Make a sentence diagram in Russian. Proposal schemes for all occasions

When parsing a sentence syntactically, the construction of a sentence diagram is assumed.

All three educational complexes use linear diagrams, in which parts of a complex, non-union sentence and the main parts of a complex sentence are indicated by square brackets, and the subordinate parts of the clause are indicated by round brackets. At the same time, in each part, underscores indicate the subject and predicate, means of communication are introduced into the schematic representation of the subordinate part, and a question is raised from the main part to the subordinate part; In linear diagrams, it is customary to place punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

As workers in all educational complexes a type of linear diagram is used in which the presence of complicating members in a sentence is symbolically displayed, but in the final analysis of the sentence these designations are no longer used.

As already mentioned, they are more visual for demonstrating the connection of parts in a complex sentence hierarchical (vertical) schemes. Their construction is provided for by complexes 2 and 3 along with linear ones and the new textbook of complex 1. In complex 2, the same conventions are used for the hierarchical scheme as for the linear one, but subordinate clauses of the first degree are placed under the main ones, subordinate clauses of the second degree are placed under subordinate clauses of the first degree and etc.; these schemes could be called linear-hierarchical. Complex 3 uses hierarchical schemes similar to those presented in our description. Let us give as an example a linear and two hierarchical schemes of the same sentence:

I regretted 1 , what am I not an artist 2 , which can display all the beauty of it spring morning 3 .

Linear diagram:

The hierarchical scheme adopted in the new complex textbook and in complex 3:

The new textbook of complex 1 also offers an unconventional type of hierarchical schemes used if subordinate clause breaks the main point:

The path that led us to the lake suddenly ended.

,

In complex 3, circles and ovals are used to indicate subordinate clauses instead of rectangles.

In practice pre-university training It is customary to use hierarchical schemes.

There are methods for constructing diagrams in which conjunctions that are not members of the sentence are placed outside the rectangle (circle) of the subordinate clause, and allied words, as members of the sentence, are placed inside the schematic representation of the parts.

So, the proposal diagram:

I regretted 1 , What I'm not an artist 2 , which can display all the charm of this spring morning 3 .

in this case it will look in the following way:

When constructing a hierarchical diagram, parts connected by any type syntactic connection(coordinating, subordinating, non-union), connected by lines.

Punctuation marks can be added to hierarchical schemes ( new textbook complex I, complex 2) or not introduced (complex 3).

It is advisable to perform syntactic analysis of a complex sentence according to the following scheme:

I. Analyze the proposal by members.

II. Divide the sentence into parts, number the parts in order.

III. Draw up a sentence diagram indicating means of communication and types of subordinate clauses.

IV. Describe the relationships between subordinate clauses: sequential, parallel, homogeneous subordination.

V. Make a descriptive analysis according to the following scheme:

1. According to the purpose of the statement:

Narrative;

Interrogative;

Incentive.

2. By intonation:

Non-exclamatory;

Exclamation.

3. By the number of grammatical bases:

1) simple;

2) complex:

Compound,

complex,

Non-Union,

With different types of communication.

4. By the presence of one or both main members:

1) two-part;

2) one-piece. With the main member:

a) subject - nominative;

b) predicate:

Definitely personal

Vaguely personal, (- generalized personal),

Impersonal.

5. By the presence of minor members:

Common;

Undistributed.

6. By the presence of missing members:

Incomplete (indicate which member(s) of the sentence is/are missing).

7. According to the presence of complicating members: 1) uncomplicated;

2) complicated:

Homogeneous members of the sentence (specify which ones),

Separate secondary members of the sentence - definitions (including appendices), additions, circumstances (expressed by participial, participial, comparative and other phrases),

Introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions,

Direct speech,

Appeal.

When a sentence is complicated by direct speech or an inserted sentence, they are considered and described as an independent sentence.

Sampleparsing complex sentence:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, with different types of connections.

Part 1: two-part (subject cabinet, predicate was, PGS), widespread, complete, complicated homogeneous circumstances;

Part 2: two-part (subject dampness, predicate was,

Part 3: one-part - indefinite-personal (predicate opened b, PGS), widespread, complete, uncomplicated;

Part 4: one-part - impersonal (predicate it was impossible to say) non-extensive, complete, uncomplicated (another version of parsing: two-part, incomplete - the place of the subject is occupied by an explanatory clause, non-extensive, uncomplicated);

Part 5: two-part (subject spruce, predicate ends PGS), widespread, complete, uncomplicated;

Part 6: two-part (subject spruce, omitted, predicate begins PGS), widespread, incomplete (subject omitted), uncomplicated;

Part 7: two-part (subject boy, predicate standing, PGS), widespread, complete, uncomplicated;

Part 8: two-part (subject volumes, predicate were, PGS, omitted), common, incomplete (predicate omitted), uncomplicated.

2__3__4__5 - consistent submission,

2__3__4 - 6 - sequential submission,

2 - 7 - parallel subordination,

5 - 6 - homogeneous submission.

Related information.

In this article we'll talk on how to correctly structure a proposal. Who needs it? Everyone without exception. If short posts or comments in in social networks and instant messengers, you can write without knowing the Russian language (which is what many people are into), but when writing articles for your own blogs, you must be guided by these rules. After all, it is much more pleasant and clearer for users visiting your sites and blogs to read competent speech, which attracts attention and keeps you on the page. And, of course, correct preparation of proposals is very important for people holding senior public or commercial positions - literacy increases trust on the part of visitors, partners and clients. And in order for sentences to sound correct and beautiful, they must be composed according to certain patterns. Also this material will help schoolchildren and students prepare for exams or complete homework assignments.

Action Plan for Proposal Outlining

In order to correctly compose a sentence diagram, you must follow specific algorithm actions:

• Carefully consider the written proposal;
• Determine what type it belongs to by the intonation and purpose of the statement;
• Find the basis main idea sentences carrying important information(subject and predicate);

Simple and complex sentences

• By the number of stems, determine whether the sentence is simple (with one stem) or complex (with two or more stems);

How to determine the number of parts in a complex sentence

• Use perpendicular lines to separate the boundaries of simple sentences (you can also highlight participial/adverbial phrases and other complications);
• Underline the parts of the sentence with appropriate lines;

Legend members of the proposal

• Determine the presence and nature of the conjunction between fragments of a complex sentence (subordinating or coordinating) - in the case correct definition you will understand what type of proposal you are dealing with;
• Place simple sentences in rectangular brackets, since they are equivalent fragments of compound or non-conjunctive compounds;

Rectangular brackets to indicate simple and complex sentences

• Place subordinate clauses included in the complex structure in parentheses;

Parentheses to indicate subordinate clauses

• Carefully study the complex sentence and put a question from the word in the main fragment (over which draw a cross) to the subordinate clause; Draw an arrow from this word to the subordinate clause and write a question above it.

Parsing simple sentence

All the information collected during the study process makes it possible to correctly draw up a proposal outline. After completing all of the above steps, the moment comes when you can start drawing the diagram itself. Write down from your sentence in order all the signs that were used to distinguish simple sentences, highlight phrases (adverbial and participial), grammatical basics, questions and arrows to the subordinate clause from the main one, and other complications. Collect all this data in a line graph. When it is necessary to parse a complex sentence that has several subordinate clauses, then to correctly display the subordination, a vertical graphic diagram is also necessary (it will be discussed below). The numbers indicate the degrees of subordinate clauses - by them you can determine their place in the composition of sentences, while the main thing does not have any designations.

If you are a schoolchild or student, you may encounter a situation where teachers require you to mark the secondary clauses along with the main clauses on the diagram. It is also possible that a new proposal must be drawn up according to the proposed scheme. If you approach the matter carefully, these actions will not hinder you.

Making a plan for a simple proposal

We need to put together a simple sentence diagram. Let's not go far, let's take an example from primary classes:

Simple sentence diagram

This sentence is two-part - it has two main members. There are still one-part sentences, in which only one of the two is the main member. If a sentence does not have minor members, then it is not widespread (“Poems were born”), but if it does, then it is widespread (as presented above). Also, sentences have incomplete or full view(depending on which configuration contains the necessary members - reduced or full). Avoid mistakes with predicates when drawing up a graphical diagram of a sentence:

• composite nominal predicates– Danielwill be an athlete;
• simple – Danielswam;
• compound verbs – Danielwanted to swim.

Simple sentence with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members on graphic diagram are displayed using circles. These circles indicate their role in the syntax of a sentence: definitions, predicates, etc.

The circles reflect the roles of homogeneous members of the sentence

With introductory words or appeal

Introductory words are indicated by the letters “ВВ”, separated from the rest of the parts in the diagram by two vertical lines and necessarily by the punctuation marks that surround them in the sentence.

Introductory words in a sentence

The same rules apply to addresses as to introductory words, only “O” are used instead of the letters “BB”.

Appeal in a proposal

With adverbial or participial phrases

To highlight phrases that include gerunds (DO) or participles (PO), the diagram uses the same punctuation marks as to delimit them in a sentence.

Participial phrase in the diagram

How to create a sentence diagram with direct speech

In the diagram, direct speech is highlighted as follows:

• the boundaries of the proposal are highlighted;
• the letter “A” is used to denote author’s words, and “P” is used for direct speech;
• punctuation marks are added.

Direct speech in a sentence

How to outline a complex sentence

Fragments of a complex non-conjunctive and complex sentence are in an equal position, therefore rectangular brackets are used to designate them.

Complex sentence on the diagram
Non-union complex sentence on a graphic diagram

Rectangular brackets are used to indicate the main part in a complex sentence, and round brackets are used to indicate a subordinate clause. Moreover, the subordinate clause can appear anywhere: at the back, at the beginning, and even in the middle of the main clause.

Rectangular brackets are for main clauses, round brackets are for subordinate clauses

Before drawing up a proposal plan, the source material must be carefully studied so that there are no difficulties with various types communications. It happens that such sentences contain an important idea that is easy to lose when trying to simplify the text and rearrange parts.

How to create a complex sentence diagram with multiple clauses

In order to correctly display sentences that have several subordinate clauses, a vertical diagram is used:

“We learned that a hurricane was coming that could destroy everything on the coast.” (sequential submission):

[…],

↓what?

(What …)

↓which one?

(which …).

“When we were already approaching the city, Daniil squinted to get a better look at the surroundings.” (parallel submission):

[…],

↓when? ↓why?

(when...), (to...).

“We are very glad that you came, that you are with us today, that you like it here.” (homogeneous submission):

[…],

↓what? ↓what? ↓what?

(what...), (what...), (what...).

The main purpose of this article is to help you remember school rules in the Russian language and recall the main points, observing which, you can easily build a diagram of any sentence.

1. Characterize the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
2. By emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
3. Based on the presence of grammatical basics: simple or complex.
4. Then, depending on whether the sentence is simple or complex:

If simple: 5. Characterize the proposal by the presence of the main members of the proposal: two-part or one-part, indicate which main member sentences, if they are one-part (subject or predicate). 6. Characterize by the presence of minor members of the sentence: common or non-widespread. 7. Indicate whether the sentence is complicated in any way (homogeneous members, address, introductory words) or not complicated. 8. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. 9. Create a proposal outline, indicating grammatical basis and complication, if any.

If it's complicated: 5. Indicate what kind of connection is in the sentence: union or non-union. 6. Indicate what is the means of communication in a sentence: intonation, coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions. 7. Conclude what kind of sentence it is: non-union (BSP), complex (SSP), complex (SPP). 8. Parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, starting with point No. 5 of the adjacent column. 9. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. 10. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Oral analysis:

Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: pupils and female students studying, common, complicated homogeneous subjects.

Writing:

Declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis pupils and female students studying, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

An example of parsing a complex sentence

Oral analysis:

Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicate didn't ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basis my class and I went common, not complicated.

Writing:

Declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, SPP.

1st PP: one-part, with the main member – predicate didn't ask common, not complicated.

2nd PP: two-part, grammatical basis - my class and I went widespread, not complicated.

Example of a diagram (sentence followed by a diagram)

Another parsing option

Parsing. Order in parsing.

In phrases:

1. We extract from the proposal the right phrase.
2. We look at the structure - highlight the main word and the dependent word. We indicate which part of speech is the main thing and dependent word. Next we indicate which in a syntactic way connected given word combination.
3. And finally, we indicate what its grammatical meaning is.

In a simple sentence:

1. We determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
2. We find the basis of the sentence, establish that the sentence is simple.
3. Next, you need to talk about how this proposal is constructed.
   • Is it two-part or one-part. If it is one-part, then determine the type: personal, impersonal, nominal or indefinitely personal.
   • Common or not common
   • Incomplete or complete. If the sentence is incomplete, then it is necessary to indicate which member of the sentence is missing.
4. If this sentence is complicated in any way, be it homogeneous members or separate members of the proposal, this must be noted.
5. Next you need to analyze the sentence by members, indicating what parts of speech they are. It is important to follow the parsing order. First, the predicate and subject are determined, then the secondary ones, which are included first in the subject, then in the predicate.
6. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence one way or another.

Predicate

1. We note whether the predicate is a simple verb or a compound (nominal or verbal).
2. Indicate how the predicate is expressed:
   • simple - what form of the verb;
   • compound verb - what it consists of;
   • compound nominal - what copula is used, how the nominal part is expressed.

In a sentence that has homogeneous members.

If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it we need to note what kind of homogeneous members of the sentence they are and how they are related to each other. Either through intonation, or through intonation with conjunctions.

In sentences with isolated members:

If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it, we need to note what the turnover will be. Next, we analyze the words that are included in this circulation according to the members of the sentence.

In sentences with isolated parts of speech:

First, we note that in this proposal, there is direct speech. We indicate the direct speech and text of the author. We analyze and explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence this way and not otherwise. We draw a proposal diagram.

In a compound sentence:

First, we indicate which sentence according to the purpose of the statement is interrogative, declarative or motivating. We find simple sentences in the sentence and highlight the grammatical basis in them.

We find conjunctions that connect simple sentences into complex ones. We note what kind of conjunctions they are - adversative, connecting or disjunctive. We determine the meaning of this entire complex sentence - opposition, alternation or enumeration. We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. Then each simple sentence that makes up a complex sentence must be parsed in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (one)

First, we indicate what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence. Let's read them out.

We name which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate one. We explain exactly how complex sentence it is, we pay attention to how it is constructed, how the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause and what it refers to.

We explain why punctuation marks are placed in this way in this sentence. Then, the subordinate and main clauses must be parsed in the same way as simple sentences are parsed.

In a complex sentence with subordinate clauses (several)

We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence and read them out. We indicate which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate clause. It is necessary to indicate what the subordination in the sentence is - either it is parallel subordination, or sequential, or homogeneous. If there is a combination of several types of subordination, this must be noted. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. And, at the end, we analyze the subordinate and main clauses as simple sentences.

In a complex non-union sentence:

We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We find the grammatical basis of all the simple sentences that make up this complex sentence. We read them out and name the number of simple sentences that make up a complex sentence. We determine the meaning of the relationships between simple sentences. It can be sequence, cause and effect, opposition, simultaneity, explanation or addition.

We note what the structural features of this sentence are, what kind of complex sentence it is. How are the primes connected in this sentence and what do they refer to.

We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence.

In a complex sentence in which there are different types of connections.

We call what purpose the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement. We find and highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence, and read them out. We establish that this proposal will be a proposal in which there are different types communications. Why? We determine what connections are present in this sentence - conjunctional coordinating, subordinating or any others.

By meaning, we establish how simple ones are formed in a complex sentence. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. We parse all the simple sentences from which a complex sentence is composed in the same way as a simple sentence.

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Sentence patterns in Russian are necessary to explain punctuation marks. They are also indispensable when analyzing a given syntactic unit, especially if we're talking about about a complex sentence. Direct speech causes difficulties for almost every student. If, at the stage of studying this topic, you learn to compose an appropriate graphical explanation, you will not have any problems with punctuation at all. Let's look at what a sentence pattern is, consider a simple example, all types of complex ones, as well as units with direct speech. This will help you delve deeper into the topic.

What does a proposal outline include?

First, let's figure out what a proposal scheme is and why it is needed. Many people consider this element of syntactic analysis to be just a whim of the teacher, without any meaning. This is wrong. A correctly composed graphic outline will help in further analysis of the syntactic unit.

What should be indicated when drawing up a diagram?

1. Predicative basis. The main members must be indicated in order to prove that we really have a sentence (after all, it is on this basis that it is distinguished from a phrase); correctly defined subject and predicate will help classify the syntactic unit as one-part or two-part.
2. If the sentence is complex, then the conjunctions connecting its parts are indicated. The same objects are marked if they are used in homogeneous members.
3. Sentence patterns in Russian may contain complicating elements. In the next section we will look at which ones.

It is also worth saying that the graphic display of a sentence is usually enclosed in brackets. They contain every simple sentence. IN square brackets actually simple sentences are contained and they are also part of compound and non-union sentences. If we are talking about complex syntactic construction, then its main part is in square brackets, and its subordinate part is in round brackets.

What makes the proposal difficult?

As mentioned above, the scheme of a simple sentence may include elements that complicate it. Let's list them and give examples.

1. Homogeneous members. They are enclosed in circles in the diagram. In addition, with homogeneous members there may be a generalizing word. It is denoted by the letter "o" enclosed in a circle.
2. Separate definitions (participial phrases): “Plants that require careful care must be distributed to students during the holidays.” In this sentence there is participial, standing after the word being defined "plants". Accordingly, it must be reflected in the diagram, as well as the member of the sentence to which it relates. [X, |P.O.|, =]. These can be not only participial phrases, but also inconsistent definitions, consistent, single and widespread. And also applications.
3. (clarifying parts of the sentence, participial phrases, single gerunds): “Having done the housework, Masha sat down to read her favorite book.” In this sentence there is participial turnover, which must be included in the diagram. [|TO|, - =]. Let us give an example with a clarifying phrase. “In the village house, in a cool cellar, grandmother’s delicious pickles were kept.” The qualifying circumstance of place is highlighted with commas and indicated on the diagram. [Х,|УО|, = -].
4. These syntactic elements are separated by commas and must also be included in the diagram. Let's give examples. "Sergei, bring me a sip of water." We display the address “Sergey” as follows: [O, =]. Also with the introductory words: “They, of course, did not listen to their parents.” We reflect introductory word“of course” like this: [-,ВВ.СЛ, =].

Simple sentence

The scheme for parsing a simple sentence will be clearer with an example. Let's compose it and give it full description syntactic unit. “We limped up to a dilapidated house hidden among lush greenery.”

First, you need to determine the grammatical basis; both the characteristics and the scheme of the sentence depend on this. An example is a simple one with the stem “we have arrived.” We add the basis to the diagram.

Next, you need to see whether the syntactic unit is complicated. Judging by the presence of punctuation marks, we can safely say yes. There is a separate single gerund“limping” and participial phrase “hiding among the lush greenery.” These elements are reflected in the diagram.

[-,|D|, = X,|P.O.|]. Here is the outline of the sentence, an example of which we gave at the beginning of the section. However, it should be noted that it is compiled academically correctly, but some teachers may make their own requirements. For example, regardless of homogeneity, enter everything minor members offers. The scheme then grows and becomes cumbersome. Although, sometimes it is necessary initial stage learning syntax.

Complex sentence

Now let's look at what complex sentences represent in graphical display. The only difficulty in drawing up their diagrams is determining the boundaries simple parts. In addition, it is necessary to know well the difference between compound and complex sentences, because their patterns are radically different. First, let's look at the first type. Let's define distinctive features all schemes:

Let's look at what a sentence diagram is. An example is this: “The rain was already ending, and the sun was peeking out in the sky, shining with dim rays, giving hope for a good day.”

First, let's prove that we have a complex sentence. The first part has predicative basis"the rain has stopped"; the second - “the sun was peeking out.” Between the parts there is connective conjunction"and", coordinating. IN in this case it conveys the meaning of a sequence of events. The first part, although common, is not complicated in any way. The second is complicated by adverbial and participle phrases. They will definitely be included in the scheme. [- =], and […,|D.O.|,= -,|P.O.|]. Let us make an explanation: it was necessary to put an ellipsis at the beginning of the second part, since the participial phrase is located in the middle (in front of it is the adverbial place “in the sky”).

Complex sentence

It has a completely different scheme, its differences are as follows:

1. There is a division into main part and subordinate clauses, and the latter can be located anywhere and even break the main one.
2. The conjunction is part of a simple sentence (entered in brackets).
3. The connection between the parts can be different, so in addition to the horizontal diagram, a vertical diagram is sometimes drawn up.

Let's sort it out specific examples: “Within a few minutes, all the houses disappeared, which until recently seemed like fairy-tale huts standing on a green meadow.”

The main part is distinguished from a subordinate clause by two aspects: firstly, it asks a question to the subordinate clauses, and secondly, it does not contain a conjunction. Accordingly, the first one is exactly like this. We enclose it in the second sentence - a subordinate clause: it contains a conjunction (in this case allied word). Also, it is to him that we ask the question from the word of the main part: “huts (what?) that recently seemed...”. Subordinate clause complicated by the participial phrase. The scheme will be like this: [= -], (which = X,|P.O.|).

Another example: “The dacha where we vacationed in the summer was located in picturesque place surrounded by rich forest."

The difficulty in this sentence is that the subordinate clause “breaks” the main thing. There is a complication in the subordinate clause - a participial phrase. The scheme will be like this: [-, (where - =), = X,|P.O.|].

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

What is a direct speech sentence structure? As is known, such a syntactic unit consists of someone else’s speech itself and the words of the author. Depending on how these parts are located in relation to each other, the diagram will look like. There are square brackets for each component unit - they are equal.

In the sentence: He said: “Let’s go talk face to face,” the author’s words come first, and then direct speech. The diagram will look like this: [A]: “[P.R]”, since this construction conveys the direct speech of a person, at the end of the sentence there are often question marks and exclamation marks, which must be reflected in the diagram.

Examples: The girl turned and asked: “What time is it?” Please note that the author’s words in this case are complicated by a single separate gerundial participle. [-,|D|,=]: “[P.R.?]”.

Yuri shouted loudly: “Get down!” [A]: “[P.R.]!”

Direct speech in the middle of a sentence

The scheme of a sentence with direct speech in the middle will be like this:

She stood up and said loudly: “I don’t want to participate in this chaos!” - After that, she left the living room.

[A: [“P.R.!”] - a].

Please note that after direct speech, the author’s words must be written in small letters.

Also, if interrogative or exclamation mark not required, a comma is placed after direct speech.

Example: Masha read: “Wipe your feet,” and entered the hallway. [A: “[P.R.]”, - a].

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

Direct speech can begin a sentence. In this case, the scheme is like this:

“Listen to quiet music,” said the composer and began to play a leisurely melody.

"[P.R.]", - [a].

If direct speech is an exclamation or incentive offer- no comma needed:

“Can I come in?” - was heard behind the door. “[P.R.?]” - [a].

“We will try again and again!” - the coach encouraged me. “[P.R.!]” - [a].

You are now familiar with the basic types of sentences and their structures.