Functional semantic types speeches
Such important components of speech as description, narration, and reasoning have long been distinguished. In linguistics, they are usually called functional-semantic types of speech. Their identification goes back to the rhetoricians of the 19th century, who considered these components in the section of private rhetoric as separate types of prose or elements of a prose composition. The list of functional semantic types of speech can be expanded by adding description, narration, reasoning definition(explanation) characteristics as a kind of description and message as a narrative option.
Description - listing the characteristics of an object or phenomenon. Highlight static description, which interrupts the development of the action, and a dynamic description - usually small in volume, which is included in the event: the landscape is given through the perception of the character as he moves ("The Steppe" by A.P. Chekhov). Description as a type of speech depends on the point of view of the author or narrator, on the genre, style, and the author’s belonging to a particular literary movement.
Description as a type of speech is closely related to the person, the place, and the conditions in which the action takes place. Descriptions can be portrait, landscape, event, etc.
In journalism, the function of description is a documentary, accurate reproduction of the situation. An abundance of specific details serves this purpose. A type of description in non-fiction prose is a characteristic, a special case of which is a technical description.
Narration - depiction of events or phenomena that do not occur simultaneously, but next friend after each other or conditioning each other: Caesar's story: “I came, I saw, I conquered” (Veni, vidi, vici).
This is the main part of the author's monologue. It is closely related to space and time. Designations of places, actions, names of persons and actions themselves are language means, with the help of which the story is told. The narrative can be more or less objectified, neutral or, conversely, subjective. The last type of narration is typical for journalism.
Type of storytelling message, which, as a type of narrative, is found in newspaper speech. It is distinguished by laconic presentation, informative richness, and strict composition.
Reasoning - this is a chain of consistent conclusions on some topic. Reasoning is also a series of judgments on any issue that follow one after another in such a way that others necessarily follow from previous judgments.
The main area of use of reasoning is scientific, popular science speech. Reasoning is also widely found in fiction, especially in intellectual, psychological prose.
Types of reasoning – definition and explanation. Definition as a functional-semantic type of speech, it is widespread mainly in scientific literature. The concept being defined is correlated with the closest genus to which it belongs, and characteristics that are special to it are given. this concept (species difference). The definition is revealed in explanation. They can also appear separately: the definition is more often found in scientific texts, the explanation - in popular science, in the language of mass communication.
Functional-semantic types of speech are rarely found in pure form. Much more common is the combination of narration and description, narration and reasoning.
“Determine the functional-semantic type of speech of this passage,” - such a task is often present in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. This article will be useful for preparing for this exam. Also in several chapters we'll talk about the difference between this classification of texts and some others.
Basic functional and semantic types of speech
As the name suggests, this classification of texts is based on their purpose for certain purposes.
The main functional-semantic reasoning and narration. Each of them has its own distinctive features and depending on the style of the text, it may have certain means of expression.
It's worth remembering!
Sometimes in the answer options similar question In the Unified State Exam there are, along with truly existing functional and semantic types of speech, text styles. Therefore, it is necessary to draw a line between these two concepts.
Types of speech characterize the text from the point of view of its functional purpose, and styles are systems of certain artistic language expressive means. The latter include such types of speech as scientific, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and some others. For greater clarity, each of these speaking styles will be briefly discussed below.
Language of science and documents
As a rule, such texts are an extremely tight, laconic expression of the author’s thoughts. For example, in scientific works Any subjective judgments are unacceptable, but on the contrary, their authors must strive for absolute objectivity, which is manifested in the proof of each controversial statement. Such works usually lack emotionality. Therefore, reading them is not entirely customary for a person who does not belong to certain circles.
In addition, the scientific style of literature assumes the presence of numerous terms, most often of foreign origin (most of these words came from Greek language or Latin), each of which requires separate consideration and decoding. This is explained by the fact that in Europe the first scientific research, as a rule, was undertaken by Catholic monks, and the language of worship, which was considered the most acceptable for all official literature, was Latin.
For this reason, education at the first universities, which were founded during the Middle Ages, was conducted on this basis. ancient language. In addition, the basis training course on any subject were the works of ancient Greek and Roman scientists, which were read by students in the original.
In addition to this style of speech, there is also a formal one, which is intended for composing various official documents. It is an even more ordered variety scientific style. Such texts, as a rule, are characterized by various cliches, the observance of which is required condition drafting business papers.
Such documents also lack any emotionality or judgment of the authors. And the creators of these texts themselves, as a rule, are not indicated. This style is the most impersonal of all existing ones.
The newspapers write...
Journalistic style can be called intermediate between artistic and scientific. Here, as in the latter, there is a certain clarity and logic in the presentation of thoughts; vocabulary characteristic of academic works. However, in magazine and newspaper articles, as well as in advertising brochures, there is much more freedom for the author. He can express his personal opinion about certain phenomena, use lexical means, characteristic of colloquial speech, as well as rhetorical questions.
All this gives press materials the necessary emotionality, which helps attract a readership.
Literary and non-literary language
Novels, short stories, stories and other genres of literature are characterized by an artistic style of speech. It is the richest in terms of lexical diversity, as well as the presence of various means of expression, which are often used by authors in order to make their works more vivid.
Literary works may also contain elements of all other styles of speech. For example, to give the statements of a character more vitality and authenticity, words characteristic of the colloquial vocabulary are used.
This type of speech is the least structured and logically constructed. Here elements of other styles may be mixed in one sentence.
Also, in such texts, the phrase is often constructed according to a pattern that is not typical and is even considered erroneous in scientific fiction.
Purpose of texts
Having examined the various styles characteristic of the language of certain works, we need to return directly to the topic of this article and characterize each of the functional and semantic types of speech. Since now readers of the article should not have problems distinguishing between these classifications.
Item characteristics
Functional-semantic types of speech, as already mentioned, include narration, description and reasoning. This chapter will consider the first of them. Description as a functional-semantic type of speech is their most static variety. In texts where it is required to characterize a particular object or phenomenon, it is description that is used.
Moreover, the style of such literature can be anything: from scientific to colloquial, because in every sphere of human life a situation may arise when one person must convey information about something to familiar or unfamiliar people.
This functional-semantic type of speech is characterized by following structure. The presentation of the material must necessarily contain a mention of any object or phenomenon with its subsequent disclosure characteristic properties. If we turn to the formal style of speech, then the description may be present, for example, in the operating instructions for household appliances and other equipment.
As a rule, such texts do not contain information about the author and are extremely impersonal. Their structure is quite clear. In such literature, as well as in scientific literature, the description includes exclusively confirmed information that is logically proven. The properties of objects and phenomena that are mentioned are only essential features.
In a conversational style of speech, the description may not contain references to the subject of the conversation. For example, when two people communicate near a building, and one tells the other about what organizations are located inside the building, then he does not necessarily have to name this object, but can use it as a subject pronoun, or simply point to the house with a gesture, about which in this moment there is a speech.
Most often, philologists classify description as a static functional-semantic type of speech, but it can also be produced in the process of development. For example, when the author describes how nature changes when the time of day changes.
In any case, most often when talking about any action, they usually use imperfect verbs. For example, not “did”, but “did”, and so on. Usually, specific object seen as something that exists in currently. Therefore, there is no indication of its change over time, which means the use of various additions is kept to a minimum. Sentences are usually connected to each other parallel connection, that is, one of them is not a consequence of the other. All subjects are described according to the “snowball” principle, that is, from the beginning of the story to its completion, the reader gradually receives more and more new information about the topic that interests him. As a result, he should get a fairly complete picture.
In fiction, this functional-semantic type of speech is usually found when describing appearance and inner world heroes of the work. In works constructed according to the classical principle, such fragments are placed in the exhibition.
The language of memoirs and explanatory notes
The functional-semantic type of speech narrative, in contrast to the type described in the previous chapter, is an integral attribute texts in which it is necessary to display any process. For example, a person’s life - his growing up, changing worldview - is often reflected in memoirs. As a rule, this genre of fiction is replete with verbs. They are necessary to describe the numerous actions that a particular character has performed. Verbs here are often used in the perfect form in order to show the order of what is happening. However, it is possible to use them in an imperfect form in order to give the reader a sense of presence. It is achieved due to the fact that such a verb gives the story the effect of duration of action.
In addition to fiction, just like description, the functional-semantic type of speech, narrative can be used in any other styles.
For example, in such a document, unpleasant for all employees, as explanatory letter, a person states the reason for his unseemly act. He lists the events that prevented him from fulfilling his duties.
Narration is used for these purposes. It can be either personally colored or impersonal, depending on the characteristics of the text within which it exists. For example, in historical encyclopedias descriptions of certain events, as a rule, do not contain their moral and political assessment. They are usually narrated in the third person. In fiction, on the contrary, the author often acts as a narrator, placing in the work a description of personal experiences and assessments.
When to draw conclusions
The functional-semantic type of speech reasoning also deserves detailed consideration. Texts of this type are impossible without the presence of a subjective component in them. Such literary works, or samples oral speech, always contain the author’s thoughts about certain circumstances or some subject.
The functional-semantic type of speech reasoning is one of the most regulated and structured types. If we consider it in classic form, then the scheme of such texts is usually as follows: introduction, thesis statement, proof, conclusions. The reader may notice that this principle is typical for scientific works containing elements of research. Indeed, in such works, as a rule, the relevance of the problem being described is first outlined and the history of its study is given. This all applies to the introduction. Then the thesis is put forward. What is it?
This concept means posing a question. When a problem is identified, then ways to solve it are given, that is, an answer. All this is included in the concept of “thesis”. Most The volume of text written using this functional-semantic type of speech is the part where the correctness of the chosen answer is proven. It is worth noting that instead of confirmation, the thesis can be refuted.
This part is usually followed by conclusions.
This scheme in its classical form is present only in scientific works and sometimes in fiction. In colloquial speech, parts such as introduction and conclusions, and sometimes even the statement of the thesis, are usually omitted. After all, the participants in the conversation may be aware in advance of the essence of the problem under consideration.
In contrast to the functional-semantic types of speech of description and narration, reasoning is divided into several subtypes. The main ones include explanation, proof and inference.
The first is a confirmation of a position. As a rule, this functional-semantic type of speech (narration is inappropriate here) is precisely what is used in scientific literature.
Explanations include fragments of speech in which one person introduces another person to the situation.
This can happen in a conversational situation, so all parts except the evidentiary one can be omitted here.
A conclusion, as a rule, contains not one thesis, but several, used in a logical sequence.
Conclusion
This article examined such functional and semantic types of speech as reasoning, description and narration. There are few works of literature that contain only one type. But some of their passages can be characterized unambiguously. The article may be useful for students and schoolchildren to prepare for exams. It is known that one of Unified State Exam questions in the Russian language it often goes like this: “Functional-semantic types of speech include...”. You need to choose the correct ones from the proposed options. Or, for example, the following task: “What is the functional and semantic type of speech in this passage?” The above material may help you complete this test.
Oratory speech is heterogeneous in its composition. In the process of thinking, it is common for a person to reflect various objectively existing connections between phenomena of reality, between objects, events, individual judgments. This finds expression in various functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning (reflection). At the same time, in various types oratorical speech there will be a different ratio specified types, because in reality they all mix and interact, and their isolation is very arbitrary.
Narration is a dynamic type of speech that expresses a message about actions or states developing in a temporal sequence and has specific linguistic means. Narration conveys changing actions or states unfolding over time. In a narrative, the speaker can speak as a participant in events; recount events from the words of a third party; simulate a series of events without indicating the source of information. The dynamics of the narrative are created through the use verbs, which can express the rapid change of events, the sequence of their development.
Description– this is a statement of speech, as a rule, giving a statistical picture, an idea of the nature, composition, structure, properties, qualities of an object by listing both its essential and non-essential features at a given moment. The descriptions are very diverse both in content and form. They can also be figurative, which brings speech closer to description in fiction. The description can be expanded, detailed and condensed, brief; objectified, for example, a description of experience in academic speech, and subjectivized, in which the speaker expresses his attitude towards the object, for example, a description of a situation in a political speech. The focus of the description is nouns With substantive meaning, which give rise to a specific image in the minds of listeners, cause whole line associations.
Reasoning (or thinking)- this is a type of speech in which objects or phenomena are explored, revealed internal signs, certain provisions are proven.
Reasoning is characterized by special logical relationships between its constituent judgments, which form conclusions or a chain of conclusions on any topic, presented in a logically consistent form. This type of speech has a specific language structure, depending on logical basis reasoning or from the meaning of the statement, and is characterized by cause-and-effect relationships. Reasoning allows you to involve listeners in the speech process, which leads to the activation of their attention, causing interest in what is being reported.
You can select actual reasoning– a chain of conclusions on any topic, presented in a logically consistent form, its goal is to derive new knowledge; proof, the purpose of which is to substantiate the truth or falsity of the stated provisions; explanation, the purpose of which is to disclose, specify the stated content, and establish the reliability of judgments regarding any unclear matter.
A special case of the reasoning is common places– abstract reasoning inspired by the topic of speech, not assigned to certain situation, which strengthen the argumentation of the main presentation, are used to emotionally strengthen arguments and positions. These arguments are on common topics, for example, about nobility and decency, justice and humanity, about attitude towards people, etc. Well chosen general idea serves as one of the main elements of the composition and support for a specific material. Connection common places with specific material increases the meaningful focus of speech.
Reference
Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.
Description is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point out such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eye color, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such characteristics as size, wall design, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, river, grass, sky or lake, etc. What is common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the appearance of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description and imagine it in his mind.
Description can be used in any style of speech, but in scientific characteristics the subject must be extremely complete, and in the artistic the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, linguistic means in scientific and artistic style more diverse than in scientific: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons are very common, various figurative uses words
A narrative is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.
Such texts often use verbs in the past tense form. perfect form. But in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: a verb in the past tense imperfect form makes it possible to highlight one of the actions, indicating its duration; present tense verbs allow you to imagine actions as if they were happening before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with the particle how (how will jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness and surprise of a particular action.
Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.
Example narration:
I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And when the baby pulls his paw, it hits me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned.
(B. Zhitkov)
Text 1
1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are round in shape, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight is 17-23 g. Average juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.
2. The linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through the apple into the sun, it shines through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were black grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear and you could hear the seeds rattling.
(According to V. Soloukhin)
Assignments to the text:
1. Determine the style of each text.
2. Write down the adjectives, determine the gender. Number, case.
3. Determine the category of adjectives.
4. Do parsing last sentence.
1. Name the functional and semantic types of speech.
2. Define description as a type of speech.
3. Define storytelling.
Glossary:
1. Description is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features.
2. Narration is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence.
Reasoning as a type of monologue. Types of reasoning. Language features types of speech.
Reference
Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.
The composition of the argument is as follows: the first part is the thesis, i.e., an idea that must be logically proven, justified or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the thoughts expressed, evidence, arguments supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.
The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly formulated, the arguments must be convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. There must be a logical and grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments). For grammatical connection between thesis and arguments are often used introductory words: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In argumentative texts, sentences with conjunctions are widely used: however, although, despite the fact that, since. Example reasoning:
As a rule, the composition of the argument is built by model: thesis, proof (a series of arguments that use facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true provisions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion.
Reasoning is characteristic primarily of scientific and journalistic texts, whose task is to compare, summarize, generalize, justify, prove, refute this or that information, give a definition or explanation of a fact, phenomenon, event.
IN scientific speech There are such subtypes of reasoning as reasoning-explanation: There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, historical figure, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and an author-creator, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel “Eugene Onegin”)(Dictionary literary terms), and reasoning-inference: If the author-creator portrays himself in a work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character work of art and consider it among others characters(the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”)(Dictionary of literary terms).
IN literary texts reasoning is used in the author's digressions, explaining the psychology and behavior of the characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.: There was a premonition that Moscow would be taken in Russian Moscow society in 1212.<…>Those who left with what they could seize, leaving their houses and half their property, acted this way due to that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed discreetly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the most powerful results(L. Tolstoy).
Genres of reasoning include scientific, popular science and journalistic articles, essay ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually dedicated to literary criticism, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author’s individual impressions and thoughts about a particular object or phenomenon. The essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author’s thoughts, and the motivations and connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature: Picture in the reader: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Either way - Pushkin: // cloak, rock, sea foam...(V. Nabokov).
In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of cause-and-effect relationships, unique markers of reasoning: introductory words and sentences firstly, secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion and etc.; conditional and concessional complex sentences, showing the presence of cause-and-effect relationships: It should be noted about the high school student: if he has become completely green, it means that he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It's different with other fruits(A. Chekhov); interrogative constructions: What did it serve me that almost in my mother’s womb I was already a guard sergeant? Where has this got me?(A. Pushkin), etc.
Text 2
Strange thing- book. There is something mysterious and mystical about her.
Yes, this is a strange thing - a book. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other objects in your room. But then you pick it up, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and... that’s it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let's listen to ourselves: after reading the book, didn't some new string sound in your soul, didn't some kind settle in your head? new Duma? Don't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?
Book... It's a piece spiritual experience humanity. When reading, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience, compare our life acquisitions and losses. In general, with the help of a book we improve ourselves.
(N. Morozova)
Assignments to the text:
1. Highlight the compositional parts of the text.
2. Determine the genre of the text.
3. What type of reasoning does the text belong to?
4. Write an essay on the topic “A book in my life.”
5. Highlight the reasoning markers.
6. Look at the table. Draw conclusions for each type of text.
| Name of speech types | What question is answered in the statement? | What does the statement say? | The most characteristic time relations for types of speech | How is the statement of each type of speech constructed (their main elements)? |
| Narration | What does an object or person do or what happens to it? | About events and actions | Subsequence | The development of events, actions according to the scheme: exposition, the beginning of the development of the action, the climax, the denouement. |
| Description | What is the object or person? | About the signs of an object or phenomenon | Simultaneity | General impression (common feature and individual signs |
| possible conclusion) | ||||
| Reasoning | Why is the object or face like this? Why does a person think and act this way and not otherwise? | About the causes of signs, events, actions | Different temporary relationships | Thesis (thought that is proven) arguments (evidence) conclusion. |
7. Using the table, give full description semantic type of text. Determine the main idea and style of the text.
Mikhailovsky Park- a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it's hard to have fun. He is a little gloomy with his centuries-old spruce trees, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into centuries-old and deserted forests as majestic as himself. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the darkness that is always present under the arches of old trees, will a clearing suddenly open, overgrown with shiny buttercups, and a pond with quiet water. Dozens of small frogs pour into it.
(K. Paustovsky)
Glossary:
Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.
Thesis - Old Greekἡ θέσις (thésis) - a position, a statement put forward and then proven in some reasoning.
Control questions:
1. Define reasoning as a type of speech.
2. Name the types of reasoning.
3. What types of reasoning are used in a scientific style. What about the artistic style?
4. Name the means-markers of reasoning.
5. What genres of reasoning are distinguished?
Week 3
Subject: Functional speech styles. general characteristics functional styles speech. Business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Journalistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are abstract, abstract, review. General concept about the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Mass media.
Target: form skills and develop abilities by type speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.
Reference
Styles- these are varieties of language due to differences in areas of communication and the main functions of language. In linguistics, the study of styles deals with such a special section as stylistics.
There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of language, there are three of them: communication, message, influence. Depending on the speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style(domestic sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, function of communication);
official business (sphere of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).