Found in the analyzed. Traditionally, they are grouped as highlighting and separating signs. The first group of signs (distinguishing) serves to indicate boundaries syntactic construction, introduced into a sentence to clarify its members. It can also be used for semantic highlighting any part of a syntactic unit and to limit constructions that are grammatically unrelated to other members (for example, addresses, introductory words). This group includes paired signs: two commas, brackets, quotation marks, two dashes. The second group of signs serves to distinguish independent sentences, or simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or members. Suggestion marks also belong to this group. Period, interrogative and Exclamation point and, colon, dash, ellipsis and dot c form a group of separating characters.
Begin your punctuation by explaining the choice of punctuation in . To do this, determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement. If it contains , then it is a declarative sentence, a question is interrogative, a call to action (a request or an order) is incentive. Also, consider emotional character offers. If there is an exclamatory intonation, an exclamation mark is placed at the end; if a break in speech or understatement is indicated, an ellipsis is used.
Determine which syntactic structure is being analyzed, simple or complex. In a complex sentence, “count” the number of parts and determine the type of connection between them: subordinating, coordinating or non-union. Thus explain the choice of secession signs.
Determine what signs are found inside simple sentence or each syntactic unit in a complex. To do this, find out what structures are used by the author to convey additional semantic shades. Thus, explain the choice of highlighting characters (for detached members sentences) and separating ones (for example, for series of homogeneous members).
Do punctuation analysis sample proposals.
I looked and couldn’t tear myself away; these silent lightnings, these restrained brilliances seemed to respond to those silent and secret impulses that also flared up in me. (I.S. Turgenev).
There is a period at the end of the sentence, because... this sentence contains a complete message and is narrative in purpose and non-exclamatory in intonation.
This is a complex sentence made up of three simple ones. Between the first and second there is a non-union connection, between the second and third there is a subordinating connection. Semicolon at non-union communications is placed because the second and third sentences represent a single semantic whole. A comma is used to separate a subordinate clause definitive sentence from the main one.
Inside the second sentence there is a separating sign - a comma, which is used when listing homogeneous subjects. There is also a construction that is grammatically unrelated to other parts of the sentence - introductory word, distinguished by paired characters - two commas.
When a sentence is written on the board and all spellings in words are explained, the student usually begins to perform oral punctuation analysis.
How to do it correctly? In what order should we name the conditions for placing punctuation marks? These and many other questions are relevant for middle and high schools.
Punctuation analysis differs significantly from syntactic analysis, which is familiar to schoolchildren symbol under the number 4. It is unacceptable to confuse them! Target parsing– characteristics of the sentence, its structure and meaning.
Why is punctuation analysis needed? It helps to apply punctograms, find the boundaries of semantic segments, and follow the rules of punctuation. Sentences that are already punctuated are suitable for analysis. To complicate the analysis, the teacher offers texts with missing punctuation marks.
When performing punctuation analysis, they pay attention to the structure of the sentence. It matters not only the presence of main and minor members, the number of grammatical bases and parts of the sentence, it is also important to determine the ways of expressing the minor members of the sentence and their order, find out intonation features offers.
Here are two proposals, let's analyze them.
1) Seryozha and Petya met one day in the yard, shoveled snow on a bench and sat down. 2) What can be done?
In the first declarative sentence Only two characters are used: a comma, separating homogeneous predicates, and a period. In the second there is only one question mark, because there is a question word at the beginning of the sentence.
When there are no punctuation marks inside a sentence, do you need to pay attention to it? Yes, it is necessary to clarify the conditions for the absence of signs. Let's look at an example.
Aunt Tanya treated the skates as a family heirloom.
In this sentence, except for the period, there is no sign inside. But it was possible to mistakenly place a comma before the conjunction HOW. Why wasn't the sign put up? Because there is a condition that prohibits a comma: the semantic segment AS TO A FAMILY HEIRLIC has the meaning “as a quality.”
The punctuation analysis plan involves only a few points. This analysis is usually performed orally, therefore, for the convenience of a written description, we number all punctuation marks and explain their placement. We took all sentences for examples from the works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya.
SAMPLE PUNCTUATION PROCEDURE
I. Place of punctuation (end of sentence, simple sentence, complex sentence): punctuation marks are numbered.
II. Conditions punctuation norm(rules for placing/not placing punctuation marks).
III. Punctuation function.
AN EXAMPLE OF PUNCTUATION EXAMPLE
Example 1.
The birch and aspen trees set on fire in the fall brought bright colors into the eyes.1
1 is a completion sign in a simple declarative sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous subjects connected by a single conjunction AND, there is no comma after the participial phrase BURNED IN AUTUMN, standing before the attributive word BIRCH AND ASPEN.
Example 2.
Skating was,1 of course,2 the number one event during those holidays.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight the introductory word with the meaning of confidence,
Example 3.
On the ninth of January,1 at the end of the holidays,2 we celebrated Sanya’s birthday.3
1 and 2 - commas highlight a clarifying member of the sentence, expressed by circumstance time,
3 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.
Example 4.
Anna Alexandrovna called girls 1 “young ladies” 2,3 boys 4 “young people” 5...6
1, 2 and 4, 5 - the character’s statements are highlighted in quotation marks (a way of formatting someone else’s speech),
3 - a comma separates homogeneous complements,
6 - a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence (the ellipsis indicates the incompleteness of the statement).
Example 5.
Everything around seemed unusually clear and unprecedentedly beautiful: 1 and white birch trunks, 2 and bright leaves, 3 and pale blue, 4 like a faded sky.5
1 - we place a colon in front of a series of homogeneous members, since there is a generalizing word ALL,
2, 3 - commas separate homogeneous subjects, connected by repeating conjunctions.
4 - comma highlights comparative turnover with the union AS IT IS,
5 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.
Example 6.
One morning, 1 going out into the yard, 2 Sergei saw the roof of the barn, white with frost, 3 graying earth, 4 caught by frost, 5 hardened grass, 6 covered with rare snow, 7 like salt.8
1, 2 - commas highlight isolated circumstance, expressed participial phrase GOING OUTSIDE THE YARD,
3, 5 - commas separate homogeneous complements,
4, 5 - comma highlights isolated definition, expressed by the participial phrase PICKED BY FROST, after the defined word EARTH,
6, 7 - a comma identifies a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase COVERED WITH RARE SNOW, after the word being defined GRASS,
7 - a comma highlights a comparative phrase with the conjunction LIKE,
8 is a sign of completion in a simple narrative sentence.
Example 7.
Poetry -1 is the heart of literature,2 the highest concentration of all the best3 that exists in the world and in man.4
1 - a dash separates the subject and predicate, expressed by a noun in the Nominal case,
2 - a comma separates homogeneous predicates,
3 - comma separates subordinate clause complex sentence from the main one,
4 is a sign of completion in a simple declarative sentence.
Explanation: there is no comma between homogeneous terms connected by a single conjunction I.
Example 8.
The beauty of the land disturbed Sergei’s heart,1 reminded him of past days,2 so vividly imprinted in his memory.3
1 - a comma in the middle of a simple sentence separates homogeneous predicates,
2 - a comma highlights a separate definition, expressed by the participial phrase SO BRIGHTLY IMPRINTED IN THE MEMORY, after the defined word DAYS,
3 - a period completes a declarative sentence.
Example 9.
The trees ended at the level of the fifth floor,1 from the balcony only the finely curly tops of two ash trees were visible,2 and the ground beneath them was barely visible.3
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (non-conjunction connection),
2 - a comma separates parts of a complex sentence (coordinating connection),
3 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.
Example 10.
There was such silence in the forest1 that the chirping of tits2 jumping on the branches3 seemed unusually loud.4
1 - a comma in the middle separates parts of a complex sentence (subordinate connection),
2 and 3 - paired commas highlight a separate definition in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, expressed by the participial phrase JUMPING ON THE BRANCHES, after the word being defined, TITS,
4 - a period completes a declarative complex sentence.
Some sentences may contain several punctuation marks, and in this case you need to decide in what sequence to do the punctuation analysis. It is logical to go from the end to those punctuation marks that are inside the sentence. But a sequential approach is also possible - according to the order of the signs.
Literature
1. Bednarskaya L.D. Classification of spelling and punctuation errors allowed by students in written works/ Russian at school. - 2008. - No. 8.
2. Blinov G.I. Punctuation analysis / Russian at school. - 1985. - No. 3.
3. Nikerov A.I. About complete punctuation analysis in Russian language lessons / Russian language at school. - 1989. - No. 6.
Modern schoolchildren, according to educational program, study several types of analysis: phonetic, lexical, morphological, morphemic, syntactic and punctuation analysis of sentences. Each of them has its own distinctive features and difficult to understand moments.
Definition
Many students and their parents wonder what punctuation analysis of a sentence means. It is designed to find and clarify punctuation marks in a sentence. The ability to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence can improve general level student literacy. Analysis of simple (PP) and complex (SP) sentences has its own distinctive features.
Parsing a simple sentence
- Read the text suggested for analysis.
- Assign to everyone present in the text punctuation marks number.
- Indicate the punctogram that completes the sentence and explain the reason for its placement.
- Identify and explain all the signs found in the sentence.
It is according to this plan that punctuation analysis of the sentence is carried out. A sample parsing is presented below.
Analysis examples
Let’s take the punctuation analysis of a sentence as an example:
1. I can entrust this secret to a person who knows how to keep his mouth shut.
2.Haven't you seen people running down the street holding flags, posters, Balloons?
Step one. The sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation. That's why it ends with a question mark.
Step two. By assigning a number to punctuation marks, we determine their number in a sentence:
Haven’t you seen people running down the street (1), holding flags (2), posters (3), balloons (4)?
Step three. The offer has one grammatical basis you did not see.
The comma at number one highlights participial. Commas number two and three separate homogeneous members offers flags, posters, balloons, expressed by additions.
Analysis of a complex sentence
Punctuation analysis of a sentence of this kind is somewhat more complicated.
1. Read the sentence.
2. Assign a serial number to all punctuation marks in the sentence.
3. Indicate the paragraph ending the sentence and explain its placement.
4. Indicate punctuation marks at the SP level and explain the reason for their placement.
5. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in parts of the joint venture.
Analysis examples
As an example, we suggest conducting a punctuation analysis of the sentence:
1.We will probably not see Sergei again, since the insult inflicted on him is unlikely to be easily forgotten.
Step one. There is a period at the end of the sentence, because the purpose of the statement is narrative, and the intonation is non-exclamatory.
Step two. The numbering showed the presence of five punctuation marks in the sentence:
Probably (1), we will not see Sergei again (2), since the insult (3) inflicted on him (4) is unlikely to be easily forgotten (5).
Step three. This offer is complex. Parts of a complex sentence are connected subordinating conjunction because the. A comma stands at the border between the main and subordinate clauses.
Step four. In the main sentence, a comma is used to highlight the introductory word. probably. In the subordinate clause, commas separate the participial phrase inflicted on him.
2. I am sure that you will carry out this assignment because you value my location and want to advance in your career.
Step one. The sentence ends with a period because it is declarative, non-exclamatory.
Step two. There are four punctuation marks in the sentence:
I am sure (1) that you will carry out this assignment (2), because you value my location (3), you want to advance in your career (4).
Step three. This sentence consists of one main clause and two subordinate clauses, which are separated from each other by commas numbered one and two.
Step four. In the main part and first subordinate clause There are no punctuation marks. In the second subordinate clause, a comma at number three separates homogeneous predicates you appreciate And you want to advance.
If the student knows what punctuation analysis of a sentence means, he will not make gross mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks. Thus, he will significantly improve his academic performance and increase the chances of getting a decent grade during the course. final exams. This is important, because how well a student passes them determines his future admission to a university. And even such a small thing as the wrong punctuation mark can deprive him of much-needed points.
Knowledge of the rules of punctuation greatly contributes to the ordering of spelling and the elimination of illiteracy. Punctuation - a science whose priority is the correct statement (the term came to Russian from Latin and literally means “point”) - is closely related to syntax (the concept comes from Greek word“military system”) is a section of grammar that aims to study the speech system, parts and components that make it up. In the complex it is
These disciplines are studied and punctuation analysis is performed.
Following the linguist A. A. Shakhmatov, modern syntactic scientists recognize the central
syntactic unit is a sentence, which is a minimal model in verbal communication. It has the form of an intonation-closed syntactic structure that expresses a real situation or a process of thinking and imagination. Both simple and consistent with this definition.
The main object of attention in the syntax of a sentence is its positional components (this includes phrases, word forms at the level of interpositional and intrapositional syntactic connection, the formal indicators of which include the presence of conjunctions, inflections, prepositions). The basic principle of the language structure is not to unnecessarily complicate the use of punctuation marks (which at the same time facilitates punctuation analysis), but at the same time the need to maintain flexibility is taken into account syntactic system in order to express as fully as possible the semantic nuances and features of the text. This inevitably leads to variation in production. And if we also take into account the possibility of individual authorial placement, then punctuation analysis becomes noticeably more complicated.
To accurately place one or another punctuation mark, you must follow certain rules. And for this, in turn, you need to be able to distinguish (know the features of the use of each of them and basic information about them), find the predicative center, have an idea of minor members sentences, feel intonation pauses, understand the difference in the expression of the author’s emotions and highlight them accordingly in writing. This includes the concept of “punctuation analysis”, and also explains the close intertwining and interconnection of syntax, punctuation, and morphology.
Which can be used in the text: period (expresses completeness of thought), interrogative (contains a question), exclamation (way of conveying
special emotions, feelings) signs, ellipsis (in case of understatement, incompleteness), comma (placed with the purpose of dividing, highlighting, separating homogeneous members, introductory structures, direct speech, appeals, isolated structures, parts of a complex sentence), semicolon (characteristic for the most part for non-union complex sentences), a dash (used in both simple and complex sentences, in dialogues, direct speech), colon (similar to a dash), quotation marks (characteristic of direct speech), brackets (for providing additional information).
That is, summarizing the above, we can imagine an algorithm by which punctuation parsing of a sentence is performed:
- Identify the purpose of the statement, according to intonation features.
- Determine whether it is simple or complex.
- Find predicative structures and minor members.
- If it’s simple, characterize it from this point of view (two-part / one-part, complete / incomplete, widespread / not widespread, complicated or not).
For a complex one - identify the type of connection (subordination / composition / non-union / with various types) and the means of its transmission (intonation, conjunction, conjunction or correlative words).
- Explain the appropriateness of all punctuation marks (periods, commas, dashes, colons, etc.), both at the end of the sentence and within its parts.
- Make a diagram.
Acting In a similar way, you will be able to analyze any proposal.