To the question: In what year did the church officially recognize that the Earth is round? given by the author Elena Yarchevskaya the best answer is The church overturned the verdict of Galileo's trial in 1972. And after another 20 years Roman- Catholic Church, represented by Pope John Paul II, recognized both the verdict and the trial as a mistake.
On October 31, 1992, 359 years after the trial of Galileo Galilei, Pope John Paul II admitted that the persecution to which the scientist was subjected was a mistake: Galileo was not guilty of anything, since the teachings of Copernicus were not heresy. As is known, based on his observations of the sky, Galileo concluded that the heliocentric system of the world (the idea that the Sun is the central celestial body around which the Earth and other planets revolve) proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus is correct. Since the theory was at odds with the literal reading of some of the psalms, as well as one verse of Ecclesiastes, which speaks of the immobility of the Earth, Galileo was summoned to Rome and demanded to stop its propaganda, and the scientist was forced to comply. Since 1979, Pope John Paul II has been involved in the rehabilitation of Galileo. Now, in one of the Vatican gardens, a monument to Galileo Galilei, the Italian physicist and astronomer, will be erected. Thus, the current ministers of the Catholic Church want to apologize for the errors of their predecessors and recognize the merits of the scientist.
In 1990, a sculpture was placed in the courtyard of the Vatican Museum " Earth". The artist, sculptor Arnoldo Pomodoro put a special philosophical meaning into his work. A smaller ball inside a large ball means planet Earth - our planet, a large ball around it - the universe, which is inextricably linked with the Earth. Humanity, by destroying the planet with its actions, is destroying the entire universe, thereby inevitably leading to the death of oneself. The surface of the ball is deliberately made mirror-like, so that everyone looking at it sees his own reflection, feels integral part sculpture and, accordingly, the action depicted with its help.
The ban imposed by the Catholic Church on Copernicus's main work, On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, was lifted much earlier - in 1828. But still, it lasted for more than two hundred years, which gave many historians of science the right to claim that Rome delayed the spread of the main scientific truth among Catholic believers for two centuries.
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Glandoder
Connoisseur
(330)
Elena, you are in vain to admire. The answer is completely wrong.
The Church never believed that the Earth was flat and therefore could never give up this idea.
The trial of Galileo had nothing to do with the shape of the Earth. There they talked about whether the Sun revolves around the earth or vice versa, as well as about insulting the Pope. Moreover, at the first trial, Galileo was acquitted and the future Pope was his lawyer. At the second trial, he was unable to prove the validity of his theory, which was based on false premises. For example, Galileo proved the rotation of the Earth around the Sun by ebb and flow of tides.
Answer from Segun78rus[guru]
Catholics or Christians in General? The Bible also contains lines about the round earth. That is, Christianity recognized the crowned earth earlier than scientists came to this conclusion.
Answer from Alexey Nikolaevich[guru]
in 1979, if sclerosis does not change.
Answer from Renat Zagidulin[guru]
1985
Answer from Janelle[guru]
not so long ago
Answer from Ivanov Ivan[guru]
And contrary to popular belief, the church never delved into such issues.
The conflict with Galileo and the execution of Bruno had more deep reasons- a statement about the plurality of inhabited worlds...
Answer from Ivan Jenev[guru]
Here's a hammer!
Indeed, quite recently, but everyone is taught how to live. Council laws thousand years ago they poke you in the nose, but they themselves didn’t even know that they were living on a balloon flying in the universe.
A monument to the Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who was forced by the Catholic Church to abandon support for the hypothesis that the Earth revolves around the Sun, will be installed in one of the Vatican gardens. And today, March 4, the exhibition “The Instrument that Changed the World” opens at the Florence Museum of the History of Science, which houses Galileo’s original telescopes.
So modern hierarchs Catholic Church want to publicly apologize for the errors of their predecessors and recognize the scientist’s contribution to the development of precise and natural sciences, notes the British newspaper The Times.
Galileo was universal scientist, author of systemic scientific works, a professor at two famous universities in Italy and, to some extent, a man of opportunism, which is necessary for advancement in career ladder at all times. Just look at the “Medici luminaries” - the satellites of Jupiter, which Galileo saw through the telescope he improved and named after the Duke of Tuscany Cosimo II Medici.
Galileo not only demonstrated through a telescope, celestial objects to his fellow citizens, but also sent copies of the telescope to the courts of many European rulers. The “luminaries of the Medici” did their job: in 1610, Galileo was confirmed for life as a professor at the University of Pisa with an exemption from lecturing, and he was awarded three times the salary he had received before. That did not stop him from entering into various scientific disputes.
In 1632 it was published Galileo's book "Dialogue of Two major systems world: Ptolemaic and Copernican." At that time, science was dominated by the Ptolemaic system of rotation of the Sun and planets around the Earth (the so-called geocentric system peace), which was also supported by the Catholic Church. Galileo substantiated the Copernican system and was accused by the church of violating the Inquisition's order of 1616 banning public propaganda of heliocentrism (a world system in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun).
And yet she spins!- Galileo allegedly exclaimed, forced to renounce his views because public hearings could not provide any evidence of the scientific correctness of his views (by the way, the first true proof of the Earth's movement appeared in 1748, more than a century after the time of Galileo). True, there is no evidence that Galileo uttered this phrase, which became a catchphrase - they say that the myth about it was created and put into circulation in 1757 by the Italian journalist Giuseppe Baretti.
The Inquisition took into account the advanced age of the defendant and his humility, therefore freed Galileo from execution and imprisonment. He was sentenced to house arrest, and for 9 years, until his death, was a prisoner of the Inquisition.
Rehabilitation of Galileo engaged since 1979 by Pope John Paul II. Under him, in 1992, the Vatican officially recognized that the Earth is not a stationary body and actually revolves around the Sun. By the way, before the Pope’s official statement, the Italian Academy of Sciences filed a claim for official rehabilitation Galileo Galilei and Giordano Bruno.
Monument to Galileo is supposed to be installed near the building where scientist lived awaiting trial in 1633 - this was the apartment of the Florentine ambassador in the Vatican. The initiative to install the monument coincided with the start big project, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the Galilean telescope (with a convex lens and a concave eyepiece). The celebration of this date, formally falling in 2009, will begin this year in four Italian cities - Rome, Pisa, Florence and Padua.
Elena Fedotova, based on materials from www.Lenta.ru and other sources
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The shape of the Earth - our home - has worried humanity for quite some time. Today, every schoolchild has no doubt that the planet is spherical. But it took a long time to get to this knowledge, going through church anathemas and the courts of the Inquisition. Today people are wondering who proved that the Earth is round. After all, not everyone liked history and geography lessons. Let's try to find the answer to this interesting question.
Excursion into history
Many scientific works confirms our thoughts that before the famous Christopher Columbus, humanity believed that it lived on a flat Earth. However, this hypothesis does not stand up to criticism for two reasons.
- opened new continent, and did not sail to Asia. If he had dropped anchor off the coast real India, then he could be called the person who proved the sphericity of the planet. The discovery of the New World is not confirmation round shape Earth.
- Long before Columbus's epoch-making voyage, there were people who doubted that the planet was flat and presented their arguments as proof. It is likely that the navigator was familiar with the works of some ancient authors, and the knowledge of the ancient sages was not lost.
Is the Earth round?
Different peoples had their own ideas about the structure of the world and space. Before answering the question of who proved that the Earth is round, you should familiarize yourself with other versions. The earliest theories of worldbuilding claimed that the earth was flat (as people saw it). Movement heavenly bodies(sun, moon, stars) they explained by the fact that it was their planet that was the center of the Cosmos and the Universe.
IN Ancient Egypt The earth was represented as a disk lying on four elephants. They, in turn, stood on a giant turtle floating in the sea. The one who discovered that the Earth is round has not yet been born, but the theory of the sages of Pharaoh could explain the causes of earthquakes and floods, the rising and setting of the sun.
The Greeks also had their own ideas about the world. In their understanding, the earth's disk was covered with celestial spheres, to which stars were tied by invisible threads. They considered the moon and the sun to be gods - Selene and Helios. Nevertheless, the books of Pannekoek and Dreyer contain the works of ancient Greek sages who contradicted the generally accepted views of that time. Eratosthenes and Aristotle were the ones who discovered that the Earth is round.
Arab teachings were also famous for their accurate knowledge of astronomy. The tables of star movements they created were so accurate that they even raised doubts about their authenticity. The Arabs, with their observations, pushed society to change its ideas about the structure of the world and the Universe.
Evidence of the sphericity of celestial bodies
I wonder what motivated the scientists when they denied the observations of the people around them? The one who proved that the Earth is round drew attention to the fact that if it were flat, then the luminaries would be visible in the sky at the same time for everyone. But in practice, everyone knew that many of the stars that were visible in the Nile Valley were impossible to see above Athens. Sunny day in Greek capital longer than, for example, in Alexandria (this is due to the curvature in the north-south and east-west directions).
The scientist who proved that the Earth is round noticed that an object, moving away while moving, leaves only its upper part visible (for example, on the shore, the masts of a ship are visible, not its hull). This is only logical if the planet is spherical and not flat. Plato also considered the fact that a ball is an ideal shape to be a compelling argument in favor of sphericity.
Modern evidence for sphericity
Today we have technical devices that allow us not only to observe celestial bodies, but also to rise into the sky and see our planet from the outside. Here's some more evidence that it's not flat. As is known, during blue planet covers the night star with itself. And the shadow is round. And also various masses, of which the Earth is composed, tend downward, giving it a spherical shape.
Science and the Church
The Vatican admitted that the Earth is round rather late. Then, when it was impossible to deny the obvious. Early European authors initially rejected this theory as one who contradicted Holy Scripture. During the spread of Christianity, not only other religions and pagan cults succumbed to persecution. All scientists who conducted various experiments, made observations, but did not believe in one God, were considered heretics. At that time, manuscripts and entire libraries were destroyed, temples and statues, and objects of art were destroyed. The Holy Fathers believed that people do not need science, only Jesus Christ is the source of the greatest wisdom, and the holy books contain enough information for life. The geocentric theory of the structure of the world was also considered by the church to be incorrect and dangerous.
Kozma Indicopleustes described the Earth as a kind of box, at the bottom of which rested a stronghold inhabited by people. The sky served as a “lid”, but it was motionless. The moon, stars and sun moved like angels across the sky and hid behind high mountain. Above this complex structure The Kingdom of Heaven rested.
An unknown geographer from Ravenna described our planet as a flat object surrounded by an ocean, an endless desert and mountains, behind which the sun, moon and stars are hidden. Isidore (Bishop of Seville) in 600 AD in his works did not exclude the spherical shape of the Earth. The Venerable Bede was based on the works of Pliny, therefore he stated that the Sun more than Earth that they are spherical in shape, and that space is not geocentric.
Let's sum it up
So, returning to Columbus, it can be argued that his path was not based solely on intuition. Without wanting to diminish his merits, we can say that the knowledge of his era should have brought him to India. And society no longer rejected the spherical shape of our house.
The first idea about the Earth-sphere was expressed by the Greek philosopher Eratosthenes, who already measured the radius of the planet in the fourth century BC. The error in his calculations was only one percent! He tested his guesses in the sixteenth century, making his famous Who proved that the Earth is round? Theoretically, this was done by Galileo Galilei, who, by the way, was sure that it was she who was spinning around the sun, and not vice versa.
“And yet she spins!” This phrase, according to legend, uttered by Galileo Galilei after the verdict of the Inquisition, was remembered by many in 1992, when the Vatican officially rehabilitated the great scientist. Speaking at a session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, John Paul II admitted the mistake that the Catholic Church made almost four centuries ago.
In 1981, the Vatican created a commission to review the Galileo case.
After 8 years, dad went to Pisa, where the great Italian was born.
And finally, the “heretic” was rehabilitated.
The history of the unequal struggle of the rebellious scientist with Catholic dogmatists began in 1613. A letter from Galileo to Abbot Castelli dates back to this time, in which he defended the heliocentric system of Copernicus. This document served as the basis for a denunciation sent straight to the Congregation of the Holy Office, in other words, the Inquisition. On March 20, 1615, the Dominican Tomaso Cechini declared Galileo's views to be contrary to the Bible, since he dared to assert that the Earth revolves around the Sun. It seemed that the “first mathematician” of the University of Florence could not escape the auto-da-fé. However, then fate turned out to be favorable to the scientist: one of the inquisitors, either out of laziness or thoughtlessness, did not see in Galileo’s views a “deviation from Catholic doctrine.” But less than a year had passed before the Inquisition declared the teachings of Copernicus heretical, and his works were included in the “index of prohibited books.” Now the sinister figure of Roberto Bellarmino, head of the Holy Office, appears for the first time in this story. The fact is that Galileo’s name was not mentioned in the Inquisition resolution. However, he was privately ordered to forget about Copernicus' theory. Bellarmino himself took on the burden of “explaining” Galileo his mistakes. In May 1616, the Jesuit cardinal published a letter to the scientist, in which he strongly advised not to “support or defend” the disgraced teaching of the heretical Pole. Galileo was forced to remain silent. Not a single line came from his brilliant pen until 1623, when Cardinal Maffeo Barberini ascended the Apostolic See. The new pope, who took the name Urban VSH, was considered a friend. Inspired by the changes in the Vatican, Galileo abandoned his “vow of silence” and wrote his famous “Dialogues on the two most important systems of the world - Ptolemaic and Copernican.” In this ingenious work, the scientist, in the form of a conversation between three interlocutors, outlined both theories of the structure of the Universe, presenting the views of Copernicus in the form of one of the hypotheses.
In 1632, after lengthy censorship delays, the book was finally published in Florence. But, of course, Galileo’s position could not escape the gaze of Cardinal Bellarmino. Catholic theologians also suffered in his “Dialogue,” whose point of view was expressed through the mouth of one of the three interlocutors with the eloquent name of Simplicio (Simplicio). Contemporaries saw in this character a hint of the pope himself.
The patience of church dogmatists was overflowing: by personal order of Urban VIII, the Inquisition summoned the 69-year-old scientist to Rome. Under plausible pretexts, Galileo tried to stall for time, hoping that the inquisitors would leave him alone, but in February 1633 he was forced to appear for trial. He still hoped for something, trying to hide behind the walls of the Florentine embassy on the Roman hill of Pincio. But it was too late. In April, Galileo was taken to the Palace of the Holy Office. After four interrogations, which lasted two and a half months, he renounced the teachings of Copernicus. June 22, 1633 Galileo brought public repentance on his knees in the Roman church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. His “Dialogue” was banned, and until the end of his life he was officially considered a “prisoner of the Inquisition.” At first, he was indeed sentenced to prison, but two days after repentance, the sick old man was transferred to the Roman palace of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de' Medici, who patronized the scientist. For some time Galileo was under the supervision of the Archbishop of Siena, and finally in December 1633 he was allowed to return to his Villa Arcetri near Florence. Here the already blind scientist died on January 8, 1642. He was buried in the Church of Santa Croce, not far from Michelangelo's crypt. But even the Duke of Tuscany was not allowed to erect a tombstone over Galileo's grave. Thus ended the first act of this historical drama.
As the years passed, Galileo's correctness became obvious to many. It cannot be said, however, that the church did not react to this in any way. In 1820, the “Galileo case” was brought to light again. Then the “Lectures on Astronomy”, written by Canon Giuseppe Settele, who adhered to heliocentric system. But even at that time, the question of the admissibility of publishing this book was discussed in the Holy Office for three whole years. Finally, Pope Pius VII personally authorized the publication of the lectures. Thus, the Holy See made it clear that the recognition of the fact around the Sun no longer undermines church doctrines. However, there could be no talk of any rehabilitation of Galileo at that time.
Voices about the need to restore historical justice were heard at the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). Radical-minded hierarchs appealed to the reason of their colleagues in the hope that they would understand the unnaturalness of the situation. The verdict in the “Galileo case”, which was not overturned by anyone, frankly speaking, compromised the Vatican in the eyes of scientific world and all the intelligentsia. Seeking to renew the church, the radicals demanded the official rehabilitation of the great scientist. But it took the election of Karol Wojtyla to the papal throne for the solution to this problem to move to a practical level.
On November 10, 1979, at a session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth, John Paul II remembered Galileo and made a sensational statement: “I propose that theologians, scientists and historians, in a spirit of sincere cooperation, subject Galileo’s case to in-depth analysis and impartially admitted mistakes, no matter who made them.” Thus, the pope decided to “eliminate the mistrust that this matter still generates in many souls, contrasting it with a fruitful harmony between science and faith, between the Church and the world.” In other words, the closure of the “Galileo case” was supposed to show the whole world that there is no contradiction between science and religion.
In July 1981, a special commission was created in the Vatican, headed by the chairman of the Pontifical Councils for Culture and Dialogue with Non-believers, Cardinal Paul Poupart. Three years later, the secret archive of the Holy See for the first time “declassified” part of the documents relating to the trial of Galileo. By the way, they testified that the scientist was fatally mistaken when Pope Urban VIII appeared in the Dialogue under the name Simpleton.
Next important step was made by John Paul II in September 1989, when he visited Pisa, the homeland of Galileo. But the end to this protracted story was put only at the session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. This happened just a year ago 350th anniversary of the death of the great Italian (1992). Here are the words spoken by Cardinal Poupart at the session: “In condemning Galileo, the Holy Office acted sincerely, fearing that recognition of the Copernican revolution would threaten Catholic tradition. But it was a mistake, and it must be honestly admitted. Today we know that Galileo was right in defending the Copernican theory, although the debate over the arguments he made continues to this day.".
So, the Catholic Church recognized the correctness of the verdict passed long ago by history. But if we ignore the very fact of “posthumous rehabilitation” and turn to the arguments of the Vatican, we can make a number of interesting observations. Paul Poupart, not without reason, refers to the need to defend the “Catholic tradition.” After all, Galileo’s “Dialogues” appeared precisely at a time when the foundations of the Catholic Church were being undermined by the ideology of Protestantism, which was experiencing the rise of the Reformation. Therefore, the zealots of the purity of faith “could not sacrifice principles” and dogmas, which in their understanding were inextricably linked with the Holy Scriptures.
It is noteworthy that Cardinal Poupard emphasized the “sincerity” of the errors of Inquisitor Bellarmino and at the same time questioned Galileo’s arguments from the point of view latest achievements scientific thought. This position received its logical conclusion in the speech of the pontiff himself. John Paul II recalled that in the time of Galileo it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the world would go far beyond solar system and laws of a completely different order operate in it. At the same time, dad referred to the discoveries of Einstein. Naturally, all this has nothing to do with the question of the correctness of the position taken by Galileo, the pontiff noted. This means something else: often, in addition to two biased and opposing views, there is a third - a broader one, which includes both of these views and even surpasses them.
What is the main conclusion made by the head of the Roman Catholic Church? “There is no contradiction between science and faith,” he said. - “The Case of Galileo” for a long time served as a symbol of the church's refusal to scientific progress and even its dogmatic obscurantism, opposed to the free search for truth. This myth has led many scientists to sincerely believe that the spirit of science and its research ethics are incompatible with the Christian faith. Such a painful misunderstanding was interpreted as evidence of the opposition between science and faith. Clarifications made as a result of recent historical research, allow us to say that this painful misunderstanding is now a thing of the past.”
It took the church 359 years, 4 months and 9 days to admit its mistake. “So much time! Amazing! - exclaimed the famous Italian astronomer Margherita Hack. - But what is even more scandalous and ridiculous is that it took the Vatican commission 13 years to reach a verdict! Over the centuries scientific truth triumphed in the end even without the permission of the church...” Well, it seems that the relationship is still far from an idyll.
While chatting online, I came across something. To such a fierce facepalm that there is simply no word, not a single one. Facepalm looks like this: “It was only in 1992 that the Vatican recognized that the Earth is round.”. A short check showed that this phrase is widely circulated on the Internet.
And shame on my gray head: I’ve already owed my colleagues at Sherwood Tavern for six months a post on the topic “ Black Legend Middle Ages" - chronological table on the topic of the development of science. However, although that post is not ready, there are enough sketches for it to make a brief summary on the topic of the needlessly scolded Vatican; It’s not that I’m particularly worried about his reputation, but no matter who is my friend or enemy, the truth is still more valuable.
I’ll make a reservation: when I see such things, at first it seems to me that it’s not worth talking about them: normal people already know the truth, but you can’t prove anything to abnormal people. But over time, I began to understand: even normal people don’t always have a place to find out, or it simply doesn’t occur to them to check what they hear. Therefore, it is necessary from time to time to prove what is already known. And also normal people sometimes they want to talk even about what they know well. So let's talk.
A page from the medieval book “L’Image du monde” (“The Image of the World”) with an illustration depicting round earth. The book was written by Gautier de Metz c. 1245, was very popular and was translated into many languages. The illustration is from a 14th century copy.
So. Medieval European science(or better said - scholarship) starting from at least the 8th century, considered the Earth round(more precisely, spherical); this does not mean that no one ever considered the Earth to be flat, but after the Venerable Bede (canonized by the Catholic Church and recognized as a teacher of the Church) and his work “On the Nature of Things,” which describes round earth And climatic zones, talking about the plane of the Earth has become indecent for a scientist. For a believer, too (in those days there were no unbelieving scientists). I note that in Rus' the idea flat earth lasted longer, but did not completely dominate minds.
“If two people set off from the same place - one at sunrise, the other at sunset - they will certainly meet on the other side of the Earth” (Brunetto Latini, 13th century).
Let’s say that few people are interested in Trouble and medieval science these days. But let’s take those events that were diligently covered (and sanctified) in school textbooks, that is, Copernicus-Bruno-Galileo. The main driver of the plot is the confrontation between the systems of Copernicus and Ptolemy. Ptolemy! And his system represented a round(!) Earth in the center of the universe and around it celestial spheres. That is, in order to understand and prove the delusion of the statement that gave birth to this post, it is enough to remember the limited and one-sided (in this matter) high school course.
By the way, what happened in 1992? What happened was that the Vatican recognized the conviction of Galileo as a mistake. But Galileo was not judged for the roundness of the Earth, but for its rotation around the Sun and own axis, and this is a completely different subject. In addition, it can be noted that rehabilitation is not a question of science or cosmology, but of jurisprudence... by the way, did you know that the rotation of the Earth was scientifically proven only a couple of centuries after Galileo?
But we have new law appeared: bloggers will be required to check the accuracy of published data... I’m only afraid that such mistakes as about the round Earth cannot be eradicated by any law.