1. Lyrical poem as a genre.
2. Lyrical poem by A. Fedorova “Blood and Ash”. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, problematics, ideological orientation of the work
3. Lyrical poem by F. Merzlikin “Milky Way”. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, problematics, ideological orientation of the work
4. Lyric-epic poem by K. Lisovsky “Russian man Begichev”. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, landscape. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator, lyrical digressions, problems, ideological orientation of the work.
5. Lyric-epic poem by I. Rozhdestvensky “Vasily Pronchishchev”. Epic beginning: plot, system of images, landscape. Lyrical beginning: the image of the narrator, lyrical digressions, problems, ideological orientation of the work.
6. Individual message: The function of figurative expressive means in I. Rozhdestvensky’s poem “The Country of Mangazeya.”
Main literature
1. Nikolina, N.A. Philological analysis of the text / N.A. Nikolina. –M., 2003.
2. Yarantsev, V. A special breed: About Siberian poets and the phenomenon of Siberian poetry / V. Yarantsev // Siberian Lights. - 2003. - No. 10. - - P. 167 – 173.
3. Yarantsev, V. A special breed: About Siberian poets and the phenomenon of Siberian poetry / V. Yarantsev // Siberian Lights. - 2004. - No. 1. – P. 163 – 170.
Guidelines
1. When studying a theoretical question, pay attention to the genre-forming features of the poem. Since the poem is a lyric-epic genre, it combines the features of epic and lyricism: a plot narration about events is combined in them with emotional and meditative statements of the narrator, creating an image of the lyrical “I”. Depending on which of these two principles dominates the work, corresponding types of poems are distinguished: lyrical, epic, lyric-epic. Describe the lyric poem as a genre.
2. Read A. Fedorova’s poem “Blood and Ash.” Prove that this is a lyric poem. Pay special attention to the image of the narrator, remembering that the narrator is the one who informs the reader about the events and actions of the characters, records the passage of time, depicts the appearance of the characters and the setting of the action, analyzes the internal state of the hero and the motives of his behavior, characterizes his human type (mental disposition, temperament, attitude to moral standards, etc.), without being either a participant in events or an object of depiction for any of the characters. The specificity of the narrator is simultaneously in his comprehensive outlook (its boundaries coincide with the boundaries of the depicted world) and in the address of his speech, first of all, to the reader, that is, its direction just beyond the boundaries of the depicted world. Is it possible to say that in the poem “Blood and Ash” we speak specifically from the perspective of the narrator? Consider the following lines of the poem:
My peer!
I remember how you grew up.
Coat for growth. Father's boots.
And my fingers were eaten away by furunculosis
(Which of us was healthy in those years?).
And I probably would have remembered then,
Like in the very first year after the Victory
Nettle and quinoa were used as food,
And even the cake followed them.
There was another incident that year.
I'm toiling in line with cards,
And the line moves so slowly.
I stand there for an hour or two and still make no progress.
However, the counter was already visible,
And there were two steps almost to the goal,
Someone squeezed my throat like pincers,
And everything suddenly swam before my eyes.
Hurry, get the girl into the air, hurry!
She feels bad, I hear in the fog, very bad.
And someone quietly from my hand
It’s as if he wants to get those cards.
Minute. Two. I regained consciousness.
There is a crowd around, and a woman laughs:
But I didn’t give the cards back.
The hand is blue. Look, it won't unclench.
The hand unclenched, it was weak.
But at that moment who gave her, weak, strength
In case I suddenly died,
Should I take those cards to my grave?
Try to compare the image on whose behalf the poem is narrated with the image of the lyrical hero, taking into account that the lyrical hero is a very specific image of a person, fundamentally different from the images of narrators, about whose inner world we, as a rule, know nothing. The lyrical hero is not only closely connected with the author, with his worldview, spiritual and biographical experience, spiritual mood, manner of speech behavior, but it turns out (almost in most cases) indistinguishable from him. The lyrics in the main “array” are autopsychological. Lyrics, in its dominant branch, are characterized by the enchanting spontaneity of the author’s self-disclosure, the “openness” of his inner world.
Describe the plot of the poem, remembering that the plot is a chain of events depicted in a literary work, that is, the life of the characters in its spatio-temporal changes, in successive situations and circumstances. Try to retell the poem by A. Fedorova. What comes to the fore: the event-depictive side or the emotional-expressive side? Determine which type of plot (epic, lyrical, dramatic) the plot of this poem is closer to.
Describe the figurative system of the poem “Blood and Ash”. Pay attention to the image of a girl answering a correspondent’s question, the image of a Siberian front-line soldier, the image of a mother saving a dead child, the image of little Sadako, the image of a friend returning from Tokyo.
When defining the issue, highlight the keyword of the poem, which will help determine the main, central problem of the poem. Please re-read the following lines carefully:
The war ended a long time ago
And the pain lurks in the soul.
Documentary film
Filmed in the capital.
The capital's square is an excellent backdrop.
We ask you to answer -
Gray-haired and young microphone
The correspondent brings it up.
War... What does that word mean for you?
Of great importance in understanding the main idea of the work are the final lines of the poem, which represent a call-oath:
Is it bad that it will happen?
Marked by everything we live by,
This solar meta of Hope. Goodness and Warmth, -
Everything, from the earth’s axis to the invisible blood in the veins?
If only there was something to overcome with warmth and kindness,
If only there was something to touch, giving birth to hope.
If only living things lived on a small globe
From last spring to the blooming new May.
Let us overcome timidity. Let's dispel groundless fear,
Let us learn to make destinies not words, but actions,
The blood of those who were killed, the ashes of those who were burned at the stake,
Let us swear to preserve this temple, called Earth!
3. Analyze L. Merzlikin’s poem “The Milky Way”. Start your analysis with the image of the person on whose behalf the story is being told. Please note the following lines:
There was a war. It was winter.
There was a hole near the pima.
And no matter how much damage you fix,
The snow reached my feet.
We remember the chick in the house
Raised. How, I don’t understand
Waiting for warm summer days
I will not forget that time:
Mosquitoes rang in a flock.
Mother milked and brought
Bucket and sat down at the table.
And we go to the bucket in a circle, circle.
I would give everyone milk to drink,
But the mother took a deep breath:
The milk was bloody
But there is colostrum in a bucket.
In one sip, in one leap
The chick called him out
He shook his head and muttered: - Mu!
How I envied him.
Describe the plot of the poem. Try to retell the plot of L. Merzlikin's poem. What comes to the fore: the event-depictive side or the emotional-expressive side? Determine which type of plot (epic, lyrical, dramatic) the plot of this poem is closer to. Describe the figurative system of the poem “Milky Way”. Pay attention to the images of a city person washing herself with milk, a milkmaid, a mother. When defining the issue, highlight the keyword of the poem, which will help determine the main, central problem of the poem. Pay attention to the title of the poem "Milky Way". To understand the ideological orientation of the work, it is important to take into account the final lines:
And the Milky Way lay flat,
Smoking like a fiery fog,
And through the fog, through the dust
The cows wandered from the pasture,
So that they are in the shelter, at the railing
The owner milked him for the night
And milk, bending his forehead,
UFO poured into plates:
Let them fly wherever they want
They feed people and kittens.
And I wanted to take a sip.
A little bit from that vessel
But the world is silent to the point of melancholy
He squeezed my throat and temples...
And I would only like half a sip,
But there is no milk in heaven.
Compare L. Merzlikin’s poem “The Milky Way” with A. Fedorova’s poem “Blood and Ashes”. What do they have in common in terms of genre?
4. Read K. Lisovsky’s poem “Russian man Begichev.” Prove that this is a lyric-epic poem. First, consider the epic beginning: the plot, the system of images, the landscape, the image of the narrator. Try to retell the plot of K. Lisovsky's poem. What comes to the fore in this case: the event-depictive side or the emotional-expressive side? Pay attention to the lines:
... The people of Norway ask Russia
Find your brave sons.
Amundsen sent them with instructions
Until Dixon. But people didn't come.
The Norwegian people pray for salvation
Two souls lost at the ends of the earth.
Russia has always valued courage
And she accepted the request. And therefore
The Soviet government decided
Entrust this search to him.
Describe the heroes of the poem “Russian Man Begichev”, and first of all the main character. What features, in your opinion, are typical, characteristic of a “Russian person?” Compare the images of Begichev, Semenov, Garkin, Kuznetsov, and the Norwegian sailors Paul Tessem and Peter Knudsen. When analyzing the landscape, highlight the visual and expressive means with which the image of the North was created. What colors predominate in it? Consider the lyrical beginning: the author’s attitude to the events and characters depicted, the ideological orientation of the work. When determining the ideological orientation of the poem, pay attention to its last lines:
And where death once met us,
Protecting the secrets of the white kingdoms, -
There the ships are crowded at the piers,
And flags of foreign countries
They take off, silently saluting the flag,
Where is the hammer, the sickle and the five rays of the star...
So let's remember those. Whose valor and courage
This is the first time I've laid tracks here!
5. Analyze I. Rozhdestvensky’s poem “Vasily Pronchishchev”. First, consider the epic beginning: plot, system of images, landscape, image of the narrator. Try to retell the poem by I. Rozhdestvensky. What comes to the fore: the event-depictive side or the emotional-expressive side? Pay attention to the lines:
Solid ice. And there is no light among them
The slave-wave will not bubble up.
July has arrived. Where have you gone, summer?
Answer me, Yakut country!
There is no road. But there is still a long way to go.
When will we be able to raise the anchor?
Helpful wind, you are from Olenek _
Open the way for us to the polar seas...
Describe the characters of the poem “Vasily Pronchishchev”, and first of all the main character and his wife Maria. When analyzing the landscape, highlight the visual and expressive means with which the image of Siberia was created. What colors predominate in it? Consider the lyrical beginning: the author’s attitude to the events and characters depicted, the ideological orientation of the work. When determining the ideological orientation of the poem, pay attention to these lines:
Where to the envy of foreign countries,
Tomorrow he will find the right path.
Russia will own the ocean,
And there he dares to go to the Pole.
A smile touched dry lips:
“And to receive uninvited guests,
We, like the Nevsky Oreshok,
We will build many fortresses here.
Above this gloomy arctic sea
I see the flag. Russian proud flag.
Crash of an avalanche of age-old ice,
To the undaunted Russian sailors
The Russian ships saluted.
Compare the poems by K. Lisovsky “Russian man Begichev” and I. Rozhdestvensky “Vasily Pronchishchev”. What do they have in common in terms of genre?
When preparing an individual message, refer to the guidelines for organizing independent work
Lesson 11.
Subject
Related information.
One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V.G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in developing the concept of literary gender back in antiquity (Aristotle), it was Belinsky who owned the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky’s article “The Division of Poetry into Genera and Types.”
There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).
When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:
First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be narrative; this kind of literature is called epic;
Second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about the impressed, which they produced on the author, about those feelings which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;
Third approach: you can portray item in action, show him on stage; present it to the reader and viewer surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.
Look at the following table and try to remember its contents:
Types of fiction
| EPOS | DRAMA | LYRICS |
| (Greek - narrative) story about events, the fate of the heroes, their actions and adventures, a depiction of the external side of what is happening (even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). The author can directly express his attitude to what is happening. |
(Greek - action) image events and relationships between characters on the stage(a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions. |
(from the name of the musical instrument) experience events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; the feeling becomes the main event. |
Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.
GENRE is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form. Such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.
Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:
- Gender: dramatic; type: comedy; Genre: sitcom.
- Genus: epic; type: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.
Genres, being historical categories, appear, develop and eventually “leave” from the “active stock” of artists depending on the historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.
Consider the following table, which presents the types and genres related to the various types of word art:
Genera, types and genres of artistic literature
| EPOS | DRAMA | LYRICS | |||
| People's | Author's | Folk | Author's | Folk | Author's |
| Myth Poem (epic): Heroic Strogovoinskaya Fabulous- legendary Historical... Fairy tale Bylina Thought Legend Tradition Ballad Parable Small genres: proverbs sayings puzzles nursery rhymes... |
EpicNovel:
Historical Fantastic. Adventurous Psychological R.-parable Utopian Social... Small genres: Tale Story Novella Fable Parable Ballad Lit. fairy tale... |
A game Ritual Folk drama Raek Nativity scene... |
Tragedy Comedy: provisions, characters, masks... Drama: philosophical social historical social-philosophical Vaudeville Farce Tragifarce... |
Song | Oh yeah Hymn Elegy Sonnet Message Madrigal Romance Rondo Epigram... |
Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, a related genre of literature that combines the features of the epic and lyrical genres: lyric-epic, which refers to poem. And indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; Revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, the inner world of the person telling this story, the poem manifests itself as lyricism.
LYRICAL is a type of literature in which the author’s attention is paid to depicting the inner world, feelings, and experiences. An event in lyric poetry is important only insofar as it evokes an emotional response in the artist’s soul. It is the experience that becomes the main event in the lyrics. Lyrics as a type of literature arose in ancient times. The word "lyric" is of Greek origin, but has no direct translation. In Ancient Greece, poetic works depicting the inner world of feelings and experiences were performed to the accompaniment of the lyre, and this is how the word “lyrics” appeared.
The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.
By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A. Blok makes the lyrical heroine Ophelia (2 poems entitled “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags…”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where is the mud?” ..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit ..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.
Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.
Read about some LYRIC GENRES:
Oh yeah(Greek "Song") - a monumental solemn poem glorifying a great event or a great person; There are spiritual odes (arrangements of psalms), moralizing, philosophical, satirical, epistle odes, etc. An ode is tripartite: it must have a theme stated at the beginning of the work; development of the theme and arguments, as a rule, allegorical (second part); the final, didactic (instructive) part. Examples of ancient ancient odes are associated with the names of Horace and Pindar; The ode came to Russia in the 18th century, the odes of M. Lomonosov (“On the day of the accession to the Russian throne of Empress Elisaveta Petrovna”), V. Trediakovsky, A. Sumarokov, G. Derzhavin (“Felitsa”, “God”), A. .Radishcheva (“Liberty”). He paid tribute to the ode of A. Pushkin (“Liberty”). By the middle of the 19th century, ode lost its relevance and gradually became an archaic genre.
Hymn- a poem of laudatory content; also came from ancient poetry, but if in ancient times hymns were composed in honor of gods and heroes, then in later times hymns were written in honor of solemn events, celebrations, often not only of a state, but also of a personal nature (A. Pushkin. “Feasting Students” ).
Elegy(Phrygian "reed flute") - a genre of lyrics dedicated to reflection. Originated in ancient poetry; originally this was the name for crying over the dead. The elegy was based on the life ideal of the ancient Greeks, which was based on the harmony of the world, proportionality and balance of being, incomplete without sadness and contemplation; these categories passed into modern elegy. An elegy can embody both life-affirming ideas and disappointment. Poetry of the 19th century continued to develop elegy in its “pure” form; in the lyrics of the 20th century, elegy is found, rather, as a genre tradition, as a special mood. In modern poetry, an elegy is a plotless poem of a contemplative, philosophical and landscape nature.
A. Pushkin. "To sea"
N. Nekrasov. "Elegy"
A. Akhmatova. "March Elegy"
Read A. Blok's poem "From Autumn Elegy":
Epigram(Greek “inscription”) - a small poem of satirical content. Initially, in ancient times, epigrams were inscriptions on household objects, tombstones and statues. Subsequently, the content of the epigrams changed.
Examples of epigrams:
Yuri Olesha:
Sasha Cherny:
Epistle, or message - a poem, the content of which can be defined as a “letter in verse.” The genre also came from ancient lyrics.
A. Pushkin. Pushchin ("My first friend, my priceless friend...")
V. Mayakovsky. "To Sergei Yesenin"; "Lilichka! (Instead of a letter)"
S. Yesenin. "Letter to Mother"
M. Tsvetaeva. Poems to Blok
Sonnet- this is a poetic genre of the so-called rigid form: a poem consisting of 14 lines, specially organized into stanzas, having strict rhyming principles and stylistic laws. There are several types of sonnet based on their form:
- Italian: consists of two quatrains (quatrains), in which the lines rhyme according to the scheme ABAB or ABBA, and two tercets (tercets) with the rhyme CDС DСD or CDE CDE;
- English: consists of three quatrains and one couplet; the general rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG;
- sometimes French is distinguished: the stanza is similar to Italian, but the terzets have a different rhyme scheme: CCD EED or CCD EDE; he had a significant influence on the development of the next type of sonnet -
- Russian: created by Anton Delvig: the stanza is also similar to the Italian, but the rhyme scheme in tercets is CDD CCD.
This lyrical genre was born in Italy in the 13th century. Its creator was the lawyer Jacopo da Lentini; a hundred years later Petrarch's sonnet masterpieces appeared. The sonnet came to Russia in the 18th century; a little later, it receives serious development in the works of Anton Delvig, Ivan Kozlov, Alexander Pushkin. Poets of the “Silver Age” showed particular interest in the sonnet: K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Annensky, V. Ivanov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilev, A. Blok, O. Mandelstam...
In the art of versification, the sonnet is considered one of the most difficult genres.
In the last 2 centuries, poets rarely adhered to any strict rhyme scheme, often offering a mixture of different schemes.
- Such content dictates features of sonnet language:
- vocabulary and intonation should be sublime;
- rhymes - accurate and, if possible, unusual, rare;
- significant words should not be repeated with the same meaning, etc.
A particular difficulty - and therefore the pinnacle of poetic technique - is represented by wreath of sonnets: a cycle of 15 poems, the opening line of each being the last line of the previous one, and the last line of the 14th poem being the first line of the first. The fifteenth sonnet consists of the first lines of all 14 sonnets in the cycle. In Russian lyric poetry, the most famous are the wreaths of sonnets by V. Ivanov, M. Voloshin, K. Balmont.
Read “Sonnet” by A. Pushkin and see how the sonnet form is understood:
| Text | Stanza | Rhyme | Contents(topic) |
| 1 The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet; 2 In him Petrarch poured out the heat of love; 3 The creator of Macbeth 1 loved his game; 4 Camoes 2 clothed them with sorrowful thoughts. |
quatrain 1 | A B A B |
History of the sonnet genre in the past, themes and tasks of the classic sonnet |
| 5 And today it captivates the poet: 6 Wordsworth 3 chose him as his instrument, 7 When away from the vain world 8 He paints an ideal of nature. |
quatrain 2 | A B A IN |
The meaning of the sonnet in European poetry contemporary to Pushkin, expanding the range of topics |
| 9 Under the shadow of the distant mountains of Tauris 10 Lithuanian singer 4 in the size of his cramped 11 He instantly concluded his dreams. |
terzetto 1 | C C B |
Development of the theme of quatrain 2 |
| 12 Our virgins did not know him yet, 13 How Delvig forgot for him 14 Hexameters 5 sacred chants. |
terzetto 2 | D B D |
The meaning of the sonnet in Russian poetry contemporary to Pushkin |
In school literary criticism, this genre of lyricism is called lyric poem. In classical literary criticism such a genre does not exist. It was introduced into the school curriculum to somewhat simplify the complex system of lyrical genres: if the clear genre features of a work cannot be identified and the poem is not, in the strict sense, an ode, a hymn, an elegy, a sonnet, etc., it will be defined as a lyric poem . In this case, you should pay attention to the individual characteristics of the poem: the specifics of the form, theme, image of the lyrical hero, mood, etc. Thus, lyric poems (in the school understanding) should include poems by Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Blok, etc. Almost all lyric poetry of the 20th century falls under this definition, unless the authors specifically specified the genre of the works.
Satire(Latin “mixture, all sorts of things”) - as a poetic genre: a work whose content is the denunciation of social phenomena, human vices or individual people - through ridicule. Satire in antiquity in Roman literature (satires of Juvenal, Martial, etc.). The genre received new development in the literature of classicism. The content of satire is characterized by ironic intonation, allegory, Aesopian language, and the technique of “speaking names” is often used. In Russian literature, A. Kantemir and K. Batyushkov (XVIII-XIX centuries) worked in the genre of satire; in the 20th century, Sasha Cherny and others became famous as the author of satires. Many poems from V. Mayakovsky’s “Poems about America” can also be called satires ( "Six Nuns", "Black and White", "Skyscraper in Section", etc.).
Ballad- lyric-epic plot poem of the fantastic, satirical, historical, fairy-tale, legendary, humorous, etc. character. The ballad arose in ancient times (presumably in the early Middle Ages) as a folk ritual dance and song genre, and this determines its genre features: strict rhythm, plot (in ancient ballads they talked about heroes and gods), the presence of repetitions (entire lines or individual words were repeated as an independent stanza), called refrain. In the 18th century, the ballad became one of the most beloved poetic genres in Romantic literature. Ballads were created by F. Schiller ("Cup", "Glove"), I. Goethe ("The Forest Tsar"), V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", "Svetlana"), A. Pushkin ("Anchar", "Groom") , M. Lermontov ("Borodino", "Three Palms"); At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the ballad was revived again and became very popular, especially in the revolutionary era, during the period of revolutionary romance. Among the poets of the 20th century, ballads were written by A. Blok ("Love" ("The Queen Lived on a High Mountain..."), N. Gumilev ("Captains", "Barbarians"), A. Akhmatova ("The Gray-Eyed King"), M. Svetlov (“Grenada”), etc.
Note! A work can combine the characteristics of some genres: a message with elements of elegy (A. Pushkin, “To *** (“I remember a wonderful moment ...”)), a lyrical poem of elegiac content (A. Blok. “Motherland”), an epigram-message, etc. .d.
- The creator of Macbeth is William Shakespeare (tragedy "Macbeth").
- Portuguese poet Luis de Camões (1524-1580).
- Wordsworth - English romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
- The singer of Lithuania is the Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).
- See the material on topic No. 12.
- V.A. Zhukovsky. Poems: "Svetlana"; "Sea"; "Evening"; "Unspeakable"
- A.S. Pushkin. Poems: "Village", "Demons", "Winter Evening", "Pushchina" ("My first friend, my priceless friend...", "Winter Road", "To Chaadaev", "In the depths of the Siberian ores...", "Anchar ", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...", "The Prisoner", "Conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "The Poet and the Crowd", "Autumn", "...I visited again...", "Am I wandering along the noisy streets...", " A vain gift, an accidental gift...", "October 19" (1825), "On the hills of Georgia", "I loved you...", "To ***" ("I remember a wonderful moment..."), "Madonna" , “Echo”, “Prophet”, “To the Poet”, “To the Sea”, “From Pindemonti” (“I value loud rights inexpensively...”), “I have erected a monument to myself...”
- M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “The Death of a Poet”, “Poet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Thought”, “Both boring and sad...”, “Prayer” (“I, Mother of God, now with prayer...”) , “We parted, but your portrait...”, “I will not humiliate myself before you...”, “Motherland”, “Farewell, unwashed Russia...”, “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different ...", "Leaf", "Three Palms", "From Under a Mysterious, Cold Half Mask...", "Captive Knight", "Neighbor", "Testament", "Clouds", "Cliff", "Borodino", "Clouds heavenly, eternal pages...", "Prisoner", "Prophet", "I go out alone on the road..."
- N.A. Nekrasov. Poems: “I don’t like your irony...”, “Knight for an hour”, “I will soon die...”, “Prophet”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Troika”, “Elegy”, “Zine” (“You are still on you have the right to life..."); other poems of your choice
- F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Autumn Evening”, “Silentium”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “The earth still looks sad...”, “How good you are, O night sea...”, “I met you...”, “ Whatever life teaches us...", "Fountain", "These poor villages...", "Human tears, oh human tears...", "You can't understand Russia with your mind...", "I remember the golden time...", "What are you talking about howling, the night wind?”, “The gray shadows have shifted...”, “How sweetly the dark green garden slumbers...”; other poems of your choice
- A.A.Fet. Poems: “I came to you with greetings...”, “It’s still a May night...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Sevastopol rural cemetery”, “A wavy cloud...”, “Learn they have - at the oak, at the birch...", "To the poets", "Autumn", "What a night, how clean the air...", "Village", "Swallows", "On the railway", "Fantasy", "The night was shining . The garden was full of the moon..."; other poems of your choice
- I.A.Bunin. Poems: "The Last Bumblebee", "Evening", "Childhood", "It's Still Cold and Cheese...", "And Flowers, and Bumblebees, and Grass...", "The Word", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "The Bird Has a Nest" …", "Twilight"
- A.A.Blok. Poems: “I enter dark temples...”, “Stranger”, “Solveig”, “You are like the echo of a forgotten hymn...”, “The earthly heart grows cold again...”, “Oh, spring without end and without end...”, “ About valor, about exploits, about glory...", "On the Railway", the cycles "On the Kulikovo Field" and "Carmen", "Rus", "Motherland", "Russia", "Morning in the Kremlin", "Oh, I I want to live crazy..."; other poems of your choice
- A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the last meeting”, “You know, I’m languishing in captivity...”, “Before spring there are days like this...”, “Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...”, “I learned to live simply, wisely...”, “Native land "; “I have no use for Odic armies...”, “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”, “Courage”; other poems of your choice
- S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, my dear Rus'...”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to mother,” “ The golden grove dissuaded me...", "I left my home...", "Kachalov's dog", "Soviet Rus'", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Uncomfortable liquid moonlight...", "The feather grass is sleeping...", "Goodbye. , my friend, goodbye..."; other poems of your choice
- V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Here!”, “To you!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Cheap sale”, “Good attitude towards horses ", "Left March", "About rubbish", "To Sergei Yesenin", "Anniversary", "Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva"; other poems of your choice
- 10-15 poems each (of your choice): M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, N. Gumilyov.
- A. Tvardovsky. Poems: “I was killed near Rzhev...”, “I know, it’s not my fault...”, “The whole point is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother,” “To the bitter grievances of one’s own person...”; other poems of your choice
- I. Brodsky. Poems: “I entered instead of a wild beast ...”, “Letters to a Roman friend”, “To Urania”, “Stanzas”, “You will ride in the darkness ...”, “To the death of Zhukov”, “From nowhere with love ...”, “Notes of a fern "
Try to read all the literary works that are named in the work in a book, and not in electronic form!
When completing tasks for work 7, pay special attention to theoretical materials, since completing the tasks of this work by intuition means dooming yourself to mistakes.
Do not forget to draw up a metrical diagram for each poetic passage you analyze, checking it many times.
The key to success when performing this complex work is attention and accuracy.
Recommended reading for work 7:
- Kvyatkovsky I.A. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.
- Literary encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1987.
- Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
- Lotman Yu.M. Analysis of poetic text. - L.: Education, 1972.
- Gasparov M. Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythm. - M.: Nauka, 1974.
- Zhirmunsky V.M. Theory of verse. - L.: Science, 1975.
- Poetic structure of Russian lyrics. Sat. - L.: Science, 1973.
- Skripov G.S. About Russian versification. A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1979.
- Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.
- Encyclopedic dictionary of a young literary critic. - M., 1987.
Story
The collection “Silence” was published shortly after Balmont’s trip to Europe, in particular to England, where he lectured on Russian poetry at Oxford. Impressions from the poet’s numerous travels in 1896-1897 formed the basis for many of the book’s poems (“Dead ships”, “Chords”, “Before El Greco’s painting”, “In Oxford”, “In the vicinity of Madrid”, “To Shelley”): 13 .
The epigraph to the collection was F. I. Tyutchev’s lines from the poem “Vision”: “There is a certain hour of worldwide silence.”
The collection “Silence” was marked by the emergence of a new genre-compositional structure in it, which laid the foundation for the tradition of “fastening” groups of poems into sections, building a semblance of an architectural or musical ensemble. There is no consistent plot in these sections, but an internal, associative connection is noticeable.
In the poems of this period, on the one hand, an emphasis was formed on impressionistic improvisation (“... The impressionist poet is attracted not so much by the subject of the image, but by him, the poet, the feeling of this subject. Therefore, the spirit of improvisation is so characteristic of impressionistic poetry. An instant impulse of consciousness is enough, caused by a fleeting impression - and the image is immediately, spontaneously born"), on the other hand, new moods arose; Nietzschean motifs and heroes appeared: in particular, a “spontaneous genius”, “unlike a person”, striving “beyond the limits of the ultimate” and even “beyond the limits of both truth and lies”: 14.
Reviews
Prince A.I. Urusov, in a letter to the poet, spoke about the book in the following way: “The collection bears the imprint of an increasingly stronger (one should put it differently: strengthening, or something) style of yours, your own, Balmont’s, style and color.” In general, the collection was met with restrained criticism. But even in negative reviews (in particular, in Severny Vestnik) it was noted that “the poet has melodious musical verse, which has its own beauty”:13.
Famous Poems
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Tishimka
- Silence in the library
See what "Silence. Lyrical poems" is in other dictionaries:
Silence (disambiguation)- Silence: Silence is the complete absence of any sounds, that is, external stimuli of the auditory system, silence; Silence film USSR, Kazakhfilm studio, 1961; Silence film USSR, 1963; Silence film USA, 2006; Silence......Wikipedia
Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Balmont. Konstantin Balmont ... Wikipedia
Balmont, Konstantin Dmitrievich
Famous poet. Genus. in 1867 in a noble family of Vladimir province. His ancestors came from Scandinavia. B. studied at the Shuya gymnasium, from where he was expelled for belonging to an illegal circle and completed the course at the Vladimir gymnasium. In 1886... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Balmont Konstantin Dmitrievich- Balmont, Konstantin Dmitrievich, an outstanding poet. Born in 1867 into a noble family in the Vladimir province. Ancestors come from Scandinavia; grandfather was a naval officer, father was the chairman of the zemstvo government in Shuya. Mother from the literary Lebedev family... Biographical Dictionary
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich- - born on May 26, 1799 in Moscow, on Nemetskaya Street in Skvortsov’s house; died January 29, 1837 in St. Petersburg. On his father’s side, Pushkin belonged to an old noble family, descended, according to genealogies, from a descendant “from ... ... Large biographical encyclopedia
Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich- (1880 1921) Russian poet. Son of Warsaw University professor A.L. Blok. He spent his childhood in the family of his grandfather, prof. Beketov, partly in St. Petersburg, partly in his Shakhmatovo estate near Moscow, where the traditions of noble culture were kept. Graduated... ... Large biographical encyclopedia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic- RSFSR. I. General information The RSFSR was founded on October 25 (November 7), 1917. It borders on the north-west with Norway and Finland, on the west with Poland, on the south-east with China, the MPR and the DPRK, as well as on the union republics included to the USSR: to the west with... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Blok A. A.- Blok A. A. BLOK Alexander Alexandrovich (1880–1921) poet, one of the most outstanding representatives of Russian symbolism. According to his father, a lawyer professor, a descendant of a Russified immigrant from Germany, a court doctor (entered Russia in the mid-18th century).... ... Literary encyclopedia
Lyrics are characterized by subjectivity, self-disclosure of the author, a sincere representation of his inner world, his impulses and desires.
The main character of a lyrical work - the bearer of experience - is usually called the lyrical hero.
Most lyrical works are written in poetic form, although lyrics can also be prosaic. Lyrics are mostly characterized by small forms.
The following lyrical types are usually distinguished:
- hymn,
- Oh yeah,
- message,
- epitaph,
– sonnet,
- lyric poem,
– elegy,
- epigram,
- song,
– romance,
- madrigal.
Hymn
An anthem (from the Greek ὕμνος - praise) is a solemn, glorifying song in honor of gods, winners, heroes, and important events. Initially, the elements of the hymn were: epiclesis (sacred name), request, aretalogy (epic part).
One of the most famous hymns is “Gaudeamus” (Latin gaudeamus - let us rejoice) - the student anthem.
"So let's have fun,
While we are young!
After a joyful youth,
After a sad old age
The earth will take us...
Long live the Academy!
Long live the professors!
Long live all its members!
Long live every member!
May they prosper forever!..”
(From the hymn “Gaudeamus”, translated by S.I. Sobolevsky)
Oh yeah
An ode is a poetic, as well as musical and poetic work, which is characterized by solemnity of style and sublimity of content. Ode is also spoken of as glorification in verse.
The odes of Horace, M. Lomonosov, A. Pushkin, etc. are widely known.
“The Autocratic Villain!
I hate you, your throne,
Your death, the death of children
With cruel joy I see..."
(From the ode “Liberty”, A. Pushkin)
Message
An epistle is a poetic letter addressed to a person or group of persons. According to the content of the message, there are: friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc.
"You, who loved me with falsehood
Truth - and the truth of lies,
Nowhere! - Abroad!
You, who loved me longer
Time. - Hands swing! -
You don't love me anymore:
The truth in five words."
(M. Tsvetaeva)
Epitaph
Epitaph (from the Greek epitaphios - “gravestone”) is a saying written in the event of someone’s death and used as a gravestone inscription. Usually the epitaph is presented in poetic form.
“Put here a crown of laurels and roses:
Hidden under this stone is the favorite of the Muses and Graces,
Felitsa is a glorious singer,
Derzhavin, our Pindar, Anacreon, Horace.
(A. E. Izmailov, “Epitaph to G. R. Derzhavin”)”
Sonnet
A sonnet is a poetic work that has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The Italian sonnet consists of 14 verses (lines): 2 quatrains (with 2 rhymes) and 2 tercets. English - from 3 quatrains and a final couplet.
As a rule, the content of a sonnet exactly corresponds to the distribution of thoughts: in the first quatrain there is a thesis, in the second there is an antithesis, in two tercets there is a conclusion.
The wreath of sonnets is fifteen sonnets that are interconnected in a special order. Moreover, the last sonnet of the wreath consists of the first lines of all sonnets.
“I sigh, as if the leaves are rustling
A sad wind, tears flow like hail,
When I look at you with sad eyes,
Because of which I am a stranger in the world.
Seeing the good light of your smile,
I don't yearn for other pleasures,
And life no longer seems like hell to me,
When I admire your beauty.
But the blood runs cold as soon as you leave
When they are abandoned by your rays,
I don’t see the fatal smile.
And, opening my chest with love keys,
The soul is freed from the lash,
To follow you, my life.”
(“On the Life of Madonna Laura (XVII)”, F. Petrarch)
Lyric poem
A lyric poem is a short poetic work written on behalf of the author or a fictional lyrical character. A lyric poem describes the inner world, feelings, emotions of the author or hero of the work.
“The golden cloud spent the night
On the chest of a giant rock;
In the morning she set off early,
Playing merrily across the azure;
But there was a wet trace in the wrinkle
Old cliff. Alone
He stands, deep in thought,
And he cries quietly in the desert.”
(“Cliff”, M. Lermontov)
Elegy
Elegy is a poetic work dedicated to sad thoughts, imbued with sadness. The content of elegies usually consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, grief, disappointment, doom, etc.
“Hello, my mountain with a reddish shining height,
Hello, sun, whose light softly illuminated her!
I greet you, fields, you, rustling linden tree,
And on the elastic branches there is a sonorous and joyful choir;
Hello you too, azure, who declared immeasurably
Brown mountain slopes, dark green forests
And - at the same time - me, who escaped from the prison of my home
And from hackneyed speeches he seeks salvation in you..."
(“Walk”, F. Schiller)
Epigram
An epigram (from the Greek ἐπίγραμμα - inscription) is a small satirical poetic work in which a specific person is ridiculed. The characteristic features of an epigram are wit and brevity.
“There are much fewer Armenians on earth,
Than the films where Dzhigarkhanyan played.”
(V. Gaft)
Song
A song is a small poetic work that is the basis for subsequent musical arrangements. Usually consists of several verses and a chorus.
"Shouldn't I sing a love song?
Shouldn't we invent a new genre?
Pop-pop motif and poems
And receive a fee for the rest of your life..."
(“About Love”, O. Tarasov)
Romance
Romance is a small melodious poetic work that can be set to music. Usually, a romance reflects the experiences, moods, and feelings of the lyrical hero.
"And in the end I will tell:
goodbye, don't oblige to love.
I'm going crazy. Or I rise
to a high degree of insanity.
How did you love? - you took a sip
destruction. Not in this case.
How did you love? - you ruined
but he ruined it so clumsily..."
(“And finally, I’ll say”, B. Akhmadulina)
Madrigal
Madrigal (Italian madrigale, from Latin matricale - a song in the native language - is a small musical and poetic work. Usually it has a loving-lyrical or playfully complimentary content.
“And as in the Mohammedan paradise
A host of houris in roses and silk,
So you are a Life Guard in the Uhlan
Her Majesty's regiment.
(“Madrigal to the Regimental Lady”, N. S. Gumilyov)
More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin
Anthology of love lyrics.
PREFACE.
Poems about love, now so in demand, are best presented in the Anthology, by definition short poems, or epigrams, a genre that appears to one degree or another in love lyrics of all times and peoples.
The “Anthology of Love Lyrics” was conceived and compiled by the poet Peter Kiele, and for all borrowings, a link to his Renaissance website is required.
It is not easy to choose love poems from world poetry, although the lyrics are based on love, love in all its manifestations, love for a woman, love for a man, love for nature, for the homeland, for life, for art. Actually, love themes did not sound in all eras and not in all countries. But it dominated in the classical antiquity of Greece and Rome, China and India, and in the Renaissance in the countries of the East and Europe.
- Anthology of love lyrics. Presentation of a unique collection.
Petr Kiele THE MYSTERIES OF BEAUTY Poems and poems about love
- Captives of love and beauty. A collection of poems and poems about love and female beauty.
- SECRETS OF BEAUTY Poems and poems about love New version of the collection
Russian Rhapsody Sonnets
It is known that sonnets are poems of 14 lines with a very sophisticated rhyme scheme, and a pathetic tone in the expression of feelings, often love, and thoughts. There is clearly a contradiction here. It is not for nothing that this form seems artificial for many poets.
But did Petrarch resort to sophisticated rhyming? He simply took advantage of the peculiarities of the Italian language. The sonnet in Shakespeare is extremely simple. Nothing artificial, free expression, a continuous monologue of the poet in the drama of his life. Often the speeches of Shakespeare's characters take the form of a sonnet without rhyme, and sometimes with rhyme.
In a word, there is a special internal form of poetic expression of a feeling or thought, which has found external expression in a sonnet, with a limited number of lines and with one or another rhyme. The main thing here is the internal basis of a poetic statement of a special tonality. If it is there, there is a sonnet. But the most sophisticated construction of a poem of 14 lines does not yet create a song of the soul of a special tonality.
Early lyrics.
Preface.
The first book of poetry could have been published in due time if I had not been distracted by a play in verse, and then a play in prose - these were all attempts at writing, which turned out to be more successful in prose. I did not know that I would return to poetry more than once, with the creation of a new form of sonnet, as well as to drama in verse and prose. The time has come to deal with the early lyrics, mainly from the student era, and new poems of the 70s. Now I see that he himself was the first to underestimate both early and new poems. Poetics emerges in them, which I now recognize as Renaissance, with the affirmation of beauty and life in their momentariness and eternity, that is, in mythical reality, if you like, in the clearing of existence. These are poems about love and the desire for beauty par excellence, and about creativity, such is the subject of Renaissance poetry. Of course, the first poems are extremely simple and naive.
Epigrams.
Poems
The poems “The Vision of a Monk” and “Aristaeus,” like the sonnets, are unusual in content and form; these are rather mystery plays or morality plays, as in the old days they defined the genre of performances and poems with the participation of angels, the devil and even the Lord God, a genre rare in Russian literature, probably due to censorship, royal, church, and secular.
Outwardly, “The Vision of a Monk” is closer to Byron’s poem “The Vision of Judgment,” but he calls “Cain” a mystery. More will be said about “Aristea” as a world drama.
The mystery “The Vision of a Monk” was sketched out in July-August 1998 as evidence of very amazing events in the mountain world in connection with the burial of Ekaterinburg remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress with live broadcast to the whole world. There was so much noise, splendor and crying, but here we will see what is inaccessible to the most modern media.
As for censorship, which is now making itself felt again, it should be noted: the sphere of poetry is not religion or politics, but mythology and history in the lumen of existence.
The poem "Tutor", like "Double Suicide of Teenagers", is dedicated to modern life with its tragic collisions.