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Introduction

State examination is important and effective method government controlled and control.

Expertise means analysis, research, assessment, the result of which is a conclusion that meets the requirements of approved standards, norms and rules and meets the interests of society and the state.

The main goal, which expertise contributes to, is to reduce the likelihood of accepting suboptimal management decisions.

Unfortunately, there is no scientifically developed terminological dictionary in the field of expert activity; uncertainty in terminology in many cases gives rise to problems of interpretation. Expert activity is mixed with other activities and functions performed. In our view, expertise is a type professional activity associated with the study of any object (problem) in order to increase the validity of decisions made in conditions of partial uncertainty, contradictions or conflict with the presentation of a reasoned conclusion. It is necessary to emphasize the functional affiliation of expertise to the process of making management decisions. The scientific nature of expert methods and the exploratory nature of the examination play an important role in the system of scientific support for decision-making.

State examination is carried out in an area that is recognized as significant from the point of view of government and public interest and therefore requires special protective guarantees provided by the state. The participation of experts is especially necessary when developing priorities for socio-economic, scientific, technical and technological development, and distributing taxpayer funds for programs and projects of targeted research and innovation-technological activities in various spheres of the economy and society. As practice has shown recent years, expert councils actively created in government bodies make it possible to successfully attract (almost on a voluntary basis) the country's scientific and managerial elite and specialists with extensive practical experience to a comprehensive consideration of problematic issues. This allows you to save significant budget funds and eliminates existing disagreements on certain issues.

The social significance of expert activity, which in many cases is carried out with the participation of civil servants, seems to be virtually undisputed today. It is important to develop appropriate scientific, methodological, information, and personnel support, on which the effective organization of work depends.

State examination is a legally established activity of authorized organizations (expert organizations) and individuals(experts), carried out under government orders on a contractual basis and related to research, study, assessment of a specific object (subject of examination), as well as the preparation and execution of conclusions, recommendations (expert opinions) on the subject of examination.

Currently being formed multi-level system expert service: expert councils are created and work in separate government institutions, in district authorities and information centers. Expert activity is also considered as an important component of professional activity: expert functions are introduced into the job responsibilities of a number of specialists. Curriculum programs for professional training of experts are being developed and implemented.

1. The concept of state examination

Expert activity refers to research activities. The expert opinion and other results obtained during the implementation are considered the results of research activities.

The concept of “expert” intersects with the practical solution of pressing problems. The Dictionary of Foreign Words defines an expert as “a knowledgeable person invited in controversial situations or difficult cases for examination.” The Legal Encyclopedic Dictionary, reflecting the specifics of the legal field, offers the following interpretation of the term “expert”: “a person who has special knowledge and is involved by investigative bodies, courts and other state (for example, arbitration) and public (for example, arbitration court) bodies of cases to conduct an examination "

Expert assessment is a motivated expert judgment. Individual, group and collective expert assessments are possible. Individual assessments can be obtained using ranking, point and pair assessments.

An expert system is an artificial intelligence system that includes a knowledge base with a set of rules and inference mechanisms, which allows, based on the rules and facts provided by the user, to recognize a situation, make a diagnosis, formulate a solution or give a recommendation for choosing an action. Expert knowledge is the source of database formation.

Expert opinion - document, result expert assessment.

The expert method is a set of logical and mathematical procedures aimed at obtaining information from experts, analyzing and summarizing it in order to prepare and make a competent decision. The essence of the method is for experts to analyze the problem with qualitative and quantitative processing of the results of individual expert assessments.

The stages of expert assessment are interconnected procedures through which the expert method is implemented. The initial stage includes determining the goals and tasks that must be solved by experts, the responsibilities and rights of the working group, the timing of the examination, the selection of experts to conduct the examination, and the determination of their competence. Next stage- the most important final stage of expert assessment, providing the basis for a competent decision.

Examination situation - a situation when a subject is involved in diagnostics (for example, level mental development person, the reasons for the teenager’s deviant behavior, the state of the offender at the time of the crime, professional suitability, etc.) in a mandatory (compulsory) manner, upon administrative request, perceives it as an exam.

Expert status is a set of rights and obligations, powers and responsibilities of an expert.

The method of expert assessments has logically interconnected stages, which are the main stages of the examination.

The initial stage (organization of examination) includes:

·Definition of the purpose and objectives of the examination, formulation of the problem.

·Determining the level of responsibility, rights and powers of the working group of experts.

· Establishing the timing of the examination.

· Selection of experts, formation of expert groups (if necessary, determination of their competence).

The main stage of the examination is associated with collecting data, conducting research work and expert assessment, analysis of available material. The technology of examination, the use of a set of methods and evaluation criteria depend on the nature of the examination and the scope of its application.

Expert assessment is the result of analytical activity, based on the ability to see and resolve contradictions, predict, anticipate and find non-standard solutions.

The final stage of the examination is a survey of experts (individual or group; personal, on-site or in absentia; oral or written), drawing up a document (report, certificate, review, etc.), adoption of an expert opinion - the basis for a competent management decision.

Another idea about the sequence of stages of examination is also possible. In connection with the development of new experience during the examination, the following stages are identified and implemented in detail:

Recording information about new experiences;

His phenomenal conceptual reconstruction;

Construction of the initial abstraction as a means of examination;

Concretization of abstraction as a means of examination;

Concretization of abstraction with subsequent control comparison of conceptual reconstruction with phenomenal-processual one.

It is known that in each specific field of activity, examination has its own specific tasks, methodology, criteria, organization and procedure. However, it seems possible to identify a series common features, combining various special types of examination and allowing it to be considered as a fairly independent type of professional activity.

Expert activity can be carried out in the presence of three main components:

· object of examination;

· customer of the examination;

·expert.

State examination is a type of expert activity, where representatives of government bodies act as experts, and the examination process itself, in accordance with regulations, is mandatory.

2. State examination, its mandatory objects

Today, expert activities in the Russian Federation are regulated by laws: On environmental assessment, On chambers of commerce and industry in the Russian Federation, On assessment activities, On the protection of consumer rights, On certification of products and services, and so on.

But they do not solve the problem itself, because they cover only narrow areas of expert activity. However, many issues remain unresolved. For example, who has the right to engage in examination;

There are three possible forms of existence of expertise:

· state - one that is carried out by state-owned inspection and certification bodies;

· public - performing the functions of protecting consumer rights and representing an examination appointed by public organizations;

· independent - carried out by independent professional expert companies. Independent examination is not administratively or financially connected with government structures, or with manufacturers or sellers of goods, or with supervisory authorities, or with anyone who could influence its activities due to an interest in the results. Expert organizations must have no other activity in their statutory activities other than carrying out expert and certification work.

The creation of an extensive network of independent expert organizations will not only significantly reduce the risk of errors, but also avoid as much as possible possible accusations of bias in decisions made and corruption.

The distribution of powers between state and non-state expert organizations is a problem that requires resolution. Currently, there is a tendency towards the creation of specialized expert services in each federal department. At the same time, each of the departments refuses to recognize the results of examinations made outside the walls of its department. This leads to the fact that today any official becomes the main expert in a particular field of activity.

The difference between state and independent experts lies in the subject of the examination, and the difference between assessment, forensic and environmental examinations is determined by the object of the examination. Thus, environmental, judicial, and assessment examinations can, under certain conditions, be state, independent or public.

Expert work is organized as follows. A manufacturer or supplier that wishes to participate in the competition or is involved in it (if the competition is closed) submits an application to an expert organization to conduct an examination of the quality of its products. The expert organization provides the competition participant with all the necessary documents for review. After this, the manufacturer enters into an agreement with the expert organization and pays the cost of the examination.

Samples for examination are selected by the experts themselves with the participation of representatives of the enterprise. The expert organization retains control samples or samples for storage so that in the future the enterprise does not have any complaints about product quality assessments. The shelf life of control samples corresponds to the warranty period.

Tests can be carried out in two stages: first directly from the manufacturer or supplier (if appropriate conditions are available for this), and then in the laboratory of an expert organization.

At the same time, experts check the production itself, including main and auxiliary technological processes, technical documentation, equipment condition, metrological support, level technical training personnel, environmental issues and much more. Based on the results of this work, an expert opinion is drawn up, on the basis of which the competition commission makes the final decision.

We will also define the legal problems of expert activity that are characteristic of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities:

The possibility of coordinating expert activities at different levels is not legally defined or established.

A serious problem is the insufficient level of training of experts, or rather, special training. When working as an expert, a significant role is played by the subjective qualities or characteristics of its creators and experts: personal experience, worldview, not only professional, but also general culture, the ability to think logically, political priorities, even mood and state of health. On the one hand, we have to agree that this is inevitable. However, here too measures are possible that reduce some of the negative consequences of the influence of the subjective factor.

Firstly, it should be recognized that expert activity has its own characteristics and requires special knowledge. This means that the criteria for an expert, the required amount of knowledge, skills and abilities, must be determined.

Secondly, experts must be selected accordingly, and expert activities must be taught in the same way as assessment, audit, and crisis management are taught today, while issuing an appropriate certificate.

Thirdly, if the examination involves entity, then it apparently must have the appropriate license to conduct examination in a specific area, as well as a specially trained employee who has the appropriate certificate.

Fourthly, the examination procedure itself should be as unified and normatively established as possible.

Subjects of the Russian Federation need enhanced methodological and methodological assistance in the implementation and organization of expert activities. By developing theoretical and practical issues of examination, special training and certification of expert personnel, creating a special information database, offering regions model projects of various legal acts, such a Center could make a significant contribution to improving expert activity in Russia. It is also worth noting the problem of corruption in the field of public administration, which also affects expert activities, for example, when there is an interest in obtaining a certain expert opinion or when officials of expert bodies use “administrative resources”.

The need for scientific development of criteria for the quality of examination is obvious. Violations of procedures and legal techniques often lead to negative legal and social consequences. The examination itself cannot exclude incorrect actions of the subject, but it can be more effective:

firstly, in the case, as already mentioned, of a clear regulatory framework for the examination procedure and the responsibility of the subject of expert activity for ignoring its results;

secondly, in the case of a clear and uniform understanding among the subjects of expert activity about the criteria for assessing the decision made in terms of its quality.

The State Expertise of Russia carries out examination of construction projects:

·objects implemented at the expense of government capital investments, government loans;

·objects carried out abroad with the technical assistance of the Russian Federation;

· objects carrying out their activities jointly with other states or with the involvement of foreign companies;

·experimental and basic projects;

·potentially dangerous and technically complex objects according to the list established by the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

In all cases, the Glavgosexpertiza of the Russian Federation provides a consolidated expert opinion with the participation of the state environmental examination and the state examination of working conditions, taking into account their conclusions.

In addition, Glavgosexpertiza carries out selective control over the quality of construction projects.

There are organizations of state non-departmental examination that carry out examination of projects implemented at the expense of the budget of territories, regions, republics, etc., and also conduct examination of projects carried out on their territory, regardless of the sources of financing of capital investments, types of ownership and affiliation; selective quality control of projects.

Construction projects are submitted by the customer to the state expert body. The completeness of the documents and their compliance in composition are checked by the expert body within five days, and the examination itself is carried out within no more than 45 days.

Main issues (to be specified depending on industry specifics, special conditions and types of construction) to be checked during the examination:

· compliance of decisions made with justification for investments;

· availability of project approvals from interested organizations;

economic necessity and economic feasibility of the planned construction based on social needs and competitiveness of the project products;

· justification of the enterprise's capacity based on the adopted design decisions for the provision of raw materials, fuel, energy and other resources and based on the need for products manufactured under the project;

· sufficiency and effectiveness of technical solutions and measures for environmental protection natural environment and on the prevention of emergency situations and liquidation of their consequences;

· ensuring the safe operation of buildings, structures and enterprises in general, compliance with explosion and fire safety rules;

·compliance with norms and regulations on labor protection, safety and sanitary requirements.

The list of questions has been supplemented, as changes have been made to RDS 11-201-95 in No. 1 dated January 29, 1998:

· sufficiency and effectiveness of technological solutions for energy saving;

· the need to equip engineering systems with devices for monitoring, accounting and regulation of gas, water and heat;

·taking into account additional requirements for thermal protection of enclosing structures;

·optimality of decisions made on engineering support;

·availability of waste-free (low-waste) production;

· reliability of determining the cost of construction;

·evaluation of investment efficiency.

Based on the examination of construction projects, a consolidated comprehensive conclusion is given, which indicates:

· brief description of the source data;

·construction conditions and basic design decisions, as well as technical specifications for construction;

·specific comments and suggestions or changes and additions made during the examination process;

general conclusions about the feasibility of investments;

The period for consideration by the examination bodies of documentation corrected based on its conclusions should not exceed 30 days.

Compliance with the project is under the control of the GUI or chief architect.

Currently, a package of documents is being developed regarding the new procedure for conducting state examination and approval of urban planning, pre-design and design documentation

In construction, a distinction is made between engineering and technical and technical and economic examinations.

Engineering and technical expertise includes:

1.Examination of the quality of work performed is one of the most common types of examinations. Its goal is to establish the actual level of quality of construction, installation, repair and finishing work, as well as to compare this level with the requirements of state and industry standards, design estimates and the customer. Like any other type of examination, a quality examination can be carried out at the request of any of the parties to the construction project or by decision of the competent government body: court, investigator, prosecutor's office. All parties involved in disputable legal relations have the right to raise their questions for resolution by an expert. If an expert is appointed by the court, the latter independently forms a list of questions in final form. The expert has the right to formulate additional questions if, in his opinion, they will allow obtaining a more accurate result. The production of such expert examinations is accompanied by the use of special measuring instruments, without which it is impossible to obtain accurate data.

Fixation of the scope of work. This type expertise is used when a dispute arises about the actual volume of work performed. At the request of one of the parties, an independent expert organization carries out a visual inspection and detailed measurements of the object; if necessary, a calculation of the scope of work is drawn up, which is then compared with design estimates and as-built documentation. As a result, the customer can be sure that his funds were not wasted. It should be noted that this type of examination is closely intertwined with the examination of the quality of work performed, since work performed in deviation from the required standards is not subject to payment.

Participation in the acceptance of both completed and in connection with a change of customer. This type of expertise is in demand, as a rule, by investors and management companies. Determining the quality and volume of work performed may be required both when preparing a facility for delivery and at intermediate stages, especially when it comes to changing the contractor. Only by recording the actual volumes at the time of changing the contractor can you be sure that in the future there will be no disputes with both the old contractor and the new one. However, it will be almost impossible to establish the truth after some time.

Inspection of buildings, structures and structures is a set of measures to monitor the technical condition of building structures and utility networks. An inspection of buildings and structures is carried out in order to assess the operational condition of the facility and make a decision on the need for current, overhaul, reconstruction or modernization of a building. Using non-destructive testing methods, our company’s specialists identify construction defects, assess the technical condition of building structures, determine the strength of materials, their humidity, wear of utilities, the quality of welds and many other parameters. Non-destructive testing methods used when inspecting buildings: ultrasonic, radiation, thermal, visual, etc. Based on the results of the building inspection, a technical report on the condition of the object is drawn up, indicating recommendations developed by our engineers. If necessary, design solutions are developed to strengthen structures, replace them and reconstruct them. Surveys are carried out in strict accordance with the regulatory framework. The main regulatory legal acts in the field of inspections are SP 13-102-2003 “Rules for inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures”, VSN 57-88 (r) “Regulations on technical inspection of residential buildings” and many others.

The result of the survey work is the preparation of a technical report on the condition of the object, which contains the data obtained and recommendations developed by engineers. Based on these recommendations, design solutions can be developed to strengthen structures, replace them or reconstruct them.

This service is especially in demand by property owners who want to reconstruct or modernize their property or change its functional purpose; investment companies in need of objective information about the condition of building structures for the development of investment projects; customers and general contractors for the development of design and technological solutions and many others.

Thermographic photography can hardly be called an independent species examination, rather it is an auxiliary type of instrumental research that allows high accuracy determine the presence of construction defects. The method is based on fixation thermal radiation a special camera - a thermal imager. In this case, areas of the surface being examined have different heating levels and, accordingly, different radiation intensities. The image shows different heated areas different colors, which allows you to determine the location of leaks, high humidity, thermal bridges, zones of abnormal overheating and other defects. Interpretation of images allows you to localize defects for subsequent detailed examination and determine the causes. The high resolution of the camera allows you to cover a large volume of the building in one shot.

Non-destructive testing is one of the types of research that is often necessary when carrying out a particular examination. By using different methods non-destructive testing (visual, thermal, acoustic) identify construction defects, assess the technical condition of building structures, determine the strength of materials, their humidity, wear of utilities, quality of welds and many other parameters affecting the safety and reliability of building structures.

Forensic technical examination is a collective concept for many types of examinations associated with the need for special knowledge in the technical field. In our practice, we encounter situations where judicial authorities in their definitions call examination completely in different terms. The name of the examination does not change its essence, which is aimed at establishing objective facts, the interpretation of which requires special knowledge. An examination ordered by a court or other government body differs from a simple examination in the need to strictly follow procedural rules.

Engineering and construction examination at the pre-trial stage may be necessary for the purpose of recording evidence, for example, when there is a possibility that in the future traces by which factual data in the case can be established will be lost. Also, a pre-trial examination may be needed to go to court in cases where the basis for making claims is not obvious and requires special knowledge. It should be noted that when ordering an examination at the pre-trial stage, there is a possibility that a repeat examination will be ordered in the future as determined by the court, since the pre-trial examination may not cover all the issues that require resolution.

Expert assessment of the conclusions of independent technical examinations. A very specific type of examination, which consists of assessing the facts and conclusions contained in the finished expert opinion. This type can be used to present counterarguments in court when assessing evidence. It should be noted that this type of examination is closely related to the concept professional ethics expert. A critical assessment of other people's conclusions is a subtle matter that should not be used to harm or for selfish reasons. The question of the possibility of an expert assessment of someone else's expertise is considered each time on an individual basis.

Technical and economic examinations include:

1.Analysis of design and estimate documentation. Expert research is closely related to the financial aspect of construction and is intended mainly for professional participants in the construction market. Analysis of design and estimate documentation consists of determining the completeness of the documentation, based on the purposes of its purpose, the compliance of the adopted design decisions with the estimate calculations, and selective or complete verification of the estimate calculations. This type of examination allows the investor and/or customer to avoid overestimating the estimated cost of construction. It can also be used in terms of as-built documentation, when abuses are possible when closing stages of work.

Determining the validity of the customer’s design decisions, including in the financial sector. This type of examination is used to establish compliance of design solutions with customer requirements. It can be used in different volumes, that is, in terms of the use of certain materials in the project, in terms of performing work in a certain way (for example, laying communications through a barrier can be carried out in an open way, or closed (trenchless), which greatly increases the cost of construction and installation works), in part the need to implement certain activities provided for by the project. In this case, the project analysis is designed to save the customer and meet the design goals.

Inspection of real estate, recording the condition for the purpose of opening investments, mortgages or insurance. Inspection of real estate objects is in demand by insurance and credit institutions, investment companies that invest significant funds in real estate or on the security of the latter.

A timely inspection of the technical condition of a building or premises at the stage of preparation for a mortgage transaction will help the customer avoid additional technical risks and ensure the reliability and safety of the mortgaged property. For insurance companies, accurate data on the technical condition of the building will help more accurately calculate the insurance rate, reducing risks.

Expert assessment of construction management documentation. This type of examination is more of a documentary nature and consists of establishing the completeness of documentation for the management of a construction project and analyzing the content of this documentation. Such an event will help the customer reduce the costs of putting the facility into operation, since the initial permitting documentation will be in perfect order.

The main problems of state examination in construction:

1.One of the main problems that construction experts face is inconsistency regulatory documents. Each expert, as a specialist, himself chooses the scope of his research and necessary documents. There are proven methods only in the field of industrial safety; in all other respects, experts are forced to refer to fairly old documents that have long since ceased to be binding.

2. Qualifications and competence of the experts themselves.

The state expertise mainly employs those specialists who have extensive experience in design work. However, over time, many specialists went to work for private, non-state expert companies. The standards and criteria for assessing the experts themselves have not yet been established.

Problem parallel existence state and non-state examination. Currently, there are more than 80 regional examination bodies.

However, there is also non-state expertise in construction, and in the process of its development, many questions arise. If earlier expert bodies considered their main task to determine the feasibility of construction and economic feasibility, today issues of human safety both inside and outside the facility come to the fore. Unfortunately, there are no full-fledged examination bodies that would include specialists from a number of expert areas yet. Any examination body itself finds a way to conduct an examination and in what areas. The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation clearly states that a number of objects, especially low-rise housing construction and industrial facilities, the area of which is no more than 1,500 sq.m., and up to two floors in height, are not subject to state examination.

Uniformity and methodological unity of the examination are necessary, regardless of the geography of its conduct. Today we do not have a body that would be fully responsible for methodological guidance. State examination is focused only on particularly dangerous, especially important, unique objects. And therefore, requests from the region regarding the methodology are simply not considered. However, the sooner we receive methodological guidance, the sooner we will get on the rails of responsibility for examination.

3. Stages of state examination

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on construction, state examination goes through the following stages:

Stage 1 - obtaining technical conditions:

To connect to sources of supply;

At the intersection with utility networks and communications;

Registration of acts of selection for the placement of objects with the passage of examinations by EIA, Rosprirodnadzor and Rospotrebnadzor;

Conducting a public discussion, forming public opinion on the need to build the facility.

Stage 2 - coordination of design documentation with all interested organizations, including compliance with previously issued technical specifications and design assignments.

Stage 3 - passing the state examination of project documentation:

Stage 4 - provision of finished design documentation to the customer in accordance with the contract.

Documents are checked for the possibility of conducting a state examination within no later than 3 working days. Within the specified period, the applicant is sent an agreement to conduct a state examination, or a reasoned refusal to accept the submitted documents.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 5, 2007 N 145 “On the procedure for organizing and conducting state examination of design documentation and engineering survey results” (as amended by Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2007 N 970, dated 02/16/2008 N 87, dated 07.11 .2008 N 821) to conduct a state examination of both design documentation and the results of engineering surveys carried out to prepare such documentation, the following are provided:

a) an application for a state examination indicating identification information about the performers of the work, about the capital construction project, about the developer and the applicant:

b) copies of title documents for the land plot;

c) a copy of the urban development plan;

d) design documentation for the facility;

e) a copy of the design assignment;

f) results of engineering surveys;

g) a copy of the assignment for performing engineering surveys;

h) documents confirming the applicant’s authority to act on behalf of the developer, customer (if the applicant is not the customer and (or) developer).

The procedure for accepting documents for examination:

fill out an application in the prescribed form;

Receive on the application a resolution from the head of the State Construction Supervision and Expertise Service or the head of the State Expertise Department to conduct a preliminary examination;

Fill out the registration cards (card “Residential and public buildings and structures” and/or card “Industrial and municipal facilities”) on both sides in 2 copies and endorse them from the head of the estimate department;

Sign the “runner” at the Environmental Protection Department;

At the appointed time, submit the above documents, a certificate of the cost of design and survey work, Project Documentation (PD) with an inventory and initial permitting documentation to the preliminary examination sector.

When resubmitting the PD within 14 calendar days for residential properties after receiving a negative conclusion, you must submit:

application from the developer for a re-examination with a visa from the head of the State Construction Supervision and Expertise Service or the head of the State Expertise Department;

inventory submitted to PD;

PD set (in accordance with the inventory for assigning a new number).

When re-submitting the PD within 14 calendar days for non-residential objects, it is necessary to submit an additional letter from the customer with a request not to return the PD, with a visa from the head of the State Construction Supervision and Expertise Service or the head of the State Expertise Department. A new case is not being formed.

In other cases, re-submission of PD is carried out according to the regulations for the initial submission of PD.

In the process of design and construction of buildings and structures, state supervision over compliance by construction participants with established rules and mandatory requirements is carried out by about 25 state supervisory and control bodies, which can be divided into four main groups:

state examination bodies;

state architectural and construction supervision bodies;

state bodies for ensuring certain types of safety (fire, sanitary-epidemiological, environmental, industrial, etc.) - special supervisory bodies;

state bodies for the protection of special objects (historical, cultural monuments, etc.).

Significant changes have occurred in the legislative regulation of state expertise. The new Town Planning Code dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ determines the procedure for its implementation. State examination of design documentation and state examination of engineering survey results are carried out by a federal executive body, an executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation authorized to conduct state examination of design documentation, or by state (budgetary or autonomous) institutions subordinate to these bodies.

The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (Part 5 of Article 49) clearly defines the subject of state examination of design documentation:

technical regulations (that is, the requirements of all types of safety - sanitary-epidemiological, environmental, fire, industrial, nuclear, radiation and other types of safety requirements);

results of engineering surveys.

The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation establishes a deadline for conducting state examination of project documentation, which should not exceed 90 days. If there are comments from the expert commission, the deficiencies must be corrected within 20 days.

The developer needs project documentation in order to obtain a construction permit, build an object and, having received permission to operate the object, become the owner of the object and use it for his own needs or dispose of it in favor of other persons for a fee. The developer's intentions can only be realized if the design documentation meets all established requirements. The existence of such a correspondence is determined by verification. Therefore, checking design documentation is an action in which the developer is vitally interested. Verification of design documentation can be performed by different entities. The inspection can be carried out by private individuals - developers, customers, developers of project documentation, hired private experts, as well as representatives of authorized public authorities - state examination bodies of project documentation.

At the moment, ten such bodies have been identified that must conduct state examination in accordance with various federal laws (the list of bodies is set out in the sequence of adoption of these laws):

· examination of state fire supervision - in accordance with the Federal Law “On Fire Safety” dated December 21, 1994;

·state expertise in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations - in accordance with the Federal Law “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” dated December 21, 1994;

·state examination of the safety of nuclear installations - “On the use of atomic energy” dated November 21, 1995;

·state environmental impact assessment - in accordance with the Federal Law “On Environmental Impact Assessment” of November 23, 1995;

·state examination of industrial safety - in accordance with the Federal Law “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities” dated July 21, 1997;

·state examination of the safety of hydraulic structures - in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Safety of Hydraulic Structures” dated July 21, 1997;

·state examination of investment projects (state non-departmental examination) - “On investment activities in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments” dated February 25, 1999;

· sanitary and epidemiological examination - in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” dated March 30, 1999;

·state examination of labor protection conditions - in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Labor Safety in the Russian Federation” dated July 17, 1999;

·state historical and cultural examination - in accordance with the Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” dated June 25, 2002.

4. Conclusion of the state examination, re-examination

State examination of projects is based on the principles of its independence, validity and objectivity of assessments and conclusions, as well as the centralized responsibility of experts by position. The obligation to conduct a state examination is established by law depending on:

·type of projects (pre-project, design or design and estimate documentation);

· technical complexity of the future facility related to its functional purpose and technological processes, planned (calculated) capacity (capacity, throughput), special conditions of the construction site (site, route), physical parameters and characteristics, etc.;

· sources of investment for planned intentions for urban development of territories or construction of a specific facility;

· other special or specific requirements for design solutions in terms of ensuring sanitary, environmental, fire and explosion safety, structural reliability and sustainable functioning of the designed facilities.

The result of the state examination is a conclusion on the compliance (positive conclusion) or non-compliance (negative conclusion) of the project documentation with the requirements of technical regulations and the results of engineering surveys, if the state examination of the design documentation and the results of engineering surveys was carried out simultaneously.

The conclusion of the state examination is signed by the state experts who participated in the examination, and approved by the head of the organization for conducting the state examination or an official authorized by such a head.

Requirements for the composition, content and procedure for drawing up the conclusion of the state examination are established Federal agency on construction and housing and communal services.

Project documentation cannot be approved by the developer or customer if there is a negative conclusion from the state examination of the project documentation. A negative conclusion of a state examination may be challenged by the developer or customer in court.

The result of the state examination is issued in person to the applicant or by sending a registered letter. A positive conclusion of the state examination is issued in four copies.

The Regulations provide for the obligation of the organization conducting the state examination to maintain a register of issued state examination conclusions.

The information contained in the register is open and is provided to any person within 10 days from the date the organization conducting the state examination receives a written request.

The procedure for maintaining the register and providing information is established by the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services, and is currently under development.

In case of loss of the state examination conclusion, the applicant has the right to receive a duplicate of this conclusion from the organization conducting the state examination. A duplicate is issued free of charge within 10 days from the date the specified organization receives a written request.

A re-examination is carried out after eliminating the inconsistencies specified in the negative conclusion of the state examination. Repeated examinations are carried out an unlimited number of times and are carried out in accordance with the general procedure, taking into account the established responsibilities.

The same set of documents is provided for the repeated state examination as for the primary examination. Additionally, a certificate of corrective measures is provided.

Construction and renovation work must be constantly monitored by the project coordinator. In order for construction to be completed successfully and the facility to be delivered to the customer on time, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the terms of the project and fulfill all necessary rules. In other words, design and technical supervision is required at all stages of construction and repair.

Architectural supervision was introduced to ensure compliance of the decisions contained in the working documentation with the construction and installation work performed at the site. Conducted by the design organization that completed the design and working drawings throughout the entire period of construction and commissioning of facilities.

Author's supervision of design organizations is carried out on the basis of an agreement concluded by the customer with the design organization - the general designer for the entire period of construction of the facility. The contract is accompanied by a schedule, cost estimate and a list of main works, in the inspection of which representatives of the designer's supervision take part.

The need for designer's supervision is determined by the customer and is established in the assignment for the design of objects. Author's supervision is mandatory in cases where the need for author's supervision is established by law.

According to the definition, designer supervision is a set of measures carried out to ensure compliance of technological, architectural, stylistic, construction and other technical solutions and indicators of a commissioned facility with the decisions and indicators provided for in the design documentation approved by the customer.

Architectural supervision involves a planned (once every few days) visit to the site by the coordinator to clarify the details of the project and enter relevant comments into the work log, as well as resolving questions regarding the design documentation that arise from the customer.

List of documents drawn up during designer supervision

Schedule.

Information about the persons responsible for carrying out field supervision.

M12291 5200023SNiP 3.01.01-85 Organization of construction production;

SNiP 3.01.04-87 Acceptance into operation of completed construction facilities. Basic provisions.

In turn, SP 11-110-99 contains regulatory references to the following standards:

GOST 2.105-95 ESKD. General requirements for text documents;

GOST 21.101-97 SPDS. Basic requirements for design and working documentation.

The contract is the main document regulating the relationship between the parties, establishing their rights and obligations for the implementation of designer's supervision in the contract method of organizing design.

An administrative document (order) is the main document for the implementation of designer's supervision during the construction of a facility.

Author's supervision is carried out on the basis of an agreement ( administrative document) and is carried out during the entire period of construction and commissioning of the facility, and, if necessary, initial period its operation. The timing of the work is established by the schedule attached to the contract and administrative document.

The head of the specialists carrying out designer's supervision is appointed main architector or chief project engineer.

The head of designer's supervision issues tasks to specialists and coordinates their work to conduct designer's supervision at the site. Specialists carrying out designer's supervision go to the construction site for intermediate acceptance of critical structures and inspection of hidden work within the time limits stipulated by the schedule, as well as upon a special call from the customer or contractor in accordance with the contract (administrative document).

When carrying out designer's supervision over the construction of a facility, a journal is regularly kept, which is compiled by the designer and transferred to the customer. The journal is maintained both for the construction site as a whole and for its launch complexes or individual buildings and structures. It must be numbered, laced, signed with all the signatures on the title page and sealed with the customer's seal. The log is transferred by the customer to the contractor and remains at the construction site until its completion.

The log is filled out by the manager or specialists carrying out architectural supervision, the customer and the contractor’s authorized person. After completion of construction, the contractor hands over the log to the customer.

Each visit to the construction site by specialists is recorded in a log. The record of the work carried out on architectural supervision is certified by the signatures of responsible representatives of the customer and contractor. The recording is also carried out if there are no comments.

The basic rights of specialists are as follows:

access to all construction sites under construction and places of construction and installation work;

familiarization with the necessary technical documentation related to the construction project;

control over the implementation of instructions entered in the journal;

making proposals to the bodies of the State Architectural and Construction Supervision and other bodies of architecture and urban planning to suspend, if necessary, construction and installation work carried out with identified violations, and to take measures to prevent violation of copyright in a work of architecture in accordance with the law.

Responsibilities of specialists:

·spot check of compliance of the construction and installation work performed with working documentation and the requirements of building codes and regulations;

·selective control over the quality and compliance with the production technology of work related to ensuring the reliability, strength, stability and durability of structures and installation of technological and engineering equipment;

· timely resolution of issues related to the need to make changes to working documentation and control of execution;

· assistance in familiarization of workers carrying out construction and installation work, and customer representatives with design and working documentation;

What is it regulated by?

The master studies the project

The examination is described in detail in Article 49 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and in the “Regulations on the organization and conduct of state examination of design documentation and engineering survey results,” approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 5, 2007 No. 145.

Sample of a completed expert report

Below I have prepared for you a sample of a ready-made positive conclusion from the examination of project documentation, so that you have some idea.

What projects are being reviewed?

Here it is easier to say in relation to which projects the examination is not carried out. And which projects are not subject to mandatory examination are indicated in Part 2, 2.1, 3, 3.1 of Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

And everyone else must undergo an examination, otherwise it will be a serious violation of urban planning legislation.

Friends, take the time to read article 49 and the above parts from this article. Since it makes no sense to describe everything that is written on the blog.

Well, briefly the projects do not pass the examination:

Here you should know that there are some other subtleties:

If the construction or reconstruction of the above-mentioned facilities is carried out within the boundaries of the security zones of pipe transport facilities, then an examination is required.

And one more subtlety:

What is the difference between state examination and non-state examination?

Previously, there was no such distinction - there was only state examination. I’ll tell you a secret - there was much more order in the examination.

But at the top they decided that in order to speed up the process, it was necessary to allow non-state examination. And now the developer has the right to submit project documentation for state examination and non-state examination. This is indicated in Part 3.3 of Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

Excerpt from the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Part 3.3, Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation

But at the same time, you need to know that in some cases the project can only undergo state examination. This is indicated in Part 3.4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

Excerpt from the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Part 3.4, Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Well, what are the differences?

The difference is that the state examination can only be carried out at the location land plot, on which you are going to build. That is, if you decide to build in Chuvashia, go through the state examination in Chuvashia, if you decide in Tatarstan, go through it in Tatarstan. All clear? If not, then ask questions in the comments.

You can see this from Part 4.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

Excerpt from the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Part 4.2, Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation

But the non-state one can be taken in any region of the Russian Federation.

Well, the most important difference between these two examinations is that the price for conducting a state examination is set by the state. And below this price, state examination cannot be carried out.

This is where the beauty of non-state expertise for developers lies, since its cost is almost always lower.

I don’t know the exact difference in cost, but one developer once told me that for certain reasons he had to undergo a state examination and it cost him 480,000 rubles, while a non-state one was ready to carry out the examination for 180,000 rubles. I think the price order is clear.

And it very often happens that in non-state expertise they work much faster and the atmosphere is also generally more pleasant. Still, a commercial organization must withstand competition, but the service has not been canceled.

Deadlines

The deadlines for passing the state examination are established in Part 7 of Art. 49 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and it should not exceed sixty days.

Excerpt from the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, Part 7, Art. 49 Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Non-state usually always works faster. You know, competition doesn't let you sleep.

Previously, the period for passing the examination was 90 days and only the state one. Can you imagine how long this is? But you have to pay for renting the land, the money keeps flowing.

Friends, I have only superficially examined the issue of examination of design documentation and engineering surveys. I advise you to carefully read Article 49 of the Town Planning Code, where everything is written about this in detail. In fact, there are a lot of subtleties there. Well, if you have questions, feel free to ask them in the comments.

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- the most important document accompanying the procedure for official registration of construction at the initial stage. Let's take a comprehensive look at issues related to this topic.

What is state examination of design documentation?

Construction is a complex and costly process that requires careful calculations (both technical and material). That is why any construction begins not with laying the foundation, but with the development of a project.

Project documentation is a set of text documents, diagrams and cartographic materials necessary to determine the architectural, functional-technological, structural and engineering characteristics of the planned construction project. However, simply developing design documentation is not enough. It is necessary that the formed project work received expert assessment. For this purpose, the design documentation is submitted for examination.

Examination of design documentation (can be carried out as government organization, and non-state) is a set of studies established by law, carried out in relation to the developed project to determine its compliance with current legislative and technical standards and requirements. During the examination, the following may be identified:

significant violations of current legislation;
violations that can cause loss of strength and destruction of the structure;
violations that are potentially dangerous due to possible emergency situations.
In addition, a necessary stage preceding the actual start of construction of the planned facility is the preparation and receipt of:
project documentation;
positive expert opinion;
building permits.

Thus, the purpose of the examination is not only to identify errors and inconsistencies made during the design, but also to obtain a favorable conclusion necessary to obtain a construction permit.

What is the result of the examination of project documentation (both state and non-state)?

Based on the results of the expert analysis of the project documentation, a conclusion is issued, which contains one of the following conclusions:

The documentation complies with existing requirements, standards and regulations (this conclusion indicates positive conclusion of the examination of project documentation).
The documentation does not meet the necessary requirements and standards (such a conclusion will be negative).

Issues related to the examination of project documentation, including the procedure for drawing up a conclusion based on research results, are reflected in sufficient detail in the legislation. TO regulations regulating this area of construction include:

Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation;
Government Decree “On approval of the regulations on the organization and conduct of non-state examination of project documentation...” dated March 31, 2012 No. 272;
Government Decree “On the procedure for organizing and conducting state examination of design documentation...” dated March 5, 2007 No. 145;
Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia “On approval of the requirements for the composition, content and procedure for drawing up the conclusion of the state examination of design documentation...” dated December 9, 2015 No. 887/pr.

In this regard, special attention is paid to the rules for drawing up the conclusion: in form and content it must comply with the rules established by law.

Form and content of the examination report

The conclusion is a document in paper or electronic form. At the same time, the same form is provided for both positive and negative results of expert work. These conclusions differ only in the text on the title page, where the title includes both results: “Positive (negative) expert opinion” (the unclaimed option is crossed out).

The expert opinion consists of the following sections:

General provisions.
Basis for the development of design documentation.
Description of the materials considered.
Conclusions.

Conclusions are what the examination is for. They indicate whether the design documentation complies with established standards and requirements or not. Moreover, each summary of non-compliance must be supported by references to regulatory documents.

In the conclusion, blots, additions, or any other corrections or damage to the text that do not clearly understand the result of the expert work are not allowed. The paper report must consist of numbered sheets stitched together and be certified by the seal of the organization that conducted the examination. In electronic form, the document is generated in PDF format.

The conclusion is signed by the experts indicating:

last name, first name, patronymic;
positions;
areas of activity according to the qualification certificate;
section of the project documentation on which the expert prepared his conclusion.

The document is approved by the head of the expert organization. If the conclusion is prepared electronically, then it is approved by an enhanced qualified electronic signature of the manager. The title page of the conclusion is drawn up in accordance with the sample - annex to order No. 887/pr.

How to increase the chances of receiving a positive conclusion?

In order to eventually become the owner positive conclusion of the examination of project documentation, you must first approach the development of this very documentation with all seriousness. The Urban Planning Code determines that project documentation can be prepared either by the developer himself or by a contractor engaged by him on the basis of a contract. At the same time, paragraph 4 of Art. 48 of the code establishes that types of work in the development of project documentation that affect the safety of capital construction projects must be carried out only by individual entrepreneurs or legal entities authorized for such work (this is confirmed by a special certificate). If the developer is not confident in the competence of his specialists, it is better to entrust the preparation of project documentation to professionals who provide such services.

The next step to obtaining a positive expert opinion is choosing the institution that will conduct the examination. Legislation, with the exception of a small number of cases when only state examination is allowed, leaves to the customer the right to choose an expert institution and the type of examination.

If the choice falls on a non-governmental institution that provides expert services, it is necessary to check whether the organization is accredited to conduct the examination. Accreditation is confirmed by the relevant certificate issued by the Federal Accreditation Service (Rosaccreditation), as well as the presence of data from the expert institution in the Register of Accredited Organizations. Information from the register can be obtained on the website of the Federal Agency for Accreditation at the address: http://fsa.gov.ru/.

What to do if the examination result is negative?

If the result of the examination, despite all the efforts made to prepare the project documentation, turns out to be negative, there are several options to correct the situation:

With the help of lawyers, draw up a statement of claim and go to court, trying to challenge the results of the examination. At the same time, you need to understand that this option contains 2 negative points:
- the length and cost of legal proceedings;
- lack of guarantees of obtaining a court decision in favor of the plaintiff-developer.
Contact specialists and finalize the design documentation in accordance with the experts’ comments. The only one negative point This option involves additional costs for the services of professionals to finalize the design documentation.
You can appeal the expert opinion to the Ministry of Regional Development in the manner approved by Order No. 126 of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated March 23, 2012. According to this document, you can file a complaint against the result of expert research on the project within 3 years from the date of approval of the conclusion. In response to the complaint, the ministry organizes an expert commission of 5 specialists, which within 30 days (or 60 if the consideration period is extended) must make one of the decisions:
- on confirmation of the expert opinion;
- failure to confirm the expert opinion.

The decision of the expert commission is binding on the expert organization that issued the controversial conclusion.

As you can see, in order to obtain a positive expert opinion on project documents, it is necessary not only to conduct a serious and responsible preparatory work, but also to calculate the procedure for further actions to protect their rights and interests (in case the result of the expert organization’s work is a negative conclusion).

Republic of Cote d'Ivoire. State in West Africa. Capital - Yamoussoukro (approx. 120 thousand people - 2003). Territory - 322.46 thousand sq. km. Administrative division - 18 regions. Population - 21 million 058 thousand 798 people (2010 estimate) Official language - French Religion - traditional African beliefs, Islam and Christianity Currency - CFA franc National holiday - August 7 - Independence Day (1960). "Ivoire has been a member of the UN since 1960, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) since 1963 and the African Union (AU) since 2002, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) since 1975, the Economic and Monetary Union of West African States (EMUA) since 1962 and the Common Afro-Mauritian Organization (OCAM) since 1965.

State flag. A rectangular panel on which there are three vertical stripes of the same size in orange, white and green (the white stripe is in the center).

Geographical location and boundaries.

A continental state in southern West Africa. It borders in the west with Guinea and Liberia, in the north with Burkina Faso and Mali, in the east with Ghana, the southern coast of the country is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. The length of the coastline is 550 km.

Nature.

Most of the territory is occupied by hilly plains, turning into a plateau in the north more than 400 m above sea level. In the northwest there are large mountain ranges Dan and Tura with deep gorges. The highest point is Mount Nimba (1752 m). Minerals - diamonds, bauxite, iron, gold, manganese, oil, nickel, natural gas and titanium. The climate of the northern and central regions is subequatorial dry, and the southern ones are equatorial humid. The zones of these climates differ mainly in the amount of precipitation. The average annual air temperature is +26° (Celsius). Average annual precipitation is 1300-2300 mm per year on the coast, 2100-2300 mm in the mountains and 1100-1800 mm in the north. Dense river network: the rivers Bandama, Dodo, Cavalli, Comoe, Nero, Sassandra, etc., which are unnavigable due to the presence of rapids (except for the Cavalli River). The most large river- Bandama (950 km). Lakes - Warapa, Dadier, Dalaba, Labion, Lupongo, etc. Cote d'Ivoire is one of 12 African countries that meet the population's needs for clean drinking water.

The southern regions are covered with evergreens equatorial forests(African lofira, iroko, red Bassam tree, niangon, ebony, etc.), in the north there are forest savannas with gallery forests along the river banks and tall grass savannas. Due to deforestation (in order to expand arable land and export timber), their area decreased from 15 million hectares in the beginning. 20th century up to 1 million hectares in 1990. Fauna - antelopes, hippopotamuses, buffalos, cheetahs, hyenas, wild boars, leopards, lions, monkeys, panthers, elephants, jackals, etc. Many birds, snakes and insects. The tsetse fly is widespread. In coastal waters there is a lot of shrimp and fish (sardine, mackerel, tuna, eel, etc.).

Population.

The average annual population growth is 2.105%. The birth rate is 39.64 per 1000 people, the mortality rate is 18.48 per 1000 people. Infant mortality is 66.43 per 1000 births. 40.6% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents over 65 years of age account for 2.9%. Life expectancy is 56.19 years (55.27 for men and 57.13 years for women). (All figures are as of 2010).

Citizens of Côte d'Ivoire are called Ivorians. The country is inhabited by more than 60 African peoples and ethnic groups: Baule, Agni, Bakwe, Bambara, Bete, Guere, Dan (or Yacouba), Kulango, Malinke, Mosi, Lobi, Senufo, Tura, Fulbe etc. The non-African population in 1998 was 2.8% (130 thousand Lebanese and Syrians, as well as 14 thousand French). local languages The most common languages are Anya and Baule. OK. 25% of the population are immigrants who came to work from Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Togo and Senegal. In con. In the 1990s, the government began tightening immigration policies. As a result of the military coup and the outbreak of civil war most of the immigrants became refugees and internally displaced persons. According to UN estimates, 600 thousand residents of Cote d'Ivoire fled to neighboring African states (the contingent of Ivorian refugees in Liberia in 2003 numbered 25 thousand people). About 50% of the population live in cities: Abidjan (3.1 million people . - 2001), Agboville, Bouake, Korhogo, Bundiali, Man, etc. In April 1983, the capital was moved to Yamoussoukro, however, Abidjan continues to be the political, business and cultural center of the country.

State structure.

Republic. The first constitution of an independent country was adopted in 1960. The constitution approved by a referendum on July 23, 2000 is in force. The head of state is the president, who is elected on the basis of universal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. He may hold office for no more than two five-year terms. Legislative power belongs to the president and a single-seat parliament ( National Assembly). Members of Parliament are elected by universal direct and secret suffrage for five years.

Judicial system.

All administrative, civil, commercial and criminal cases are heard in the courts of first instance. A military tribunal was created in 1973. Supreme body judiciary is the supreme court.

Defense.

The national army was formed in 1961. In August 2002, the armed forces of Côte d'Ivoire consisted of ground forces(6.5 thousand people), air force (700 people), navy(900 people), paramilitary presidential guard (1350 people) and a 10,000-strong contingent of reservists. The gendarmerie units numbered 7.6 thousand people, the police - 1.5 thousand people. In December 2001, compulsory military service was introduced. In 1996, with the assistance of France, a military training center was opened in the country. In July 2004, 4 thousand French army troops were in the buffer zone between government troops and rebel forces (by decision of the UN they will remain there until the 2005 elections). France supplies Côte d'Ivoire with equipment and assists in the military training of its army units.

Foreign policy.

Bilateral ties with France occupy an important place ( diplomatic relations installed in 1961). She is the main trading partner of Cote d'Ivoire, she plays a primary role in resolving the political crisis of 1999-2003. Cote d'Ivoire became the first African country to establish diplomatic relations with South Africa (1992), one of the first in Africa to establish them with Israel. Interstate relations with Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Niger and other countries are complicated due to the refugee problem.

Diplomatic relations with the USSR were established in January 1967. In May 1969, they were severed on the initiative of the government of Cote d'Ivoire without an official explanation of the reasons. Diplomatic relations were restored on February 20, 1986. In 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the legal successor of the USSR. New agreements are being prepared in the field of improving contractual -legal basis for bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and Cote d'Ivoire.

Economy.

It is based on a private form of ownership. Most mixed enterprises are under the control of foreign capital (mainly French). Cote d'Ivoire is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of Robusta coffee and cocoa beans. Since the 1960s, it has become the largest producer of palm oil among African states, and is in fifth place in the world in its exports (300 thousand tons annually).The country's economy was seriously affected by the consequences of the military coup: the GDP growth rate in 2000 was minus 0.3%, in 2003 - minus 1.9%.Inflation in 2003 was 4.1%.

Agriculture.

Cote d'Ivoire is a country with developed commercial agriculture. The share of agricultural products in GDP is 29% (2001). The area of cultivated land is 9.28%, irrigated - 730 sq. km. (1998). Pineapples, bananas, sweet potatoes are grown , cocoa beans, coconuts, coffee, corn, cassava (cassava), millet, rice, sugar cane, sorghum, taro, cotton and yams Livestock (cows, goats, sheep, pigs) and poultry due to the spread of flies Tsetse is developed only in the northern regions. 65-70 thousand tons of fish are caught annually. Côte d'Ivoire is one of the major suppliers of timber and timber of their valuable tropical species.

Industry.

The share of industrial products in GDP is 22% (2001). The mining industry is poorly developed. Diamond production in 1998 amounted to 15 thousand carats, gold - 3.4 tons. The manufacturing industry accounts for approx. 13% of GDP (agricultural processing enterprises (including the production of palm oil and rubber), wood and metal processing plants, shoe and textile factories, as well as chemical industry enterprises). In con. In the 1990s, Cote d'Ivoire was in fourth place in the world in the development of the cocoa bean processing industry (225 thousand tons annually). Local production of consumer goods was well established.

Energy.

In 2001, 61.9% of electricity was generated at thermal power plants, 38.1% - at hydroelectric power stations (Ayame, on the Belaya Bandama River, in Taabo). Ivory Coast exports electricity to neighboring countries(1.3 billion kW - 2001). Oil production is underway (1027 thousand tons - 1997).

Transport.

The total length of railways is 660 km, roads - 68 thousand km (6 thousand km have a hard surface, most of the roads are laid in the south) - 2002. Main sea ports- Abidjan and San Pedro. In 2003, there were 37 airports and airstrips (7 paved). International airports are located in the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké and Yamoussoukro.

International trade.

Cote d'Ivoire is one of the few African countries whose foreign trade balance is dominated by exports. In 2003, exports amounted to $5.29 billion and imports amounted to $2.78 million. Main export products: coffee , cocoa beans, petroleum, construction timber and timber, cotton, bananas, palm oil, fish Main export partners: France (13.7%), Netherlands (12.2%), USA (7.2%), Germany (5.3%), Mali (4.4%), Belgium (4.2%), Spain (4.1%) - 2002. Main imports - petroleum products, equipment, food. Main import partners: France (22.4%), Nigeria (16.3%), China (7.8%), and Italy (4.1%) - 2002.

Finance and credit.

The monetary unit is the CFA franc, consisting of 100 centimes. In December 2003, the national currency exchange rate was: 1 dollar. US = 581.2 CFA francs.
Administrative device.

The country is divided into 18 regions, which consist of 57 departments.

Political organizations.

A multi-party system emerged: in 2000 there were 90 political parties and associations. The most influential of them: Ivorian Popular Front, FPI (Front populaire ivoirien, FPI). The ruling party. Founded in 1983 in France, legalized in 1990. Chairman - Affi N'Gessan, Secretary General - Sylvain Miaka Oureto; Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire, DPCI (Parti démocratigue de la Côte d'Ivoire, PDCI). The party was founded in 1946 as a local section of the Democratic Rally of Africa (DRA). Leader - Henri Konan Bedié; Ivorian Workers' Party, PIT (Parti ivoirien des travailleurs, PIT). The Social Democratic Party became legal in 1990. General Secretary - Francis Wodié; Rassemblement des républicais (Rassemblement des républicais). The party was founded in 1994 as a result of a split in the DPKI. Influential in northern Muslim areas. Leader - Alassane Dramme Ouattara, Secretary General - Henriette Dagba Diabaté; Union for Democracy and Peace of Côte d'Ivoire, SDMCI (Union pour la democratie et pour la paix de la Côte d'Ivoire, UDPCI). Founded in 2001 as a result of a split in the DPKI. Leader - Paul Akoto Yao.

P trade union associations.

General Union of Workers of Côte d'Ivoire (Union générale des travailleurs de Côte d'Ivoire, UGTCI). Created in 1962, has 100 thousand members. The General Secretary is Adiko Niamkey.

Religions.

55% of the indigenous population adhere to traditional beliefs and cults (animalism, fetishism, cult of ancestors and forces of nature, etc.), 25% are Muslims (mostly Sunnis), Christianity is professed by 20% of the population (Catholics - 85%, Protestants - 15%) - 1999. (The number of Muslims is much larger as they constitute the majority of illegal foreign workers. Muslims live mainly in the northern regions of the country). There are several Afro-Christian churches. The spread of Christianity began at the end. 19th century

Education.

Primary education is compulsory (6 years), which children receive from the age of six. Secondary education (7 years) begins at the age of 12 and takes place in two cycles. In the 1970s, television teaching was widespread in primary and some secondary schools. A network of educational institutions providing vocational and technical education has been created. The higher education system includes three universities and eight colleges. In 2000, 45 thousand students studied and 990 teachers worked at twelve faculties and departments of the national university in Abidjan (founded in 1964). Training is conducted on French. Education in state educational institutions is free. In 2004, 42.48% of the population was literate (40.27% of men and 44.76% of women).

Healthcare.

Tropical diseases are widespread - bilharziosis, yellow fever, malaria, “sleeping sickness”, schistomatosis, etc. A serious disease called “river blindness” is common in river valleys. The rate of leprosy (leprosy) is one of the highest in West Africa. The problem of AIDS is acute. In 1988, 250 people died from it, in 2001 - 75 thousand people, there were 770 thousand HIV-infected people. On Wednesday In the 1990s, national broadcasting began broadcasting a special awareness-raising program, “Talking Drum,” dedicated to AIDS issues. In con. In the 1980s, the United States opened a research center in Abidjan to study and control this disease.

Press, radio broadcasting, television and Internet.

Published in French: daily newspapers "Ivoir-soir" ("Ivoire-evening") and "Voi" (La Voie - "The Path", the printed organ of the INF), weekly newspapers "Lingerie" (Le Bélier - " Aries"), "Democrat" (Le Démocrate - "Democrat", printed organ of the DPKI), "Nouvelle horizon" (Le Nouvel horizon - " New horizon", the printed organ of the INF) and "The Young Democrat" (Le Jeune démocrate - "Young Democrat"), the weekly "Abidjan set jours" (Abidjan 7 jours - "Abidjan for the week"), the monthly newspaper "Alif" (Alif "), covering the problems of Islam, the monthly magazine "Eburnéa", etc. Government news agency - "Press Agency of Côte d'Ivoire", AIP (Agence ivoirienne de presse, AIP). Created in 1961. Government service "Ivorian Radio Broadcasting and Television" was founded in 1963. AIP and service are located in Abidjan. 9 thousand Internet users (2002).

Tourism.

The country has a whole range of necessary conditions for the development of the tourism industry: favorable climate, a variety of rich flora and fauna, beautiful sandy beaches of the Gulf of Guinea coast and the original culture of local peoples. The active development of the tourism industry began with the implementation in 1970 of a special program designed to last until 1980 (22% of capital investments were foreign investments). Eight tourist zones were identified, on the territory of which by the end of the 1980s more than 170 hotels of various classes were built. In the 1990s, the fashionable, ultra-modern Golf and Ivoire hotels were built in Abidjan, equipped with golf courses and ice tracks. Until 1997, income from the tourism business annually amounted to approx. $140 million. In 1998, 301 thousand foreign tourists visited the country. In 1997, 15 travel agencies were successfully operating on the market, many of which were also involved in organizing business tourism.

Attractions in Abidjan: National Museum(traditional arts and crafts are presented, including a rich collection of masks), Chardy Art Gallery. Other attractions are the Comoe National Park, the famous Gbon Coulibaly Museum in Korhogo (pottery, blacksmith and wood crafts), picturesque mountain landscapes in the Man area, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace (very reminiscent of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome) in Yamoussoukro, waterfall Mont Tonqui. Tai National Park (in the southwest), with a large number of endemic plants, is included in the UN category of world heritage. National cuisine - "atyeke" (a dish made from cassava, with fish or meat sauce), "kejena" (fried chicken with rice and vegetables), "fufu" (dough balls made from yams, cassava or bananas, served to fish or meat with the addition of sauces).

Architecture.

Various architectural forms traditional home: in the south - rectangular or square wooden houses with a gable roof made of palm leaves; adobe houses are common in the central regions rectangular shape(sometimes rounded corners) under a flat roof, divided into several rooms, in the east - rectangular in shape with flat roofs, and in other areas the houses are round or oval in plan, the thatched roof has a conical shape. The outside of adobe houses is often covered with designs of geometric shapes, birds, real and mystical animals, which are done with yellow, red and black paints. Fashionable hotels and supermarkets made of reinforced concrete structures and glass have become a hallmark of modern cities.

Fine arts and crafts.

Wooden sculpture, especially masks, occupies an important place in traditional Ivorian culture. The ritual masks of the Senufo people are especially diverse. Among the Dan and Gere peoples there are masks with a movable jaw. Art historians consider the wooden sculpture of the Baule people to be the best example of African round sculpture of a non-cult nature. In addition to traditional figurines depicting ancestors, animals and various patron spirits, Baule craftsmen make small toy figures for children. The clay funeral figurines of the Anya people are interesting. Artistic folk crafts are well developed: weaving baskets and mats from ropes, straw and reeds, pottery (making household utensils and interior decor items), painting the outside of houses, making jewelry from bronze, gold and copper, as well as weaving. The production of batik is developed - original paintings on fabrics depicting animals or plant patterns. Batiks of the Senufo people are presented in many museums around the world. Professional art began to develop after independence. Outside the country, the name of the artist Kadjo Zdeims Hura is well known. In 1983, the National Association of Artists organized the first professional exhibition of Ivorian painters, in which more than 40 artists took part.

Literature.

Modern literature is based on oral traditions folk art and develops mainly in French. Its formation is associated with national drama. The most important of the writers is considered to be the poet, prose writer and playwright Bernard Dadier. Writers - M. Asamua, E. Decrain, S. Dembele, B. Z. Zauru, M. Kone, A. Loba, S. Z. Nokan and others. The last novel (“Allah is not obligated”) was published in 2000 famous writer Amadou Kuruma (died in France in December 2003). His first novel, Independence Sun (1970), is included in the curricula of many African, American and European universities. The most famous poets are F. Amua, G. Anala, D. Bamba, J-M. Bognini, J. Dodo and B. Z. Zauru.

Music and theater.

Music and dance art has long traditions and is an important part of the culture of the peoples of Cote d'Ivoire. Common musical instruments include balafons, tom-tom drums, guitars, kora (xylophone), rattles, horns, peculiar harps and lutes, rattles, trumpets and flutes. Choral singing accompanied by original dances. Interesting are the ritual dances of the Baule people, the Ge-gblin (“people on stilts”) dance of the Dan people, as well as the Kinyon-pli (harvest dance). In the 1970-1980s, the National Ballet Folklore Dance Troupe and the Gyula group were created. At the All-African Music Festival, held in 2000 in Sun City (South Africa), the famous Ivorian musician Vanamh received one of the awards.

Development theatrical arts began with the creation of amateur school groups in the 1930s. In 1938, the so-called Native Theater was created in Abidjan. After independence, a professional theater school was created at the National Institute of Arts, where actors from France taught. Plays by French and Ivorian authors were staged. The play “Tunyantigi” (“Speaker of the Truth”) by local writer A. Kuruma was popular. In the 1980s, the Koteba theater troupe was especially popular.

Cinema.

Developed since the 1960s. The first film - On the Dunes of Solitude - was shot by director T. Basori in 1963. In 1974, the Association of Professional Cinematographers was created. In 1993, Ivorian director Adama Rouamba made the film In the Name of Christ. In 2001, the film Adanggaman by the famous Ivorian director Roger Gnoan M'Bala (about the problems of slavery) and the film Skins of the Bronx (about life in Abidjan) by the French director Eliard Delatour, living in Cote d'Ivoire, were released.

Story.

Pre-colonial period.

The modern territory of Côte d'Ivoire was inhabited by pygmies at the beginning of the Stone Age. From the 1st millennium AD, other peoples began to penetrate from the west through several migration flows. The first settlers were the Senufo, who gradually began to become involved in agriculture. The settlement process , which lasted for several centuries almost until the beginning of the colonial conquest, was largely associated with the slave trade in coastal areas Gold Coast (modern Ghana), from which local residents fled.

Colonial period.

Europeans (Portuguese, English, Danes and Dutch) landed on the coast of what is now Côte d'Ivoire in the late 15th century. Colonization began in 1637 by French missionaries. Economic development began in the 1840s: French colonists mined gold, harvested and exported tropical timber, and set up plantations of coffee imported from Liberia. March 10, 1893 Shore Ivory was officially declared a colony of France, and since 1895 included in French West Africa (FWA). Local population offered active resistance to the colonialists (Anya uprisings in 1894-1895, Guro uprisings in 1912-1913, etc.). It intensified during the First World War due to forced recruitment in French army. During the interwar period, the colony became a major producer of coffee, cocoa beans and tropical timber. In 1934 her administrative center became Abidjan. The first party of the African population - the Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (DP BC) - was created in 1945 on the basis of unions of local farmers. It became a territorial section of the DOA (Democratic Rally of Africa) - the general political organization of the FZA, headed by the African planter Felix Houphouet-Boigny. Under the influence of the national liberation movement, France in 1957 granted the BSC the right to create a territorial legislative assembly (parliament). In 1957 BSK received the status autonomous republic. After the elections in legislature(April 1959) a government was formed headed by F. Houphouet-Boigny.

Period of independent development.

Independence was proclaimed on August 7, 1960. F. Houphouët-Boigny became the President of the Republic of Ivory Coast (IIC). The policy of economic liberalism was proclaimed, which was based on
immunity private property. DP BSK became the only ruling party. In the 1960s-1980s distinctive feature The country's development began at high rates of economic growth (mainly due to the export of coffee and cocoa beans): in 1960-1970, GDP growth was 11%, in 1970-1980 - 6-7%. Per capita income in 1975 - 500 US dollars (in 1960 - 150 US dollars). In the 1980s, due to the fall in world prices for coffee and cocoa beans, an economic recession began. F. Houphouët-Boigny remained the permanent president. In October 1985, the country received the name "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire", DP BSK was renamed DPKI - "Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire". Under pressure from the social movement for democratic freedoms, a multi-party system was introduced in May 1990. F. Houphouët-Boigny won the 1990 presidential election. The main direction of economic policy in the 1990s was the expansion of privatization (more than 50 companies were privatized in 1994-1998). After the death of F. Houphouët-Boigny (1993), his successor Henri Conan Bedier (elected in 1995) became president. Until 1994, the economy was in decline due to the collapse of world prices for coffee and cocoa beans, rising oil prices, the severe drought of 1982-1983, the government's ill-considered spending of external loans, as well as cases of their direct theft. The government began to pursue a policy of encouraging foreign investment in the economy. In October 1995, the country hosted the “Invest in Côte d’Ivoire” forum, in which, among 350 foreign companies, Russian companies. In 1996, the “Mountain Forum” was held. GDP growth in 1998 was approx. 6% (1994 - 2.1%), inflation rate in 1996-1997 - 3% (1994 - 32%).
A characteristic feature of the country's development in 1960-1999 was political stability. On Wednesday In the 1990s, there were more than 50 political parties. An amendment to the constitution (Article 35 - granting the right to be elected to government bodies only to persons who have Ivorian citizenship by birth, as a result of marriage or naturalization) did not allow the candidacy of Allassane Ouattara (a Burkinabe by birth) to be nominated for the post of president. He was nominated by the Rassemblement Republicans (RR) party and was a serious competitor to A. Konan Bedier, the only candidate in the upcoming presidential elections of 2000. Demonstrations of thousands organized by the opposition in September 1998 to protest against the discriminatory article of the constitution were accompanied by clashes with the police. Political tension intensified in October 1999 - mass demonstrations in support of A.D. Ouattara took place in the capital and other cities, and arrests of opposition activists began. They were supported by soldiers who were dissatisfied with the delay in paying them their salaries. The authorities underestimated the seriousness of the situation. The military performance was led by retired General Robert Gay. The rebels took control of all key services in the capital. It was announced that the constitution would be suspended, the current president would be removed, and the government and parliament would be dissolved. Power passed to National Committee public salvation (NKOS) led by R. Gay. The situation in the country was soon normalized. In January 2000, a transitional government was formed, in which General R. Gay took over as president of the republic and minister of defense.

In July 2000, a new constitution was approved by referendum and adopted (its 35th article remained unchanged). The presidential elections took place on October 22, 2000. The leader of the opposition Rally of Republicans, A. Ouattara, was again unable to stand as a candidate due to a discriminatory article in the constitution. The victory was won by the representative of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent Gbagbo (60% of the votes). The military regime was abolished. Parliamentary elections were held from December 10, 2000 to January 14, 2001. The FPI received 96 mandates, the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire - 94, independent candidates - 22. On September 19, 2002, a military mutiny was raised in the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké and Korhogo: 750 military personnel stormed government offices and residences of government members. In fact, this was an attempt at a coup d'etat, since President L. Gbagbo was at that time on an official visit to Italy. With the help army units member countries of ECOWAS, the rebellion in Abidjan was suppressed. However, rebel groups managed to take control of all the northern, as well as part of the central and western regions. In some areas, clashes began on ethnic and religious grounds. Armed groups from Liberia and Sierra Leone took the side of the rebels, which strained interstate relations between Côte d'Ivoire and these countries.

In March 2003, a coalition government of national reconciliation was formed, which also included representatives of the opposition (since January 2003, the rebels began to call themselves “New Force”). The official end of the civil war was declared in July 2003, but the country remained split into two parts: the government-controlled south and the opposition-controlled north. At the end of February 2004, to help the government resolve the conflict, the UN Security Council sent a unit of 6,240 people to Côte d'Ivoire. Regular meetings of the coalition government were held until March 2004. Ministers representing the opposition announced a boycott of them after the security forces dispersed demonstrations organized by " New force" (there were casualties). Armed rebels continued to fully control the northern part of the country in July 2004. In the same month, parliament discussed a number of problems that the opposition demanded solutions, in particular the issue of land ownership in the northern regions. The President promised after the unification of the country hold a referendum on the issue of nationality. At the summit of 13 African countries held in late July and early August 2004 in Accra (Ghana), an agreement was reached between the Ivorian government and the rebels to resolve the internal conflict. The New Force has pledged to begin disarmament after October 15, 2004, the date of completion of political reforms agreed to in January 2003. But the issues that sparked the civil war, such as land reform and citizenship issues, remain unresolved.
On October 31 and November 28, 2010, the first presidential elections since 2000 were finally held in Côte d'Ivoire, which were postponed for almost a decade due to the civil war. A total of 14 candidates took part in the elections. None of the candidates managed to win an absolute majority of votes, and by law, the two candidates who received the most votes advanced to the second round.

Incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo, who received just over 38% of the vote and enjoyed the support of the south of the country, and the leader of the opposition, former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara, who enjoyed the support of the population of the northern part of the country and received about 33% of the vote, advanced to the second round.
December 2, 2010 were announced preliminary results voting, according to which A. Ouattara received 54% of the votes. But the constitutional council immediately called these results invalid. On December 3, Laurent Gbagbo was declared the winner. Alassane Ouattara also declared himself victorious and also took the presidential oath. The USA, France, the UN, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the European Union supported Ouattara. In response, Gbabgo ordered UN peacekeeping troops to leave the country. However, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the peacekeeping mission in Côte d'Ivoire until June 30, 2011. The World Bank stopped lending to the country.

The situation of political crisis in the country was accompanied by unrest, borders were closed, and broadcasting of foreign satellite TV channels was stopped. The number of refugees to neighboring Liberia has increased (according to the UN, by mid-February 2010 their number was 50 thousand people, and by April 2011 it will exceed 100 thousand people). Against the backdrop of political instability, the epidemiological situation in the country has also worsened - outbreaks of yellow fever, malaria and an outbreak of cholera have been recorded in the municipality of Abidjan.

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Republic of Cote d'Ivoire(until 1986, the name was officially translated into Russian as the Republic of Ivory Coast) - a state in West Africa. It borders Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana, and is washed in the south by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. Former colony of France.

Most of the territory is occupied by hilly plains, turning into a plateau in the north more than 400 m above sea level. In the northwest are the large Dan and Tura mountain ranges with deep gorges. The highest point is Mount Nimba (1752 m).

Ivory Coast Airport

Abidjan Port Bouet Airport

Ivory Coast hotels 1 - 5 stars

Ivory Coast weather

The climate of the northern and central regions is subequatorial dry, and that of the southern regions is equatorial humid. The zones of these climates differ mainly in the amount of precipitation. The average annual air temperature is +26° (Celsius). Average annual precipitation is 1300–2300 mm per year on the coast, 2100–2300 mm in the mountains and 1100–1800 mm in the north.

Language Ivory Coast

Official language: French

Also widely used African languages- Yakuba, Senufo, Baule, Anyi and Diola.

Currency of Cote d'Ivoire

International name: KFA

Currency exchange can be done at banks and exchange offices; the exchange rate can vary significantly, so you should carefully check the conditions. Some exchange offices work not only seven days a week, but also around the clock.

The use of credit cards is possible only in the capitals and in major tourist centers on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, preference is given to Visa and MasterCard. Checks and credit cards from French banks have the best exchange rates.

Customs restrictions

The import and export of currency is not limited. A customs declaration upon entry and exit is not required. Duty-free import of clothes and other items intended for personal use is allowed.

The import of weapons and ammunition, narcotic and psychotropic substances is prohibited. Weapons, drugs, and food are prohibited from being exported to large quantities, exotic plants, animals and birds. Objects of antiquity and art, products made of gold and precious metals. The export of animal skins, ivory and crocodile skin products is prohibited without the appropriate permit.

Mains voltage: 220V

Tips

Tips are up to 10%, although most often, especially in large establishments, the cost of service is already included in the bill.

Office hours

Banking hours are daily, except Saturday and Sunday, from 8.30 to 17.00.

Code of the country: +225

Geographical Domain name first level:.ci