“History of Astronomy” - “The Ionian Awakening”. Eratosthenes Why? Errors in the angle bisection scheme. Equant. I figured out how to set distances in the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Music of the crystal spheres Eudoxus of Cnidus. Ecliptic. Ptolemy System of the world according to Ptolemy (Gorbatsky, p. 57, words by Idelson). Simple eccentricity hypothesis.
"System of the World" - Halle around 1520. History of astronomy. Aristotle considered the Earth to be the center of the world. System of the world according to Aristotle. The idea of the world of the ancient Egyptians. The Mayan cultural heritage was destroyed by conquerors and monks. The main Mayan structures have survived to this day. An astronomer's office from the early 16th century. Egypt is located in the center of the Earth.
“History of the development of astronomy” - Both for time and for angles (Ptolemy - a finer division. History of astronomy Stonehenge. During field work it was necessary to take into account the onset of different seasons of the year. (1) The appearance of initial information on astronomy - economic activity. White, Solving the Mystery Stonehenge, 1984. Hawkins, J.
“Man’s Ideas about the World” - Isaac Newton was solemnly buried in Westminster Abbey. Bell tower of the cathedral in the city of Pisa. Burnt at the stake in Rome. The birth of a new European science. System of the world according to Ptolemy. Problem. Tomb of Galileo Galilei. Galileo Galilei. Creator of the heliocentric system of the world. Monument to G. Bruno.
"Heliocentric system" - Ancient Greece. Heliocentric system of the world. Loop-like motion of planets. Scientific explanation of the heliocentric system of the world. Bruno refused to recognize the main theories of his as false. Heliocentric system of the Copernican world. Proof of the heliocentric system of the world. Planets orbiting the Sun.
"World of Astronomy" - Daily parallax< неск. минут дуги “О новой звезде”. Инструменты Тихо Браге 194 см литая латунь 10” – метод трансверсалей. Николай Коперник (1473-1543). Родился 19 февраля 1473 г. Умер 24 мая 1543 г. Тихо Браге остров Вен. Падуанский университет (медицина, но изучал право) - 1501-1503, без степени.
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Shaka Alesya
The emergence of judgments about the structure of the Universe. Supporters and opponents of systems. Scientific rationale.
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Geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world Supporters and opponents The work was done by a 7th grade student of GBOU Secondary School No. 1465 Shaka Alesey Physics teacher L.Yu. Kruglova
Geocentric system
Geocentric system “From ancient times, people have tried to explain the structure of the world, to understand the place of humanity in the Universe. The earliest theory was the geocentric system of the world.” Geocentric system of the world. (from the Greek "geo" - earth) The Geocentric World System, also known as the Ptolemaic System, is a theory that was developed by philosophers in Ancient Greece and named after the philosopher Claudius Ptolemy, who lived from approximately 90 to 168 AD. It was developed to explain how the planets, the Sun and even the stars orbit the Earth. The geocentric system of the world existed even before Ptolemy. This model was described in various ancient Greek manuscripts, and even in the 4th century BC. Plato and Aristotle wrote about the geocentric system of the world.
Geocentric system Since ancient times, the Earth has been considered the center of the universe, and at different times it was believed that some mythical creature held the earth. Thales of Miletus saw a natural object as this support - the world ocean. Anaximander of Miletus suggested that the Universe is centrally symmetric and does not have any distinguished direction. Therefore, the Earth, located in the center of the Cosmos, has no reason to move in any direction, that is, it rests freely in the center of the Universe without support. Anaximander's student Anaximenes did not follow his teacher, believing that the Earth was kept from falling by compressed air. Anaxagoras was of the same opinion. Anaximander's point of view was shared by the Pythagoreans, Parmenides and Ptolemy. The position of Democritus is not clear: according to various evidence, he followed Anaximander or Anaximenes.
In the 2nd century BC. The ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, observing the movement of the planets, discovered a phenomenon called precession - the reverse movement of the planets. He noticed that the planets, as they moved, seemed to describe loops across the sky. This movement of planets across the sky is due to the fact that we observe the planets from the Earth, which itself moves around the Sun. When the Earth “catches up” with another planet, it seems that the planet stops and then moves in the opposite direction.
The ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy (100-165) put forward his own system of the universe, called geocentric. His reasoning was as follows. Since the Universe has a center, i.e. the place where all bodies with weight strive, then, consequently, the Earth must be located together with these bodies. Otherwise, the Earth, being heavier than all other bodies, would fall towards the center of the world, overtaking in its movement all objects on its surface: people, animals, trees, utensils - which would float in the air. And since the Earth does not fall, it means that it is the motionless center of the Universe. Ptolemy introduced well-known improvements - the concepts of epicycle and deferent. He assumed that the planet moves along a small circle - an epicycle with a constant speed, and the center of the epicycle, in turn, moves along a large circle - a deferent. Thus, he reasoned that each of the planets does not move around the Earth, but around a certain point, which, in turn, moves in a circle (deferent), in the center of which the Earth is located.
Ptolemy added another element to his system - the equant, thanks to which the planets could already move unevenly in a circle, but subject to the existence of a certain point from which this movement would seem uniform. Despite all the complexity and initial theoretical incorrectness of the concept, Ptolemy, painstakingly selecting for each planet a unique combination of deferents, epicycles and equants, ensured that his system of the world predicted the position of the planets quite accurately. This was the genius of his time. The calculations made by Ptolemy were very important for his contemporaries; they made it possible to draw up calendars, help travelers navigate their way, and served as a schedule of agricultural work for farmers. Such a system of the universe was considered correct for almost one and a half thousand years. After some time, astronomers discovered discrepancies between the observed positions of the planets and those previously calculated, but for centuries they thought that Ptolemy’s geocentric system of the world was simply not perfect enough and attempted to improve it - introducing more and more new combinations of circular motions for each planet.
Heliocentric system
Heliocentric system In turn, the geocentric system of the world was replaced by a heliocentric system. Heliocentric system of the world. (from the Greek helio - Sun) The heliocentric system of the world is a theory that places the Sun at the center of the Universe, and the planets in orbit around it. The heliocentric world system replaced geocentrism (geocentric world system), which was the belief that the Earth was the center of the Universe. The geocentric world system was the dominant theory in ancient Greece, throughout Europe and other parts of the world for centuries. It was until the 16th century that the heliocentric world system began to gain popularity because technology had advanced enough to provide more evidence in its favor. Although heliocentrism did not gain popularity until the 1500s, the idea has existed for centuries throughout the world.
The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres,” published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the Universe is not structured at all as religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. Ptolemy's followers, to please the church, came up with new “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But this made Ptolemy’s system become more and more far-fetched and artificial.
An outstanding contribution to the development of heliocentric ideas was made by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler. Since his student years (at the end of the 16th century), he was convinced of the validity of heliocentrism due to the ability of this doctrine to provide a natural explanation for the retrograde motion of the planets and the ability to calculate the scale of the planetary system on its basis. For several years, Kepler worked with the greatest observational astronomer, Tycho Brahe, and subsequently acquired his archive of observational data.
At the same time as Kepler, at the other end of Europe, in Italy, Galileo Galilei worked, who provided double support for the heliocentric theory. Firstly, with the help of the telescope he invented, Galileo made a number of discoveries that either indirectly confirmed the theory of Copernicus, or knocked the ground out from under the feet of his opponents - supporters of Aristotle
Slide 1
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 – 1543
Heliocentric system of the world
Slide 2
The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) developed the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, which had been accepted for many centuries. Copernicus explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets, including the Earth, around the Sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Slide 3
Historical information about N. Copernicus
Famous astronomer, transformer of this science and laid the foundation for the modern idea of the world system. There was a lot of debate about whether K. was a Pole or a German; Now his nationality is beyond doubt, since a list of students at the University of Padua has been found, in which K. is listed among the Poles who studied there. Born in Thorn, into a merchant family. In 1491 he entered the University of Krakow, where he studied mathematics, medicine and theology with equal diligence. At the end of the course, K. traveled around Germany and Italy, listened to lectures about different universities, and at one time even served as a professor in Rome; in 1503 he returned to Krakow and lived here for seven whole years, being a university professor and engaged in astronomical observations. However, the noisy life of university corporations was not to K.’s liking, and in 1510 he moved to Frauenburg, a small town on the banks of the Vistula, where he spent the rest of his life, being a canon of the Catholic Church and devoting his leisure time to astronomy and free treatment of the sick
Slide 4
Copernicus believed that the Universe is limited by the sphere of fixed stars, which are located at unimaginably huge, but still finite distances from us and from the Sun. The teachings of Copernicus affirmed the vastness of the Universe and its infinity. Copernicus, also for the first time in astronomy, not only gave the correct diagram of the structure of the solar system, but also determined the relative distances of the planets from the sun and calculated the period of their revolution around it.
Slide 5
Copernicus' heliocentric system of the world The Sun is at the center of the world. Only the Moon moves around the Earth. Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun. It revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis. At a very great distance from the Sun, Copernicus placed the “sphere of fixed stars.”
Slide 6
Copernicus simply and naturally explained the loop-like motion of the planets by the fact that we observe the planets revolving around the Sun not from a stationary Earth, but from the Earth, which is also moving around the Sun
Slide 7
Heliocentric system of the world The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres,” published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the Universe is not structured at all as religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, to please the church, came up with new “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But this made Ptolemy’s system become more and more far-fetched and artificial.
Slide 8
Long before Ptolemy, the Greek scientist Aristarchus argued that the Earth moves around the Sun. Later, in the Middle Ages, advanced scientists shared Aristarchus's point of view about the structure of the world and rejected the false teachings of Ptolemy. Shortly before Copernicus, the great Italian scientists Nicholas of Cusa and Leonardo da Vinci argued that the Earth moves, that it is not at all at the center of the Universe and does not occupy an exceptional position in it. Why, despite this, did the Ptolemaic system continue to dominate?
Because it relied on the all-powerful church power, which suppressed free thought and interfered with the development of science. In addition, scientists who rejected the teachings of Ptolemy and expressed correct views on the structure of the Universe could not yet convincingly substantiate them.
Slide 9
Only Nicolaus Copernicus managed to do this. After thirty years of hard work, much thought and complex mathematical calculations, he showed that the Earth is only one of the planets, and all the planets revolve around the Sun. With his book, he challenged church authorities, exposing their complete ignorance of the structure of the Universe. Copernicus did not live to see his book spread throughout the world, revealing to people the truth about the Universe. He was dying when friends brought the first copy of the book and placed it in his cold hands.
Slide 10
Copernicus was born in 1473 in the Polish city of Toruń. He lived in difficult times, when Poland and its neighbor - the Russian state - continued the centuries-old struggle with the invaders - the Teutonic knights and the Tatar-Mongols, who sought to enslave the Slavic peoples. Copernicus lost his parents at an early age. He was raised by his maternal uncle Lukasz Watzelrode, an outstanding social and political figure of that time. Copernicus was possessed by a thirst for knowledge from childhood. At first he studied in his homeland. Then he continued his education at Italian universities. Of course, astronomy was studied there according to Ptolemy, but Copernicus carefully studied all the surviving works of great mathematicians and the astronomy of antiquity.
Slide 11
Even then, he had thoughts about the correctness of Aristarchus’ guesses, about the falsity of Ptolemy’s system. But Copernicus did not study any astronomy. He studied philosophy, law, medicine and returned to his homeland as a comprehensively educated person for his time.
Slide 12
What does Copernicus’ book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” contain and why did it deal such a crushing blow to the Ptolemaic system, which, with all its flaws, was maintained for fourteen centuries under the auspices of the omnipotent church authority of that era? In this book, Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the Earth and other planets are satellites of the sun. He showed that it was the movement of the Earth around the sun and its daily rotation around its axis that explained the apparent movement of the Sun, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets and the apparent rotation of the firmament.
Slide 13
Copernicus simply brilliantly explained that we perceive the movement of distant celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. We are sliding in a boat along a calmly flowing river, and it seems to us that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are “floating” in the opposite direction. In the same way, it only seems to us that the Sun is moving around the Earth. But in fact, the Earth with everything on it moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit within a year.
Slide 14
And in the same way, when the Earth, in its movement around the Sun, overtakes another planet, it seems to us that the planet is moving backward, describing a loop in the sky. In reality, the planets move around the Sun in orbits that are regular, although not perfectly circular, without making any loops. Copernicus, like the ancient Greek scientists, believed that the orbits in which the planets move can only be circular.
Slide 15
Literature used: Dagaev M.M. Reading book on astronomy, Enlightenment, 1980; Internet resource
Geocentric The geocentric system of the world (from ancient Greek Γήζ (geos) Earth) is an idea of the structure of the universe, according to which the central position in the Universe is occupied by the stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolve. Theorists: Thales of Miletus, Pythagoras, Claudius Ptolemy, Anaximenes, Anaximander of Miletus, Aristotle, Pliny the Elder.
Spherical symmetry of the Cosmos (Anaximander); - “The Earth is a heavy body, and the natural place for heavy bodies is the center of the Universe; as experience shows, all heavy bodies fall vertically, and since they move towards the center of the world, the Earth is in the center.” (Aristotle); - the equality of day and night during the equinoxes and the fact that during the equinox, sunrise and sunset are observed on the same line (Pliny the Elder). Justification for geocentrism
Refusal of geocentrism 17th century Events that led to the rejection of the geocentric system: - creation of the heliocentric theory of planetary movements by Copernicus; - telescopic discoveries of Galileo; - discovery of Kepler's laws; - the creation of classical mechanics and the discovery of the law of universal gravitation by Newton.
Heliocentric The heliocentric system of the world (from ancient Greek (helios) Sun) is an idea of the structure of the universe, according to which the Sun is the central celestial body around which the Earth and other planets revolve. Theorists: Aristarchus of Samos, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno.
Development of heliocentrism III century BC - Aristarchus of Samos proposed a truly heliocentric system. XVI century - Nicolaus Copernicus developed the theory of planetary motion around the Sun in the XVI-XVII centuries: - Johannes Kepler (using the observations of Tycho Brahe) derived his laws; - Galileo Galilei made a number of discoveries using his telescope.
Slide 1
Slide 2
The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) developed the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, which had been accepted for many centuries. Copernicus explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets, including the Earth, around the Sun. Nicolaus Copernicus
Slide 3
Historical information about N. Copernicus The famous astronomer, the transformer of this science and who laid the foundation for the modern idea of the world system. There was a lot of debate about whether K. was a Pole or a German; Now his nationality is beyond doubt, since a list of students at the University of Padua has been found, in which K. is listed among the Poles who studied there. Born in Thorn, into a merchant family. In 1491 he entered the University of Krakow, where he studied mathematics, medicine and theology with equal diligence. At the end of the course, K. traveled around Germany and Italy, listened to lectures about different universities, and at one time even served as a professor in Rome; in 1503 he returned to Krakow and lived here for seven whole years, being a university professor and engaged in astronomical observations. However, the noisy life of university corporations was not to K.’s liking, and in 1510 he moved to Frauenburg, a small town on the banks of the Vistula, where he spent the rest of his life, being a canon of the Catholic Church and devoting his leisure time to astronomy and free treatment of the sick
Slide 4
Copernicus believed that the Universe is limited by the sphere of fixed stars, which are located at unimaginably huge, but still finite distances from us and from the Sun. The teachings of Copernicus affirmed the vastness of the Universe and its infinity. Copernicus, also for the first time in astronomy, not only gave the correct diagram of the structure of the solar system, but also determined the relative distances of the planets from the sun and calculated the period of their revolution around it.
Slide 5
Copernicus' heliocentric system of the world The Sun is at the center of the world. Only the Moon moves around the Earth. Earth is the third planet farthest from the Sun. It revolves around the Sun and rotates on its axis. At a very great distance from the Sun, Copernicus placed the “sphere of fixed stars.”
Slide 6
Copernicus simply and naturally explained the loop-like motion of the planets by the fact that we observe the planets revolving around the Sun not from a stationary Earth, but from the Earth, which is also moving around the Sun
Slide 7
Heliocentric system of the world The great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) outlined his system of the world in the book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres,” published in the year of his death. In this book, he proved that the Universe is not structured at all as religion has claimed for many centuries. In all countries, for almost a millennium and a half, the false teaching of Ptolemy, who claimed that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, dominated the minds of people. The followers of Ptolemy, to please the church, came up with new “explanations” and “proofs” of the movement of the planets around the Earth in order to preserve the “truth” and “holiness” of his false teaching. But this made Ptolemy’s system become more and more far-fetched and artificial.
Slide 8
Long before Ptolemy, the Greek scientist Aristarchus argued that the Earth moves around the Sun. Later, in the Middle Ages, advanced scientists shared Aristarchus's point of view about the structure of the world and rejected the false teachings of Ptolemy. Shortly before Copernicus, the great Italian scientists Nicholas of Cusa and Leonardo da Vinci argued that the Earth moves, that it is not at all at the center of the Universe and does not occupy an exceptional position in it. Why, despite this, did the Ptolemaic system continue to dominate? Because it relied on the all-powerful church power, which suppressed free thought and interfered with the development of science. In addition, scientists who rejected the teachings of Ptolemy and expressed correct views on the structure of the Universe could not yet convincingly substantiate them.
Slide 9
Only Nicolaus Copernicus managed to do this. After thirty years of hard work, much thought and complex mathematical calculations, he showed that the Earth is only one of the planets, and all the planets revolve around the Sun. With his book, he challenged church authorities, exposing their complete ignorance of the structure of the Universe. Copernicus did not live to see his book spread throughout the world, revealing to people the truth about the Universe. He was dying when friends brought the first copy of the book and placed it in his cold hands.
Slide 10
Copernicus was born in 1473 in the Polish city of Toruń. He lived in difficult times, when Poland and its neighbor - the Russian state - continued the centuries-old struggle with the invaders - the Teutonic knights and the Tatar-Mongols, who sought to enslave the Slavic peoples. Copernicus lost his parents at an early age. He was raised by his maternal uncle Lukasz Watzelrode, an outstanding social and political figure of that time. Copernicus was possessed by a thirst for knowledge from childhood. At first he studied in his homeland. Then he continued his education at Italian universities. Of course, astronomy was studied there according to Ptolemy, but Copernicus carefully studied all the surviving works of great mathematicians and the astronomy of antiquity.
Slide 11
Even then, he had thoughts about the correctness of Aristarchus’ guesses, about the falsity of Ptolemy’s system. But Copernicus did not study any astronomy. He studied philosophy, law, medicine and returned to his homeland as a comprehensively educated person for his time.
Slide 12
What does Copernicus’ book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” contain and why did it deal such a crushing blow to the Ptolemaic system, which, with all its flaws, was maintained for fourteen centuries under the auspices of the omnipotent church authority of that era? In this book, Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the Earth and other planets are satellites of the sun. He showed that it was the movement of the Earth around the sun and its daily rotation around its axis that explained the apparent movement of the Sun, the strange entanglement in the movement of the planets and the apparent rotation of the firmament.