Alexander was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, which is located in the Smolensk province. The father of the future poet, Trifon Gordeevich, worked as a blacksmith, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, was from a family of farmers who lived on the outskirts of the country and guarded its borders.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky
The future poet studied at a rural school. He began writing poetry quite early, and at the age of 14, Alexander sent small notes to Smolensk newspapers and some of them were published.
M. Isakovsky from the editorial office of the newspaper “Rabochy Put” helped the young poet and had a great influence on him.
Smolensk-Moscow
After graduating from school, Alexander moves to Smolensk in order to find a job or continue his studies. However, nothing worked out for him.
Tvardovsky began to live on inconsistent literary earnings, which he received for beating the thresholds of the editorial office. One day the magazine “October” publishes the poet’s poems and he goes to Moscow, but even here he young guy nothing works out, so he goes back to Smolensk. He stayed here for 6 years, and in 1936 he was admitted to MIFLI.
In 1936, his poem “The Country of Ant” was published, after which the poet himself believed that his path as a writer began with it. After the book was published, Alexander moved to Moscow and graduated from MIFLI in 1939. In the same year, his first collection of poems by Tvardovsky, “Rural Chronicle,” was published.
War years and creativity
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army in 1939. His work and biography in this moment changes greatly as he finds himself at the center of the fighting on Western Belarus. When the war with Finland began, he already had officer rank, and also worked as a special correspondent for a military newspaper.
During the war he wrote the poem “Vasily Terkin”, and after it he created a sequence of poems “Front Chronicle”. In 1946, Tvardovsky therefore completed “House by the Road,” which mentions the initial tragic months of the Great Patriotic War.
Poem by Vasily Terkin
In 1950-60, the book “Beyond the Distance, the Distance” was written, and in 1947 he published a poem about the past war, which he gave the title “Motherland and Foreign Land.
For attempting to publish the book “Terkin in the Next World” and publishing journalistic articles by V. Pomerantsev, F. Abramov, M. Lifshits, M. Shcheglova in the “New World”, Alexander Tvardovsky was removed from the post of editor-in-chief of the magazine in the fall of 1954 by decree of the CPSU Central Committee " New world».
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Death and legacy
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 from lung cancer. Buried famous poet in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Alexander Tvardovsky left behind a great literary heritage, some streets in Voronezh, Moscow, Smolensk, Novosibirsk were named after him.
The first poems of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky were published in Smolensk newspapers in 1925-1926, but fame came to him later, in the mid-30s, when “The Country of Ant” (1934-1936) was written and published - a poem about the fate of a peasant - individual farmer, about his difficult and difficult path to the collective farm. The poet's original talent clearly manifested itself in it.
In his works of the 30-60s. he embodied the complex, turning-point events of the time, shifts and changes in the life of the country and the people, the depth of the national historical disaster and feat in one of the most brutal wars, which humanity experienced, rightfully occupying one of the leading places in the literature of the 20th century.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 21, 1910 on the “farmstead of the Stolpovo wasteland”, belonging to the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province, in a large large family peasant blacksmith. Note that later, in the 30s, the Tvardovsky family suffered tragic fate: during collectivization they were dispossessed and exiled to the North.
From the early age the future poet imbibed love and respect for the land, for the hard work on it and for the blacksmith's craft, the master of which was his father Trifon Gordeevich - a man of a very original, tough and tough character and at the same time literate, well-read, who knew a lot of poems from memory. The poet's mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, had a sensitive, impressionable soul.
As the poet later recalled in “Autobiography,” long winter evenings Their family often devoted themselves to reading aloud books by Pushkin and Gogol, Lermontov and Nekrasov, A.K. Tolstoy and Nikitin... It was then that a latent, irresistible craving for poetry arose in the boy’s soul, which was based on rural life itself, close to nature, as well as traits inherited from his parents.
In 1928, after a conflict and then a break with his father, Tvardovsky broke up with Zagorye and moved to Smolensk, where for a long time he could not get a job and survived on a pittance of literary earnings. Later, in 1932, he entered the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute and, simultaneously with his studies, traveled as a correspondent to collective farms, wrote articles and notes about changes in local newspapers rural life. At this time, in addition to the prose story “The Diary of a Collective Farm Chairman,” he wrote the poems “The Path to Socialism” (1931) and “Introduction” (1933), in which colloquial, prosaic verse predominates, which the poet himself later called “riding with the reins lowered.” They did not become a poetic success, but played a role in the formation and rapid self-determination of his talent.
In 1936, Tvardovsky came to Moscow, entered the philological faculty of the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy, Literature (MIFLI) and in 1939 graduated with honors. In the same year he was drafted into the army and in the winter of 1939/40 as a correspondent military newspaper participated in the war with Finland.
From the first to last days During the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky was an active participant - special correspondent front printing. Together with the active army, having started the war on the Southwestern Front, he walked along its roads from Moscow to Konigsberg.
After the war, in addition to the main literary work, actually poetic creativity, for a number of years he was the editor-in-chief of the magazine “New World”, consistently defending in this post the principles of truly artistic realistic art. Heading this magazine, he contributed to the entry into literature of a number of talented writers - prose writers and poets: F. Abramov and G. Baklanov, A. Solzhenitsyn and Yu. Trifonov, A. Zhigulin and A. Prasolov, etc.
The formation and development of Tvardovsky as a poet dates back to the mid-20s. While working as a rural correspondent for Smolensk newspapers, where his notes on village life had been published since 1924, he also published his youthful, unpretentious and still imperfect poems there. In the poet’s “Autobiography” we read: “In the newspaper” Smolensk village“In the summer of 1925, my first published poem “New Hut” appeared. It started like this:
Smells like fresh pine resin
The yellowish walls shine.
We'll live well in the spring
Here in a new, Soviet way...”
With the appearance of “The Country of Ant” (1934-1936), which testified to the entry of its author into a period of poetic maturity, the name of Tvardovsky became widely known, and the poet himself asserted himself more and more confidently. At the same time, he wrote cycles of poems “Rural Chronicle” and “About Grandfather Danila”, poems “Mothers”, “Ivushka”, and a number of other notable works. It is around the “Country of Ant” that the emerging contradictory art world Tvardovsky since the late 20s. and before the start of the war.
Today we perceive the work of the poet of that time differently. One of the researchers’ remark about the poet’s works of the early 30s should be recognized as fair. (with certain reservations it could be extended to this entire decade): “The acute contradictions of the collectivization period in the poems, in fact, are not touched upon; the problems of the village of those years are only named, and they are solved in a superficially optimistic way.” However, it seems that this can hardly be attributed unconditionally to “The Country of Ant,” with its peculiar conventional design and construction, and folklore flavor, as well as to the best poems of the pre-war decade.
During the war years, Tvardovsky did everything that was required for the front, often spoke in the army and front-line press: “wrote essays, poems, feuilletons, slogans, leaflets, songs, articles, notes...”, but his main work during the war years was the creation lyric-epic poem “Vasily Terkin” (1941-1945).
This, as the poet himself called it, “A Book about a Soldier,” recreates a reliable picture of front-line reality, reveals the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of a person in war. At the same time, Tvardovsky wrote a cycle of poems “Front-line Chronicle” (1941-1945), and worked on a book of essays “Motherland and Foreign Land” (1942-1946).
At the same time, he wrote such lyrical masterpieces as “Two Lines” (1943), “War - there is no crueler word...” (1944), “In a field dug with streams...” (1945), which were first published after the war, in the January book of the magazine “Znamya” for 1946.
It was started in the first year of the war and ended soon after its end. lyric poem“House by the Road” (1942-1946). “Its theme,” as the poet noted, “is war, but from a different side than in “Terkin” - from the side of home, family, wife and children of a soldier who survived the war. The epigraph of this book could be lines taken from it:
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this."
In the 50s Tvardovsky created the poem “Beyond the Distance - Distance” (1950-1960) - a kind of lyrical epic about modernity and history, about a turning point in the lives of millions of people. This is an extended lyrical monologue of a contemporary, a poetic narrative about difficult destinies homeland and people, about their complex historical path, about internal processes and changes in spiritual world person of the 20th century.
In parallel with “Beyond the Distance, the Distance,” the poet is working on a satirical poem-fairy tale “Terkin in the Other World” (1954-1963), depicting the “inertia, bureaucracy, formalism” of our life. According to the author, “the poem “Terkin in the Other World” is not a continuation of “Vasily Terkin”, but only refers to the image of the hero of “The Book about a Fighter” to solve special problems of the satirical and journalistic genre.”
IN last years life, Tvardovsky writes a lyrical poem-cycle “By the right of memory” (1966-1969) - a work of tragic sound. This is a social and lyrical-philosophical reflection on the painful paths of history, on the destinies individual, about the dramatic fate of his family, father, mother, brothers. Being deeply personal and confessional, “By the Right of Memory” at the same time expresses the people’s point of view on the tragic phenomena of the past.
Along with major lyric-epic works in the 40s and 60s. Tvardovsky writes poems that poignantly echo the “cruel memory” of the war (“I was killed near Rzhev,” “On the day the war ended,” “To the son dead warrior”, etc.), as well as a number lyric poems, who compiled the book “From the Lyrics of These Years” (1967). These are concentrated, sincere and original thoughts about nature, man, homeland, history, time, life and death, the poetic word.
Written back in the late 50s. and in my own way program poem“The whole essence is in one single covenant...” (1958) the poet reflects on the main thing for himself in working on the word. It is about a purely personal beginning in creativity and about complete dedication in the search for a unique and individual artistic embodiment of the truth of life:
The whole point is in one single covenant:
What I will say before the time melts,
I know this better than anyone in the world -
Living and dead, only I know.
Say that word to anyone else
There's no way I could ever
Entrust. Even Leo Tolstoy -
It is forbidden. He won’t say - let him be his own god.
And I'm only mortal. I am responsible for my own,
During my lifetime I worry about one thing:
About what I know better than anyone in the world,
I want to say. And the way I want.
In Tvardovsky’s late poems, in his heartfelt, personal, deeply psychological experiences of the 60s. First of all, the complex, dramatic paths of people's history are revealed, the harsh memory of the Great Patriotic War resounds, the difficult destinies of the pre-war and post-war village, cause a heartfelt echo of the event folk life, find a sad, wise and enlightened solution “ eternal themes” lyrics.
Native nature never leaves the poet indifferent: he vigilantly notices, “how after the March snowstorms, / Fresh, transparent and light, / In April, the birch forests suddenly turned pink / Palm-like,” he hears “indistinct talk or hubbub / In the tops of centuries-old pines ” (“That sleepy noise was sweet to me...”, 1964), the lark that heralded spring reminds him of the distant time of childhood.
Often the poet builds his philosophical thoughts about the lives of people and the change of generations, about their connections and blood relationships in such a way that they grow as a natural consequence of the image natural phenomena(“Trees planted by grandfather...”, 1965; “Lawn in the morning from under a typewriter...”, 1966; “Birch”, 1966). In these poems, the fate and soul of man directly connect with the historical life of the homeland and nature, the memory of the fatherland: they reflect and refract the problems and conflicts of the era in their own way.
Special place The theme and image of the mother occupy the poet's work. So, already at the end of the 30s. in the poem “Mothers” (1937, first published in 1958), in the form of blank verse, which is not quite usual for Tvardovsky, not only childhood memory and a deep filial feeling, but also a heightened poetic ear and vigilance, and most importantly - an increasingly revealing and the growing lyrical talent of the poet. These poems are clearly psychological, as if reflected in them - in the pictures of nature, in the signs of rural life and everyday life inseparable from it - a maternal image so close to the poet’s heart appears:
And the first noise of leaves is still incomplete,
And a green trail on the grainy dew,
And the lonely knock of the roller on the river,
And the sad smell of young hay,
And the echo of a late woman's song,
And just sky, blue sky -
They remind me of you every time.
And the feeling of filial grief sounds completely different, deeply tragic in the cycle “In Memory of the Mother” (1965), colored not only by the acute experience of irreparable personal loss, but also by the pain of nationwide suffering during the years of repression.
In the land where they were taken in droves,
Wherever there is a village nearby, let alone a city,
In the north, locked by the taiga,
All there was was cold and hunger.
But my mother certainly remembered
Let's talk a little about everything that has passed,
How she didn’t want to die there, -
The cemetery was very unpleasant.
Tvardovsky, as always in his lyrics, is extremely specific and precise, right down to the details. But here, in addition, the image itself is deeply psychologized, and literally everything is given in sensations and memories, one might say, through the eyes of the mother:
So-and-so, the dug earth is not in a row
Between centuries-old stumps and snags,
And at least somewhere far from housing,
And then there are the graves right behind the barracks.
And she used to see in her dreams
Not so much a house and a yard with everyone on the right,
And that hillock is in the native side
With crosses under curly birch trees.
Such beauty and grace
In the distance is a highway, road pollen smokes.
“I’ll wake up, I’ll wake up,” the mother said, “
And behind the wall is a taiga cemetery...
In the last of the poems of this cycle: “Where are you from, / Mother, did you save this song for old age?..” - a motif and image of “crossing” that is so characteristic of the poet’s work appears, which in “The Country of Ant” was represented as a movement towards the shore.” new life”, in “Vasily Terkin” - as the tragic reality of bloody battles with the enemy; in the poems “In Memory of a Mother,” he absorbs pain and sorrow about the fate of his mother, bitter resignation with the inevitable finitude of human life:
What has been lived is lived through,
And from whom what is the demand?
Yes, it's already nearby
And the last transfer.
Water carrier,
Gray old man
Take me to the other side
Side - home...
IN late lyric poetry The poet’s theme of continuity of generations, memory and duty to those who died in the fight against fascism sounds with new, hard-won strength and depth, which enters with a piercing note in the poems “At night all the wounds hurt more painfully...” (1965), “I know, it’s not my fault ...”(1966), “They lie, deaf and dumb...” (1966).
I know it's not my fault
The fact that others did not come from the war,
The fact that they - some older, some younger -
We stayed there, and it’s not about the same thing,
That I could, but failed to save them, -
That's not what this is about, but still, still, still...
With their tragic understatement, these poems convey a stronger and deeper sense of involuntary personal guilt and responsibility for those cut short by the war. human lives. And this persistent pain of “cruel memory” and guilt, as one could see, applies to the poet not only to military victims and losses. At the same time, thoughts about man and time, imbued with faith in the omnipotence of human memory, turn into an affirmation of the life that a person carries and keeps within himself until the last moment.
In Tvardovsky's lyrics of the 60s. the essential qualities of his realistic style were revealed with particular completeness and force: democracy, the internal capacity of the poetic word and image, rhythm and intonation, all poetic means with external simplicity and uncomplicatedness. The poet himself saw the important advantages of this style, first of all, in the fact that it gives “reliable pictures of living life in all its imperious impressiveness.” At the same time, his later poems are characterized by psychological depth and philosophical richness.
Tvardovsky owns a number of thorough articles and speeches about poets and poetry containing mature and independent judgments about literature (“The Tale of Pushkin”, “About Bunin”, “The Poetry of Mikhail Isakovsky”, “On the Poetry of Marshak”), reviews and reviews about A. Blok, A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam and others, included in the book “Articles and Notes on Literature”, which went through several editions.
Continuing the traditions of Russian classics - Pushkin and Nekrasov, Tyutchev and Bunin, various traditions of folk poetry, without bypassing the experience of prominent poets of the 20th century, Tvardovsky demonstrated the possibilities of realism in the poetry of our time. His influence on contemporary and subsequent poetic development is undeniable and fruitful.
Vital and creative path Tvardovsky.
The poet Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of 3agorye, Smolensk province in the strong peasant family. Despite the fact that Tvardovsky’s father, Trifon Gordeevich, received only three years of education, he had an extraordinary thirst for knowledge and reading.
This passion for words was passed on to the future poet. After finishing the seven-year school, Alexander begins to collaborate in Smolensk publications. Tvardovsky's first published poem appeared in the newspaper Smolenskaya Derevnya, when he was only 14 years old.
The future poet acutely felt the lack of education, so he set himself the task of studying a lot and persistently. Having entered the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, he made a plan for himself, one of the points of which read: “re-read all the classics and, if possible, non-classics.” Tvardovsky persistently achieved his goal.
Even then, at the end of the 1920s, he was intensively published in local Smolensk newspapers and magazines (his poems appeared then more than 200 times). The main topic early creativity Tvardovsky is the theme of the formation of Soviet power in the countryside, propaganda collective farm movement. However, collectivization was accompanied by brutal violence: dispossession, exile, and executions began. Tvardovsky’s family also suffered.
On March 19, 1931, the poet’s family was dispossessed and deported to the remote taiga region of the northern Trans-Urals. Tvardovsky, who glorified the collective farm system in his works, found himself in an ambiguous position. The persecution of the poet began. He was accused of aiding the enemies of the Soviet regime, called a subkulak, a “kulak echoer.”
He was expelled from SAPP (Smolensk branch of RAPP), he even had to leave his third year at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. It's hard to say what would happen to
the poet, if he, warned about the arrest, had not left Smolensk for Moscow. Here fate smiled on Tvardovsky. In the magazine “October” M. Svetlov, to whom the poet showed his works, published his poems. Some of the leading and authoritative critics noted them. Thus, Tvardovsky managed to avoid the tragic fate of many of his contemporaries.
Tvardovsky’s first major work is the poem “The Country of Ant” (1935). The poem is dedicated to the theme of collectivization. This is an original, original work: not a statement poem, but a question poem, created in the traditions of Russian classical literature. It reveals the motives of the epic poem. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
The plot of “Ant Country” is a concentration of the doubts that the people experienced as they painfully said goodbye to the old way of life and grew into a new one. The poem was a resounding success and was noted by the government: in 1939 Tvardovsky was awarded the Order of Lenin, and in 1941 he received the Stalin Prize.
At the end of the 1930s, collections of Tvardovsky’s poems also appeared in print: “The Road” (1939), “Rural Chronicles” (1939), “Zagorye” (1941).
From the first days to the end of the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky served with the combat units of the Red Army as a military correspondent for the newspaper “Red Army”,
Chapters of perhaps Tvardovsky’s most famous poem “Vasily Terkin” (1940-1945) were created in combat conditions. It was not only a “book about a fighter,” as the author himself defined the genre of the poem, but also for a fighter.
Officers wrote to Tvardovsky from the front: “In a deep trench of the front line, ... in a cramped damp dugout, in the houses of front-line villages, on highways and railways leading to the front, at stations and stops in the deep rear - your poem is read everywhere. These were evidence of the true nationality of the poem.
If “Vasily Terkin” is a broad epic painting about the everyday life of war, then “House by the Road” (1946) is a story about the tragic side of the war. This poem is a “cry for the homeland”, a “lyrical chronicle”.
The plot of the poem is based on the story of the tragedy of the family of Anna and Andrei Sivtsov. Through the fate of these heroes, the fate of an entire people is shown.
Tvardovsky’s post-war poems “Beyond the Distance, the Distance” (1960)1 “Terkin in the Next World” (1963), “By Right of Memory” (1969) have different fates. The poem “Beyond the Distance is a Distance” is a reflection on the country, on the time of social upsurge caused by the “thaw.” This poem is about the first post-war years and about the poet’s own fate. Poem. Terkin in the next world" ( satirical work) was published during the author’s lifetime only in 1963 (“Izvestia”, “New World”).
This poem for a long time was considered “vicious” (that is, defamatory Soviet power) and was not reprinted.
Tvardovsky's last poem, by right of memory, was thought of as one of additional chapters to the poem "Beyond the Distance - the Distance", was prepared by the author for publication in 1969, but was never published.
The reason for creating the poem was famous words Stalin: “The son is not responsible for his father.” This work is a kind of confession and repentance to his father. The poem was never published during the author’s lifetime in his homeland; it was distributed in lists. Only 15 years after the poet’s death (during perestroika in 1987) the poem appeared in the domestic press (“Znamya”, “New World”).
In the 1950s-60s, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the New World magazine (he held this position twice in 1950-1954, 1958-1970).
It was the most read and democratic magazine of the “Thaw” period (Tvardovsky’s “New World” and Nekrasov’s “Sovremennik” are often compared). But Tvardovsky had to work in difficult conditions: there were too many conservatives who adhered to the old Stalinist beliefs.
BIOGRAPHY
Born June 21, 1910 in the Zagorye farmPochinkovsky district in a peasant family.
Outstanding Russian poet XX century, five-time winner of State Prizes. Participant of the Great Patriotic War. Editor of “New World” (1950-54, 1958-70) - the best post-war literary, artistic and socio-political magazine that defined the face of true realistic literature, Soviet public figure.
Until 1936 he lived and worked in the Smolensk region. Published in the newspapers “Young Comrade”, “Smolenskaya Village”, “Worker’s Path”, “Bolshevik Young People”, in the magazine “Offensive”. He was the executive secretary of the magazine " Western region" Published 260 works in poetry and prose, incl. 3 poems.
In 1928 A.T. Tvardovsky moves to Smolensk, where he lives and studies at the Pedagogical Institute. Travels around the country a lot. At the same time, he is undergoing a good school of poetic skills from M.V. Isakovsky, takes an active part in the social and literary life of the Smolensk region. Impressions and observations gleaned from numerous trips to his native land formed the basis of his poems “The Path to Socialism”, “Introduction”, “Ant Country”, and many poems dedicated to the collectivization of agriculture. A.T. brought widespread recognition. Tvardovsky's poem "The Country of Ant" (1936), awarded the USSR State Prize in 1941.
Member of the Writers' Association until March 1931. Expelled for “incorrect portrayal of class relations” in his works and in connection with the dispossession and expulsion of his family from Zagorye.
In 1936 A.T. Tvardovsky moved to Moscow. In 1939 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI). He took part in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40. During the Great Patriotic War, he was at the front, from the beginning to its victorious completion he was at the forefront of the fight against the Nazi invaders. Awarded the Order of the Patriotic War I and II degrees, Red Star, medals.
The poem "Vasily Terkin" he wrote became a classic of Russian poetry of the twentieth century. The image he created folk hero Vasily Terkin personifies the unbending character of the Soviet, Russian soldier, his courage and perseverance in the fight against the enemies of our Motherland. The book “Vasily Terkin”, which clearly expressed the moral ideals of the people, gained national fame, was translated into many languages, and was awarded the USSR State Prize (1946).
Direct front-line experience, deep thoughts about the historical destinies of the people, the difficulties Everyday life, real reality, the desire to understand the “big and difficult world” with the utmost frankness and truthfulness found artistic embodiment in the poem “House by the Road” (USSR State Prize, 1947), in the book “From the Lyrics of These Years. 1959-1967" (USSR State Prize, 1971). A special place in his work is occupied by the poem "Beyond the Distance - the Distance", written in 1953-66, representing a passionate, excited confession of the son of his century. It reflects the mindset of Soviet society in the fifties years, thoughts about destinies ordinary people, about her own biography, her tragic pages(unreasonable repression of parents, siblings)
For every artist, especially an artist of words and a writer, the presence of this small, separate and personal homeland is of great importance... In the works of genuine artists - both the greatest and more modest in their significance - we unmistakably recognize the signs of their small homeland."
A.T. Tvardovsky carried his tender filial affection for his native places, for the village of Zagorye, Smolensk, and the grateful memory of them throughout his life, expressed in his poems, poems, prose, passionate journalism, and in the poetic images he created.
Without a doubt, the Smolensk region was a moral and aesthetic support in the work of A.T. Tvardovsky. She nourished with her life-giving juices the enormous talent of the great Russian poet, who deeply reflected in his best poems, poems, prose, and journalism the complex, sometimes tragic path of the people whom he served faithfully. He was a man of the highest moral and civic character. The idea of statehood and patriotism was the beginning of all his thoughts, the source of the epic nature of his poetry.
Being one of the founders of the "Smolensk poetic school", A.T. Tvardovsky constantly maintained close contact with his fellow literati, actively participated in cultural life Smolensk and region. He was for his own younger brothers not only from the pen the highest example artistic exactitude, but also a patient mentor, friend, comrade who helped and supported them in any way he could.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 in a holiday village near Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow region. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. The soil brought from his father's Smolensk region was poured out of a bag onto the poet's fresh grave. Yuri Pashkov read poems that expressed the deep sorrow of the people of Smolensk on the occasion of the death of the great poet of the twentieth century, a famous fellow countryman. They contained these lines:
His land, where he knew every hill,
The land of the father and Terkin - the fighter,
She lies like an expanse of memory,
Which has no edge or end
When we, standing above the grave pit,
We got the land, then it was
Heavy, warmer, damp,
It's like I'm all in tears
The memory of A.T. Tvardovsky is immortalized on his small homeland: in Smolensk and Pochinka, streets are named after him, and memorial plaques are installed. A memorial museum has been created in the regional center. On May 2, 1995, in the center of the hero city of Smolensk, opposite the hotel over which the soldiers hoisted a red flag on September 25, 1943, a monument to the poet and warrior Alexander Tvardovsky and Vasily Terkin was unveiled: the famous Russian writer and his world-famous literary hero. The Russian Writers' Union established a literary prize named after. A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin".
May 24, 1986 great merit before the Fatherland, native land, a city on the Dnieper A.T. Tvardovsky was awarded (posthumously) the title " Honorable Sir hero city of Smolensk.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky (1910-1971)Biography
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born in 1910 on the Zagorye farm near the village of Seltso in the Smolensk region in the family of a blacksmith. His father T.G. Tvardovsky owned a piece of land, but the family was constantly in need, “living meagerly and difficultly.” Tvardovsky began writing poetry as a child. In 1924, he began sending notes about the problems of the village to Smolensk newspapers, and soon the poet’s first published poem, “New Izba,” appeared in the Smolenskaya Derevnya newspaper. In 1928, having collected about a dozen of his poems, Tvardovsky went to Smolensk to see M.V. Isakovsky, who worked as editor of the newspaper “Rabochy Put”. Isakovsky opened the way to great poetry for the young talented author.
The most significant period in literary fate, according to A.T. himself. Tvardovsky, occurred in the years 1930-1936. This was the time when a radical restructuring of the village took place on the basis of collectivization. The poet enters Pedagogical Institute. Having successfully completed the second year, he proceeds to complete his studies at the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI). During these years, Tvardovsky’s first poems “The Path to Socialism” (1931) and “The Country of Ant” (1934-1936) were written and published, where he depicted collectivization and utopian dreams of a “new” village. Tvardovsky considers “The Country of Ant” to be his formation as a writer.
In the fall of 1939, Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army and participated in liberation campaign our troops in Western Belarus. Then, as a special correspondent for a front-line newspaper, he participated in the Soviet-Finnish War.
Tvardovsky was at the front throughout the Great Patriotic War. In 1941-1942 he worked in the editorial office of the newspaper Southwestern Front“Red Army”, then in the newspaper of the 3rd Belorussian Front “Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda”. During the Second World War, the poet creates his own famous poem"Vasily Terkin". This is what Tvardovsky himself writes in his autobiography: “A book about a fighter” was for me during the war true happiness: she gave me a feeling of obvious usefulness of my work, a feeling complete freedom handling poetry and words in a naturally occurring, relaxed form of presentation. "Torkin" was for me in the relationship between the poet and his reader - the warrior Soviet man– my lyrics, my journalism, song and teaching, anecdote and saying, heart-to-heart conversation and a remark to the occasion.” Tvardovsky celebrated victory in Tapiau East Prussia(now Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad region), and then in one breath wrote last chapter his poem, which became an attribute of front-line life.
In 1946, the poem “House by the Road” was written, dedicated to the first tragic months Great Patriotic War. In 1950, Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the New World magazine, which immediately became the focus of the most talented and progressive literature. Soviet Union. In 1963, Tvardovsky published A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” The publication cost the poet a lot of effort and labor. From 1964 to 1969, the magazine went through difficult times, Tvardovsky was persecuted, persecuted, and blamed for publishing Solzhenitsyn’s sensational story. In 1969, the editorial board of Novy Mir was dispersed.
Soon after the destruction of the magazine, Tvardovsky was diagnosed with lung cancer. On December 18, 1971, the poet passed away.
Stay in East Prussia
2010 marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. The fate of the poet is closely connected with the history of our region. He went through the entire war as a special correspondent for the most popular front-line newspapers - “Red Army” and “Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda”. Finished the war with the rank of lieutenant colonel, awarded with orders Patriotic War I and II degrees, as well as the Order of the Red Star. The news of the Victory was received in Tapiau (now Gvardeysk, Kaliningrad region) of East Prussia, where the poet entered as part of the 3rd Belorussian Front. Impressed by this event, I literally wrote the last chapter of “Vasily Terkin” in one day.
Tvardovsky’s comrade at the front and cooperation in the newspaper, author of the novels “Height”, “Wanderlust”, “Land on Restante” Evgeniy Vorobyov recalls: “I had the opportunity to cross the border of East Prussia with him in the first hours in front of the city of Shirvindt (now village of Kutuzovo, Krasnoznamensky district). The Sheshupa River with still, ashy water. In the low, smoky sky above Shirvindt a distant spire was dimly visible - either a church, or city hall. The freshly hewn black and white pillar with the inscription “Germany” was covered with autographs in the very first hours. A coal, a dagger, a bayonet, and an ink pencil were used. Everyone was in a hurry to cross the border and see the fascist lair with their own eyes. But Tvardovsky wanted to stand longer at the border post, to see how the soldiers were crossing the border. We looked ahead warily - will we ever have a chance to return to our homeland?
List of used literature:
- Arkashev V.I. The roads of Vasily Terkin (pages from the front-line life of A.T. Tvardovsky). – Minsk: Belarus, 1985.
- Memories of Tvardovsky. – M.: Soviet writer, 1982.
- Kazachenok P.P. Voices of memory. – Kaliningrad: Kaliningradskaya Pravda, 2005.
- Karapetyan E., Kravchenko Y. Fireworks over Tapiau // Local history almanac “Fatherland”. 2006. No. 4. pp. 6 – 9.
- Kondratovich A. Alexander Tvardovsky: Poetry and personality. – M.: Fiction, 1985.
- Kravchenko Yu., Sukhinina V. He went on his attack (To the 100th anniversary of A.T. Tvardovsky) // Local history almanac “Fatherland”. 2010. No. 8. pp. 139-141.
- Who was who in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Quick reference/ Ed. O.A. Rzheshevsky. – M.: Republic, 1993.
- Trifonych (Editorial) // Parallels. 2010. No. 8. pp. 30-31.