No culture, no language develops in isolation, and any national culture and the tongue is like a fruit internal development, so complex interaction with the cultures of other peoples, and the interaction between cultures, economic, political and everyday contacts are common basis for all borrowing processes.
The object of our research is ways of reflecting French realities in the Russian language. During the course of research, the purpose of which is to collect and analyze French words entered into the Russian language, we will try to trace the history of the appearance of words denoting French realities in the Russian language. Previously, France was called the “capital of the world,” and the French language was respected and treated with special reverence throughout the entire planet. Today France does not occupy such a strong position. The French language, as a classic, is always relevant and will be fashionable beyond time. Russia and France have been linked by close, mutually beneficial ties of cooperation for more than a century. Start Russian-French relations was founded by the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, who, at an old age by those standards (25 years old) in 1051, married King Henry I of France. Already by 19th century French became almost a native language for the majority of nobles who spoke, wrote and even thought in the language of Voltaire. The brightest confirmation are works of art Russian classics, in which, sometimes, you can find entire paragraphs written in French. For example, the work of L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.
Formation of vocabulary of the Russian language:
The lexical composition of the Russian language has been influenced by borrowed words from other languages.
BORROWING is a process as a result of which a certain foreign language element (primarily a word or a full-valued morpheme) appears and becomes fixed in a language; also such a foreign language element itself. Borrowing is an integral part of the process of functioning and historical change language, one of the main sources of vocabulary replenishment. Borrowings can be direct or indirect.
When borrowing, the meaning of a word often shifts and the word is adapted to phonological system borrowing language, i.e. sounds missing in it are replaced with the closest ones.
Phonetic adaptation- this is a change in stress, a change in pronunciation foreign sounds. For example, in French the stress always falls on the last syllable, but in Russian it is movable: autograph - autograph (the emphasis will move from the last syllable to the second). In addition to phonetic, the borrowed word also undergoes grammatical (morphological) adaptation. Another example: adventure - adventure, during assimilation the French word loses its nasal sound [ã], which will turn into “an”, and the grated [r] will turn into the Russian “r”.
Grammar adaptation- this is a change in gender, the disappearance of the article. The nature of this adaptation depends on how appearance the borrowed word corresponds to the morphological models of the borrowing language. Words such as “sport” or “station” easily entered the Russian language, immediately falling into the morphological class of words male 2nd declension (which includes the words “table”, “house”, etc.) For example: une pursuit longue- chaise longue (in French this word female, and in Russian - masculine, in French, gender and number are shown by the article, and in Russian - by the ending). Or the word "shampoo" - shampoing, having entered the Russian language, did not immediately acquire a stable category of gender, having as a model both masculine words like “horse” or “fire” and feminine words like “fabric” or “wormwood”; accordingly, the form instrumental case was both “shampoo” and “shampoo” (later the masculine gender was assigned to this word).
Semantic adaptation- changing the meaning of a borrowed word. For example: in the 19th century, the Russian language borrowed the word from French cotelette(cutlet), where initially it meant “fried meat chop on the bone,” later this word changed its meaning and began to mean “fried minced meat,” which means that the word was assimilated.
It should be noted that of all the borrowed words included in the Russian language, Gallicisms play a special role. Gallicisms (from the Latin gallicus - Gaulish) are words and expressions borrowed from the French language or formed according to the model of French words and expressions. Many French words were borrowed in the Peter the Great and especially in the post-Petrine era. Thematically borrowed French vocabulary is diverse. Words that came into Russian from French can be divided into several thematic groups:
Vocabulary related to war: The word "avant-garde". It was borrowed in the era of Peter I, where avant-garde merger of 2 words avant"ahead" + garde"guard, detachment." The words "lieutenant". It was borrowed in the 18th century, from the word "lieutenant" = military rank or rank. The word "musketeer". It was borrowed in the 16th–18th centuries. And it meant infantry armed with musketsmousquetaires. Arsenal - arsenal, rearguard - arriè re- garde,attack - attaque, battalion -bataillon,deserter - dé serteur, cavalry - cavalerie, maneuvers - manoeuvres, marshal - maré chal, partisan - partisan, patrol - patrouille, gun - pistolet, sapper - sapeur, trench - tranché e, trophy - trophé e And etc.
Vocabulary related to art:
Word "ballet". It was borrowed in the 17th century from the word ballet = to dance. This is the view theatrical arts, combining choreography, music and dramatic design. Words "entertainer". Entertainers first appeared in the 60s years XIX century in Parisian cabarets. In Russia, the first professional entertainers appeared in the 1910s. The entertainer is a pop artist who announces the numbers of the concert program.
Words "waltz". It was borrowed in the 2nd half of the 19th century, from the word valse = pair dance. Having gained popularity, it had a great influence on the entire ballroom repertoire.
Word "still life". It was borrowed in the 17th century, from the word “naturemorte” = the first is nature, and the second is dead. This is dead nature in fine arts- Images inanimate objects. Akter - acteur, bas-relief- bas- relief,genre - genre, impressionism- impressionisme, plein airpleinair, pointe shoes- pointes, pedestal- pié destal, play- piè ce, novel- roman, play - spectacles, prompter -souffleur, troubadour- Troubadour And etc.
Vocabulary related to professions :
Words "admiral" It was borrowed in the Petrine era, through the verb admirer. Words "aviator". It was borrowed in the 20th century, from the word aviateur = aviator, pilot. Words "illusionist" It was borrowed in the 13th century. From the word illisionner = to mislead. It is a form of performing art that uses sleight of hand. Advocate - avocat, inspector - inspector, mechanic - mé canicien, Professor - professeur, sculptor - sculpteur, driver - chauffeurAnd T. d.
Vocabulary related to adjectives:
Words "aggressive" From the word agressif = offensive, aggressive, aggressive. Words "banal". From the word banal = ordinary. That is, what characterizes the full extent of being declared an outlaw, a person devoid of originality, beaten.
Vocabulary related to kitchen and food :
Words "delicacy" It was borrowed in the 20th century, from the word “delicatesse” = tenderness, subtlety, grace.
Aperitif - aperitif,loaf-bâ ton, broth - bouillons, dessert- desserts,jelly - gelée, cognac - cognac, cutlet -cô telette, lemonade - lemonade, omelette - omelette, stew - ragoût, salad - salade, sausages - saucisses, sauce - sauce, cafe - cafe, restaurant - restaurant and T. d.
Vocabulary on the topic clothing : Word " muffler" borrowed from French in the 19th century, where cache-nez formed from the verb cacher"hide" and words nez“nose”, literally this is where you can “hide your nose”. Veil - voile, jacket - jaquette, vest - gilet, overalls - combinaison, corsage - corsage, corset - corset, costume - costume, coat - manteau, pleated - pleated, clogs - sabots, tulle - tulley T. d.
Vocabulary related to premises: Word "wardrobe". It was borrowed in the 20th century, from garde = to store and robe = dress. These are rooms for storing clothes.
Words "bank". It was borrowed in the 18th century from the word banque = financial enterprise. This is an enterprise that concentrates temporarily free cash. Words "the Bureau". It was borrowed in the 18th century. From the word bureau = collegial body or desk. Words "gallery". It was borrowed in 1705 under Peter I. From the word galerie = covered room, separated by parts building. Words "garage". From the word “garage” = shelter. These are premises for parking, refueling and Maintenance cars.
Everyday vocabulary (names of household items): Word "shade". It was borrowed in the 20th century, from the word abat-jour = part of a lamp made of glass, fabric, metal... Words "interior". From the word “interior” = internal. This is the architecturally and artistically designed interior of the building.
can - bidon, wineglass - bocal, sconce - bras, blinds - jalousie, flower pots - cache- pots, wallet - porte-monnaie, briefcase - portefeuille, chandelier - lustre, toiletry case - né cessaire, stool - tabouret, bottle - flacon, sun lounger -chase- longue And etc.
Vocabulary related to animals: Words "cheetah". From the word guepard = cheetah. This is a predatory mammal of the cat family that lives in Africa.
Words "zebra". From the word zebra = a group of species of odd-toed ungulates of the "horse" family with black stripes on a light background of the body, which are common in Africa.
To summarize, I would like to say that no culture, no language develops in isolation. Any national culture and language are the result of not only internal, independent development, but also complex process interaction with the cultures and languages of other peoples. It is cultural, economic, political interaction, business and everyday contacts that are the common basis for all borrowing processes.
In conclusion, it is appropriate to quote L.N. Tolstoy: “ There is no need to disown foreign words, there is no need to use them abuse".
Literature:
- Dictionary of Foreign Words Moscow, “Russian Language”, 2010.
- Gak K. A. Ganshina K. A. New French-Russian dictionary. M. “Russian language” 1997
- Ilyina O. V. “Semantic development of foreign language lexical innovations by the Russian language.” Novosibirsk, 1998
- Linnik T. G. “Problems of language borrowing.” Kyiv, 1989
There are more than 2,000 French words in the Russian language, which we use almost every day, without even suspecting their ideologically incorrect roots. And, if we gave the Fifth Republic at least one word - “Bistro” (thanks to the Cossacks who reached Montmartre in 1814 and drank all the champagne supplies there: “Get it quickly! Who did I tell? Quickly, motherfucker!”), then we took it from there are many more of them.
Duty - from de jour: assigned to a certain day. For example, the classic French, seen by tourists in many cafes and bistros, plat de jour - “dish of the day”, has turned into a “daily dish” in our country.
Steering wheel, steer - from rouler: ride, rotate. There is nothing to explain here. Roll, yes, from here.
Nightmare - cauchemar: comes from two words - Old French chaucher - “to crush” and Flemish mare - “ghost”. This is the “ghost that comes at night and loves to gently lean against the sleeping people.”
Blinds - from jalouse (jalousie): envy, jealousy. Russians have never been comfortable with this word. Most people insist on emphasizing “a” instead of “and.” The etymology of the word is quite simple: to prevent neighbors from envy, the French simply lowered the blinds. Such subtleties of mental organization were not characteristic of the broad Russian character, so we simply built a fence higher and stronger.
Coat – paletot: a definition of outerwear that is almost no longer used in France men's clothing: warm, wide, with a collar or hood. An anachronism, so to speak.
Jacket - from toujour: always. Just everyday, “everyday” clothes.
Kartuz – from cartouche: literally “cartridge”. Actually, meaning “bag of gunpowder,” this word appeared in Russia in 1696, but it “turned” into a headdress only in the 19th century in a way completely unknown to science.
Galoshes - galoche: shoes with wooden soles. By the way, galoche has another meaning in French: passionate kiss. Think what you want.
Frock coat - from surtout: on top of everything. Oh, don't ask, we don't know and don't carry it. But yes, once upon a time a frock coat was truly outerwear.
Cap - from chapeau: comes from the Old French chape - lid.
Panama - panama: no need to explain. But what’s surprising is that Paris is often called Paname, although local residents Wearing similar headdresses was not seen on the streets.
Masterpiece – from chef d’œuvre: master of his craft.
Chauffeur – chauffeur: originally a fireman, stoker. The one who throws firewood. But that was a long time ago, even before the advent of internal combustion engines. And by the way…
Podsofe - from the same word chauffer: to warm, to warm up. It took root in Russia, thanks to the French tutors, who were not averse to sipping a glass or two. The preposition “under” is purely Russian, often used to denote a state: under the influence, under the influence. Or... “warmed up”, if you like. And, continuing the topic of alcohol...
Kiryat, nakiryat - from kir: an aperitif made from white wine and sweet low-proof berry syrup, most often currant, blackberry or peach. Out of habit, you can really get high on them quickly, especially if you don’t limit yourself to one or two glasses, but, according to the old Russian tradition, start abusing them as expected.
Adventure - aventure: adventure. In French it does not carry the negative connotation that the word acquired in Russian, as, in fact,...
Scam – from à faire: (to) do, do. In general, just do something useful. And not what you thought.
Wall up - from mur: wall. That is, literally “embed into the wall.” Catchphrase“Walled up, demons!” It could hardly have existed during the time of Ivan the Terrible, but to appear in the 17th century, thanks to Peter the Great, is quite like the word...
Work - from raboter: to finish, polish, plan, engage, in short, manual labor. What’s strange is that until the 17th century such a word was not really used in Russian texts. Don’t forget, it was during the time of Peter the Great that many architects, engineers and craftsmen from countries really came to Russia Western Europe. What can I say, St. Petersburg was conceived exactly according to the Parisian model. They designed, the Russians “worked”. We must also not forget that many talented and handy guys, on the orders of the same Peter, went to study the craft in other countries and could well “take” the word with them to their homeland.
Dozen - douzaine: well, twelve, as it is.
Equivoques - from equivoque: ambiguous. No, really, you couldn’t seriously think that such a strange word appeared in Russian just like that, out of nothing to do?
Barak – baraque: shack. From the common Roman word barrio - clay. And this is not at all an invention of the NEP times.
Throw out entrechat - from entrechat: borrowed from Latin, and means - to weave, braid, weave, cross. According to serious academic dictionary, entrechat - in classical ballet dance, a type of leaping jump when the dancer's legs quickly cross in the air.
Zealous - from retif: restive. It seems to be one of the oldest borrowed words from the French language. Probably back in the time of Yaroslavna.
Vinaigrette – vinaigrette: vinegar sauce, traditional salad dressing. It has nothing to do with our traditional dish of beets, sauerkraut and boiled potatoes. For the French, in general, such a combination of products seems almost fatal, just as they are not delighted with the traditional Russian borsche or, say, kvass (how can you drink this crap?).
Sausage is from saucisse, just like shrimp is from crevette. Well, it seems like there’s no point in talking about the broth at all. Meanwhile, bouillon – “decoction”, comes from the word bolir – “to boil”. Yeah.
Soup - soupe: borrowing from French in the 18th century, derived from the Latin suppa - "a piece of bread dipped in gravy." Do you need to talk about canned food? – from concerver – “to preserve”. It makes no sense to talk about the word “sauce” at all.
Cutlet - côtelette, which in turn is derived from côte - rib. The fact is that in Russia they are used to using the word cutlet to designate a dish of minced meat, while the French use it to designate a piece of meat on a bone, or more precisely, pork (or lamb) on a rib.
Tomato – from pomme d’or: Golden Apple. Why this phrase has taken root in Russia, history is silent. In France itself, tomatoes are called tritely - tomatoes.
Compote - from componere: to fold, compose, compose, if you want. That is, collect a bunch of all kinds of fruits together.
By the way, the phraseological unit “not at ease” is a literal, but not very correct translation of the phrase ne pas être dans son assiette. The fact is that assiette is not only the plate from which one eats, but the basis, the disposition of the spirit. So, in the original, this phrase meant “to be out of spirit, not in the mood.”
Restaurant – restaurant: literally “restorative”. There is a legend that in 1765 a certain Boulanger, the owner of a Parisian tavern, hung on the doors of his newly opened establishment an inviting inscription: “Come to me and I will restore your strength.” The Boulanger tavern, where the food was tasty and relatively cheap, soon became a fashionable place. As often happens with fashionable places, the establishment received a special name among the regulars, understandable only to the initiates: “Tomorrow we’ll meet again in the Restorer!” By the way, the first restaurant in Russia, “Slavic Bazaar,” was opened in 1872 and, unlike taverns, they ate more there than simply drank.
Discourage - from courage: courage, courage. Courage in the Russian language also acquired a not entirely obvious meaning. Meanwhile, having acquired a prefix, suffix and ending, the word began to mean, in fact, what was meant: to deprive someone of confidence, courage, to lead to a state of confusion.
To fade away - from toucher: to touch, touch. Mmm... I think once upon a time, decent girls blushed and were embarrassed, embarrassed, so to speak, when particularly arrogant young men grabbed them by the knees and other parts of the body.
Trick - truc: a thing, a contraption whose name they cannot remember. Well... this is... what's his name...
Routine - from route, routine: road, path, and the derived from it routine: skill, habit. Haven’t you set your teeth on edge by often walking along the same path, from work to home and vice versa? Maybe I should drop everything and start downshifting ( English word– not about him now)?
Keychain – breloque: pendant on a chain for a watch.
Furniture - meuble: literally something that moves, can be moved, moved to another place, as opposed to immeuble - real estate. Thanks again to Peter the Great for the opportunity not to indicate exactly what household items are in your property, for example the same French ones: bureau, wardrobe, dressing table, wardrobe or stool.
All-in – from va banque: literally “the bank is coming.” An expression used by card players when they suddenly suddenly began to “go overboard.” Therefore, “going all-in” means taking a risk, hoping that you can get a lot.
Slander - from clause: condition of the contract, article of the agreement. How did such a slander come about? negative meaning– it’s hard to say how and why...
District - rayon: ray. Became a place on the map, not a source of light.
Gauze - from marly: thin fabric, after the name of the village of Marly, now Marly-le-Roi, where it was first produced.
Debauchery - debauche: debauchery, debauchery, revelry.
But the word “puzzle” appeared from the reverse translation of the word brass knuckles (cassetête) - from casse: to break and tête - head. That is, in the literal sense.
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Many French words were borrowed in the Petrine and especially in the post-Petrine era. Thematically borrowed French vocabulary is diverse. This military vocabulary: vanguard, embrasure, arsenal, rearguard, ace, attack, battalion, dugout, gap, midshipman, deserter, landing, cavalry, cannonade, square, carriage, Maneuvers, march, marshal, miner, musket, musketeer, partisan, patrol, pistol, sapper, trench, trophy and etc.; vocabulary related to art: actor, role, ballet, bas-relief, benoir, variety show, vaudeville, genre, impressionism, entertainer, costume designer, motif, still life, nocturne, panel, plein air, pointe shoes, pedestal, play, music stand, novel, romance, piano, prompter, troubadour, repertoire, foyer, sketch and etc.; titles food, species food,catering establishments: aperitif, loaf, meringue, broth, dessert, jelly, cognac, cutlet, lemonade, marmalade, omelet, ice cream, puree, stew, salad, sausages, sauce, popsicle;cafe Restaurant; names associated with clothes:veil, wardrobe, jabot, jacket, vest, overalls, corsage, corset, suit, coat, pleated, clogs, tulle, overcoat; titles household items : can, glass, sconce, blinds, chandelier, travel bag, stool, floor lamp, dressing table, bottle, wardrobe etc.; vocabulary socio-political,social character, words reflecting social assessment : attache, beau monde, bureaucrat, bureaucracy, debate, demarche, communiqué, dude, regime, sabotage, fop etc. There are many cripples in the Russian language from French words, meanings, set expressions:derivational: Cinderella(from French cendrillon), exquisite(from French recherché), concentrate(from French concentrer); semantic: brilliant(from French brilliant), get drunk -"enjoy" (from French s"enivrer), alive -"genuine" (from French vif), taste– not about food (from French le goût), thin -"sophisticated" (from French fin), position –"situation" (from French la position), touching –"exciting" (from the French touchant); phraseological: put your hand on your heart(from French mettre la main sur son coeur), after us there might be a flood(from fp. apres nous le déluge), swallow tongue(from French avaler sa langue), look with all eyes(With fr. regarder de tous ses yeux), etc. Signs of French borrowings: final percussion -é (uh 2 ), -ú , -ó V unchangeable words Oh: cliche, coupe, tour, fillet, highway. blinds, pari, chassis;argot, bureau, burgundy, lotto, panel, scoreboard; final percussion -er :actor, engraver, director, driver; final -as much /-yazh :turn, garage, massage, mirage, sabotage, circulation, fuselage final -ans: advance, nuance, preference, romance, session, combinations -wa- , -ue- in the middle of a word: role, benoir, bourgeoisie, veil, gouache, sidelines, pointe shoes, reservoir, repertoire, toilet;duel, minuet, pirouette, silhouette, fouette etc. |
See also:
« Russian language And culture speeches" edited by Professor V.I. Maksimov. Recommended by the Ministry. PREFACE. Chapter I. Speech in interpersonal and social relationships.
Russian language And culture speeches. Speech and mutual understanding. On the process of mutual understanding in speech communication, certain features of use have a significant impact language V speeches.
Russian language And culture speeches. Culture speech communication. Under culture speech communication is understood as such selection and organization linguistic means, which contribute to the most effective achievement of goals in this area speech...
Russian language And culture speeches. Three main types of interaction between dialogue participants in Russian language.So, dialogical unity is ensured by communication various kinds replicas (formulas speech etiquette, question - answer, addition, narration...
Russian language And culture speeches. Structure speech communications. Being an act of communication, speech always addressed to someone.
Russian language And culture speeches. Establishing (maintaining) business contacts. Communicative attitude, determining the social and role status of communication participants, establishing social speech contact.
Russian language And culture speeches. Speech, its features.K speeches also include products of speaking in the form speech a work (text) recorded in memory or writing.
A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to culture speech communication and with the preparation of official documentation. The textbook aims to present modern views regarding Russian language And culture speeches at the beginning of the 21st century...
Historically, the Russian language contains many borrowed words from Latin, German, and English. However, often people do not even suspect that the usual letter combination is not native. I have expanded my Russian and French vocabulary well.
Gallicisms in Russian
French culture had a significant influence on Russia. It also affected the linguistic sphere. Since the 18th century, many French words have entered the Russian dictionary. Linguists call them Gallicisms - from Latin word gallicus – “Gallic”.
There are several areas in which words borrowed from French are most common. For example, most of socio-political terminology: regime, bourgeois, parliament, etc. Gallicisms are also often found in the military sphere. This is a battalion, and a pistol, and artillery, and a lieutenant, and a garrison, etc.
France has always been famous high level art. Therefore, it is not surprising that the terminology has taken root in the Russian language unchanged, preserving the “native” pronunciation. The usual poster, play, rehearsal, director, actor, ballet and many other words refer to Gallicisms.
The largest number of words are borrowed from the French language in everyday life. These include decorative items, furniture, food, jewelry, and clothing. These words are used almost daily. For example, a bracelet, broth, marmalade, vest, coat, toilet, etc. Even the usual “cutlet” is gallicism.
Some words were borrowed from them original meaning. However, there are also those whose subtext has changed. For example, the French affaire (“scam”) means “deal” and does not have a negative connotation
Features of words borrowed from French
Gallicisms have several phonetic features, thanks to which they can be easily recognized. The first is the ending of unchangeable words with vowels -o, -e, -i. For example, manto, puree, jelly, curlers.
The second feature of Gallicisms included in the Russian language is the letter combination “ua”. It can be observed in the words bourgeoisie, veil, boudoir, gouache, accessory. In some words, this combination was transformed into “yua”, for example, “peignoir”.
Telnova Polina
This work gives an idea of the words that came into the Russian language from the French language.
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY OF SURGUT
MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
GYMNASIUM “SALAKHOV LABORATORY”
Educational project
on the topic: “French borrowings in the Russian language”
Telnova Polina,
Slide captions:
French borrowings in the Russian language Completed by: Telnova Polina Teacher: Ivanova Venera Mikhailovna Surgut, MBOU gymnasium Salakhov Laboratory 2015
Introduction Every language has foreign words. This is due to the fact that in different periods history during international contacts people exchanged information, achievements, objects (new tools, dishes, products, etc.) with each other. They all came from different countries along with those “names” that were received in home country. Peoples all over the world “borrow” words from each other. We “borrowed” from the French the words “accessory”, “poster”, “garnish” and others. The French “borrowed” from us the word “satellite” after our scientists launched the first artificial satellite and his call signs were heard over planet Earth.
Goal and objectives Goal: Determine the characteristics of borrowings from French in the Russian language. Objectives: Explore literary sources on this topic. Determine the areas of use of borrowed French words. Present the results of the survey and linguistic experiment.
Reasons for borrowing words What makes one people borrow words from another? main reason– borrowed things, objects: the name often goes along with the object. Another reason is the need to indicate some special type objects or concepts. Most often, the need to name objects and concepts arises in various industries science and technology. That is why there are so many foreign scientific and technical terms. A foreign word is easier to learn if it replaces a descriptive phrase.
Borrowings in our time Having analyzed the words available in the Russian language French origin, we have grouped French borrowings in Russian into the following areas human activity and tried to create a thematic dictionary of borrowed words from the French language.
Number of Gallicisms in spheres of people's lives and activities Gallicisms penetrate into all spheres of people's lives and activities. Vocabulary related to clothing, art and food was especially enriched with French borrowings.
Questioning The questionnaire asked for 15 words: Ball, volleyball, vinaigrette, blouse, alphabet, gourmet, butterfly, basket, spring, curlers, duck, baguette, bagel, pot, frill. Word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percentage of recognition 41% 88% 60% 51% 65% 47% 29% 41% 59% 77% 53% 82% 71% 53% 94% Fig. Recognition of words borrowed from French among words in Russian.
Linguistic experiment Text with borrowings Modified text We walked along the highway and went into a cafe, where we ate broth, croissant, jelly. Next we went to the theater to see the ballet Romeo and Juliet. During intermission we went to the buffet and bought dessert with lemonade. We walked along the roadway and went to a place where they drink coffee, where we ate water boiled with meat, half moon, frozen. Next we went to the building for stage performances to combine dances with the pantomime Romeo and Juliet. During the break between activities, we went to the snack place and bought sweets, served at the end of lunch with a cold drink of water, sugar and lemon juice.
Conclusion Our modern life filled with foreign words. Foreign words They have entered our everyday life so deeply that sometimes, when talking among ourselves, we do not notice their use. Indeed, the role of borrowed French words in the Russian language is very large. They have become part of our Russian language, they are understandable to us, do not cause difficulties in pronunciation, and are used in different styles and do not make communication difficult. Our hypothesis was confirmed. It is impossible to imagine the speech of a modern Russian person without borrowed French words. However, borrowed words are needed only if they better express main meaning of this concept or if they cannot be replaced by a Russian concept. But if there is already a synonymous word in the Russian language, then it is not necessary to replace it with a foreign one. We, as native speakers of the Russian language, should pay attention to more attention to our Russian words and use that lexicon, which our Russian language is rich in.
Word Ball vinaigrette blouse ABC gourmet butterfly basket curlers duck baguette bagel pot frill Percentage of recognition 33% 50% 45% 78% 35% 32% 70% 65% 63% 82% 94% 75% 94%