

The second colored Rorschach blot, consisting of orange, pink, green spots. The picture is very difficult to perceive, which makes it possible to assess the test subject’s ability to cope with uncertainty and formulate a clear meaning. They see in it:

• General contours of a person. Indicates that the respondent is able to quickly create order from disorganized information.
• The image of evil. Such an association indicates a need for comfort, order, and systematization. Disorder unsettles such a person.

Tenth card

This is the last picture of the test. It is colored and has the following shades: blue, yellow, pink, gray, orange. The image evokes positive feelings, but respondents sometimes find it difficult to interpret. It gives rise to the following associations:

• Crab. Attachment to people and things, tolerance.
• Lobster. This speaks of tolerance, the strength to confront problems, but at the same time it indicates a fear of harming yourself and your loved ones.
• Spider. Fear of difficult situations, fear of falling into a trap, of being caught in a “web.”
• Rabbit head. It means a cheerful disposition, love of life and a willingness to continue one’s family.
• Snake. The head of this animal is deciphered as a feeling of deception, danger. Another meaning is secret sexual fantasies and desires.
• Caterpillar. The insect's head indicates the subject's possible growth as a person.

Video

The Rorschach or "roscharch" is a classic test based on stimulus materials or Rorschach blots.

Rorschach blots - how it all began.

The Rorschach blot technique was founded by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922).

Rorschach discovered that those subjects who see a regular symmetrical figure in a shapeless ink blot usually have a good understanding of the real situation and are capable of self-control.

The online Rorschach test will introduce you to this projective technique using the example of one of the 10 “Rosarch spots”.

Heinrich Rorschach as a child. Humor.

Heinrich Rohrscharch: “Mommy, what do you see in the stain on my T-shirt?”

Rorschach's mom: "Henry! I have at least 45 minutes of washing ahead of me again!”.

Heinrich Rohrscharch: “To decipher these unrealistic fantasies based on repeated emotions, I will have to become a famous psychiatrist. Poor mommy!

What do you see on Henry Rorschach's T-shirt?

Projective Rorschach test online.

Look at the picture - a Rorschach blot - and notice the emotion that arises and the first free association , which arises in you in response to the Rorschach stimulus.

For example, “anxiety” and “the skeleton of the face of some animal.”

Then mark your answer in the survey and only then read the transcript of Rorschach’s technique.

Mark the first association that comes to your mind.

Deciphering Henry Rorschach's projective technique.

The meaning of associations in response to the Rorschach blot:

6. Two bears are dancing on the fountain. Quite rare, but not an isolated association. May indicate schizophrenia and the disease schizophrenia. In no case Rorschach test online cannot make a diagnosis, moreover, such a serious one as schizophrenia. The two bears on the fountain can be seen by both schizophrenics and simply people with a well-developed imagination. Most likely you are one of the latter.

7. I don’t see any stains or marks. Most likely, pop-up windows and images are disabled in yours. Connect this plugin and take the Rorschach test again.

Other associations are considered individually and require special interpretation.

The meaning of the emotional response to the image of the rosharch spot:

Anxiety- You are afraid or worried about something, you are susceptible to phobias, anxious thoughts or. You urgently need a consultation with a happiness psychologist.

Anger- Perhaps now you are going through not the best times. has enveloped your body in a hoop of tension and is holding you back from decisive action.

Happiness— You are a confident person and no technique will change your positive attitude and outlook on the world.

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