Stars do not reflect light, as planets and their satellites do, but emit it. And evenly and constantly. And the blinking visible on Earth is possibly caused by the presence of various microparticles in space, which, when entering the light beam, interrupt it.
The brightest star, from the point of view of earthlings
From school we know that the Sun is a star. From our planet, this is, and by the standards of the Universe, it is slightly less than average both in size and brightness. A huge number of stars are larger than the Sun, but there are much fewer of them.
Star gradation
Divide celestial bodies in magnitude began even with ancient Greek astronomers. By the concept of “magnitude”, both then and now, they mean the brightness of the star’s glow, and not its physical size.
Stars also differ in the length of their radiation. Based on the spectrum of waves, and it is indeed diverse, astronomers can tell about chemical composition body, temperature and even distance.
Scientists argue
The debate on the question “why do the stars shine” has lasted for decades. Unanimous opinion still no. It is difficult even for nuclear physicists to believe that the reactions occurring in a stellar body can release such a huge amount of energy without stopping.
The problem of what passes through the stars has occupied scientists for a very long time. Astronomers, physicists, and chemists have attempted to figure out what triggers the eruption of thermal energy, which is accompanied by bright radiation.
Chemists believe that the light from a distant star is the result of an exothermic reaction. It ends with the release of a significant amount of heat. Physicists say that it is impossible for a star to pass through chemical reactions. For none of them is capable of going non-stop for billions of years.
The answer to the question “why do stars shine” became a little closer after Mendeleev’s discovery of the table of elements. Now chemical reactions have begun to be viewed in a completely new way. As a result of the experiments, new radioactive elements were obtained, and the theory of radioactive decay becomes the number one version in the endless debate about the glow of stars.
Modern hypothesis
The light of a distant star did not allow Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, to “sleep”. At the beginning of the last century, he turned the idea of radiation of heat by stars, developing the concept. It consisted of the following. The main source of energy in the body of a star is hydrogen atoms, which constantly participate in chemical reactions with each other, forming helium, which is much heavier than its predecessor. Transformation processes occur due to gas pressure high density and a temperature that is wild for our understanding (15,000,000°C).
The hypothesis was liked by many scientists. The conclusion was clear: the stars in the night sky glow because a fusion reaction occurs inside and the energy released during this process is more than enough. It also became clear that the combination of hydrogen can proceed non-stop for many billions of years in a row.
So why do stars shine? The energy released in the core is transferred to the external gas shell and the radiation visible to us occurs. Today, scientists are almost sure that the “road” of the beam from the core to the shell takes more than a hundred thousand years. The beam from the star also takes quite a long time to reach the Earth. If radiation from the Sun reaches the Earth in eight minutes, the brighter stars - Proxima Centauri - in almost five years, then the light of the rest can travel for tens and hundreds of years.
One more “why”
Why stars emit light is now clear. Why is it flickering? The glow coming from the star is actually even. This is due to gravity, which pulls the gas expelled by the star back. The flickering of a star is a kind of error. The human eye sees a star through several layers of air, which is in constant movement. A star ray passing through these layers appears to flicker.
Since the atmosphere is constantly moving, hot and cold air flows, passing under each other, form turbulence. This leads to curvature light beam. also changes. The reason is the uneven concentration of the beam reaching us. The star pattern itself is shifting. This phenomenon is caused by gusts of wind passing through the atmosphere, for example.
Multicolored stars
In cloudless weather, the night sky pleases the eye with its bright colors. Arcturus also has a rich orange color, but Antares and Betelgeuse are soft red. Sirius and Vega are milky white, with a blue tint - Regulus and Spica. The famous giants - Alpha Centauri and Capella - are juicy yellow.
Why do stars shine differently? The color of a star depends on its internal temperature. The “coldest” ones are red. On their surface there is only 4,000°C. with surface heating up to 30,000°C - are considered the hottest.
Cosmonauts say that in reality the stars shine evenly and brightly, and they only wink at earthlings...
"I came into this world
To see the Sun and a blue horizon.
I came into this world
To see the Sun and the heights of the mountains.”
Our planet and earthly inhabitants cannot exist without the familiar, warm globe of the sun. A person feels sad in cloudy weather, but when the sun shimmers cheerfully in the sky, the fiery luminary instills hope and confidence that everything will be fine. Why is the sun yellow? Have you thought about this?
What is the Sun
A solar star is a hot ball of gas, central figure solar system. The center of a cluster of planets, celestial bodies consisting of heavy elements. Hydrogen in the Sun is compressed under the influence of gravity. A thermonuclear reaction continuously occurs inside the star, creating helium from hydrogen.
The solar star arose after a series of supernova explosions five billion years ago. Thanks to its ideal location to the Sun, life began on the third planet. This is Earth.
Helium leaks and radiates through the photosphere (the thin surface layer of the star) into space. The star has border atmosphere – solar corona merging with the interstellar medium. We don't see the corona because the gas is very rarefied. It becomes visible during eclipses.
The main luminary of the solar system has an 11th cycle of activity. During this period, the number of sunspots (darkened zones of the photosphere), flares (dazzling glow of the chromosphere), and prominences (hydrogen clouds condensed in the corona) increases/decreases.
The chromosphere is the boundary layer between the photosphere and the corona. The man sees him solar eclipses in the form of a bright red rim. The mass of the star is gradually decreasing. The star loses some of its weight as it converts hydrogen into helium (synthesizing energy).
The warmth that pleases people is the lost stellar mass ( Sun rays). Weight is also lost due to winds on the Sun, which regularly blow electrons and protons from the star into space.
Why is the celestial body yellow?
Not every person is able to explain the reason for the pleasant, warm shade of a solar star. For scientific explanation knowledge about the structure of celestial bodies, properties is needed earth's atmosphere, the abilities of the human eye. The explanation of why the Sun is yellow is given from two perspectives.
Beautiful illusion
In fact, the color of the sun star is white. But human eyes stubbornly present the shade as yellow. This is the color perception of light waves in humans. When the sun's rays pass through the earth's atmosphere, they lose some light spectrum, but the wavelength is preserved.
Nature has designed the human eye in a cunning way. We perceive only three colors: blue, red, green.
Alone spectral emissions long, others shorter. Short spectrum waves dissipate at a faster rate, people perceive them more sensitively. The shortest color spectrum consists of blue waves. Therefore, the sky appears to be a noble shade of blue.
The white rays of the Sun are longer. When they penetrate the atmosphere and merge with the blue spectrum, it turns out yellow which we see. The more piercing the shade of the sky, the brighter and yellower the luminary appears. Please note that this optical effect is noticeable after rain in cloudless weather.
And in winter, when the sky is gloomy and joyless, the sun dims and is perceived by people as a whitish circle.
Astronomy speaks
What color is the Sun from the point of view of astronomers? The warm star is a “yellow dwarf”. This is the type of star that determines the size. Compared to other stars in the Galaxy, solar star tiny, and the range of its color radiance is yellow.
The color of a star’s radiance depends on its size, distance from the Earth, and the characteristics of the chemical reactions occurring inside.
The young star has a bright glow and long light pulses a certain frequency. Such “newborn” stars have a sparkling white and blue glow ( young stars white). Our middle-aged sunny lady has rays of a different frequency and is perceived by people as yellow.
For astronomers sunny color important. Using a special spectroscope instrument, scientists study other stars by spectral mapping. Determine the composition (metal or helium with hydrogen remaining in space after big bang). Understand the surface temperature of the stars.
- Cool red stars (Gliese, Arcturus, Cepheus, Betelgeuse).
- The hot ones (Rigel, Zeta Orion, Alpha Giraffe, Tau Canis Major) glow of a pleasant bluish tint.
Outside the atmosphere, the Sun appears as a white star. The color of the mesmerizing celestial beauties is surprisingly varied. From white-blue to crimson-red. The hotter the star, the longer the wavelength.
The blue tint has shorter spectral wavelengths compared to red. Therefore, hot stars emit more strongly in the blue range and appear blue, while cold stars penetrate the red spectrum more powerfully, we see them in a red tint.
Interesting fact. Why the sun is yellow was explained in 1871. English physicist John Rayleigh created the theory of molecular scattering of a light beam. The law that explains the intensity of light scattered by air was named after him - Rayleigh's law.
Explanation for children
Children's minds are inquisitive and inquisitive. The young “why” asks thousands of questions. Sometimes adults get lost when choosing an answer so that the child can understand it more clearly. How to explain the obvious little man(why does the sun shine, why is it yellow, and why is the sky blue)? How to choose words so as not to scare away with abstruse phrases, but to encourage the little researcher to study and learn? When explaining, take into account the child's age.
We explain to the kids. Tell little children about color spectrums, light waves It's too early. Come up with a fascinating fairy tale to satisfy your little one's curiosity.
“There lived one fairy-tale wizard in the world. He loved to draw and wore magic paints all the time. Every morning he painted the sky blue and the sun yellow, so that people would have fun, warmth and joy. The magician has an older fairy sister. She watches over him, and in the evenings, when the children are tired, the fairy wraps the sky and the sun in a dark blanket and scatters stars so that the kids have wonderful dreams.
When a wizard is sad, his colors cry. Then the blue color of the sky blurs, hiding the sun. It becomes sad, but not for long. The fairy sister comes to the wizard’s aid, draws a multi-colored rainbow and colors the sun again, giving him a golden ray. After all, wizards don’t know how to grieve!”
Or this story: “Once upon a time there were magical colors. They loved to walk and went outside every day. One day they woke up in the morning, ran out into the yard - and everything there was gray and dull! It doesn’t matter, said the paints, we will return the colors! Blue colors the sky, puddles, and river - let the kids splash in the water! 
Yellow went to decorate the sun so that it would become warm and warm everyone around. Green decorated the grass, trees, black – pebbles, earth. Then they painted the flowers together - look how colorful they are! The paints did a great job, got tired, and went to bed. And everything on the street remained painted - after all, the colors are magical!”
Older children. To older children, you can explain why the Sun appears yellow in adult language, but in accessible words:
“Remember the rainbow? It consists of seven colors. But in a rainbow, the colors go separately, one after another. The light of a solar star is the same as a rainbow, but the bright star has combined, mixed colors. The sun is far away from us and sends solar rays towards our planet.
The sky has an atmosphere, it is like a sieve. sunlight, reaching the Earth, “is splashed into individual colors (like a rainbow). The rays pass through the heavenly “sieve” in different ways. They are fast, but other colors are so lazy that they don’t even reach us and get “stuck” in the strainer atmosphere. The most persistent and strongest are blue and yellow rays. That's why the sun is yellow and the sky is blue. That’s how we see them.”
Come up with your own answers, use your imagination, awaken the storytellers within you!
"Multi-colored" star
If you are one of the observant people, you know that the Sun comes in a different color. Not just yellow or whitish. Before leaving or ascending into the sky, the solar star shines with an orange, purple or reddish hue.
Why was the light red at sunset and pink at dawn? Our planet rotates around an axis, moving away and approaching the Sun. In the evening, morning time The Earth occupies the farthest distance from the hot star.
In order to fly to earth's surface the sun's rays take longer to travel. Along the way they disperse faster, mixing with big amount blue color waves. Therefore, at this time the Sun is a different color.
If hot star will close black cloud ash or smoke (during a strong fire, volcanic eruption) - the luminary will take on a lilac-violet, frightening hue. The more dust in the air, the more saturated the star's hue becomes. Microscopic dust particles transmit only violet and red light waves; they “take” and absorb the rest of the spectrum.
The same thing happens when air humidity rises. Water vapor only transmits red spectral waves. Therefore, during periods of high humidity, before heavy rain, the solar star acquires a red tint.
Don’t be alarmed when the usual yellow sun appears before us in a different color guise. These are human jokes visual perception, optical effect. Any shade of the Sun is explainable and does not pose any threat to people.
Interesting observations!
Stars are the main objects of the Universe visible to us. Space world unusual and varied. The topic of universal luminaries is inexhaustible. The sun was created to shine during the day, and the stars were created to illuminate man’s earthly path at night. In this article we'll talk about how the light we see, emanating from amazing celestial bodies, is formed.
Origin
The birth of a star, as well as its extinction, can be visually seen in the night sky. Astronomers have been observing these phenomena for a long time and have already made many discoveries. All of them are described in a special scientific literature. The stars are luminous balls of fire incredibly large sizes. But why do they glow, flicker and shimmer in different colors?
These celestial bodies are born from a diffuse gas-dust environment resulting from gravitational compression in denser layers, plus the influence of its own gravity. The composition of the interstellar medium is mainly gas (hydrogen and helium) with a dust of solid mineral particles. Our main luminary is a star called the Sun. Without it, life for all things on our planet is impossible. Interestingly, many stars are much larger than the Sun. Why don’t we feel their impact and can calmly exist without them?
Our source of heat and light is located close to the Earth. Therefore, for us we can significantly feel its light and warmth. The stars are hotter than the Sun and larger in size, but they are at such great distances that we can only observe their light, and then only at night.
They seem to be just flickering dots in the night sky. Why don't we see them during the day? Starlight is like the rays from a flashlight, which you can barely see during the day, but at night you can’t do without it - it illuminates the road well.
When is it brightest and why do the stars glow in the night sky?
August is the best month for stargazing. At this time of year the evenings are dark and the air is clear. It feels like you can reach the sky with your hand. Children, looking up to the sky, always wonder: “Why do the stars glow and where do they fall?” The fact is that in August people often watch starfalls. This is an extraordinary sight that attracts our eyes and souls. There is a belief that when you see a shooting star, you need to make a wish that will certainly come true.
However, what's interesting is that it's not actually a star falling, but a meteor burning up. Be that as it may, this phenomenon is very beautiful! Times pass, generations of people replace each other, but the sky is still the same - beautiful and mysterious. Just like us, our ancestors looked at it, guessed star clusters figures of various mythological characters and objects, made wishes and dreamed.
How does light appear?
Space objects called stars emit incredibly large amounts of thermal energy. Energy emissions are accompanied by strong radiation of light, a certain part of which reaches our planet, and we have the opportunity to observe it. This is a short answer to the question: “Why do the stars shine in the sky, and do all heavenly bodies belong to them?” For example, the Moon is a satellite of the Earth, and Venus is a planet of the solar system. We do not see their own light, but only its reflection. The stars themselves are the source light radiation resulting from the release of energy.
Some celestial objects have white light, while others have blue or orange light. There are also those that shimmer different shades. What is this connected with and why do stars glow in different colors? The fact is that they are huge balls consisting of very hot high temperatures gases As this temperature fluctuates, stars have different luminosities: the hottest are blue, followed by white, even cooler yellow, then orange and red.
Flicker
Many people are interested: why do stars glow at night and their light flickers? First of all, they don't flicker. It only seems to us. The fact is that star Light passes through the thickness of the earth's atmosphere. A ray of light, covering such long distances, is subjected to a large number refractions and changes. To us, these refractions look like flickers.
The star has its own life cycle. On different stages this cycle it glows differently. When its lifetime comes to an end, it begins to gradually turn into a red dwarf and cools down. The radiation of the dying star pulsates. This creates the impression of flickering (blinking). During the day, the light from the star does not disappear anywhere, but it is overshadowed by something too bright and close Sun shine. Therefore, at night we see them due to the fact that there are no rays of the Sun.
In ancient times, people thought that the stars were the souls of people, living ones, or nails that held up the sky. They came up with many explanations for why the stars glow at night and the Sun for a long time considered an object completely different from stars.
Problem thermal reactions, occurring in stars in general and on the Sun - the closest star to us - in particular, has long worried scientists in many areas of science. Physicists, chemists, and astronomers tried to figure out what leads to the release of thermal energy, accompanied by powerful radiation.
Chemists believed that exothermic chemical reactions occur in stars, resulting in the release of large amounts of heat. Physicists did not agree that in these space objects reactions occur between substances, since no reactions could provide so much light for billions of years.
When did Mendeleev start his famous table? new era in the study of chemical reactions - radioactive elements were found and soon it was the radioactive decay reactions main reason radiation from stars.
The debate stopped for a while, as almost all scientists recognized this theory as the most suitable.
Modern theory about stellar radiation
In 1903, the already established idea of why stars shine and emit heat was overturned by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, who electrolytic dissociation. According to his theory, the source of energy in stars is hydrogen atoms, which combine with each other and form heavier helium nuclei. These processes are caused by strong gas pressure, high density and temperature (about fifteen million degrees Celsius) and occur in the inner regions of the star. This hypothesis began to be studied by other scientists, who came to the conclusion that such a fusion reaction is enough to release the colossal amount of energy that stars produce. It is also likely that hydrogen fusion would allow stars to shine for several billion years.
In some stars, helium synthesis has ended, but they continue to shine as long as they have enough energy.
The energy released in the interior of stars is transferred to the outer regions of the gas, to the surface of the star, from where it begins to be emitted in the form of light. Scientists believe that light rays travel from the cores of stars to the surface for many tens or even hundreds of thousands of years. After this, the radiation reaches the Earth, which also requires large quantity time. Thus, the radiation of the Sun reaches our planet in eight minutes, the light of the second closest star, Proxima Centrauri, reaches us in more than four years, and the light of many stars that can be seen with the naked eye has traveled several thousand or even millions of years.
Karpov Dmitry
This research 1st grade student of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 25.
Purpose of the study: find out why the stars in the sky come in different colors.
Methods and techniques: observations, experiment, comparison and analysis of observation results, excursion to the planetarium, work with various sources information.
Data received: Stars are hot balls of gas. The closest star to us is the Sun. All Stars different color. The color of a star depends on the temperature on its surface. Thanks to the experiment, I was able to find out that the heated metal first begins to glow red, then yellow and, finally, white as the temperature increases. Same with the stars. Reds are the coldest, and whites (or even blues!) are the hottest. Heavy stars are hot and white, light, non-massive stars are red and relatively cool. The color of a star can also be used to determine its age. Young stars are the hottest. They shine with white and blue light. Old, cooling stars emit red light. And middle-aged stars glow with yellow light. The energy emitted by stars is so enormous that we can see them at those distant distances at which they are removed from us: tens, hundreds, thousands of light years!
Conclusions:
1. The stars are colorful. The color of a star depends on the temperature on its surface.
2. By the color of a star we can determine its age and mass.
3. We can see stars thanks to the enormous energy they emit.
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XIV city scientific-practical conference schoolchildren
"First steps into science"
Why are stars different colors?
G. Sochi.
Head: Marina Viktorovna Mukhina, primary school teacher
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 25
Sochi
2014
INTRODUCTION
You can admire the stars forever, they are mysterious and attractive. Since ancient times, people have attached great importance these celestial bodies. Astronomers from antiquity to the present day claim that the location of stars in the sky has a special effect on almost all aspects human life. The weather is determined by the stars, horoscopes and predictions are made, and lost ships find their way on the open sea. What are they really like, these shining luminous points?
The mystery of the starry sky is interesting to all children, without exception. Scientists and astronomers have conducted a lot of research and revealed many secrets. Many books have been written about stars, many educational films have been made, and yet many children do not know all the secrets of the starry sky.
For me, the starry sky remains a mystery. The more I looked at the stars, the more questions I had. One of which was: what color are these twinkling, mesmerizing stars.
Purpose of the study:explain why the stars in the sky are different colors.
Tasks, which I set for myself: 1. look for the answer to the question by talking with adults, reading encyclopedias, books, INTERNET materials;
2. observe the stars with the naked eye and using a telescope;
3. using an experiment, prove that the color of a star depends on its temperature;
4. tell your classmates about the diversity of the star world.
Object of study– celestial bodies (stars).
Subject of study– star parameters.
Research methods:
- Reading specialized literature and viewing popular science programs;
- Study of the starry sky using a telescope and special software;
- An experiment to study the dependence of the color of an object on its temperature.
The result My job is to generate interest in this topic among my classmates.
Chapter 1. What are stars?
I often looked at the starry sky, consisting of many luminous points. The stars are especially visible at night and in cloudless weather. They always attracted my attention with their special, bewitching radiance. Astrologers believe that they can influence the fate and future of a person. But few can answer the question of what they are.
Having studied reference books, I managed to find out that the star is heavenly body, in which thermonuclear reactions take place, which is a massive glowing ball of gas.
Stars are the most common objects in the universe. The number of stars that exist is very difficult to imagine. It turns out that there are more than 200 billion stars in our galaxy alone, and there is a huge number of galaxies in the universe. With the naked eye, about 6,000 stars are visible in the sky, 3,000 in each hemisphere. The stars are located at enormous distances from the Earth.
The most famous star, which is closest to us is, of course, the Sun. That is why it seems to us that it is very large compared to other luminaries. During the day, it eclipses all other stars with its light, so we do not see them. If the Sun is located at a distance of 150 million kilometers from the Earth, then the other star, which is closest to the others, Centaur, is already located 42,000 billion kilometers from us.
How did the Sun appear? After studying the literature, I realized that, like other stars, the Sun appeared from an accumulation of cosmic gas and dust. Such a cluster is called a nebula. Gas and dust were compressed into a dense mass, which heated to a temperature of 15,000,000 kelvins. This temperature is maintained at the center of the Sun.
Thus, I was able to find out that stars are balls of gas in the Universe. But why then do they glow in different colors?
Chapter 2. Temperature and color of stars
First I decided to find the brightest stars. I assumed that the brightest star is the Sun. Due to the lack special devices, I determined the luminosity of the stars with the naked eye, then with the help of my telescope. Through a telescope, stars are visible as points of varying degrees of brightness without any details. The sun can only be observed with special filters. But not all stars can be seen, even through a telescope, and then I turned to information sources.
I did the following conclusions: the most bright stars: 1. Giant star R136a12 (star formation region 30 Doradus) ; 2. Giant star VY SMa (in the constellation Canis Major)3. Deneb (in the constellationα Swan); 4. Rigel(in the constellation β Orion); 5. Betelgeuse (in the constellation α Orion). My dad helped me determine the names of the stars using the Star Rover program for iPhone. At the same time, the first three of the stars have a bluish glow, the fourth has a white-blue glow, and the fifth has a reddish-orange glow. Scientists discovered the brightest star usingNASA's Hubble Space Telescope.
During my research, I noticed that the brightness of stars depends on their color. But why are all the stars different?
Let's look at the Sun, a star visible to the naked eye. From the early childhood we portray her yellow, because this star is actually yellow. I began to study the properties of this star.The temperature on its surface is about 6000 degrees.I learned about other stars in encyclopedias and on the INTERNET. It turned out that all the stars are different colors. Some of them are white, others are blue, others are orange. There are white and red stars. It turns out that the color of a star depends on the temperature on its surface. The hottest stars appear white and blue to us. The temperature on their surface is from 10 to 100,000 degrees. Star average temperature has yellow or Orange color. The coldest stars are red. The temperature on their surface is about 3,000 degrees. And these stars are many times hotter than the flame of a fire.
My parents and I conducted the following experiment: we heated an iron knitting needle on a gas burner. At first there was a knitting needle gray. After heating, it glowed and turned red. Her temperature increased. After cooling, the spoke became gray again. I concluded that as the temperature increases, the color of the star changes.Moreover, with stars everything is not the same as with people. People usually turn red when they are hot and blue when they are cold. But with stars it’s the other way around: the hotter the star, the bluer it is, and the colder the star, the bluer it is.
As you know, a heated metal first begins to glow red, then yellow and finally white as the temperature increases. Same with the stars. Reds are the coldest, and whites (or even blues!) are the hottest.
Chapter 3. The mass of the star and its color. Star age.
When I was 6 years old, my mother and I went to the planetarium in the city of Omsk. There I learned that all stars exist different sizes. Some are large, others are small, some are heavier, others are lighter. With the help of adults, I tried to arrange the stars I was studying from lightest to heaviest. And that's what I noticed! It turned out that blue ones are heavier than white ones, white ones are heavier than yellow ones, yellow ones are heavier than orange ones, and orange ones are heavier than red ones.
The color of a star can also be used to determine its age. Young stars are the hottest. They shine with white and blue light. Old, cooling stars emit red light. And middle-aged stars glow with yellow light.
The energy emitted by stars is so enormous that we can see them at those distant distances at which they are removed from us: tens, hundreds, thousands of light years!
For us to be able to see a star, its light must pass through the air layers of the Earth's atmosphere. The vibrating layers of air somewhat refract the direct stream of light, and it seems to us that the stars are twinkling. In fact, direct, continuous light comes from the stars.
The sun is not the best big star, it refers to stars called Yellow Dwarfs. When this star lit up, it was made of hydrogen. But under the influence thermonuclear reactions this substance began to turn into helium. During the existence of this star (about 5 billion years), approximately half of the hydrogen burned. Thus, the Sun has as long to “live” as it already exists. When almost all of the hydrogen is burned, this star will become larger in size and turn into a Red Giant. This will greatly affect the Earth. Our planet will become unbearably hot, the oceans will boil away, and life will become impossible.
CONCLUSION
Thus, as a result of my research, my classmates and I gained new knowledge about what stars are, as well as what the temperature and color of stars depend on.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.