And Adamashev is a leader of the elected council. Confrontation with the Romanovs

Data about the time and place of birth in the biography of Alexei Fedorovich Adashev was not preserved. It is known that he came from a not very noble family of Kostroma nobles associated with the Moscow boyars.

The first information about Alexei Adashev dates back to 1547 and is associated with his participation in the royal wedding as a lieutenant, that is, responsible for the newlyweds’ bed. Special place under the tsar he received it during the Moscow fire of the same year. It was at this time that I was looking for people who were not very well-born, but loyal. Extraordinary abilities, and most importantly, devotion, helped Adashev become one of the leaders of the Chosen Rada, which over time became an unofficial government. The elected Rada resolved many issues regarding the leadership of the country and for a time pushed the Boyar Duma out of government. Adashev and the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Sylvester, in fact, became the largest statesmen of that time. This period is associated with the broad and fruitful activities of the king himself and the government.

It was Adashev who became the initiator and conductor of a number of reforms that strengthened royal power and strengthened the position of service people.

The elected council and Adashev personally participated in the development, and at the same time Alexey Fedorovich was promoted to falconer.

At that time, Adashev also headed the highest control body - the Petition Order. He personally considered many of the petitions received from the localities. The surviving data characterize him as a stern and domineering leader.

Adashev’s policy contributed to the implementation military reform and cancellation of feedings. The tsar's trust in Adashev was so great that Alexei Fedorovich was entrusted with the storage of the personal archive and the state seal.

In addition, Adashev became the chief treasurer, heading the financial department, supervised the writing of the official Rank Books and the Sovereign's Genealogy, as well as the “Chronicle of the Beginning of the Kingdom.”

Adashev also established himself as an excellent diplomat. His participation in negotiations with foreign ambassadors led to positive results. He was also involved in preparing diplomatic decisions on the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates.

Relations between the tsar and Adashev began to crack after the former’s illness in 1553. The problem was who to swear allegiance to in the event of the death of the king. Alexei Adashev fulfilled the will of the sovereign and swore allegiance to his young son Dmitry. However, Adashev’s father Fedor stated that he would not obey the Romanovs, who ruled the country due to Dmitry’s early childhood.

The Tsar did not like this, and after recovery his attitude towards the Adashev family changed, and not in better side. Gradually Adashev moved further and further away from government controlled and, despite past merits, transferred to diplomatic work. At first he negotiated to justify the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate, and later - regarding the beginning. The Tsar's disgrace was largely connected with the increased suspicion of Ivan the Terrible, as well as with the fact that the Chosen Rada no longer fully reflected the interests of the growing nobility.

After the death of his wife Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, Ivan IV drew attention to rumors that Adashev’s people were involved in her death. By order of the tsar, Adashev was exiled to Dorpat (Tartu), where he was under secret surveillance. Two months later, Adashev died under unclear circumstances. This happened in 1561.

The meaning of ALEXEY FEDOROVICH ADASHEV in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia

ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, famous favorite of Ivan the Terrible, son of insignificant origin service man Fyodor Grigorievich A. “This personality, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines so bright light kindness and purity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her" (N.P. Likhachev). A. was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3) in the position of a lieutenant and a money-maker , i.e. he laid marriage bed sovereign and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. A. began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people. From that time on, the tsar, who was not disposed towards noble boyars, brought two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and A. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and A. was a time of versatile government activity (the convening of the first Zemsky Cathedral for the approval of the code of law in 1550, the convening of the Church Council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1557; the granting of charters that determined the self-government of communities; large expansion of estates, strengthening the maintenance of service people). In 1550, John granted A. a okolnichy and at the same time told him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds, and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I wished for you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people given to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; elect truthful judges from the boyars and nobles." At the same time, he was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle and participated in the compilation of the code bit books and "the sovereign's genealogist." In the years 1553 - 1560, being not separated from the tsar, according to Kurbsky, “he was extremely useful to the common thing.” Issued and diplomatic activity Adashev on conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559). The importance of Sylvester and A. at court also created enemies for them, of whom the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. These enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for A. during the king’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the king wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that cousin his prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky and the boyars swore allegiance to his son, baby Dmitry. Alexei A., however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor A., directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered, and from then on the king began to cool off towards his former friends. In May 1560, relations between the tsar and his advisers became so strained that A. found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia, the third commander of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia (died August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for A. intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here A. fell ill with a fever and died two months later. - See Kostomarova, “Russian history in biographies,” vol. I; articles by N. Likhachev about A. in the "Russian Biographical Dictionary" (ed. Imperial Russian Historical Society, vol. I).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

early years

About early years Almost nothing is known about Alexey Adashev. Even the date of his birth remains a mystery to us. Therefore, the exact years of life cannot be given.

At the same time, it is known that Alexey was the son of the boyar and governor Fyodor Grigorievich Adashev, who came from the not very noble Kostroma family of the Olgovs. The mother's name is also a mystery. In addition, Alexey had younger brother Daniel.

The first mention of Alexey Adashev in the chronicles dates back to his mature age, namely by 1547.

First steps in the service of the sovereign

So, as mentioned above, Alexei Adashev first came to the attention of chroniclers in 1547, when he performed the position of liaison and lieutenant at the wedding of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, whose duties included making the wedding bed. His wife Anastasia is also mentioned there.

After this event, Alexey Adashev became a constant character in various annals and chronicles; he advanced more and more in his career, getting closer to the sovereign and influencing him.

Turning events

The turning point that finally determined the rapprochement between Alexei Adashev and Ivan the Terrible was the famous Moscow fire of 1547 and the events that followed it.

Erupted in the summer " great fire"Destroyed more than 25,000 Muscovites' houses. People began to blame the Glinsky family, Tsar John’s maternal relatives, who by that time had enormous influence on him, for the “punishment of God.” The discontent of the people spilled over into an uprising, as a result of which one of the representatives of the Glinsky family was torn to pieces by a crowd, and the property of the family was plundered.

In the end, the rioters were persuaded to stop the outrages. But nevertheless, this uprising made a significant impression on the young Ivan the Terrible and forced him to radically reconsider his policy. He alienated the Glinskys and other noble boyars, but brought closer new people who were not of such high origin. Among them was Alexey Adashev.

Government activities

After these events, the rapid rise of Alexei Adashev began. Together with him, another humble person, the priest Sylvester, approached the king. They had a significant influence on the sovereign and helped him in governing the country.

In 1549, Adashev became the leader. It was a kind of government that Ivan the Terrible had just created. The years of work of the Elected Rada were marked by a number of ongoing reforms. It was at this time that the first Zemsky Sobor in Rus' was convened - an estate-representative body, somewhat reminiscent of a modern parliament. In 1551, a church was held. In addition, Aleksey Fedorovich Adashev took an active part in the development of the Code of Laws, which was published in 1550. In the same year, Ivan the Terrible awarded him the title of okolnichy.

Alexey Adashev also distinguished himself in diplomatic activities. He negotiated with the Kazan Khanate, Nogai Horde, the Kingdom of Poland and Denmark. In addition, he took an active part in 1552, supervising engineering work.

Confrontation with the Romanovs

At this time, thanks to the marriage of Tsar John to Anastasia Romanovna, the Zakharyin family rose to prominence, later known as the Romanovs, which gave Russia whole line kings and emperors. They began to compete fiercely in the struggle for influence on the Tsar with Adashev and Sylvester.

The turning point in this struggle came in 1553, when Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich became seriously ill. Then he demanded that all the courtiers swear allegiance to his son from Anastasia Romanovna, Dmitry, as the future king. This should also have been done by the tsar’s cousin Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, who, according to the old custom, had the primary right to the throne. Those close to the sovereign were divided into two parties: one unquestioningly swore allegiance to the prince, and the other sided with Vladimir Staritsky.

Aleksei Fedorovich Adashev immediately swore allegiance to Dmitry, but his father Fyodor Grigorievich refused to do so, fearing the further strengthening of the Romanovs. After this incident and the recovery of Ivan the Terrible, the tsar ceased to treat the Adashev family with the same favor.

Despite the cold snap in Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich’s attitude towards Alexei Adashev, the latter still long time had a significant influence on government affairs.

Opal

Nevertheless, this state of affairs could not continue forever, and Alexey Fedorovich understood this perfectly well. He was not even misled by the fact that his father, soon after the recovery of Ivan the Terrible, received the rank of boyar. The Romanovs increasingly strengthened their positions, and Adashev and Sylvester faded into the background. Despite the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in the same 1553, the Romanovs began to exert even more influence on the sovereign.

The tension between the tsar and Alexei Adashev reached its peak in 1560. Just shortly before that, the Baltic states began Livonian War, and Alexey Fedorovich chose to go there, away from the courtyard. This event could be considered a kind of honorary exile. Alexey Adashev was given the rank of governor. His immediate commander was Prince Mstislavsky.

But Alexei Fedorovich failed to conquer military honors in the fields of Livonia, since in the same year Queen Anastasia died, which made King John even more embittered towards the Adashev family. Therefore, Alexey Adashev was sent to the Dorpat fortress on the territory of modern Estonia and taken into custody.

Death

It was while in captivity in Dorpat that Alexei Adashev died in 1561. Death occurred due to fever, which former manager The chosen one was ill for two months. At the time of his death, there were no relatives, relatives, or friends near Alexei Fedorovich. Thus ended the years of life of one of the most active people our Fatherland of our time.

However, similar death, quite possibly, saved him from the more difficult fate that Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the Romanovs were preparing for him. Evidence of this may be that soon after the death of Alexei Adashev, his brother Daniil was executed along with his son Tarkh. A similar fate befell other representatives of the Adashev family, which practically ceased to exist. The father of Alexei and Daniil Adashev, Fyodor Grigorievich, died back in 1556 of natural causes.

Performance evaluation

Of course, not every figure of the 16th century was so bright in national history as Alexey Adashev. The description of his activities by most historians is quite positive. He is credited with establishing a number of state institutions and broad reform practices. True, this time did not last long. Moreover, in contrast to the period active work Adashev looks like the era of oprichnina and rampant obscurantism that came after his removal from government affairs.

Of course, the deeds for the benefit of the Fatherland of Alexei Adashev, as well as his biography, are worthy of detailed study.

Example of a historical portrait

Years of life (? – 1561)

From the biography

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev is one of the prominent government figures during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. He played a leading role in management during the first period of the tsar’s activity, during the period of reform of the country.
He was a very charming, good-natured man, a humanist by nature and a philanthropist. Being a little older than the king, he was his friend and for a long time was part of the circle of closest like-minded people.
From surviving sources, one can understand what Adashev was like: stern, domineering, demanding unquestioning obedience, but at the same time Andrei Kurbsky called him “like an earthly angel” for his asceticism, religiosity, and justice. Historian Karamzin N.M. considered Adashev “the beauty of the century and humanity”

The main activities of Adashev A.F. and their results

One of the activities Adasheva A. was civil service. Coming from a family of Kostroma nobles, “not too noble, but kind,” thanks to his personal qualities- hard work, talent, devotion to the king - from his youth he held high positions in management: he began with a solicitor and a sleeping man, and in 1550 he became a bed servant and headed the Petition Order, receiving complaints from oppressed and insulted people. Heading the Petition Order, Adashev gained popularity for his incorruptibility; he himself strictly punished those who repaired red tape in orders, right down to the boyars, that is, regardless of their faces. Adashev also headed the Financial Department from 1550.

But, undoubtedly, Adashev became famous as the leader of the Chosen Rada - an unofficial circle of people who carried out reforms in the country during the first period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible from 1547. The name of A.F. Adashev is associated with many reforms that were carried out during the first period of the tsar’s reign: the Zemsky Sobor, the Stoglavy Sobor were convened, Adashev took a direct part in the abolition of feedings, the drawing up of the Code of Laws of 1550, and reformed the army. Ivan the Terrible trusted Adashev so much that he instructed him to keep the sovereign's seal and personal archive. In addition, A.F. Adashev supervised the writing of the Sovereign's genealogy and rank books.

The result of this activity was the reform of Russia, the preparation and implementation, with the participation and direct leadership of Adashev, of transformations in almost all spheres of the country’s life, which significantly strengthened the power of the tsar, the strength and power of the state.

Another area of his activity was military service, leadership of the army in a number of campaigns undertaken by Ivan the Terrible. Since 1547, he was a participant in almost all the king’s military campaigns. Among them was the conquest of Kazan in 1552, during which Adashev placed cannons against the city and dug into a hiding place from where the besieged Kazan residents took water.

Adashev’s role in carrying out the foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible was great. He led the diplomatic preparations for the accession of the largest territories - Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. He even suggested that the king begin a policy of annexation Crimean Khanate. However, the king started the Livonian War. Adashev actively took part in this war, unconditionally carrying out all the orders of Ivan the Terrible. The king's suspicion, denunciation of Adashev and his people. allegedly responsible for the death of Ivan the Terrible's wife, Anastasia Romanovna, led to disgrace; Adashev was exiled to Dorpat (Tartu) in 1560, where he died just two months later. The cause of death was never clarified.

The result of this activity– active foreign policy Russia. annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, strengthening of the army. However, Adashev was unable to resist Grozny’s plans for waging the Livonian War and did not agree with this decision, although he participated in hostilities both as a military leader and as a diplomat.

Thus Adashev is one of the brightest and most talented statesmen and military figures in the history of Russia, who has done a lot to reform the state, helping to strengthen its strength and power. It is no coincidence that Adashev was portrayed by M.O. Mikeshin. at the monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” in Novgorod in 1862 in recognition of the merits of this amazing man.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

The son of boyar Fyodor Grigorievich, one of the most remarkable Russians people XVI centuries. Strong impressions made by the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich IV from the terrible Moscow fire on June 21, 1547 and the one that followed it popular revolt, were sharply reflected in the history of the next decade, which became one of the bright moments of Russian state life. The passionate nature of the royal youth temporarily submitted to the court party, the soul of which was the Archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and Alexey Adashev. Both of these figures, by social status, were not at the head of the " elected council", as Prince Kurbsky calls the circle of newly promoted tsar's advisers, but they led it, like the tsar himself, by the power of the charm of their personalities. Tsar Ivan himself calls them the leaders of the party in a letter to Kurbsky. If some authoritative historians, like S. M. Solovyov and K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, point out the limited political horizon of the “elected Rada” and note the pettiness of Sylvester, then regarding Adashev as a person, it seems impossible to find evidence not in his favor. This person may be less talented, than some of his contemporary political businessmen, she shines with such a bright light of kindness and purity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her. No wonder Prince Kurbsky makes an enthusiastic review: "... and he was (that Alexey) is very useful in general, and partly, in some ways, like an angel. And even if everything in a row had expressed about him, it would not have been like true faith in front of rude and worldly people." The influence of Sylvester and Adashev was so strong, so incomprehensibly irresistible that those who obeyed him subsequently explained everything by sorcery. With the disgrace that befell Sylvester and Adashev in 1560, they were convicted in absentia. The tsar's new advisers were afraid of personal interrogation; they were convinced and expressed it that "... these villains and great enchantresses, led by these, will charm the tsar and destroy us if they come! " Adashev's fame spread beyond borders of the Moscow state. When he was sent to Livonia, his mere appearance already made an impression: many cities that had not yet been taken wanted to succumb to him “for the sake of his kindness.” In 1585 in Poland, asking the envoy Luka Novosiltsev about the “sovereign’s brother-in-law,” Boris Fedorovich Godunov, compared him with Adashev. Godunov, as the ruler of the earth and a great merciful man," as "a reasonable and merciful man to his fellow man," reminded the influential Archbishop Stanislav Karnkovsky of the adviser to the "former sovereign" Alexei Adashev, who "ruled the Moscow state in the same way" and there was a man just like him. The ambassador himself had to explain to the foreigners that Godunov was no match for Adashev: “and he told him: Alexey was reasonable, but he was not Alekseev’s mile: then great man, boyar and equerry, and brother-in-law to our sovereign...” Alexey Adashev was born into a rich, but not particularly well-born family of Kostroma patrimonial landowners. His father, thanks to his abilities and long service, rose from among his relatives and managed to get closer to the court. Not known , how and when Fyodor Adashev managed to bring his sons into the palace, but the very first mentions of Alexei Adashev in the sources speak of his closeness to the young Grand Duke. It was even suggested that Alexei Adashev was brought up together with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that in In 1547, Adashev was already married to Anastasia Satina, one should think that he was older than the sovereign for several years. The difference in age, in any case, was insignificant, which explains the rapprochement between Tsar Ivan and the young Kostroma “son of a boyar.” Two brothers - Alexey and Danila Fedorovich Adashev at the wedding of Ivan IV - on February 3, 1547, participate as solicitors and make the newlyweds' bed. Alexey Fedorovich is, in addition, sleeping bag and according to the ritual he goes with the Grand Duke to the bathhouse: “And in the soap bar we washed ourselves with the Grand Duke: boyar Prince Yurya Vasilyevich Glinskaya yes treasurer Fyodor Ivanov son bitch; sleeping bags and movniks - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavskaya yes Prince Yurya Shemyakin yes Nikita Romanov yes Alexey Adashev". It is impossible not to turn to in this case attention to the nobility of all the “movniks”, except Adashev, whose name is mentioned here for the first time. In the discharges in July 1547, Alexey Fedorovich is mentioned among bell under the sovereign. These facts indicate the position of the young Adashev at the time of his rise: he was a roommate and a solicitor. As always, the sovereign's bed servants and the officials subordinate to them became close to the sovereign's person and acquired greater or lesser importance in the court world, depending on their abilities and the degree of influence on the king. Alexey Adashev is also recorded as a bell in the category of Tsar Ivan’s first campaign near Kazan, but he is no longer among the bells in the campaign of 7058 (1549-1550). The natural assumption that around this time Adashev was promoted and received a new appointment is confirmed by facts. Prince A. M. Kurbsky calls Alexei Adashev lying royal. This Polish term can designate both the position of a bed keeper and the position of a sleeping person. Was Adashev the bed servant of Tsar Ivan IV? In 1547, two bed servants are mentioned - Matvey Fedorovich Burukhin and Andrey Vladimirovich Mansurov. The first of them leaves the scene before September 1551, the second dies in 1551 and is replaced by Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov. It is quite possible to assume that Alexey Fedorovich Adashev replaced Burukhin in 1550, becoming both a bed guard and the head of the newly established Petition Prikaz in one day. This is exactly what historians interpret famous speech Tsar Ivan IV to the people, which has come down to us in lists and with undoubted distortions, at least, for example, in the words: “and on that day he granted okolnichy Alexey Adasheva". Sources do not call Adashev a bed servant. In the ranks (handwritten) under the year 7061 in the king’s retinue it is noted: “the sovereign had solicitors in the hut there are boyars- Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, Ignatiy Mikhailovich Veshnyakov". In view of the fact that Veshnyakov at that time was undoubtedly already a bed-rider, one might think that in this case litigation connected to bedfellowship. The “Royal Book,” describing the oath of the boyars to the son of the sick king in 1553, adds: “and which noblemen were not in the sovereign’s Duma - Alexei Fedorov’s son Adashev yes Ignatius Veshnyakov and the sovereign brought them to kiss in the evening." Here again, neither Adashev nor Veshnyakov are designated by their positions, but their very comparison indicates that Adashev was the same as Veshnyakov, i.e., a bed servant. In the significant year of the conquest kingdom of Kazan, Alexey Fedorovich took an active part in all events: he negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, he himself went to Kazan (and more than once) to first imprison and then depose Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. When the proper siege of Kazan began, Adashev was entrusted with enterprises that required intelligence, knowledge and energy. Together with Prince Dmitry Paletsky, Alexey Fedorovich staged tours(August 29, 1552) against the city from the Arskoe field; together with Prince Vasily Semenovich Serebryany, he excavated under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. A few months after returning from Kazan, the tsar fell ill with fever in 1553. In moments of terrible discord over the oath, Alexey Adashev turned out to be a devoted servant: he unquestioningly swore allegiance to the baby prince. Perhaps it was precisely this fact that delayed the fall of the “elected Rada”. Upon recovery, the king did not change at all in his attitude towards his friend: in recent months the same year 1553 Alexey Fedorovich Adashev was told okolnichy. The new rank brought him independent position in the Duma. Back in 1552, Adashev went on an important diplomatic mission to Tsar Shig-Aley in Kazan, but now he began to manage diplomatic relations in general, received ambassadors, and took precedence in negotiations with them. The range of activities of this talented and handsome man expanded more and more. He was put in charge state archive, kept a state chronicle, preparing what to write in the “chronicler of new years.” One can hardly be mistaken if we attribute to him an active participation both in the collection of discharge books and in the compilation of the “sovereign genealogy”, which was just completed by the Adashev family. From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Fedorovich lived constantly in Moscow, traveling only with the sovereign and accompanying him everywhere on all campaigns. Adashev's fame spread more and more, his influence, apparently, grew stronger and stronger. The revolution in the fate of the Adashevs was being prepared slowly and imperceptibly. Didn't last for many years government activity Alexei Adashev, but remained sharply noticeable, “for, as Karamzin put it, this famous temporary worker appeared along with the king’s virtue and died with it...”. The death of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna (August 7, 1560) disrupted the usual normal course of Tsar Ivan’s life and was the last, final push that destroyed the charm of the “elected Rada.” The charm is last years it was maintained only by habit, and the tsar had long been burdened by his powerful advisers, who were included in everything. Since his illness in 1553, the sovereign harbored distrust of the “elected Rada,” and how could he trust it when it was almost in full force on the issue of succession to the throne for Prince Vladimir Andreevich. And then new misunderstandings arose. The "Rada" insisted on the conquest of Crimea, Ivan IV and the Zakharyins sought Baltic Sea and wanted the complete conquest of Livonia. The state of affairs became more and more tense, Alexey Adashev could not stand it and, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 he was sent to Livonia as the third commander of a large regiment (the first was Prince I. F. Mstislavsky, second M. Ya. Morozov). In September of the same year, by order of the tsar, the okolniks Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev were left as governors in the newly conquered Fellin. This was already a clear fall from grace. Prince Kurbsky notes that Alexei was an “antipat” (vicar) in Fellin “for quite a while.” This is a considerable time - very relative. A few months later, Alexey Adashev was already in captivity in Dorpat. More precisely, the handwritten digit book explains the whole matter: “...and the sovereign king and Grand Duke wrote to the boyar and the governor to Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky with comrades, and ordered in Vilyana ( in Fellin) leave Okolnichev and governor Alexei Fedorovich Adasheva, yes Osip Vasilievich Poleva yes Romana Alferyeva. And Osip Polev on Alexey Adasheva sent to beat the sovereign with his forehead, that he mensch Alexei to be out of place, and the sovereign ordered Alexei Adashev to be in Yuryev Livonsky, and Osip Polev The sovereign ordered Roman Alferyev and Grigory to be in Vilyana and with him Nazimov Novgorodian..." This is a place of discharges that speaks of the only famous case Adashev’s localism, explains the reason for Adashev’s unexpected transfer to Dorpat. Tsar Ivan did not begin to sort out the local matter: he simply separated the disputants, thus satisfying the petitioner, but the very removal of Adashev from Fellin was a new insult to him, a new sign of disfavor. And indeed, the storm broke out with terrible speed: at the beginning of October 1560, the estates of Alexei Adashev were already assigned to the sovereign, he himself was imprisoned, and a ferocious search began, ending with the extermination of all living Adashevs and their closest relatives. Evidence has been preserved that Alexei Fedorovich’s daughter, Anna, who was married to Ivan Petrovich Golovin, allegedly survived the pogrom, but this still requires documentary confirmation. Among those executed there were also children: Danila Fedorovich’s son Tarkh was only about twelve years old. Alexey Fedorovich himself escaped execution. Outraged and upset, he could not withstand the moral shock: he came down with a fever and died in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561, having been ill with a “fiery illness” for no more than two months. This meek and pure personality stands out clearly among the rude morals of his time.

"Tales of Prince Kurbsky" (St. Petersburg, 1842), pp. 215, 188, 189, 92, 42, 62, 10 and 81. "Monuments of diplomatic relations.", vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1851), art. 932-934. N. A. Polevoy, “History of Russian People,” vol. VI (M., 1833), p. 222, pr. 182; A. N. Yasinsky, “Works of Prince Kurbsky” (Kyiv, 1889), pp. 122-123. "Ancient Ros. Vivliofika", part XIII, pp. 33, 34, 38, 253, 293, 310-312 and 316; Part XX, p. 38. In the so-called “thousandth” book of 1550 Alexey Adashev z registered in first article by the son of a boyar from Kostroma. "Discharge book." P. F. Likhachev under 7055. Ibidem under 7056, page 177. Ibidem, page 190 (7058). N. S. Artsybashev, “Narrative of Russia”, vol. II, book. IV, pp. 169-170. "Description of the Simonov Monastery" (M., 1843), p. 70. "Collection of State. Gram. and Dog.", Part II, p. 45. "Royal Book", pp. 80, 285, 286, 342. N. P. Likhachev, “On the origin of Adashev” (“Historical Bulletin” for 1890, No. 5), p. 383, approx. 2. Details of Alexey’s diplomatic activities Adasheva - cm. Nikon Chronicle, part VII; “The Russian Chronicler” by N. Lvov (St. Petersburg, 1792), part V, pp. 24, 36, 165, 167, 210, 221, 281, 286, 311; "Collected. Imp. Russian. Ist. General.", vol. LIX (edited by G. F. Karpov); I. Gamel, “The British in Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1865), pp. 25, 26, 51, etc. “Acts of Archeogr. Expedition,” vol. I, 354; Ustryalov, approx. to "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" research by A. N. Yasinsky. Handwritten ranks under years 7063, 7064, 7065 and 7067; "Sinbirsky Collection", page 3. Rank book by P. F. Likhachev, page 287. "The village of Novospasskoye" (P. Kazansky), pp. 119-120.

N. Likhachev.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

The son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigorievich Adashev, glorified his name during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3rd) in the position false And movnik, that is, he made the sovereign’s wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, considered as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral revolution in the young, impressionable king. This is what he himself says: “Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, my spirit was humbled, I was touched and recognized my sins.” From that time on, the tsar, averse to noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood, and directed his thoughts for the good of Russia. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was a time of broad and beneficial government activity for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Stoglav Church Council in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1862 and Astrakhan ( 1654); the granting of charters that determined independent community courts: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553). There is no doubt that John, gifted by nature brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with the consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case, he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter must be recognized for their great historical merits. In 1550, John granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I have heard about your good deeds and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul, although your desire is not for this, I have desired you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. you should receive petitions from the poor and offended and examine them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; despite the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich with false tears, who wants to be right: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing God’s judgment; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles.” In internal affairs State activities of Adashev can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: “he was extremely useful to the common thing.”

Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1653), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court also created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for Adashev during the tsar’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin Prince Vladimir Andreevich Storitsky and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, exposing own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself. Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Alexey Adashev, however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, Sylvester's supporters now lost the favor of Queen Anastasia, who could suspect them of not wanting to see her son on the throne. However, the tsar did not show any hostile feelings at first, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting the powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in the same 1533 he granted Fyodor Adashev the boyar hat. The Tsar’s trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in the same 1553 with the Tsarina and his son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, conveyed to the Tsar by Adashev, was fulfilled; During this trip, John met with the former ruler of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, the favorite of Father Ioannov, and, of course, Vassian’s conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party. From that time on, the tsar began to feel burdened by his former advisers, especially since he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised to conquer the Crimea. John's painful suspicion, strengthened by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept efforts to maintain influence on the king with the threat of God's wrath gradually produced a complete break between John and his former advisers. In May 1560, the tsar’s attitude towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia († August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for Adashev intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him, perhaps, from the further vengeance of the king. See "Tales of Prince Kurbsky", ed. Ustryalov, Karamzin, "Historical state of Russia." Vol. VIII; Soloviev, "Russian History", vol. VI, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "Russian History", vol. II, Encyclopedia. Words 1861 , vol. I, Kostomarov, "Russian history in biographies", vol. I, XVIII.

(Brockhaus)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

okolnichy and favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible; † 1561 in Dorpat.

(Polovtsov)

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich

A favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, an insignificant Kostroma patrimonial owner, after the Moscow fire of 1547, together with Sylvester, a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, he became one of the leaders of the “Elected Rada,” a council elected by the boyar duma and having great influence on the external and domestic policy Grozny. In the "Elected Rada" A. was a representative of the interests of the small serving nobility who needed new lands. A.'s range of activities was very diverse: he, by order of the tsar, received petitions from the poor and offended, conducted diplomatic negotiations with Kazan, supervised engineering work during its siege; at the same time he collected material for the royal official chronicle, compiled Genealogist and vault bit books, was in charge of receiving foreign ambassadors. A.'s closeness to the tsar, separating him from his class, little by little made A. a “boyar man” and, together with the collapse of the noble-merchant bloc, prepared his downfall. In 1560, A. fell out of favor: he was sent by the governor to Fellin, and then to Dorpat, taken into custody, where he died (1561); his estates were “assigned to the sovereign,” that is, confiscated.

Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, a famous favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of an insignificant serviceman by origin, Fyodor Grigorievich A. This personality, perhaps, is less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (? 1561) okolnichy, member of the Chosen Rada. Brother of D. F. Adashev. From the end 40s led eastern Russian policy, from the middle. 50s all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms, ser. 16th century, strengthened central government. Headed the compilation of discharge... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (died 1561), Russian statesman. He came from Kostroma nobles, related to the Moscow boyars. Since the late 40s. 16th century one of the leaders of the government of the Elected Rada, which contributed to the implementation most important reforms … Great Soviet Encyclopedia Encyclopedic Dictionary

Brother of the favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Fedorovich Adashev. In sources, Danila Adashev first appears in the category of the first wedding of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich: on February 3, 1547, the boyar was entrusted with “making the bed” for the newlyweds... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

- (? 1561), okolnichy (from November 1553), bed servant; member of the Chosen Rada. Brother of D. F. Adashev. Headed the Petition Order. Since the late 40s. led eastern Russian policy from the mid-50s. all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms in the middle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

And Adamashev is a leader of the elected council. Confrontation with the Romanovs

The meaning of ALEXEY FEDOROVICH ADASHEV in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what ADASHEV ALEXEY FEDOROVICH is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

early years

First steps in the service of the sovereign

Turning events

Government activities

Confrontation with the Romanovs

Opal

Death

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From the biography

The main activities of Adashev A.F. and their results