Nogai Horde
7th grade. History of Kazakhstan.
Lesson objectives: Provide information about the state
Nogai Horde
Tasks:
Educational : Introduce history
creation of the Nogai Horde, from the outside
and internal policy of the state
Developmental: Formation
skills for studying culture,
creative search and thinking
Educational :Build self-esteem,
critical thinking, positive
attitude to reality .
The temnik of the Golden Horde played an important role in the creation and strengthening of the Nogai Horde Edigei . Coming from a tribe himself Mangut (mangyt ), Edigei became the ulubey of the Mangyts in 1392.
In the 90s of the 14th century, Edigei waged wars with Tokhtamysh Khan, firstly, for dominance in the Golden Horde, and secondly, in order to strengthen the power of the Mangyt yurt over neighboring possessions and expand its borders.
Being a temnik, Edigei, who did not have the right to the title of khan, was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde for 15 years (1396−1411).
Since 1412, the Magyt Horde was ruled by the descendants of Edigei.
At this time, Edigei himself took an active part in the internecine struggle of the khan’s heirs for the Golden Horde throne, during which, having joined one of them, a descendant of Genghis Khan, Chokre-oglan, Edigei became his beklarbek. After the victory in 1414 over Kepek Khan, who took the Golden Horde throne (in the same year), and his expulsion from the capital of Sarai, Edigei became the beklyarbek (or great emir) of the Golden Horde, which he was until his death in 1419.
Nogai Horde: history, culture and accession to Russia
History of education and prosperity
At the end of the 14th century, the process of disintegration into separate khanates began in the Golden Horde. One of them was the Nogai Horde, or, as they themselves called their state, the Mangyt Yurt, and themselves, the Mangyts.
The territory of its location was between the Volga and Ural (Yaik) rivers. It began its formation back in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, and finally took shape as an independent state entity by the 1440s.
The capital became the city of Saraichik or Saraydzhuk, located on the banks of the Ural (Yaik) River, which was the center of large trade from the Black Sea region to Central Asia. In the 14th century, about 100 thousand inhabitants lived there.
Like the other khanates that emerged from the Golden Horde, the Nogai Horde continued to lead a nomadic lifestyle, the main activity being cattle breeding and hunting. The state finally became isolated under Edyge's son Nur-ad-din. It is this period that is considered to be the heyday of the Nogai Horde.
Rulers
The title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde is called “biy” or “Nogai biy”. The first ruler of the Mangyt yurt is considered to be Edyge Khan (1392-1412); he was the founder of the dynasty that stood at the head of the nomadic state formation. After the death of Edigei, his son Nurradin (1412-1419) became the head of the state; he continued his father’s policies and was able to invest a lot in the process of forming an independent Mantyg yurt.
After the death of Nurradin, Edigei's eldest son, Mansur (1419-1427), became the biy. After Mansur was executed in 1427, his younger brother Gazi (1427-1428) came to power and became the beklarbek of the ruler of Eastern Dasht, where he was killed due to envy in his career growth. Then the heirs of Nurradin come to power. Vakkas-biy, son of Nurradin (1428-1447). Under him, the independence of the Mantyg yurt was preserved and the foundations of the Nogai Horde were formed.
His place was taken by the son of Vakkas - Khorezmi (1447-1473), there is not much information about his reign, but it is known that he constantly searched for allies, and also participated in battles, in one of which in 1473 he was killed by an arrow. The next bey was Abbas, the son of Nurradin (1473-1491). His reign was marked by a tendency towards separation from strong allies and neighbors, it is also known that Abbas had to flee due to some disagreements.
Now in power is Musa (1491-1502), the son of Waqqas and one of the most active figures. The main achievement is considered to be the final independence of the Nogai Horde; its influence in Europe and external political relations increased. After his death, Musa's brother Yamgurchi (1502-1504) became bey. He continued his brother's policies and was recognized as the legal heir, but her status in the foreign political arena was already much lower. He adhered to a peaceful policy towards the Moscow kingdom.
After Yamgurcha, a period of internecine wars begins. Hassan is the youngest son of Waqqas (1504-1508), he did not enjoy the same authority as his brothers and therefore tried to strengthen his position with various alliances. Information about him disappears starting in 1508, then Musa’s son, Sheikh Mohammed (1508-1510 and 1516-1519), replaces him.
The last biys were Alchagir, son of Musa (1508-1516), Agish, son of Yamchurga (1521-1524), Said-Ahmed, son of Musa (1524-1541), Sheikh-Mamai, son of Musa (1541-1549), Yusuf, son Musa (1549-1554) and Ismail, son of Musa (1557-1563).
Culture
Not much is known about the culture of the Nogai nomads; most of the evidence was recorded by travelers after the collapse of the Nogai Horde. So, let's start with everyday life. The Nogai lived in yurts - large spherical structures. Usually there were two yurts per large family - one for children and one for the older generation. They located their camps in areas rich in fodder crops for livestock.
Migration processes in the tribe occurred seasonally and were associated with the need to constantly change their place of residence. The Nogai dressed in accordance with their lifestyle. Thus, men wore long cloth caftans, which could be blue, red or gray. Underneath were cloth or sheepskin trousers and cotton shirts. Women wore similar clothes; some could afford white linen robes and silk robes.
Depending on the weather conditions, both men and women wore sheepskin coats. The men's headdresses were pointed bureks or marten hats, and the women's were round folded caps stitched with Russian coins. Shoes were leather and practical boots.
The Nogais ate the meat of domestic animals, dairy products of various preparations, sometimes baked cakes from millet or rice flour, and also diversified their diet with game and fish. For drinks they had honey and alcoholic kumiss, ayran and buza.
The internal organization of relations took place according to the norms of customary law, that is, traditional ones (for example, blood feud for murder or bride price, etc.). Due to its history, geographical location and neighbors, the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish model, but as nomads, the Nogais retained quite strong remnants of the pre-Muslim beliefs of their pagan ancestors.
As for literature, oral literature predominated in the Nogai Horde. It was formed on the basis of constant seasonal movements, which also influenced the emergence of new elements of neighboring cultures and the spread of its own. The old-timers were the guardians of the culture. Written culture was primarily used by the rulers of the Horde and the Mirzas for correspondence with monarchs.
It is known that in the Nogai Horde the city and capital Saraichuk was an important economic, political and, in some respects, religious center. But when asked about other Nogai cities, historians answer negatively. Since the Nogais were “avid” nomads, they did not intend to build cities and fortifications; one of the possible theories can be assumed that they used the structures that they inherited from the Golden Horde. However, archaeological, local history and folklore finds allow us to ask questions, the answers to which are extremely ambiguous.
Wars
Since the Nogai are a nomadic people, their main military force was cavalry, mainly light and mobile. Since such troops were not overly equipped, they were used in long movements and ambushes. The tactics consisted of quick and maneuverable strikes. The most combat-ready were the khan's guards and the squads of the appanage murzas and biys, since they were best provided for.
The most significant war is considered to be the one in the 90s. During the 14th century, Edyge fought against Tokhtamysh Khan for 15 years. Thanks to her, the territories of the Nogai Horde expanded to the West Siberian Lowland. In all other cases, wars took place with neighboring tribes, or Nogai warriors acted in military operations as mercenaries.
Joining Russia
Only after the ethnopolitical community of the Nogais (no longer Mangyts) was fully formed, and this happened closer to the second half of the 15th century, can we talk about the beginning of truly diplomatic Nogai-Russian relations. They began to take shape at the end of the 14th century and were expressed in the strengthening of trade, economic and political ties between the Nogai Horde and the Russian state.
The reigning Ivan the Terrible believed that the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates threatened the Russian lands, and also kept the Volga trade route under control. After several unsuccessful diplomatic attempts, the king decided to take these khanates by military force. After the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, as well as other Asian peoples, the Nogai Horde recognized its dependence on the Moscow state.
After some time, the time of decline of the Nogais came and as a result of civil strife among the Nogai ruling family, the Nogai Horde broke up into several independent hordes. Thus, three creations emerged from it - the Great Nogai, the Small Nogai and the Altyul Horde.
- the Nogai separated from the Golden Horde, and used the Mangyt Yurt as the self-name of their association, and called themselves Mangyts;
- the Nogai Horde adhered to the Muslim religion of the Turkish model, but as nomads, the Nogais retained quite strong remnants of the Muslim beliefs of their pagan ancestors;
- the title of the ruler of the Nogai Horde is called “biy” or “Nogai biy”.
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Kuban Nogai Horde
50s of the 16th century The Right Bank Kuban is an integral part of the Crimean Khanate. Here, from the uluses of the Nogai Horde, the state formation Nogai Small was formed.
Horde of Small Nogais Navruz, Yedisan, Kaisaevskaya, Budzhakskaya, Bestineevskaya, Dzhemboylukskaya, Edichkulskaya,
The Kuban Nogai Horde was ruled by a seraskir. He had broad powers and made final verdicts in civil and criminal cases. He lived in his village. His income consisted of a tenth of the grain harvest, one ram from each tent and 800 bulls.
1769 - the height of the Russian-Turkish war. Four Nogai hordes: Budzhak, Yedisan, Dzhemboyluk, Edichkul declared their desire to transfer to Russian citizenship. In February 1771, a delegation of Nogais arrived in St. Petersburg. Three months later, the Nogai hordes migrated to Kuban.
1. By facilitating the resettlement of the Nogais to the Kuban steppes, Russia removed a large military force from the lower reaches of the Dnieper, just before the invasion of Russian troops into Crimea. 2. Russia hoped that the Nogais would be able to cover the southern Russian borders from raids by the mountaineers. 3. Russian diplomats hoped that in the future the nomads would form an independent state friendly to Russia, which would become a counterweight to Turkey in the struggle for the Black Sea
MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE NOGAI CRAFTS HUNTING CASTLE BREEDING HORSE BREEDING CAMEL BREEDING SHEEP BREEDING TRADE
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Date: ___________ Class: 10 IR Lesson: ____
Topic: Nogai Horde in the 13th-15th centuries.
Target: Studying information about the formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory, consideration of the issue
territories of Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.
Tasks: Educational: To familiarize yourself with the political history of the Horde and find out the reasons for its collapse
Developmental: Develop skills for studying culture, creative search and thinking
Educational: Cultivate an interest in studying the country's past,
Lesson type: traditional
Visual aids: map
Time: 45 min.
DURING THE CLASSES
I . Organizing time
II . Testing the knowledge acquired in previous classes.
Oral survey
When did the White Horde begin to be created?
Tell us about the campaigns of Emir Timur and Khan Tokhtamysh against the White Horde
What was the ethnic composition of the White Horde?
Tell us about the economic situation of the White Horde
III . EXPLANATION OF NEW MATERIAL
Plan
Formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory
Political history of the Horde
Collapse of the Nogai Horde
Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia
1. The name of the Horde comes from the name of the military leader of the Golden Horde - Nogai, who participated in the campaigns of conquest. Main population –Mangyty That’s why they called their ulus the Mangyt yurt.Founder of the Horde - Edige. In 1426 -1440. under the rule of Nur-ad Din, an independent state was created.
Territory: between the Volga and the Urals,
Horde Cent- Saraichik (in the Urals), founded in the 10th century. The city had baths, mosques, bazaars, etc.
13-14th century – the flourishing of the city, in connection with trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to the Karakorum and China
Early 16th century . - capital of the Kazakh Khanate under Kasym
1580g . the city was destroyed by the Don and Volga Cossacks.
During his reign, Edige bore the title "bekler-beki" or"Great Emir" Edige had unlimited power.
Administrative power was exercised - beks, myrzas, sultans and bays - decided social and economic issues. Power was inherited.
Myrza - the ruler of the aul was subordinate to the ruler of the ulus. (he collected taxes, gathered soldiers on campaigns)
90s 14th century. - war between Tokhtamysh and Edige for dominance in the Golden Horde.
Early 17th century - the horde began to decline and disintegrate into independent possessions, and after joining Ml. zhuzu Dependence of the Horde on the Crimean Khanate, Turkish sultans + persecution from Russia - part in Turkey, the northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Bashkirtostan.
Ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde
Nogai Horde
Turkic-speaking tribes
IV . Reflection :
What do you know about the creation of the Nogai Horde?
What part of the lands of the Nogai Horde belonged to Kazakhstan?
Tell us about the ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde.
Under the reign of which khan did the political position of the Nogai Horde strengthen?
What do you know about the political situation in Western Siberia?
Who are the Taibuga people?
V . Lesson summary .
D/z § 26 pp. 125 – 130 retelling. Lesson grades.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Mongol invasion; formation and collapse of the Golden Horde States of the post-Mongol period (Ak Horde; Mogulistan; State of Timur; Nogai Horde; Khanate of Abulkhair). Their administrative and socio-economic development. Ethnic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan, the formation of the Kazakh nation. Culture of Kazakhstan in the XIV – XV centuries. Formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Kazakh Khanate in the 16th century. (Board of khans: Kasym, Khaknazar, Tauekela)
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Genghis Khan (1155 - 1227) Founder of the Mongol Empire (1206 -1260) Temujin. The year of Temujin’s birth remains unclear, since sources indicate different dates: 1155 (according to some sources, 1162). He was born in the Kenditau area on the banks of the Onon River in Mongolia. in the Yesugei family - a bagatur from the Kiyat-Borjigin clan and his wife Hoelun from the Olkhonut clan, whom Yesugei's father recaptured from the Merkit. His father died in a battle with the Tatar tribe when Temuchin was 9 years old. A few years later, Temujin married his betrothed Borte from the Konyrat clan. In the spring of 1206, at the source of the Onon River at the Kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed Great Khan over all tribes and received the title “Genghis Khan”. Mongolia has been transformed: the scattered and warring Mongolian nomadic tribes have united into a single state. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the heirs of the empire were his direct descendants from his first wife Borte in the male line, the so-called Genghisids.
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It took Genghis Khan 20 years to achieve sole power. Genghis Khan's main task was to conquer the western lands: Central Asia, Iran, the Middle East, Transcaucasia, Eastern Europe. Genghis Khan considered himself a “Mongol” and the state “Mongolian”. The basic law - “Yasa” of Genghis Khan, consisted of 2 parts: Part I - words of edification; Part II - laws and punishments.
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Social system of the Mongol Empire The country is divided into 3 military-administrative uluses: Right wing (barungar) Center (kul) Left wing (zhongar) 95 tumens. Tumen = 10 thousand. One thousand = 10 "hundreds", etc. up to “ten” - 10 warriors. Tumens consisted of aimags. The heads of districts, tumens and thousands were relatives and associates of Genghis Khan. Noyons are representatives of the Mongolian nobility. The capital of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan is Karakorum. The highest body of state power is the Kurultai - the constituent assembly (meeted once a year, in the summer). The main issues were resolved: plans and terms of the war were developed and internal issues of the life of the empire were discussed.
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Conquests of the Mongols The Naimans, Kereys, and Zhalairs were conquered on the territory of Mongolia. 1207-1208 - Yenisei Kirghiz and northern Siberian peoples (Zhoshy) 1208-1209. – Tangut state, Turfan Uyghur principality (Genghis Khan) 1210-1211. - the ruler of the Karluks, Arslan Khan, came under the power of Genghis Khan. 1211-1215 – China (adopted military siege technology) 1217 – Semirechye (Jebe noyon). The Mongols occupied it without resistance (it was weakened by the Naimans led by Khan Kuchluk - he persecuted Muslims and introduced Nestorian Christianity). In order to attract the people of Semirechye to his side, Genghis Khan banned robberies and massacres in the region. The city of Balasagun surrendered to the Mongols without a fight. The Mongols called him gobalyk - “meek” in 1218. – “Otrar catastrophe” - Genghis Khan’s trade caravan of 500 people was destroyed by order of Cairo Khan (the governor of the Khorezmshah in the city of Otrar). This was the reason for Genghis Khan’s invasion of Kazakhstan and Maverennahr (the possessions of the Khorezmshah) - (number of troops - 150 tons of people: Mongols 111 tons + Karluks and Uyghurs). 1219 - 6-month siege of Otrar (armies of Chagatai and Ogedei) 3 months - the city of Sygnak on the Syr Darya resisted the Mongols. 15 days – Mr. Ashnas fought; The cities of Uzgend and Barshikent were also captured. 1223 - on the Kalka River the Mongols were resisted by the combined forces of the Russians and Polovtsians (i.e. Kipchaks). Central Asia and Kazakhstan were conquered by Genghis Khan in 5 years (1219 -1224)
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The tragedy of the defenders of Otrar The ruler of Otrar, Cairo Khan (Gair Khan), defended his city with 80 thousand troops for 6 months until the last (a “death silver mask” was made for him). Otrar was completely destroyed (1219 - 1220). The main reason for the defeat was the betrayal of the Khorezm military leader of Karaj - Khajib, sent by the Shah of Khorezm to help Otrar.
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Division of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Genghis Khan divided the conquered lands between his sons into Four Uluses. Formation of uluses Chagataya ulus Ter. South and SE Kaz-na, Central Asia with the center in Almaly. In the middle of the 14th century. The Chagataid state split into Mogulistan and Transoxiana. The ulus of Tuluya consisted of Mongolia with its capital Karakorum, where the Ogedei ulus of Jochi Ter. from the Irtysh to Eastern Europe later began to live and rule. East Desht-i-Kypchak, Aral region, lower reaches of the Syr Darya, NE Zhetysu (central, northern, western Kaz-n) center - on the Irtysh river or at the confluence of Sarysu and Kengir. ulus Ogedey Ter zap. Mongolia, Altai, Tarbagatai and the upper reaches of the Irtysh. In 1229 -proclaimed Great Khan, began to live in Karakorum. In 1251, the ulus of Ogedei was liquidated. Jochi died in 1227. His ulus was inherited by his son Batu. The lands of Kazakhstan became part of the uluses of the 3 sons. In 1259, after the death of Khan Monke, the struggle between the descendants intensified. In 1260 The Mongol Empire broke up into independent uluses.
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Golden Horde (mid-XIII - mid-XV centuries) The Mongol conquests covered in the 13th century. vast territory of Eurasia. In 1235, by order of the Kurultai Ogedei, Batu, at the head of a large number of Chingizid princes from the descendants of Zhosha, Jagatai, Ogedei himself and Tolui, set out to conquer the western lands, Eastern Europe and the Polovtsian steppe Desht-i-Kipchak. The latter had already by this time become a stable hereditary possession of the descendants of Zhoshy Khan. As a result of Batu’s European campaigns, which lasted from 1236 to 1242, the Golden Horde was formed, the territory of which extended from the Altai Mountains to the Danube. The state of the Golden Horde, founded by Batu in 1243, was called Ulus Jochi in written sources. The name "Golden Horde" appears in Russian sources from the 16th century. In written sources this concept is ambiguous. In one case, the Golden Horde meant Batu’s personal possessions, that is, the Volga region and the North Caucasus; in the other - the entire Zhosha ulus. The chronicle “Shyngysname” (XIV century) sets out a legend according to which Genghis Khan divided the Zhoshy ulus between 3 grandchildren - the sons of Zhoshy: Batu, Ezhen and Shaiban, who inherited the Golden, White and Blue Hordes. Batu began to rule the Golden Horde.
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Golden Horde - Ulus Zhoshy. Founder – Batu Khan (Batu Sain Khan) – 1227 – 1255. – in sources: just ruler; “protector of Muslims” (Persian historian Juvaini); “paid attention to the development of cities” (Russian chronicle). Territory: from the Altai Mountains to the river. Danube. Capital: Sarai Batu (in the lower reaches of the Volga, near modern Astrakhan); Berke's barn (near Volgograd) - there is a hypothesis that these are 2 names of one city - the capital. Batu khan
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Government structure of the Golden Horde Social system: It was similar to the system of the descendants of the uluses of Genghis Khan. The state consisted of uluses, and the uluses were divided into smaller possessions. The title of the ruler of the state: khan. The power of the khan was inherited. System of Government: Civil power of smaller domains was in the hands of local rulers called maliks. At the head of the divan (the central body of executive power in charge of finances, taxes, and the internal life of the state) was the vizier; in the cities and subordinate uluses, the collection of taxes and tribute was carried out by the Darugs and Baskaks; the army and diplomatic relations with other states were in charge of the beklerbek. Population: Numerous tribes and nationalities that differed from each other in terms of socio-economic development and had a unique culture and customs: Kipchaks, Naimans, Kereits, Uakis, Konyrat, etc. The Mongols were in the minority, the Kipchaks in the majority. Language: Kypchak. Record keeping was conducted in Turkic and Uyghur languages.
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Strengthening the Golden Horde Berke Khan - (brother of Batu 1255 - 1266) - strengthened the ties of the Golden Horde with the Sultan of Egypt Beybarys; abandoned the dependence of the Mongol Empire, did not participate in kurultai; He himself converted to Islam, but used it to strengthen ties with Muslim states. Mengu-Temir (1266 - 1280) - made a campaign in 1271 against Byzantium, which interfered with relations with Egypt; entered into an agreement with her; developed trade relations with Mediterranean countries. Tokhty - Khan (1290 - 1312) - revived trade relations with Iran, the Caucasus, and the Mamluk state of Egypt. Under Uzbek Khan (1312 - 1342) and his son Zhanybek Khan (1342 - 1357) - the heyday of the Golden Horde; Under Uzbek Khan, Islam was declared the state religion in 1312, mosques were erected in cities. Berke Khan
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Reasons for the collapse of the Golden Horde “EposIdegei” Al-Makrizi, an Egyptian historian of the 15th century, a contemporary of these events: “... unrest came in the Idil country. Many fathers and sons perished in the internecine war, As the husband Idegei predicted, a dark day has come to earth. The throne created by Genghis became the throne where blood was shed. The Khan's palace disappeared from view. The devastated region became empty. Then Azhdarkan, Kazan and Crimea moved away from each other. The Golden Horde fell apart..” - Astrakhan “In 833 (30.IX.1429 – 10.IX.1430) and the years preceding it, in the lands of Saransk and the Ideshts and in the Kipchak steppes there was a severe drought and an extremely large pestilence, from which many people died, so that only a few clans survived from them with their herds.” - Tatars
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Reasons for the collapse of the Golden Horde Restore the logical chain of events of the collapse of the Golden Horde using the example of the source “EposIdegei” Al-Makrizi, an Egyptian historian of the 15th century, a contemporary of these events:
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Reasons for the collapse of the Golden Horde The logical chain of events of the collapse of the Golden Horde using the example of the source Test yourself! Economic weakening Struggle for power at the top Civil strife within the state Attack of stronger neighboring states Economic and political weakness of the state Collapse of the state
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Weakening and collapse of the Golden Horde (Ulug Ulus) The decline of the Golden Horde as a consequence of increased internecine strife was observed in the second half of the 14th century. The first signs of the decline of the Golden Horde appeared already under Janibek Khan (1342-1357). Having learned about the serious illness of his father Janibek, Sultan Berdibek, who was the governor in Azerbaijan, hurried to Saray, fearing to lose his throne. Having become khan, Berdibek ordered the execution of all his relatives, seeing them as competitors in the struggle for power. However, his reign was short-lived. Two years later he himself was killed. With the death of Berdibek, the last khan of the Batu dynasty, the Sheybanids and Tuka-Timurids, descendants of the fifth and thirteenth sons of Jochi, began to strengthen. The struggle for power in the Golden Horde turned into a protracted period of wars, when over 20 years from 1360 to 1380 more than 20 khans changed on the Sarai throne. Taking advantage of the defeat of Mamai on the Kulikovo Field, power in the Golden Horde was seized by Khan Tokhtamysh in 1380. While fighting with Tokhtamysh, the ruler of Maverannahr, Emir Timur, more than once made campaigns against the Golden Horde and subjected it to plunder. The Golden Horde broke up into separate states in the middle of the 15th century.
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So, the Golden Horde state collapsed in the XIV-XV centuries. This was due to the following factors: lack of economic unity; feudal strife; power struggle between the descendants of Genghis Khan; the aggravation of contradictions between the nomadic nobility and the settled trading elite of cities and agricultural regions; The collapse of the Golden Horde was significantly accelerated by the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), where the Russians inflicted a major defeat on the Golden Horde army; The collapse of the Golden Horde was facilitated by the campaigns of Timur, which he carried out in 1389, 1391, 1395. Golden Horde XV century. Siberian Khanate Kazan Khanate Crimean Khanate Astrakhan Khanate Nogai Horde White Horde
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White Horde (XIV - early XV centuries) On the territory of Eastern Dasht-i-Kipchak (from Yaik to the lower reaches of the Syr Darya) in the XIII - early XV centuries. There was a state Ak Orda (White Horde). The territory of Ak Horde was formed gradually, as dependence on the Golden Horde weakened. Ak Orda included the possessions of Orda Ezhen and Shayban. The center of Ak Orda is the city of Sygnak, located in the middle. flow of the Syrdarya. The state was headed by khans from the clan of Orda Ejen (son of Jochi). By the middle of the 14th century, the khans Erzen and Mubarak Khoja (1320-1344) managed to finally break with dependence on the Golden Horde. The Ak Orda strengthened under Khan Urus, who ruled in the 60-70s. XIV century. The brunt of the struggle and defense from the aggression of Emir Timur fell on him. After the death of Urus Khan and his son Toktakiy, Emir Timur elevated Tokhtamysh (son of Tui-Khoja, the ruler of Mangystau, executed by Urus Khan) to the throne of the White Horde. In 1379, having defeated Timur-Malik, Tokhtamysh subjugated the city of Sygnak. In 1423-1428. Ak Orda was ruled by the grandson of Urus Khan Barak, the last khan of the White Horde. Having won a victory over Timur's grandson, Ulugbek, he returned a number of cities. After his death, power passes to Shaybanid Abulkhair.
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White Horde (XIV - early XV centuries) Ethnic composition of the population of the White Horde The ethnic composition of the White Horde was homogeneous. It was inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes, which later formed the main core of the Kazakh people. These tribes are: Kipchaks, Konrat, Argyns, Alshyns, Kanlys, Kereys, Uysuns, Naimans. 3 stages of the foreign policy of the White Horde The period of the struggle of the rulers of the White Horde for separation from the Golden Horde in order to gain their independence. Open interference of the Golden Horde in the internal affairs of the White Horde. The struggle of Urus Khan and his descendants against Emir Timur. Tokhtamysh
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Mogulistan (XIV - early XVI centuries) By the middle of the XIV century, the Chagatai ulus collapsed. In its eastern part, which included South-Eastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the state of Mogulistan was created. Historian Muhammad Haydar Dulati wrote that the territory of Mogulistan has a length of 7-8 months of travel.
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Mogulistan (XIV - early XVI centuries) The founder of the state is Emir Puladchi from the Dulat tribe. Not being a Chingizid, in 1348 he elevated the 18-year-old Chagataid Togluk-Timur to the throne. Togluk-Timur Khan became the founder of the ruling dynasty, which was at the head of the khan's power until the beginning of the 16th century. In managing the state khan, he was assisted by ulusbek (ulusbegi), the head of the Dulat tribe. The capital of the state is the city of Almalyk. Islam was declared the state religion under Togluk Timur. In his foreign policy, Togluk-Timur tried to restore his power in all the lands of the former Chagatai ulus. In 1360-1361 he made two campaigns in Transoxiana. He elevated his son Ilyas-Khoja to the khan's throne of Transoxiana. In 1365, in the battle of Tashkent (Batpakta “Mud Battle”), Khan Ilyas-Khoja won a victory over Timur’s troops. In 1380-1390, Emir Timur repeatedly carried out devastating raids on Moghulistan. Khan Khizr-Khoja recognized his vassalage to Timur. During the reign of Muhammad Khan, Moghulistan regained its independence. In 1425, a descendant of Timur, Ulugbek, made a campaign against Mogulistan and plundered it. Yesen-Buga took the khan's throne (1433-1462) in the fight against his brother Zhunus. The collapse of the Khanate began during the reign of Zhunus's grandson, Khan Abd ar-Raishd.
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Emir Timur (1370-1405). During feudal strife and wars in Transoxiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) in the 60s of the 14th century, Timur (Tamerlane) emerged. Emir Timur was the son of Bek Taragai from the Turkified Mongolian Barlas tribe. Not belonging to the descendants of Genghis Khan - the Genghisids, he did not take the title of khan, but was called an emir. 1370 - Timur became the sole ruler of Transoxiana with his capital in Samarkand. Relying on the support of the nomadic nobility, sedentary feudal lords and the Muslim clergy, Timur began to unite all of Central Asia under his control.
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Emir Timur and his conquests Timur began the struggle to create a centralized state. Tamerlane's goals were to curb the Golden Horde and establish political influence in its eastern part; the unification of Mogolistan and Maverannahr, previously divided, into a single state, at one time called the Chagatai ulus. Realizing all the danger posed by the Golden Horde, from the very first days of his reign, Timur tried in every possible way to bring his protege Tokhtamysh to power there. With the persistent support of Timur, Tokhtamysh in 1378. conquered the throne of the White Horde, and in 1380. - Golden Horde. The unification of the Golden and White Hordes under the rule of Tokhtamysh led to a worsening of relations between Timur and Tokhtamysh. By the end of the 80s. XV century A political alliance was formed between the rulers of Mogulistan and Ak Horde against Timur, but it did not fulfill its task. In response, Timur undertook two predatory campaigns, the most severe in their consequences for the population of Kazakhstan: in 1389 - to Mogulistan and in 1390–1391. - to Ak Orda and Golden Horde.
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Emir Timur and his conquests In the battles (1391 - near the Kunduzchi river; 1395 - on the Terek river) Tokhtamysh was finally defeated by the troops of Emir Timur From 1371 to 1390, Emir Timur made seven campaigns against Mogolistan, finally defeating the army of Kamar ad-Din in 1390. Mogulistan recognized vassalage from Timur. To strengthen his power among Muslims, Timur ordered the construction of the mausoleum of Ahmed Yassawi in Turkestan. Timur's military campaigns were predatory and cruel. In the 14th century, Tamerlane's empire was the largest state. It included Transoxiana, Khorezm, Transcaucasia, Persia (Iran), Punjab and other lands (27 states in total). In 1405, Emir Timur died in Otrar. He was buried in the mausoleum of his capital - Samarkand. After the death of Timur (1405), a struggle for power began in the country between his descendants - the Timurids. The former empire gradually disintegrated. Feudal fragmentation intensified in Central Asia.
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Nogai Horde (late 14th – 16th centuries) After the collapse of the Golden Horde and the weakening of the White Horde, the Nogai Horde was formed in the north-west of Kazakhstan. Its main territory was between the Volga and the Urals. The capital is the city of Saraichik on the Ural River, founded in the 10th century (under Kasym Khan at the beginning of the 16th century it was the capital of the Kazakh Khanate). The name of the Horde comes from the name of the military leader of the Golden Horde, Nogai. Nogai took part in Batu's campaigns and was the commander of five khans of the Golden Horde. The founder of the Nogai Horde is Edyge, the son of Nogai. Not having the right to the title of khan, he bore the title "beklar-begi"; For 15 years (1396 - 1411) he was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde. Under Edyga, the Nogai Horde began to separate from the Golden Horde, and under Nur ad-din, the son of Edyga, it became an independent state. The basis of the population of the Nogai Horde were the Turkic-speaking tribes that were part of Nogai’s army (Kypchaks, Naimans, Argyns, Konrat, etc.). The main one was the Turkic-speaking tribe of the Mangyts, who initially called their ulus the Mangyt Yurt.
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Nogai Horde (late 14th – 16th centuries) In the 90s of the 14th century, Edyge waged war with Tokhtamysh Khan for dominance in the Golden Horde and in order to expand the borders of the Nogai Horde. In the second half of the 15th century, the name Nogai people appeared. The head of the state was the khan. An ulus system of state government emerged. The uluses were headed by the Murzas, who had unlimited power. At the beginning of the 16th century, as a result of constant civil strife, the Nogai Horde began to decline. In the 1550s, after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, the Nogai Horde split into several possessions. In the 16th century part of the Nogai population became part of the Junior Zhuz of the Kazakhs. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Nogai Horde became dependent on the Crimean Khanate and the Turkish sultans.
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Khanate of Abulkhair (1428 -1468) As a result of the collapse of the Ak Horde and the strife of the Jochids, power passed to the Shaybanid dynasty. In 1428, the Khanate of Abulkhair was formed. Abulkhair's predecessor was Ak Horde Khan Barak Khan, who died in 1428. Abulkhair was a tenth generation descendant of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi. In 1428, in Tura (Western Siberia), at the age of 17, he was proclaimed khan of the Uzbek ulus. The territory of the Khanate extended from Yaik in the west to Balkhash in the east. At the end of the XIV - first half of the XV centuries. the population of the khanate was known under the general name “Uzbeks”, and the Khanate of Abulkhair also had the name “State of nomadic Uzbeks”. The capital is the city of Tura (Chimgi-Tura), later Orda-Bazar, then Sygnak. The ethnic composition of the Khanate was represented by 92 Turkic-speaking clans and tribes
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State of nomadic Uzbeks The state of Abulkhair did not have strong neighbors. The Golden Horde was in agony after the terrible defeat inflicted by Timur. In the south, there was strife in Mogolistan. Timur's empire quickly disintegrated after his death. Having dealt with the Jochids, Abulkhair began his conquests in Wed. Asia. In 1446, Abulkhair made a campaign against the Syr Darya and captured a number of cities - Sozak, Sygnak, Ak-Korgan, Uzgend. Sygnak became the new capital of the state. In 1457, Abulkhair suffered a severe defeat from the Oirats near Sygnak. This weakened the state and completely undermined the authority of Abulkhair. In 1460, dissatisfied with the harsh policies of Abulkhair Khan, the Genghisids Zhanibek and Kerey and their subjects migrated east to Semirechye, to Mogulistan, where they created their own state - the Kazakh Khanate. In order to punish the rebellious sultans, he went on a campaign in 1468. Abulkhair died in the Akkystau area near Almaty. After the death of Abulkhair Khan, the state collapsed. The main reasons for the collapse were strife, strife over the division of territory, and the migration of masses of people to other territories. Abulkhair's grandson Sheybani Khan, having led part of the tribes, went to Transoxiana and formed his own state there.
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Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia in the XIII - XV centuries. Territories of Western Siberia in the XIII - XV centuries. inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes, the core of which were the Kipchaks. The Kereyites played the main role in the tribal union. Western Siberia was included in the Jochi ulus and was considered the land of the Shaybanid dynasty. The ruling dynasty is the Taibuga people. Taibuga Khan renamed the capital of Tura to the city of Chingi-Tura in honor of Genghis Khan. Tura is now the city of Tyumen. Tokhtamysh was defeated by Edyge in 1398 and fled to Western Siberia, where he ruled the estate. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Taibuga people recognized the power of Edyge. In 1428, Abulkhair Khan, having conquered Western Siberia, annexed it to his khanate. In 1481 - 1483 Ibak Khan concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance with Tsar Ivan III and established trade relations. In 1495, the local nobility, led by the Taibuga resident Muhammad, unexpectedly attacked Chingi-Tura. Ibak was killed. Muhammad Khan became the ruler. After the death of Muhammad Khan, power remained in the hands of the Taibuga dynasty.
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Domestic politics and economics of states in the post-Mongol period. The Mongol Empire was divided between the sons of Genghis Khan into uluses that bore their names (Ulus Zhoshy, Chagatai). Within these possessions, smaller possessions appeared (Batu ulus, Ezhena), which became small states. The concept of “ulus” = country, people. The structure of administrative power on the territory of Kazakhstan was the same in almost all states. In the Nogai Horde, khan's power was in the hands of biys, and in other states it was inherited, but the nobility had the right to elect any member of the ruling dynasty as khan. In the White Horde, the Khanate of Abulkhair and Mogulistan, tribal leaders were called emirs, in the Nogai Horde - murzas. The title "bek" was assigned to military leaders and senior government officials. For example: ulusbek, tumenbek, mynbek. The title of biy was assigned to people's judges. The Mongolian title "noyon" was assigned to representatives of the wealthy nobility. The titles “bahadur” or “batyr” were also worn by prominent military leaders. The common people were called “karacha” (rabble, common people).
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Social structure. Representatives of the supreme power were the Chingizids - khans, sultans, oglans. At the second stage were the leaders of clans and tribes - emirs, beks, biys and bai. The rest of the population of the state was subordinate to them. Based on the text of the textbook, fill in the missing concepts....... At the head of the state was the great….Power was transferred to…. State affairs were decided by ......, which included ulusbeks, emirs, beks, and biys. The khan’s advisors were……The supreme body of the khan’s power was……. It was convened ……… in the summer. In the White Horde, the Khanate of Abulkhair and Mogulistan, tribal leaders were called ......, in the Nogai Horde - ... The title ... was assigned to military leaders and senior government officials. The title... was assigned to people's judges. The Mongolian title... was borne by representatives of the wealthy nobility. Titles... were worn by prominent military leaders. The common people were called ...... (rabble, commoners).
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Check yourself! The head of the state was the great ... (khan). Power was transferred ... (from father to son). State affairs were decided at ...... (Khan's Council), which included ulusbeks, emirs, beks, and biys. The khan’s advisors were……(viziers) The supreme body of the khan’s power was……(kurultai). It was convened………(once a year) in the summer. In the White Horde, the Khanate of Abulkhair and Mogulistan, tribal leaders were called ...... (emirs), in the Nogai Horde - ... (Murzas). The title ... (bek) was assigned to military leaders and senior government officials. The title ... (biya) was assigned to people's judges. The Mongolian title ... (noyon) was assigned to representatives of the wealthy nobility. The titles...(bahadur or batyr) were worn by prominent military leaders. The common people were called……(karacha) (rabble, common people). Social structure.
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Types of land ownership There were 4 types of land ownership state lands (belonging directly to the khans) lands of the inju (descendants of Genghis Khan) waqf lands (mosques and ministers) lands transferred by the khans as hereditary property There were also such types of land ownership as “ikta” and "soyurgal". They were distributed for service, they were not inherited. Genghis Khan divided the conquered lands with the entire population among his sons. These lands were called "inju", which meant "dowry". The lands for the Inju Khans of the Golden Horde were located in the Volga region. Chagatai state - in the valleys of the Chu and Talas rivers.
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Taxes and labor obligations Fill out the following table based on the text of the textbook: Commoners were obliged to bear military service from the tribal leaders with their horses and weapons. Tax Its content is a type of tax on cultivated land. Zyaket is a tax levied on the pastoral population in kind. Kapshuyr is a tax levied on the population in kind to provide the army with food. Kalan is a tax levied on the population depending on the number of souls. Kharaj –
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Taxes and labor duties Check yourself! Commoners were obliged to carry out military service with the tribal leaders with their own horses and weapons. Tax Its contents Budge - a type of tax on cultivated land Zyaket - a tax on livestock in favor of the khan and sultans Sybagaisogym - a tax levied on the pastoral population in kind Kapshuyr - a tax levied on nomadic pastoralists in the amount of 1% of the livestock. Tagar is a tax levied on the population in kind to provide the army with food. Kalan is a tax levied on the population depending on the size of the land plot. Ushur is a tax levied on the population depending on the number of souls. Kharaj is a land tax levied depending on the amount of harvest received.
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State administrative structure Assignment: Based on paragraph 4 of the textbook, fill out a diagram of the administrative structure of the khan’s power, writing in the notebooks the names of the titles of persons working in the state apparatus and their functions. Khan - Ulusbeks - beks and emirs - clan nobility Darugs - atabeks and kokiltashes - Zhasauly - Ishik aga basy - title inak - management other functions
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State administrative structure Check yourself! Khan - Organization of armed protection of the state from external enemies; Determining the foreign policy course of the state; Functions of the highest judiciary; Protection of the existing order and social structure. Ulusbeks - issues of enthronement, army, diplomacy beks and emirs - clan nobility Darugs - khan's governors in the city, locality (collection of taxes, control of order) atabeks and kokiltashes - educators of the heirs of the khan. Zhasauls (combatants) - monitored the order and execution of customs and traditions at toyas, weddings and festivals Ishik aga basa - head of the palace service. khan's advisers - title inak naibs were advisers to minor khans Mirshikars - organizers of the khan's hunt management other functions
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Economic situation End of the 13th century - cattle breeding, agriculture and sedentary urban culture begin to revive after the Mongol invasion. On the vast territory of Kazakhstan, 3 types of cattle breeding developed: sedentary, semi-nomadic and nomadic. Agriculture mainly developed in the southeast of Kazakhstan, near the cities of Turkestan, Sauran, Otrar, Sygnak (irrigation systems were located). at the kurultai on the river. Talas, a decision was made prohibiting the collection of taxes from the urban population in excess of the established norm. Urban culture developed during the reign of the White Horde khans: Sasy-Buga, Erzen, Mubaraki, Chimtai. In the XIII - XIV centuries. In the cities, crafts became widespread: pottery, brick burning, coppersmithing, bronze casting, jewelry, glass making, bone cutting and stone masonry. XIV – XV centuries. – cattle breeding predominated and therefore material goods were produced using animal raw materials. The passage of the Great Silk Road through the territory of Kazakhstan made it possible for the local population to exchange their products for various goods of the West and East.
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Formation of the Kazakh people. The basis for the formation of the Kazakh people were the ancient autochthonous tribes: the Saki, Usun, Kangyu, tribes of the Western Turkic Khaganate (VI-VII centuries). In the states of the Karluks ((VIII-X centuries), Karakhanids (X-XII centuries) there was an intensive process of ethnic unification of the Turkic tribes of Semirechye and Southern Kazakhstan, and in the states of the Kimaks and Kipchaks - the Turkic tribes of Northern, Western and Central Kazakhstan. By the 12th -XIII centuries, on the territory of Kazakhstan, all the necessary historical and economic prerequisites for the unification of various Turkic tribes into a nation were formed; they had a single territory, a common form of economic management, a common language, a common material culture and way of life, but this natural historical process was suspended for centuries. by the invasion of Genghis Khan's troops, the formation of the Kazakh people was thrown back 150 - 200 years ago. As a result of the Mongol conquest, a new ethnic component was added - Mongol clans and tribes, which moved in some numbers to the territory of Kazakhstan. The tribes of the White Horde played a major role in the ethnic formation of the Kazakh people. the majority were Kipchaks. The ethnopolitical communities of the Khanate of Abulkhair, the Nogai Horde and the Mogul state also had their influence.
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Formation of the Kazakh people. The process of formation of the Kazakh nation ended with the formation of the Kazakh Khanate in the 60s. XV century State unification in the second half of the XV-XVI centuries. the main ethnic groups of the Kazakh people and its ethnic territory accelerated the process of completing the formation of the nation. Factors in the formation of a single nationality: 1) a single language, similar rituals, traditions and religion; 2) similar socio-economic and spiritual development; 3) the desire of tribes to unite; consolidation of 2 ethnic groups and their territories. Unlike the Khanates of Abulkhair and Ak-Orda, as well as Mogulistan, the Kazakh Khanate had a broader and stronger ethnic basis - the already established Kazakh nation. The Kazakh people included 2 ethnic groups: 1) the Kipchak tribes of Central, Northern and Southern Kazakhstan and 2) the Uysuns of South-Eastern Kazakhstan. For the first time after the Mongol conquest, almost all Turkic clans and tribes of eastern Dasht-i Kipchak, Turkestan and Semirechye were united into one state. The tribes that moved with Zhanibek and Kerey were called Uzbeks - Kazakhs. From this ethnopolitical community, two independent peoples emerged: Kazakhs and Uzbeks.
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Ethnonym “Kazakh” There are many opinions about the origin of the name (ethnonym) “Kazakh”. They have been debated since the 18th century, but until now researchers have not come to a consensus. To date, there are more than twenty explanations of the etymology of the word “Kazakh”. Systematization of various studies of the origin and meaning of the word “Kazakh” reveals the main three directions: Mythological. There was a widespread myth among the Kazakhs themselves that the word “Kazakh” came from the word “white goose” (in Kazakh, swan goose is translated as “ak kaz”, Kazakh - white goose - swan). Translated from ancient Turkic, the word “Kazakh” is translated as “free”, “separated people”, “brave, freedom-loving people”, “daring warriors”. The name "Kazakh" comes from the name of the tribes that inhabited the territory of present-day Kazakhstan. The names of tribes such as Saki, Kaspi, Khazars, Azy, modified over time, turned into the word “Kazakh”. The Kipchaks who led Mamluk Egypt in 1245 ordered the creation of an Arabic-Kypchak dictionary. In it, the term “Kazakh” is translated as “free”, “wanderer”. This term was given a social meaning: this was the name given to groups that separated from their clan, tribe and began to live according to their own laws (until the 13th century - according to B.E. Kumekov), from the 14th century. – the word “Kazakh” takes on an ethnic meaning.
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Kazakh zhuzes. The word “Alash” appeared in the 9th – 10th centuries; it was the battle cry of the Kazakhs. According to legend, Alasha is the khan - the progenitor of the Kazakh people. In the area of the city of Zhezkazgan, near the Zhanga River, the site of Alash Khan's headquarters was discovered, and on the coast of the Karakengir River - his mausoleum (building of the 10th-11th centuries; completed in the 14th-15th centuries). Traditional Kazakh society consists of three zhuzes. Scientists do not have a general opinion about the time of the emergence of zhuzes, the reasons for their appearance, the internal structure and meaning of the concept. The Kazakh zhuzes had the following features: internal regional unity; ethnic unity; cultural and economic community; community of political leadership. Each Kazakh zhuz had its own historically established space and territory. So, for the Senior Zhuz it is Semirechye and Southern Kazakhstan, for the Middle Zhuz it is Central, Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan, for the Junior Zhuz it is Western Kazakhstan. The Kazakh tribes that were part of the same zhuz were related to each other and were even considered descendants of the same ancestor.
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It is believed that the division into zhuzes occurred in the 10th – 12th centuries. The zhuzes were distinguished by their internal cohesion and leadership. Each zhuz had its own biy. And during the time of the Kazakh Khanate, each zhuz had its own khan. Division into large unions in the vast expanses of the Kazakh land was a vital necessity and was associated with the specifics of nomadic life and the difficulties of government. The end of the process of division into zhuz coincides with the period of formation of Kazakh statehood. Kazakh zhuzes were economic, cultural and political parts of the Kazakh people. In peacetime, most internal problems and relations were resolved within the zhuzes themselves; political, economic, cultural, and ethnic ties developed between Kazakh zhuzes. Close economic relationships were established between clans and tribes, trade ties were established, and marriages were concluded. Common ethnoculture, linguistic, everyday and economic unity played a strong connecting role. And if clouds gathered over the common homeland, the question of its protection arose, then all the Kazakh zhuzes united into one powerful force. There were no disagreements about which zhuz this or that territory belonged to: Kazakh land was under threat. Kazakh zhuzes.
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Prerequisites for the formation of the Kazakh Khanate in the XIV - XV centuries. Kazakh tribes inhabited vast expanses from the Irtysh to the Urals; from Altai to the Aral and Caspian Sea; from Karatal to Syrdarya; from Tien Shan to Karatau. Territories of settlement of the main Kazakh tribes. Konrat - from Turkestan to Karatau Naimans - from Ulytau to the Ishim River Argyns - from the Irtysh River to central Kazakhstan Kerei - Zhetysu, Tarbagatai, Irtysh River, lake. Zaisan, between the Ob and Tobol rivers Dulats - the banks of the Ili, Chu, Talas rivers, the area of Lake Issyk Kul and the south of Kazakhstan Kanly and Zhalairs - the foothills of the Karatau mountains, the banks of the Syrdarya river and the Zhetysu rivers. Uysuns - in Zhetysu The formation of Kazakh statehood has a long history. By the time of the emergence of the Kazakh Khanate, two periods can be distinguished: I. Formation of the political organization of nomads - the ancestors of the Kazakhs (until the middle of the 15th century). II. Kazakh statehood itself (from the mid-15th century to the beginning of the 18th century) The main prerequisites for the formation of the Kazakh state took shape: the Khanate of Abulkhair and Mogulistan lost their former power. Continuous wars and feudal strife. The desire of the tribes to create an independent state.
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History of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. Khan Barak (1423-1428) - the last khan of the Ak-Orda, pursued a personal policy and was independent of the local ancestors. After his death, the tribal leaders did not want to choose his heir Zhanybek as khan. They chose Abulkhair, who was only 17 years old. In 1446, Abulkhair transferred the capital of the Uzbek Khanate to Syganak, i.e. to the ulus of Zhanybek and Kerey in order to control trade between Central Asia and Desht-i-Kipchak. Nomads and pastures in the Turkestan district began to pass to the Shaybanids, which gave rise to conflicts between Abulkhair and Zhanybek. This was the main reason for the migration of Zhanybek and Kerey, and the reason was the defeat of Abulkhair in the battle with the Oirats in 1457. The authority of Abulkhair began to fall, and if by the time of his election he was supported by more than 70 tribal leaders, then by 1457 - only 17. Migration of Zhanybek and Kereya to the northwestern part of Mogolistan, with 200 thousand people and marked the beginning of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate - in 1465-1466. K ser. XV century Kazakh tribes were scattered and were part of a number of khanates: Uzbek, Mogulistan, Nogai Horde, Siberian. The struggle was for the unification of the entire ethnic territory of the Kazakhs, for the Syrdarya cities, pastures, etc.
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History of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. “Kerei and Zhanybek with the ulus people arrived in Mogulistan during the lifetime of the Mogul khan Yesen-Bugi, who warmly received the fugitives and assigned them the Chu and Kozy-Bashi valleys for habitation. The time of Kerey and Zhanybek’s arrival with the ulus people into the possessions of the Mogul Khan Yesen-Buga should be dated to 1459-60.” (T.I. Sultanov) The arrival of Kerey and Zhanybek was carried out at the invitation of Yesen-Buga, who sought to strengthen his power and with their help secure his territory from Khan Abulkhair, the Oirats and the claims of his brother Zhunus. The main reason for the migration was the authoritarian rule of Khan Abulkhair Shibanid, who sought to prevent the strengthening of the descendants of another branch of the Juchids, the descendants of Tuka-Timur and Orda-Ejen, directly related along the genealogical line to the Khan of the Ak-Horde Urus Khan, whose great-grandchildren were Kerey and Zhanybek.
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History of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate. In the early 70s, the Kazakh Khanate was divided into two wings. The left wing (eastern) was headed by Kerey himself, the right wing (western), which included the possessions of other descendants of Edyge - Zhanybek. Here we can talk about the institution of co-government, known since ancient times in the Steppe. The borders of the Khanate extended from the Irtysh to Zhaik (Ural). The Mangyt biys tried to get out from under the power of Kerey and Zhanybek. In 1472, Musa-myrza entered into an alliance with Muhammad Shaybani, promising to proclaim him the khan of the entire Desht-i-Kipchak, but the victory of Sultan Buryndyk, the son of Kerey, at the Sagunlyk pass in the Karatau Mountains, and then at Otrar, Turkestan, Arkuk, forced Shaybani run again. From the beginning of its formation, the Kazakh Khanate fought for the unification of all the Deshti-Kipchak tribes and the annexation of the Syr Darya cities. After Kerey's death in 1474, his son Buryndyk (1474-1511) became khan. Relying on the Syr Darya cities, Buryndyk Khan managed to unite the nomadic clans of Zhetysu, Central and Western Kazakhstan. Buryndyk and Kasym settled for a short time in the city of Saraichik in the lower reaches of the Urals, the former capital of the Nogai ulus. After the death of Musa-myrza, most of the nomadic clans of the Mangyts came under the rule of the Kazakh khan Buryndyk. A sharp struggle for power began between Buryndyk and Kasym, which ended in 1511 with the victory of Kasym. In 1511, Buryndyk, deprived of authority, was expelled and Kasym became the sovereign khan.
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The main directions of the policy of the Kazakh khans. Under Khan Kasym (1511-18), nicknamed “the unifier of the Kazakh lands,” the borders of the Kazakh Khanate expanded westward and reached the river basin. Ural. Kasym's victories over Muhammad Shaybani ended with the annexation of the Syrdarya cities - Tashkent and Turkestan. The number of subjects of Khan Kasim reached 1 million people. Diplomatic relations were established with the Moscow state, trade and economic ties with Central Asia. The Kazakh Khanate became known in Europe. Kasym Khan paid great attention to strengthening the internal unity of Kazakh society - under him laws were created called “Kasim’s Straight Path”. “Kasym Khannyn Kaska Zholy” After the death of Kasym Khan, the situation in the Kazakh Khanate became more complicated. Not being a centralized state, the Kazakh Khanate weakened due to internal political strife. Especially under Khan Tahir (1523-1533), mediocre and cruel, the Kazakhs lost many of Kasym Khan’s acquisitions. In the fight against the descendants of M. Shaibani, with the Mangyt Murzas of the Nogai Horde, and the khans of Mogolistan, Tahir lost the western part of Central Kazakhstan, was forced to retreat to the south, and lost 400 thousand subjects. Kasym khan
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The main directions of the policy of the Kazakh khans. After 15 years of crisis, Khan Khaknazar (1538-1580), the son of Kasym, came to power, and the Kazakh Khanate began to revive. Khaknazar, a talented ruler, diplomat and military leader, managed, albeit temporarily, to push the Mughals back to the southeastern Semirechye. Having concluded an alliance with the Uzbek Khan Abdallah against the Siberian Khanate, he sought connections with the Moscow state, which he helped in the fight against Kuchum. As a result of Khaknazar’s multifaceted activities, part of the Nogais came under his control, and the borders of his possessions again reached Emba and the Urals. In a southern direction, maneuvering between Abdallah and Baba Sultan, each of whom promised him the right to own the Turkestan district, Khaknazar tried to weaken them. He received from Abdallah four villages in the Turkestan vilayet for help against Baba Sultan, and Baba Sultan, in order to win the Kazakhs to his side, gave them Yassy and Sauran. In 1580 Khaknazar was killed. He also failed to create a centralized state. After his death, the situation of the Kazakh Khanate remains difficult.
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The main directions of the policy of the Kazakh khans. By the end of the 16th century. The Kazakhs were pushed back by the Dzungars, Nogais, and Uzbeks from the settled agricultural regions of Semirechye. As they approached the Russian borders, the Nogais pushed the Kazakhs to the south and east; Bashkirs and Siberian Tatars, Karakalpaks and others also raided them. The region of Turkestan with the cities of Otrar, Sauran, Sygnak, Suzak, Yassy again ended up with the Shaibanids. All this had a detrimental effect on the economic situation. A new round of struggle for strengthening the Kazakh Khanate and the Syr Darya cities emerged under Tauekel Khan (1582-1598). Taking advantage of intra-Asian strife, Tauekel begins the fight against the Shaibanids. He managed to recapture the vilayets of Turkestan and Transoxiana, but had to retreat when Bukhara was captured. Ultimately, according to a peace treaty between the Kazakh and Central Asian khans, Tauekel returned Samarkand, and Turkestan, Tashkent, and Fergana became part of the Kazakh Khanate. In Central Asia in 1598 The Shaybanid dynasty was replaced by the Ashtarkhanids. Under Tauekel, the Kazakh Khanate and the Moscow state established diplomatic relations. Tauekel managed to subjugate part of the Kalmyks, so he was called the khan of the Kazakhs and Kalmyks. In the last battle of 1598. Tauekel was wounded and died in Tashkent.
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Conclusions: XVII century. was marked by various invasions into the territory of Kazakhstan, because Central Asian rulers did not want to accept the loss of Turkestan, Tashkent, and Fergana. But the struggle to strengthen the Kazakh Khanate was continued by outstanding khans: Yesim, Zhangir, Tauke. In the 16th-17th centuries, the formation and strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate took place, the long-term struggle of the Kazakh khans for the Syr Darya cities was successfully completed, the formation of the Kazakh people and its ethnic territory was completed, and a complex system of two economic structures was formed: nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming. Thus, from the middle of the 15th to the end of the 17th centuries. The Kazakh Khanate has gone from its origins to a large state in the Central Asian region. This story was replete with victories and defeats, but the Kazakh Khanate survived. Historical significance of the formation of the Kazakh Khanate: Tribes and clans became part of the Kazakh people. Contributed to the unity of the Kazakh people, the organization of joint defense of the ethnic territory of the Kazakh state. The created Kazakh state not only strengthened, but also expanded the borders of its territory. Strong ties were established with neighboring states. Socio-economic and cultural development contributed to the flourishing of traditions and customs and the spread of Islam among the Kazakh people.
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