Comparing the past and present is necessary to improve the future, while it is advisable not to repeat the mistakes of our ancestors. The USSR was a once mighty superpower that at one time made a significant contribution to the development of society. One of the cornerstones of the life of Soviet citizens was the five-year plan. Based on their results, historians can judge the industrialization of the country, compare the achievements of the past and present, find out how far our generation has come technologically and what else is worth striving for. So, the topic of this article is the five-year plan in the USSR. The table below will help structure the knowledge gained in a logical order.
First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)
So, it began in the name of building socialism. After the revolution, the country needed industrialization in order to keep up with the leading European powers. In addition, only with the help of an accelerated increase in industrial potential was it possible to unite the country and bring the USSR to a new military level, as well as increase the level of agriculture throughout huge territory. According to the government, a strict and flawless plan was needed.
Thus, the main goal was to build up military power as quickly as possible.
Main tasks of the first five-year plan
At the XIV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), at the end of 1925, Stalin expressed the idea that it was necessary to transform the USSR from a country importing imported weapons and equipment into a country that could produce all this itself and supply it to other states. Of course, there were people who expressed ardent protest, but it was suppressed by the opinion of the majority. Stalin himself became interested in making the country a leader in the first five-year plan, putting it in first place in metallurgy production. Thus, the industrialization process had to take place in 4 stages:
- Revival of transport infrastructure.
- Expansion of economic sectors related to materials extraction and agriculture.
- Redistribution of state-owned enterprises across the territory.
- Changes in the operation of the energy complex.
All four processes did not take place one by one, but were intricately intertwined. Thus began the first five-year plan for the industrialization of the country.
It was not possible to bring all the ideas to life, but the production of heavy industry increased almost 3 times, and mechanical engineering - 20 times. Naturally, such a successful completion of the project caused quite natural joy for the government. Of course, the first five-year plans in the USSR were difficult for people. The table with the results of the first of them would contain the following words as a slogan or subtitle: “The main thing is to start!”
It was at this time that many recruitment posters appeared, reflecting the main goal and identity of the Soviet people.
The main construction projects at that time were coal mines in Donbass and Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve the financial independence of the USSR. The most prominent structure is the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station. The year 1932 marked the end of not only the first five-year plan, but also the most important construction project for heavy industry.
The new power is strengthening its status in Europe by leaps and bounds.
Five Year Plan number two (1933-1937)
The second five-year plan in high circles was called the “five-year collectivization plan” or “ public education" It was approved by the VII Congress of the CPSU(b). After heavy industry, the country needed development National economy. It was this area that became main goal second five-year plan.
Main directions of the second five-year plan
The main forces and finances of the government at the beginning of the “five-year collectivization plan” were aimed at the construction of metallurgical plants. The Ural-Kuzbass appeared, the first current of the DneproGES was launched. The country did not lag behind in scientific achievements. Thus, the second five-year plan was marked by the first landing at the North Pole of Papanin’s expedition, the appearance of polar station SP-1. The metro was actively being built.
At this time, great emphasis was placed on among the workers. The most famous drummer of the Five-Year Plan is Alexei Stakhanov. In 1935, he set a new record, completing the norm of 14 shifts in one shift.
Third Five-Year Plan (1938-1942)
The beginning of the third five-year plan was marked by the slogan: “Catch up and surpass the production per capita of developed countries. The main efforts of the government were aimed at increasing the country’s defense capability, just as in the first five-year plan, because of which the production of consumer goods suffered.
Directions of the Third Five-Year Plan
By the beginning of 1941, almost half (43%) of the country's capital investments went to raising the level of heavy industry. On the eve of the war in the USSR, the Urals and Siberia, fuel and energy bases. It was necessary for the government to create a “second Baku” - a new oil production area that was supposed to appear between the Volga and the Urals.
Particular attention was paid to tank, aircraft and other factories of this kind. The level of production of ammunition and artillery pieces has increased significantly. However, the USSR's weapons still lagged behind those of the West, in particular the German ones, but there was no rush to release new types of weapons even in the first months of the war.
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950)
After the war, all countries had to revive their production and economy; the USSR managed to almost completely accomplish this in the late 40s, when the fourth term began. The Five-Year Plan did not imply a build-up of military power, as before, but the revival of what was lost in all spheres of society during the war.
Main achievements of the Fourth Five-Year Plan
Just two years later the same level was achieved industrial production, as in pre-war times, even despite the fact that the plans of the second and third five-year plans put forward harsh work standards. In 1950, the main production assets returned to the 1940 level. When the 4th Five-Year Plan ended, industry grew by 41%, and building construction by 141%.
The new Dnieper hydroelectric power station has come into operation again, and all Donbass mines have resumed operation. On this note, the 4th Five-Year Plan ended.
Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955)
During the Fifth Five-Year Plan, atomic weapons, appears in Obninsk, and at the beginning of 1953, the post of head of state instead of I.V. Stalin is occupied by N.S. Khrushchev.
Main achievements of the fifth five-year plan
Since capital investments in industry doubled, production volumes also increased (by 71%), in agriculture - by 25%. Soon new metallurgical plants were built - Kavkazsky and Cherepovets. The Tsimlyanskaya and Gorkovskaya hydroelectric power stations made the front page in whole or in part. And at the end of the fifth five-year plan, science heard about atomic and hydrogen bombs.
Finally, the first Omsk oil refinery was built, and the rate of coal production increased significantly. And 12.5 million hectares of new land came into use.
Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960)
More than 2,500 of the largest enterprises came into operation when the sixth five-year plan began. At the end of it, in 1959, a parallel seven-year plan began. The country's national income increased by 50%. Capital investments at this time doubled again, which led to widespread development light industry.
The main achievements of the sixth five-year plan
Gross industrial output and Agriculture grew by more than 60%. Gorky, Volzhskaya, Kuibyshevskaya were completed, and by the end of the five-year plan, the world's largest worsted plant was built in Ivanovo. Active development of virgin lands began in Kazakhstan. The USSR finally had a nuclear missile shield.
The world's first satellite was launched on October 4, 1957. Heavy industry developed with incredible efforts. However, there were more failures, so the government organized a seven-year plan, including the seventh five-year plan and the last two years of the sixth.
Seventh Five-Year Plan (1961-1965)
As you know, in April 1961, the first man in the world flew into space. This event marked the beginning of the seventh five-year plan. The country's national income continues to grow rapidly, increasing by almost 60% over the next five years. The level of gross industrial output increased by 83%, agriculture - by 15%.
By mid-1965, the USSR had taken a leading position in the mining of coal and iron ore, as well as in the production of cement, and this is not surprising. The country was still actively developing heavy industry and the construction industry, cities were growing before our eyes, and cement was needed for strong buildings.
Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)
The Five-Year Plan did not imply the production of materials, but the construction of new buildings and factories. Cities continue to expand. L. I. Brezhnev assumes the post of head of state. Over these five years, many metro stations appeared, the West Siberian and Karaganda metallurgical plants, the first VAZ automobile plant (production: 600 thousand cars per year), the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station - the largest station in the world at that time.
Active housing construction solved the problem of deprivation (the echo of the war was still echoing in big cities). At the end of 1969, more than 5 million residents received new apartments. After Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space, astronomy made a big leap forward, the first lunar rover was created, soil was brought from the Moon, machines reached the surface of Venus.
Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975)
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan, over a thousand were built industrial enterprises, the gross volume of industrial output increased by 45%, and agricultural output by 15%. The automotive industry is actively developing, and roads and railways are being repaired. Capital investments exceeded 300 billion rubles per year.
The development of oil and gas wells in Western Siberia led to the construction of many enterprises and the laying of oil pipelines. Since with the advent large quantity factories and the level of employed population increased, the “Drummer of the Ninth Five-Year Plan” badge was established (for excellence in labor and production).
Tenth Five-Year Plan (1976-1980)
The active increase in national income and industrial output is beginning to decline. Now the country does not need a huge growth of enterprises, but the stable development of all areas of industry is always necessary.
Oil production came to the fore, so over the course of five years, many oil pipelines were built, stretching throughout Western Siberia, where hundreds of stations deployed their work. The number has increased significantly working equipment: tractors, combines, trucks.
Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-1985)
An extremely turbulent time began for the USSR. Everyone in the government felt the coming of a crisis, for which there were many reasons: internal, external, political and economic. At one time, it was possible to change the structure of power without abandoning socialism, but nothing of this was done. Because of the crisis, people occupying the leading positions of the state were replaced very quickly. Thus, L. I. Brezhnev remained Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee until November 10, 1982, Yu. V. Andropov held this position until February 13, 1984, K. U. Chernenko - until March 10, 1985.
Gas transportation from Western Siberia to Western Europe continues to develop. The Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod oil pipeline, 4,500 km long, was built, crossing the Ural ridge and hundreds of rivers.
Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990)
The last five-year plan for the USSR. During her time, it was planned to implement a long-term economic strategy, but the plans were not destined to come true. At this time, many received the badge of a shock worker of the twelfth five-year plan: collective farmers, workers, enterprise specialists, engineers... It was planned (and partially implemented) to establish light industry production.
Five-Year Plans of the USSR: summary table
So, we have briefly listed all the five-year plans in the USSR. The table presented to your attention will help systematize and summarize the above material. It contains the most important aspects for each plan.
Plan Objectives | The main buildings of the five-year plans | Results |
|
At any cost, increase military power and increase the level of production of heavy industry. | Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, DneproGES, coal mines in Donbass and Kuzbass. | Heavy industry production increased 3 times and mechanical engineering production 20 times, unemployment was eliminated. |
|
J.V. Stalin: “We must catch up with the advanced countries in 5-10 years, otherwise we will be crushed.” The country needed to increase the level of all types of industry, both heavy and light. | Ural-Kuzbass is the second coal and metallurgical base of the country, the Moscow-Volga shipping canal. | National income and industrial production increased significantly (2 times), agricultural production - 1.5 times. |
|
Due to the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany, the main forces were devoted to the country's defense and the production of machinery, as well as heavy industry. | Focus on educational institutions at the beginning of the five-year plan, after the efforts are transferred to the Urals: airplanes, vehicles, guns and mortars are produced there. | The country suffered great losses due to the war, but its defense capabilities and heavy industrial production made significant progress. |
|
Fourth | Restoring the country after the Great Patriotic War. It is necessary to achieve the same level of production as in the pre-war period. | The Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station and power plants in Donbass and the North Caucasus are coming back into operation. | By 1948, the pre-war level had been reached, the United States was deprived of its monopoly on atomic weapons, and prices for essential goods had been significantly reduced. |
Increasing national income and industrial output. | Volga-Don shipping canal (1952). Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (1954). | Many reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations were built, and the level of industrial production doubled. Science learns about atomic and hydrogen bombs. |
|
Increasing investment not only in heavy metals, but also in light industry, as well as in agriculture. | Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk and Worsted plant (Ivanovo). | Capital investments have almost doubled, and the lands of Western Siberia and the Caucasus are being actively developed. |
|
Increasing national income and developing science. | Increase in fixed production assets by 94%, national income increased by 62%, gross industrial output by 65%. | ||
Increase in all indicators: gross industrial output, agriculture, national income. | The Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Saratov hydroelectric power stations, the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant, and the Volzhsky Automobile Plant (VAZ) are under construction. The first lunar rover was created. | Astronomy has advanced (soil has been brought from the Moon, the surface of Venus has been reached), national income grew by 44%, industry volume by 54%. |
|
To develop the domestic economy and mechanical engineering. | Construction of oil refineries in Western Siberia, start of construction of an oil pipeline. | Develops significantly chemical industry after the development of deposits in Western Siberia. 33 thousand km of gas pipelines and 22.5 thousand km of oil pipelines were laid. |
|
Opening of new enterprises, development of Western Siberia and the Far East. | Kama plant, Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric power station. | The number of gas and oil pipelines has increased. New industrial enterprises appeared. |
|
Eleventh | Increase the efficiency of use of production assets. | The Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod oil pipeline is 4,500 km long. | The length of gas and oil pipelines reached 110 and 56 thousand km, respectively. National income has increased and social benefits have increased. Expanded technical equipment factories. |
Twelfth | Implementation of reform economic strategy. | Mostly residential buildings are being built. | Light industry production has been partially established. Increasing power supply to enterprises. |
No matter how difficult these plans may be, the results of the five-year plans show the perseverance and courage of the people. Yes, not everything was accomplished. The sixth five-year plan had to be “extended” due to the seven-year plan.
Even though the five-year plans in the USSR were difficult (table - direct to that confirmation), but the Soviet people steadfastly coped with all the standards and even exceeded plans. The main slogan of all five-year plans was: “Five-year plan in four years!”
The Palace of the Soviets is a labor of love between modernist Art Deco and rugged Soviet neoclassicism. Developed in the 30s of the last century, the design of this structure impresses with its exterior to this day (though only in pictures). The hundred-story, 420-meter Palace of the Soviets was supposed to be the most tall building world.
Its construction began in 1937 and suddenly ended in September 1941, when the building materials intended for the palace were used for military needs. After the war, they decided not to resume construction; there was no time for that.
Main Turkmen channel
The year 1950 marked the beginning of the great All-Union construction. The Main Turkmen Canal was designed with the aim of watering and reclamation of the arid lands of Turkmenistan, increasing the area under cotton cultivation, and also with the aim of establishing a shipping connection between the Volga and Amu Darya. It was planned to carry 25% of the flow of the above-mentioned Amu Darya along the dry riverbed of the Uzboy to the city of Krasnovodsk.
The goal is truly impressive, especially considering that the length of the designed canal was about 1200 km, width - at least 100 m, depth - 6-7 m. In addition to the main canal, a network of irrigation canals was also designed total length 10,000 km, about 2,000 reservoirs, three hydroelectric power stations. During construction it was planned to use 5,000 dump trucks, 2,000 bulldozers, 2,000 excavators, and 14 dredgers. It was decided to use prisoners and local residents as labor. In 1953, there were 7,268 free laborers and 10,000 prisoners at the construction site.
Of course, the ruling elite was not limited to the above means. The whole country worked on this construction project, as the figure of 1000 (!) freight cars that were delivered here from all over the Union every month eloquently tells us.
Immediately after the death of the leader, the construction of the State Customs Committee was stopped on the initiative of Beria. And then it was completely stopped due to reasons of unprofitability. But by this time, more than 21 billion Soviet rubles, or 2.73 trillion modern Russian rubles, had been irrevocably spent on the construction of the facility.
Transpolar Railway (construction 501-503)
Man of the Year (1940, 1943) according to Times magazine (talking about Stalin, if anything) did not limit his ambitions on a geographical basis. On his initiative in post-war period, from 1947 to 1953, a large construction organization with the simple name “GULAG” worked on a grandiose project - the Transpolar Highway.
The purpose of this construction was to connect the western north (Murmansk, Arkhangelsk) with the eastern north (Chukotka, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk).
Due to the extreme tight deadlines construction was carried out in parallel with design and survey work, which could not but affect the quality of the railway track being built. In total, approximately 80 thousand people were involved in the construction, not counting security. In 1953, work was stopped, and in 1954, their cost was calculated: approximately 1.8 billion Soviet rubles.
Sakhalin Tunnel (construction 506-507)
Another colossal construction project that ended its existence with the death of Stalin is the Sakhalin Tunnel.
Construction, which started in 1950, was scheduled to finish in 1955. With a tunnel length of 10 km, the deadlines were more than tight. From socialism to communism in five-year steps! And the country walked on this particular construction site with the feet of more than 27 thousand people, all those same prisoners and free workers. And in the spring of 1953, the construction site closed.
Turn of Siberian rivers
Let’s make a reservation right away: no one was going to turn the rivers around. It was only planned to transfer part of the flow of some Siberian rivers, for example the Ob and Irtysh, to the arid regions of the USSR - for agricultural reasons.
The project has become one of the most grandiose projects XX century. For more than twenty years, 160 scientific and industrial organizations of the USSR worked on it.
The first stage of work involved the construction of a canal 2,500 km long, 130 to 300 m wide and 15 m deep. The second stage involved changing the direction of the Irtysh flow by 180 degrees. That is, the waters of the Irtysh were planned to be directed to reverse direction using pumping stations, waterworks and reservoirs.
Of course, this project was not destined to come to fruition. Common sense took precedence over imperial ambitions - Soviet academicians nevertheless, they persuaded the country's leadership to leave Siberian rivers at rest.
Nikitin Tower - Travusha 4000 (project)
In 1966, engineers Nikitin (by the way, chief designer Ostankino TV tower) and Travush proposed the project of the tall skyscraper in the world. Moreover, they planned to build it in Japan. Theoretically, the skyscraper was magnificent: its height was 4 km! The tower was divided into four mesh sections a kilometer long and with a diameter at the base of 800 m. The tower, being a residential building as planned, was supposed to accommodate up to 500 thousand people.
In 1969, design work was stopped: the customers suddenly came to their senses and demanded that the height of the building be reduced to 2 km. Then - up to 550 m. And then they completely abandoned the Tsar Tower.
Terra-3
The remains of structure 41/42B with the 5N27 laser locator complex of the 5N76 Terra-3 shooting complex. Photo 2008
"Terra-3" is nothing more than a project for a zonal anti-missile and anti-space defense system with a beam destructive element. It is also a scientific-experimental shooting-laser complex. Work on “Terra” has been carried out since the 60s of the last century. Unfortunately, already in the early 70s, scientists began to realize that the power of their lasers was not enough to shoot down warheads. Although she shot down satellites, this cannot be taken away from her. The project somehow came to naught.
"Zvezda" (lunar base)
The first detailed design of a Soviet base on the Moon. The concept of a lunar city, cherished in the 60s and 70s, consisted of a main unmanned module and several automatic vehicles for exploring the surface of the Earth's satellite. In the future, living compartments would be docked to the main module, and this entire locomotive would travel around the Moon, drawing energy from its own nuclear reactor.
Turning such space fantasies into reality would cost the state an exorbitant 50 billion rubles. In the conditions of waging war, albeit a cold one, it was decided to abandon such interplanetary luxury.
National automated system of accounting and information processing (OGAS)
OGAS was based on the principles of cybernetics and was intended for automated management of the economy of the entire USSR. That is, the system had to be responsible for the total vertical and horizontal interaction of all spheres state economy to ensure planning, management and information processing. Management of the economy could pass into the hands of a soulless, ruthless machine, which was designed to streamline, stabilize and improve the lives of already typical citizens. The transition from a command economy to a market economy destroyed the bright future of OGAS.
DEMOS
Conversational unified mobile operating system- DEMOS. What could have been installed on your PC instead of the usual Windows, if not for the collapse of the USSR.
In fact, DEMOS is a direct analogue of the capitalist UNIX, which was localized and adapted to Soviet conditions by Soviet system administrators in the mid-80s. The project was closed in the early 1990s.
KOMSOMOL BUILDINGS IN THE USSR:
1) One of the ways of organizing the construction of a building and transferring the work force in the people's economy -son-st-ve.
2) National-owned-st-ven-objects, responsible-st-ven-ness for the construction of which you took upon yourselfKomsomol .
They also had the same ideological meaning: they should have served as an example of a communist attitude towards work.
The status of Komsomol construction projects was given to construction facilities there to ensure timely and quality-of-ven-for -top of their construction at the least possible cost. The most significant national objects in the status of the All-Union strikers Komsomol construction projects. They lived mainly in difficult-to-stupid and sparsely populated areas.
The list of Komsomol construction projects was approved by the Bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee on the basis of proposals from party, trade union and Komsomol organizations -governments, ministries and departments and in agreement with the State Plan of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. Komsomol construction projects of the complex were carried out by the forces of the pro-in-di-my Central Committee of the Komsomol, the so-called public calls for youth -living and dismissed in-reserve military personnel, as well as at the expense of temporary voluntary com-with-mol-sko-mo-lo-lo-dezh- new construction teams.
At Komsomol construction sites, they practiced their own methods of organizing labor. Action-st-va-li kom-so-mol-skie headquarters (working under the leadership of the Komsomol committee of construction), in the composition of which- rich entry of young workers, bri-ga-di-ry and specialists, representatives of the owners and trade-union organizations, com-so-mol-ak-ti-vi-sty of installation and specialized organizations, sub-series sub-divisions. Headquarters of joint with trade union or-ga-ni-za-tion-mi pro-vo-di-li co-rev-no-va-nie among com-so-mol- high-quality quantities. In bri-ga-dahs, at construction sites, they created “Kom-so-mol-sko-go pro-zhe-to-ra” to fight for the -re-p-le-tion of labor dis-ci-p-li-ny, eco-no-mia of construction materials, effective use- calling for technical equipment. A “Summer-writing of shock construction” was carried out, in which young workers and specialists were named stov, ko-mol-mo-lo-lo-dol-nyh quantities, made a significant contribution to the implementation of construction plans .
The first Komsomol construction project was the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station. In the 1920-1930s, Komsomol construction projects were announced: Sel-mash-stroy (Ros-tov-on-Do-nu), Trak-to-ro-stroy (Sta-lin- grad), Ural-mash-st-roy, construction-tel-st-vo of Ura-lo-Kuz-nets-to-metal-lur-gical com-bi-na-ta, Kom-so-mol- ska-on-Amu-re, first-voy-o-re-di of the Moscow metro-po-li-te-na, railway ma-gi-st-ra-li Ak-mo-linsk - Kar-ta-ly , development of oil fields in the Vol-Ural oil-gas-bearing province, etc.
In the 1950s-1970s, the construction works of Bratskaya, Dnieper-Dzerzhinskaya, Krasnodar No-Yar-skaya hydroelectric power station, nuclear power plants, oil-tech-pro-vo-da Ufa - Omsk, Omsk - Ir-kutsk, gas ma-gi-st-ra- lei Bu-kha-ra - Ural, Sa-ra-tov - Gorky, railway line Aba-kan - Tai-shet, Bai-ka-lo-Amur railway ma-gi-st-ra-li , the first of a number of factories (Kras-no-yar-sko-go, Ir-kut-sko-go and Pav-lo-dar-sko-go alu-mi-nie -vykh, An-gar-sko-go and Om-sko-go neft-te-pe-re-ra-ba-you-vai-shih, West-but-Siberian-sko-go and Ka- ra-gan-din-sko-go metal-lur-gi-che-skih) and others. All-with-the-union-shock Komsomol construction projects in 1959 were construction-tel- 114 industrial and transport enterprises (154 in 1962, 135 in 1982, 63 in 1987). The principles of labor organization, adopted at Komsomol construction sites, were also used during the development of virgin lands. -zakh-sta-na, Al-tai, New-Si-bir-skaya region. In connection with the launch of the Komsomol in September 1991, the organization of Komsomol construction projects ceased.
On December 30, 1922, the creation of the USSR was proclaimed at the first Congress of Soviets. Then S.M. Kirov put forward an ambitious idea - to build the Palace of the Soviets, which would become a symbol of the country. However, the implementation of the idea began only in 1931. At every stage - from design to preparation for implementation and the start of grandiose construction - the Palace of the Soviets was a structure the likes of which did not exist in the world.
Struggle of architectural styles
In June 1931, a competition for projects was announced. A few months later, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was destroyed. The “outdated”, according to the plans of the authorities, had to give way to the new. Both professional architects and ordinary citizens of the Union applied for the competition. The great French architect Le Corbusier was also among the competition participants. The works of B. Iofan, I. Zholtovsky and G. Hamilton entered the second round. All three projects were designed in a monumental style. Later, this style would be called the “Stalinist Empire style”. The choice of these projects marked the end of the era of Soviet constructivism - lightness and delicacy gave way to pomp and massiveness. Offended by the neglect of his thoughtful project, Le Corbusier wrote: “The people love royal palaces.” In 1933, the winner was determined - construction was to be carried out according to the design of B. Iofan. But the winning sketch was very different from the final version.
Transformation of an idea
Famous tower with the figure of Lenin was not in the first sketch: the Palace of Soviets looked like a complex of buildings, and on the tower there was a figure of the Liberated Proletarian. Gradually, the tower acquired a level structure, and the accompanying buildings were removed. The height of the building was supposed to be 420 meters, of which 100 is the height of the statue. The grandiose statue of Lenin (one of the leader’s fingers was the size of a two-story house) on top appeared only in 1939. The idea to make the building a pedestal did not belong to Iofan, but to the Italian Brasini. Iofan himself wanted to place the monument in front of the Palace, but the authorities liked Brazini’s proposal. In the central part of the Palace it was envisaged Big hall for 22 thousand people. The stage was in the middle, the rows of spectators walked like an amphitheater. Next to it there was a foyer, utility rooms, and the Small Hall. In the high-rise part there were chambers Supreme Council USSR, Presidium, offices.
Grand construction
According to the project, for the construction of the Palace and all the infrastructure, it would have been necessary to demolish almost all of Volkhonka’s historical buildings. It was supposed to make a grandiose parking lot, a square filled with concrete, move the Pushkin Museum to them. A. S. Pushkin. At the construction site, for the first time in the USSR, a preliminary analysis of the soil was carried out using core drilling - they drilled a number of wells up to 60 meters deep and analyzed the composition of the soil. The location turned out to be successful - there were dense limestones and a rocky “island” in this area. To groundwater they did not undermine the foundation, they used bitumenization for the first time: almost 2000 wells were drilled around the pit, and bitumen was poured into them. Additionally, water pumps were installed and an insulating coating was added. For final cladding grandiose building They built a stone processing plant, which later “helped” make Moscow granite: it processed stone panels for the subway, bridges and houses. To produce concrete for the Palace, a factory was founded near it. The construction of the foundation (also designed in a special way - in the form of rings) required 550 thousand cubic meters of concrete. The diameter of each ring was about one and a half hundred meters. 34 columns were installed on them. Area of one column in cross section was 6 sq. m. A car could fit on such a column. The frame of the building was created from a special grade of steel created specifically for construction - “DS”. The auxiliary frame, which directed the load to the main one, was made of corrosion-resistant steel, and was simpler. A plant was founded near the Lenin Mountains, where the elements were prepared for installation. They decided to mount the main frame on concrete rings. To lift the beams, cranes were supposed to be assembled on these rings. The higher, the fewer cranes: the installation of the statue had to be carried out by only one crane.
Final construction
The project was supposed to be completed by 1942. In 1940, the frame reached seven floors, but the war began. High-quality steel was required for production anti-tank hedgehogs, and had to dismantle the frame. After the war, the country did not have the resources for such structures. The project was moved to Vorobyovy Gory, where the Moscow State University building gradually grew up instead of the Palace. The high-rise buildings were based on Iofan’s design, and common features clearly visible. Another trace of the project is the Kropotkinskaya metro station - it was conceived as an underground lobby of the Palace and was built on a maximum scale.
One of the most hidden and vile myths in the USSR, now praised by admirers, was the glorification of the supposed participation solely by the forces of free and ideological Komsomol communists in industrialization or another, most often unnecessary "great construction communism", in fact, they used millions of armies of slaves - ZeK: in the construction of any object - civil, military, cultural, where the tasks of the Communist Party were carried out without sparing free labor and the lives of prisoners.
At the construction site of Moscow State University. Photo:pastvu.com
“Cheap labor” from prisoners was widely used in the first half of the last century - during the Gulags.
ABOUT high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment There are many stories and legends. One of the stories says that in the apartment of the writer Vasily Aksenov there is a scrawled inscription “built by prisoners.” They also say that prisoners posed for sculptors who sculpted bas-reliefs. The convicts actually built a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, and also Moscow State University building. The scale of attracting labor from correctional institutions was such that it made it possible to use prisoners for the construction of not only industrial and military, but also civilian facilities.
Since 1934, all forced labor camps and colonies were transferred to the control of the main directorate of labor settlement camps and places of detention of the NKVD of the USSR. In the Gulag system, departments with specific economic tasks were created: the main directorate of the camp timber industry (GULLP), the main directorate of camps of mining and metallurgical enterprises (GULGMP), the main directorate of railway construction camps (GULZhDS), the main directorate of airfield construction (GUAS), the main directorate of camps industrial construction (Glavpromstroy), the main department of hydraulic engineering construction camps (Glavgidrostroy) and so on.
One of the activities of Glavpromstroy was housing and cultural construction. It was the forces of the prisoners of the Glavpromstroy camps that built the high-rise buildings on Kotelnicheskaya embankment and Sparrow Hills. The finishing work of the main building of Moscow State University was carried out by prisoners of the Vysotny camp - 368 people, 208 of them women.
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One of the many carefully hidden by the communists for all 70 years of its existence. brief history Union of terrible pages:
Nizhny Tagil Drama Theater them. Mamin-Sibiryak on the avenue, of course, Lenin. Built by whom? Conscious Komsomol members? Of course, the architect and some of the builders were builders, but how many Zekas died there at this and other construction sites?
“This inscription was walled up on March 15, 1954, not under the thunder of orchestras and the noise of the crowd, but it will tell posterity that this theater was not built by the forces of Komsomol brigades, as the chronicles will claim, but was created on the blood and bones of prisoners - slaves of the twentieth century. Hello! to the coming generation, and may your life and your era not know slavery and the humiliation of man by man.
Hello prisoners
I. L. Kozhin
R. G. Sharipov,
Yu. N. Nigmatulin.
15.III 1954
According to Lev Samuilovich Libenshtein, who in the 50s worked at a house-building plant and supervised the construction of buildings on Theater Square, prisoners deprived of the right to correspondence walled up bottles with their letters under one of the columns. No one knows what is written in them...
P.S. This link with the photo “unexpectedly disappeared”, we took care of it: source:http://tagildrama.ru/hidden-partition/127-poslanie-potomkam
Nothing, this letter and the description of the use of ZEK slaves are widely known, the communists will not be able to silence their crimes:
"When Vera Avgustovna Lothar-Shevchenko worked at the drama theater, its building was still under construction. It was built by Tagillaga prisoners, who were brought to work every morning and taken back in the evening. The construction site, as required, was fenced with barbed wire, and there were fences in the corners towers on which sentries with rifles carefully monitored the movements of prisoners.
However, in March 1954, prisoner builders managed to wall up a sheet of iron with a message to the “coming generation.”
Two years later it was found during the renovation of the floors, but times were different - the 20th Congress of the CPSU was held, so the text of the message was preserved. Here's what the prisoners wrote:
“This inscription was walled up on March 15, 1954, not under the thunder of orchestras and the noise of the crowd. But she will tell her posterity that this theater was not built by Komsomol brigades...
Has Vera Augustovna seen this construction site? Of course I saw it. Both this and other construction projects in Nizhny Tagil. The labor of prisoners, “slaves of the twentieth century,” was widely used in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk, and hundreds of other cities of the USSR.
It was also used in Akademgorodok in the early years, from 1959 until the mid-60s, when foreigners began to come to us, incl. and high-ranking persons. Therefore, Academician Lavrentyev began to ask Colonel Ivanov, head of the Sibacademstroy Construction Department, to abandon the use of prisoners in construction, or at least use them at construction sites where foreigners could not see them.
Nikolai Markelovich Ivanov always said in response that he had a huge shortage of workers, he could not do without prisoners, and if Academician Lavrentiev put a spoke in his wheels, he would not be able to guarantee the implementation of the plan.
The matter came to a hearing in the district committee of the CPSU, where, of course, Academician Lavrentyev did not come, but his deputy B.V. Belyanin and the head of the UKS Kargaltsev. The conversation usually took place in a raised tone. I myself was present a couple of times, since it was the implementation of construction plans that was discussed.
The position of the district committee secretary was very unenviable. He could not ignore the opinion of Academician Lavrentiev, but he also could not force Colonel Ivanov to give up free labor - prisoners. Let me remind you that the facilities of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building in those years were built with the massive use of prison labor, and the Construction Department "Sibakademstroy" was subordinate to this very ministry..." http://www.proza.ru/2014/01/23/152
Photos from construction drama theater in Nizhny Tagil
Construction of the Drama Theatre. Photo from 1953. The first work on the construction of the drama theater began in 1951. On December 3, 1951, they began laying the walls of the Drama Theater. By the spring of 1952, the ground floor was ready.
Behind the drama theater. View from the current traffic police station on Lenin Ave. On the right is part of the fire tower building behind the dramatic
theater Photo from 1953. http://historyntagil.ru/cards/9_old_tagil_50_open.htm
One of the large camp formations on the territory of the Urals during the war and post-war period, Tagillag NKVD - these are dozens of camp centers with appalling working and living conditions for prisoners, terrible penal camps in Vinnovka and Serebryanka, numerous mass graves, thousands of people known victims hunger, disease, physical violence; These are the fates of Russians, Poles, Latvians, Soviet Germans, residents of the Central Asian republics, prisoners of war from special camps No. 153 and 245. Typhus was rampant in the camps, people died from vitamin deficiency, scurvy, dysentery, and froze from the terrible cold in dugouts and barracks. The prisoners of Tagillag, despite hunger, cold, illness, moral and physical humiliation, built the city and its industrial facilities, rebuilding the country. That's just short list construction sites where prison labor ranged from 50 to 100%: NTMZ open-hearth furnaces No. 4 and 5, blast furnace No. 3, shaped foundry and rolling shops, blooming; sinter plant, Verkhne-Vyyskaya dam, Severo-Lebyazhinsky quarry, VZhR club, mine management building; coke batteries No. 3 and 4, rectification shop and other coke production facilities; cement, slate and brick factories; Hoffmann furnaces No. 3 and 4 at the refractory plant; streets of residential buildings in the city; tankodrome and access roads at Uralvagonstroy; Chernoistochinskaya dam; the second stage of the Goroblagodatsky mine and much more.
And now Stalin was gone, but the prisoners remained, and Slave work turned out to be in demand during the construction of the drama theater, they tried to completely erase their memory from our history, and the labor exploits of the slave prisoners were attributed to the Komsomol members and communists, exalting and strengthening the ideological dogmas of the totalitarian regime.
Tagillag ceased to exist in 1953, but did not leave the city, leaving behind a “rich legacy” - more than a dozen correctional labor camps and many special commandant’s offices. Nizhny Tagil became a gloomy symbol of the entire totalitarian regime - a city of prisons and camps, inhabited by people with a crushed past, deprived of a future. http://kp74.ru/nizhnetagilskij-teatr-dramy.html
Do you remember very well the huge map of the Soviet concentration camps that covered the Land of the Soviets? No? Have you already “forgotten” or didn’t know or suspect at all? 
One of the first construction projects took place under the direct leadership of Lenin. And it is not surprising that nothing is known about it: all materials related to Algemba - the first attempt of the young Soviet government to acquire its own oil pipeline - for a long time were classified.
In December 1919, Frunze's army captured the Emben oil fields in Northern Kazakhstan. By that time, more than 14 million pounds of oil had accumulated there. This oil could be the salvation for the Soviet republic. On December 24, 1919, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense decided to begin construction of a railway through which oil could be exported from Kazakhstan to the center, and ordered: “Recognize the construction of the Alexandrov Gai-Emba broad-gauge line as an operational task.” The city of Alexandrov Gai, located 300 km from Saratov, was the last railway point. The distance from it to the oil fields was about 500 miles. Most of The route ran through waterless salt marsh steppes. They decided to build the highway at both ends simultaneously and meet on the Ural River near the village of Grebenshchikovo.
Frunze's army was the first to be sent to build the railway (despite his protests). There was no transport, no fuel, or enough food. In the conditions of the waterless steppe there was nowhere to even place soldiers. Endemic illnesses began and developed into an epidemic. The local population was forcibly involved in the construction: about forty-five thousand residents of Saratov and Samara. People almost manually created an embankment along which rails were later to be laid.
In March 1920, the task became even more complicated: it was decided to build a pipeline in parallel with the railway. It was then that the word “Algemba” was heard for the first time (from the first letters of Aleksandrov Gai and the name of the deposit - Emba). There were no pipes, like anything else. The only plant that once produced them has been standing for a long time. The remains were collected from warehouses; there was enough of them for best case scenario 15 versts (and it was necessary to lay 500!).
Lenin began to search alternative solution. At first it was proposed to produce wooden pipes. The experts just shrugged: firstly, it is impossible to maintain the necessary pressure in them, and secondly, Kazakhstan does not have its own forests, there is nowhere to get wood. Then it was decided to dismantle sections of existing pipelines. The pipes varied greatly in length and diameter, but this did not bother the Bolsheviks. Another thing was confusing: the collected “spare parts” were still not enough even for half the pipeline! However, work continued.
By the end of 1920, construction began to choke. Typhoid killed several hundred people a day. Security was posted along the highway because local residents they began to pull away the sleepers. The workers generally refused to go to work. Food rations were extremely low (especially in the Kazakh sector).
Lenin demanded to understand the reasons for the sabotage. But there was no trace of any sabotage. Hunger, cold and disease exacted a terrible toll among the builders. In 1921, cholera came to the construction site. Despite the courage of the doctors who voluntarily arrived at Algemba, the mortality rate was appalling. But the worst thing was different: four months after the start of construction of Algemba, already in April 1920, Baku and Grozny were liberated. Emba oil was no longer needed. Thousands of lives sacrificed during construction were in vain.
It was possible even then to stop the pointless activity of laying the Algemba. But Lenin stubbornly insisted on continuing construction, which was incredibly expensive for the state. In 1920, the government allocated a billion rubles in cash for this construction. No one has ever received a full report, but there is an assumption that the funds ended up in foreign accounts. Neither railway, neither the pipeline was built: on October 6, 1921, by Lenin’s directive, construction was stopped. A year and a half of Algemba cost thirty-five thousand human lives.
The use of free labor was welcomed and encouraged by caring communist rulers; remember, a valiant page from the aircraft industry, sharashkas for scientists appeared much earlier in 1928-29. - legendary soviet fighter“Donkey”, created, of course, by Zeka.
The leaders of the OGPU came up with a brilliant idea: why not, instead of sending those arrested to Solovki, force them into prison conditions, under the watchful eye of the guards? state security, build airplanes and engines? “...Only working conditions in a militarized environment can ensure the effective activity of specialists in contrast to the corrupting environment of civilian institutions.”,” Deputy Chairman of the OGPU Yagoda later wrote in a letter to Molotov.
The first prison in the history of aviation design department was organized in December 1929. It was located “at the place of residence” of the prisoners - in Butyrka prison. Two work rooms were equipped with drawing boards and other necessary drawing supplies. New organization awarded the high-profile title - Special Design Bureau.
In November 1929, a Special Design Bureau (OKB) was created in Butyrka Prison. In January of the following year, the OKB was transferred to aircraft plant No. 39, where they began to create the Central Design Bureau (TsKB). On the territory of the plant there was a wooden one-story hangar No. 7, adapted for housing for prisoners. 20 prisoners lived and worked there under guard. The team was small, but very different highly qualified. The core of the designers consisted of employees of the Department of Marine Experimental Aircraft Manufacturing (OMOS, previously headed by D.P. Grigorovich), who shared the fate of their boss: A.N. Sedelnikov (former deputy head of the department), V.L. Korvin (manager of production) and N G. Mikhelson (head of the drawing bureau). Together with Polikarpov, his colleagues E.I. Mayoranov and V.A. Tisov ended up at the Central Clinical Hospital. In addition to them, the OKB included a prominent small arms specialist A.V. Nadashkevich (creator of the PV-1 aviation machine gun), former director of pilot plant No. 25 B.F. Goncharov, statistical testing engineer P.M. Kreyson, assistant director of plant No. 1 I.M. Kostkin and others. Grigorovich was appointed chief designer of the design bureau, but virtually all the main design issues were resolved collectively. Communication between the prisoners and the production departments of the plant was provided by free engineer S.M. Dansker. They put them in front of the "pests" not an easy task- urgently design a single-seat fighter of mixed design with an air-cooled engine. - “If you don’t do it in a month, we’ll shoot you”
In less than two months, the small OKB team designed a new fighter. The prison administration prohibited model blowing and other types of tests in the laboratories of TsAGI (which was managed by A. Tupolev, who later became a “prisoned specialist” of TsKB-29), MVTU, and the Air Force Academy. The designers could only rely on their experience and the materials that they were allowed to receive from certain organizations...
<...>Amnesty the following designers - former saboteurs sentenced by the OGPU board to various social protection measures [what is the term! — D.S.], with their simultaneous awarding: a) the chief designer for experimental aircraft construction, Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich, who repented of his previous actions and with a year’s work proved his repentance in practice - with a certificate from the Central Election Commission USSR and a cash reward of 10,000 rubles; b) chief designer Nadashkevich Alexander Vasilyevich - a diploma from the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and a cash bonus of 10,000 rubles; c) former technical director of plant No. 1 Ivan Mikhailovich Koskin - a cash reward of 1000 rubles; d) Kreyson Pavel Martynovich - a cash reward of 1000 rubles; e) Corwin-Kerber Viktor Lvovich - a cash reward of 1000 rubles; f) grant an amnesty to all engineers and technicians sentenced by the OGPU to various social protection measures for sabotage and now working conscientiously in the Central Design Bureau. |
Polikarpov's biographer V.P. Ivanov cites in his book a letter from the designer to his wife and daughter, written by him shortly after his arrest: " ...I worry all the time about how you live, how your health is, how you are coping with our common misfortune. It’s not worth even remembering, I’m completely heartbroken by this. Occasionally at night or early in the morning I hear the sounds of life: a tram, a bus, a car, the bell for matins, but otherwise my life flows monotonously, depressingly. Outwardly, I live okay, the cell is dry, warm, now I eat lean food, buy canned food, eat porridge, drink tea or, rather, water. I read books, walk 10 minutes a day... St. Pray for me. Nicholas, light a candle and don’t forget about me..."
Fully - HISTORY OF AVIATION AND SPACE ENGINEERING IN RUSSIA
http://voenoboz.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=109%3A2011-03-09-17-32-27&catid=34%3A2011-02-14-00-01-20&Itemid=28&showall=1
http://topos-lite.memo.ru/vnutrennyaya-lubyanskaya-tyurma
"Repressions in the Soviet aviation industry" http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/sob00v.htm
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Death Canal - White Sea-Baltic , sung by the best writers and poets of the USSR, all these bitter, demyans0, poor and other lickers of communist criminals.
The initiator of the construction of the White Sea Canal was Joseph Stalin. The country needed labor victories and global achievements. And preferably - without extra costs, because the Soviet Union worried economic crisis. The White Sea Canal was supposed to connect the White Sea with the Baltic Sea and open a passage for ships that previously had to go around the entire Scandinavian Peninsula. The idea of creating an artificial passage between the seas was known back in the time of Peter the Great (and the Russians have been using the portage system along the entire length of the future White Sea Canal for a long time). But the way the project was implemented (and Naftaliy Frenkel was appointed head of canal construction) turned out to be so cruel that it forced historians and publicists to look for parallels in slave states.
The total length of the canal is 227 kilometers. On this waterway there are 19 locks (13 of which are two-chamber), 15 dams, 49 dams, 12 spillways. The scale of construction is amazing, especially considering that it was all built in an incredibly short term: 20 months and 10 days. For comparison: 80 km Panama Canal It took 28 years to build, and the 160-kilometer Suez took ten years.
The White Sea Canal was built from start to finish by prisoners. Convicted designers created drawings and found extraordinary technical solutions(dictated by the lack of machines and materials). Those who did not have an education suitable for design spent day and night digging a canal, waist-deep in liquid mud, urged on not only by supervisors, but also by members of their team: those who did not fulfill the quota had their already meager ration reduced. There was only one way: into concrete (those who died on the White Sea Canal were not buried, but were simply poured haphazardly into holes, which were then filled with concrete and served as the bottom of the canal).
The main tools for construction were a wheelbarrow, a sledgehammer, a shovel, an ax and a wooden crane for moving boulders. Prisoners, unable to withstand the unbearable conditions of detention and backbreaking work, died in the hundreds. At times, deaths reached 700 people per day. And at this time, newspapers published editorials dedicated to the “reforging by labor” of seasoned recidivists and political criminals. Of course, there were some additions and fraud. The canal bed was made shallower than was calculated in the project, and the start of construction was pushed back to 1932 (in fact, work began a year earlier).
About 280 thousand prisoners took part in the construction of the canal, of whom about 100 thousand died. Those who survived (one in six) had their sentences reduced, and some were even awarded the “Order of the Baltic-White Sea Canal.” The entire leadership of the OGPU was awarded orders. Stalin, who visited the opened canal at the end of July 1933, was pleased. The system has shown its effectiveness. There was only one catch: the most physically strong and efficient prisoners earned a reduction in their sentences. 
In 1938, Stalin, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, raised the question: “Did you correctly propose a list for the release of these prisoners? They leave work... We are doing a bad job disrupting the work of the camps. The release of these people, of course, is necessary, but from the point of view of the state economy this is bad... They will be released the best people, and remain the worst. Isn’t it possible to turn things around differently, so that these people stay at work - give awards, orders, maybe?..” But, fortunately for the prisoners, such a decision was not made: a prisoner with a government award on his robe would look too strange ...
"Killer construction projects of the 20th century" http://arman71.livejournal.com/65154.html, photo from "Death Channel" https://mexanic2.livejournal.com/445955.html
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Immediately after the death of the mass murderer Stalin, all the “great construction projects of communism” had to be curtailed,
A little from allin777
in Unfinished construction projects of Stalinism.
Draft resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers “On changes to the 1953 construction program”
21.03.1953
Top secret
Project On changes to the 1953 construction program
Considering that the construction of a number hydraulic structures, railways, highways and enterprises, provided for by previously adopted Government resolutions is not caused by the urgent needs of the national economy, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decides:
1. Stop construction of the following facilities:
B) iron and highways —
Railway Chum—Salekhard—Igarka , ship repair shops, port and village in the Igarka region ;
From a letter from L.P. Beria to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on changes to the 1953 construction program
Work completed as of January 1/1953 in millions of rubles:
Railway Chum—Salekhard—Igarka, ship repair shops, port and village in the Igarka region - 3724.0
GARF. F. 9401. Op. 2. D. 416. Lll. 14-16. Certified copy.
TOTAL: The construction projects in which it was invested were liquidated6 billion 293 million rubles
and thousands of livesSoviet prisoners.
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In one material it is impossible to list all the countless construction projects and the sacrifices of Soviet prisoners made on them in the name of achieving the mythical and never built communism. 