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Province Russian Empire, located on the territory of modern Left Bank Ukraine.
Formed in 1802 as a result of the division of the Little Russian province into Chernigov and Poltava. It was located between 50°15" and 53°19" N latitude. and 30°24" and 34°26" E.
The territory of the Chernigov province is 52,396 km 2, population is 2,298,000 (according to the 1897 census); including 1,525,000 (66.4%) Ukrainians.
In 1919, 4 northern districts with a mixed Russian-Belarusian population were transferred to the Gomel province of the RSFSR, and in 1923-1926 they were transferred to the Bryansk province.
In 1925, the Chernigov province was liquidated, and its territory became part of the Glukhov, Konotop, Nezhin and Chernigov districts of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1932, the Chernigov region was formed on the main part of the territory of the former Chernigov province.
From the Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron" 1890-1907: located between 50°15" and 53°19" north latitude and 30°24" and 34°26" east longitude; has the shape of a quadrangle, widened in the south, with a chipped upper left corner. The northern and southern borders of the province have an outline closer to straight lines, almost parallel lines; the mentioned cutout in the upper part of the western border corresponds to two main breaks eastern borders s, giving clippings from its territory and from this side of it. The historical formation of the northern and eastern borders dates back to the 17th century, when borders were established between the Lithuanian-Polish state and the Moscow state on the one hand and the Little Russian Republic that arose on the left side of the Dnieper, which have not changed to this day; here the Chechen province borders on the Mogilev and Smolensk provinces from the north and on the Oryol and Kursk provinces from the east. Southern border- with a small section of the Kharkov province and with a long strip of Poltava - established in 1802, when the existing late XVIII V. The provinces of Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov and Kiev were divided into two - Chernigov and Poltava. Most of the western border of the Ch. province (for 258 versts) is the Dnieper, separating it from the Kyiv and Minsk provinces, and the lower reaches of the Dnieper tributary, Sozh (at a distance of 90 versts), separating it from the Mogilev province. The greatest length of the Ch. province in the direct direction from its northeastern corner near the city of Bryansk to the southwestern corner near the city of Kiev is more than 350 versts, the smallest width of its area in the direction from west to east, in the interception between the Mogilev and Oryol provinces is less than 100 verst. The area of Ch. province, according to detailed general and special land surveying carried out in 1858-1890. according to exact and finally approved boundaries land holdings, is 4,752,363 tithes or 45,622.3 square meters. versts. This figure is the most accurate, although it differs from that calculated by Mr. Strelbitsky on the 10-verst map of Russia (46,047 sq. versts), since it was obtained by summing up the tithes of 18,678 dachas, measured according to actual boundaries and, moreover, minus the areas allocated, according to the definitions of the committee ministries of 1889 and 1894, to the territory of the Kyiv and Mogilev provinces. For the 15 districts into which the Chechen province is divided, according to this calculation its area in square meters. km, sq. miles separated in the following way:
1. Surazhsky-4050.5 sq. km / 3559.3 sq. miles
2. Mglinsky-3694.4 sq. km / 3246.4 sq. miles
3. Starodubsky-3420.8 sq. km / 3006.0 sq. miles
4. Novozybkovsky - 3857.3 sq. km / 3389.6 sq. miles
5. Gorodnyansky - 4061.9 sq. km / 3569.3 sq. miles
6. Chernigovsky-3667.2 sq. km / 3222.5 sq. miles
7. Sosnitsky - 4079.7 sq. km /3585.0 sq. miles
8. Novgorod-Seversky - 3790.5 sq. km /3330.8 sq. miles
9. Glukhovskaya - 3090.8 sq. km / 2716.0 sq. miles
10. Krolevetsky - 2702.9 sq. km /2375.1 sq. miles
11. Konotop -2539.8 sq. km / 2231.8 sq. miles
12. Borzensky -2732.1 sq. km /2400.8 sq. miles
13. Nezhinsky -2891.8 sq. km / 2541.1 sq. miles
14. Kozeletsky - 4952.8 sq. km / 2594.7 sq. miles
15. Ostersky -4385.7 sq. km / 3853.9 sq. miles
Province total: 53918.2 sq. km / 45622.3 sq. miles
Geography. The location of the Ch. province on the left side of the Dnieper determines the structure of its surface: since the highest points of the eastern slope to the Dnieper are in the Smolensk, Oryol and Kursk provinces, that is, on the watershed ridges of the Volga, Oka and Don basins from the Dnieper basin, then all Snow and rain, and therefore swamp waters across the area of Ch. province are directed from the northeast and east to the southwest and west. The highest point of its surface is in the northeastern part, on the border of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts near the village of Rakhmanova - 109 fathoms (764 feet) above sea level, the lowest near the village of Vishenki on the border of the Poltava province, below Kyiv - 42.8 fathoms (300 feet). If we divide the entire area of Ch. province by a line from the town of Churovichi at the protruding corner of the Mogilev province to the city of Konotop, then the part of it lying to the northeast of this line will occupy spaces with a height of 60 and 75 to 100 fathoms above sea level; in the southwestern part, surface domes rising above 75-80 fathoms are only rarely found (near Gorodnya, Sosnitsa, Berezny, Sednev, Chernigov, Kobyzhcha, Losinovka and on the southeastern border with Romensky and Prilutsky districts of Poltava province); other elevated areas of this part lie at an altitude of 60 fathoms and above, and near the valleys of the Dnieper, Desna and Ostra they fall below 50 fathoms. With this surface arrangement, the basins of the main rivers flowing into the Dnieper and its tributaries are located as follows: the entire Surazhsky district and half of the Mglinsky district belong to the basins of the Besed and Iput, flowing into the Sozh; most of the Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky districts are located in the basin of the Snovi River, which flows into the Desna; the eastern parts of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts - in the basin of the Sudost, another right tributary of the Desna; Novgorod-Seversky and parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky, Sosnitsky, Borzensky, Chernigovsky and Ostersky districts - in the basin of the Desna River and its small tributaries; parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky and Konotop districts - in the basin of the Seim, the left tributary of the Desna; parts of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts - in the basin of the Ostra, the second large tributary of the Desna; finally, the southernmost strip of the province, consisting of the southern parts of the counties of Konotop, Borzen, Nizhyn, Kozeletsky and Ostersky, is located in the basins of the rivers Romna, Uday, Supoya and Trubaila, directing their waters from here to the territory of the Poltava province and belonging to the basins of the Sula and Dnieper rivers . Shipping and navigation exist only on the Sozh and Dnieper along their entire length across the territory of the province and on the Desna from Novgorod-Seversk to Kyiv; In spring, rafting of forest materials is also carried out along the other rivers listed above. There are 150-200 small tributaries of the latter. The watersheds between the indicated areas of the river basins have the same character everywhere: the more elevated ridges in their eastern and southern parts lie on the right banks of the rivers, to the valleys of which they form steeply descending slopes, and more gentle slopes, extending for tens of miles, go to the west and north to the valley of the next river, forming two or three terraces, more or less hilly in their relief, or a smoother plateau. Since the basis of the mainland of the Ch. province is made up of detachments of the Upper Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary and Upper Tertiary geological formations, and the first is found only in outcrops of the northeastern part of the province, the second - in the form of the Paleogene - predominates in the strip lying between Starodub, Gorodnya and Konotop, and the latter occupies the entire the southwestern part of the territory of the province, then this determines the composition of the continent from certain soils. Loess, clayey calcareous-loamy deposits with layers of white-eye and erratic boulders made it possible to form the best clayey and chernozem soils with ravines, ravines and “sinkholes” with steep walls; Ocher-yellow and gray sands, as well as greenish (glauconitic) sands with sandstones suitable for millstones, kaolin and, in some places, molded clays occurring among them, make up the second type of soil on the day surface. Both the first and the second represent thick layers several fathoms deep on the territory of the Chechen province. The chalk formation, found in the northern zone of the province (along Besed and Iput), as well as along the Sudost and Desna to the borders of Sosnitsky district, produces worse soils, but stores reserves of chalk, quicklime, and phosphorites, which are used in as a fertilizer; The thickness of the outcrops of this formation on the steep banks of the Desna is also very high (for example, at Rogovka and Drobysh - 100 feet). There are, of course, along the banks big rivers and soils of coarse sands, marshy and peat formations of later periods - the Quaternary era. Since clayey soils make up more elevated areas, they are primarily found on the right banks of rivers; Thus, in the Surazhsky district they stretch, albeit in a narrow strip (10-15 versts), almost along the entire right bank of the Iput, and are also found on the right side of the Besed; They occupy a wider space (25, 50, even 70 versts) on the right side of Sudost in Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts, where they also produce black soil fields, quite widely spread and extending at Brakhlov and Topali into the eastern part of Novozybkovsky district; in the same way they accompany the right side of the Desna (20-30, 35 versts wide), in the direction from Novgorod-Seversk to Sosnitsa and Chernigov, and also in intermittent spots and the right bank of the Snovi - near Churovichi, Gorodnya, Tupichev. Here, places with clayey almost chernozem and completely chernozem soil, in contrast to the sandy spaces overgrown with forest that surround them, are called “steppes,” i.e., as if in miniature form, resembling the “steppe” that lies on the other side of the Desna and connects with chernozem fields Poltava province. This Zadessensky “steppe” (separated by a strip of Pridessensky sands, occupying a wide space opposite Novgorod-Seversk and then narrowing) is also not continuous, for it is interrupted by strips of sandy soils located near the Seima, Uday, Ostra, Trubaila and Dnieper rivers opposite Kyiv. These branches represent him special types chernozem and dark loamy soils: in Glukhovsky and partly Krolevets districts, chernozem is located on dome-shaped hills, spreading widely and reminiscent of the “steppes” of the middle part of the province; in Zadesenye of the Chernigov district, merging with the northern parts of Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts and representing a fairly flat plateau, the soils can rather be called heavy loam, requiring three times plowing, than chernozem. These soils, according to their classification by Chernigov zemstvo statisticians, are called “gray”; They also named the smooth black earth fields of the northern parts of Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts; only the southernmost parts of these counties, and especially Borzen and Konotop, are classified by them as “typical” chernozem, which, according to Dokuchaev’s classification of Poltava soils, is marked IA and B. With this location throughout the territory of Ch., the province has hard clay soils, loose sandy and gray sandy lands distributed over vast areas, especially in its northern part. Thus, they occupy the entire Surazhsky district, except for the designated spots of clay soils, the western outskirts of Mglinsky and its eastern strip beyond Sudost, the entire area of Novozybkovsky district, with the exception of the above spots, the southwestern part of Starodubsky, the vast expanses of Novgorod-Seversky on both sides of the Desna, Sosnitsky and Gorodnyansky (with the exception of "stepki") and wide strip the banks of the Dnieper in Gorodnyansky, Chernigovsky and Ostersky districts. The latter is occupied by sandy soils on both sides of the Desna almost entirely, except for a small southwestern section of it adjacent to the Poltava province. In the southern (Zadesenskaya) part of the province, sands are inferior in their prevalence to denser clayey gray and chernozem soils, occupying only strips above existing and extinct rivers, where they are mixed with silty and peaty swamps, called “lepeshniki”, “mlak” , "galovs" and just swamps. Similar swamps are found in the northern part of the province, where they form so-called “hot spots” around them, which is why the worst low soils in the Ch. province are usually called “hot spots”. In the southern part of the province, among the chernozem fields on hollows that have no drainage, the place corresponding to the foothills of the northern wooded part is occupied by “salt licks” - also the worst type of soil. The location of the paddocks and salt licks, as well as the peaty bogs, can be somewhat determined in a brief outline by listing the location of marshy places throughout the province. In the Sozh basin, i.e. Surazhsky district, among the large swamps, Kazhanovskoye can be mentioned, which contains large deposits of the “underground tree” of forests that once grew here, and Lake Dragotimel. In the Sudost basin there are Nizhnevskoe, Andreikovichskoe and Grinevskoe swamps in Starodubsky district; The Snov River flows from the Ratovsky swamp and then, in its middle course, forms the Irzhavskoye swamp. In Gorodnyansky district, the Zamglai swamp, 55 versts long and up to 6-7 versts wide, represents a special basin, the waters of which flow in different directions, flowing in the south-southeast into the Desna, and in the west-northwest into the Dnieper; The Smolyanka swamp in Nezhinsky district has almost the same character, the waters of which flow on one side into the Oster River, and on the other they connect next to the “gal” with the waters of the Desna; The Khimovsky swamps in the same district, during the spring flood of melting snow, also carry their waters to the Uday system, connecting with the Doroginsky swamps, and to the Oster River system. In the basin of the latter one can count up to a dozen small swamps, and along the Desna - up to one and a half dozen in Kralevets, Sosnitsky and Borzen districts; the largest of them are Daughter, Smolazh, Galchin. Along the course of the Dnieper in Gorodnyansky district there is a large swamp called Parystoe, and in Ostersky there are Vydra, Mesha, Mnevo, Vistula and up to 10 smaller ones. Finally, on Trubayla or Trubezh, like a dying river, on both sides of the “virs”, that is, channels, there is a rather large peat bog, along which, from the Zavorich railway station to the border of the Poltava province, the provincial zemstvo, under the leadership of a member of the council A. P. Shlikevich, from 1895 to 1899 drainage work was carried out. A 28-verst-long canal built through this swamp improved hayfields in the adjacent areas; The canal dug earlier by a private individual on the opposite side of the Desna from Chernigov, near the village of Anisova, had the same significance. Other swamps remain in a primitive state and are considered inconvenient lands, like “nekosi”. Forests are in the same situation; they are cut down not with the aim of returning new thickets to the logs, but with the aim of converting a certain part of their area into arable and hayfields. On average, 11-13 thousand dessiatines of forests are cut down per year; and since, according to survey data, there were 1,113,811 dessiatines of forest in the entire province, it turns out that about 1% of the forest area is cut down per year and, therefore, with the right forestry system, it would be possible to forever provide the inhabitants of the province with local construction, ornamental and firewood materials. If, in view of the existing exploitation of forest spaces, we consider forests, pastures and all other lands that are uncultivated and considered inconvenient to be the reserve area of the Chechen province, arable and cultivated estates are considered food area, and hayfields and pastures are fodder areas, then according to land survey data of 1860-1890 gg. the following space of these 3 areas will be obtained for the entire province:
Food - 2485386 acres, or 52.3%
Fodder - 906,880 dessiatines, or 19.1%
Reserve - 1360097 dessiatines, or 28.6%
Total: 4752363 dessiatines, or 100.0%
Four southern counties (Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky) are distinguished by the predominance of food area, which occupies 65-72% of them; The most wooded and at the same time grassy districts are Surazhsky, Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, in which the feeding area is 22-24%, and the reserve area is 35-40%. The distribution of land in the remaining 7 districts is more or less close to the average for the province. The forest cover of the Konotop district is expressed as 8.2%, so it is completely steppe and, having relatively better chernozem soil, is considered the breadbasket of the Czech province. The best hay is collected on flooded, but not wet meadows ("rums") along the middle reaches of the Desna in Sosnitsky and Borzensky districts, from where it is exported in compressed form to England. The best forests are scattered in areas in the possessions of the treasury and a few enlightened large forest owners, whose forestry, reforestation and afforestation have reached the highest perfection.
Information about climate is extremely scarce. From 10-year meteorological observations carried out since 1885 in the city of Nizhyn, it is clear that in this city the winter temperature is determined to be -6.5°, spring +6.8°, summer +18.5° and autumn +6.9 °; the average temperature in January is -8°, and in July +20.1°; The first matinees are observed on average around September 21, and the last around May 11; the average opening time of Ostra is April 3 (new style), and its freezing occurs between November 6 and 27; out of 365 days of the year, 239 are completely free from frost, and days with temperatures below zero are 126; The cases of the greatest annual temperature change over 11 years gave an absolute maximum figure of +34.9° in July and -29.6° in December. The months of February and December give the greatest variability in air pressure, but the greatest number of winds (especially southwest) occurs in April and May; cloudiness and rainfall are expressed by 55 quite clear days throughout the year, 118 rainy days and 566 mm of precipitation per year, with a predominance of precipitation and rainy days in June and July and average strength precipitation of 4.7 mm per rain. Observations for slightly shorter periods than 10 years, carried out in the village of Krasnoye Kolyadin, Konotop district, in the cities of Chernigov and Novozybkov, show that the average annual temperature in the northern part of the province is 1° less than in Nezhin (5.4° instead of 6. 6°), and that the annual amount of precipitation nowhere falls below 500 mm, indicate that Ch. province should be classified as a zone Central Russia, and not to the south, where clear days more and the annual temperature reaches 9-10°. But can the southernmost part of the province be called belonging to Southern Russia, which is also evident from the time of freezing and breaking up of rivers: while the Desna near Novgorod-Seversk opens on average on April 5 and freezes on December 3, remaining ice-free for 242 days, the Dnieper near Kiev opens on March 27, and freezes on December 19, remaining free from ice ice 267 days, i.e. 2 weeks more.
Flora Part of the province, depending on specified properties soil and climate, also represents transitions from southern vegetation types steppe region to the flora of the Central Russian taiga zone. In the northern counties there are also spruce and pine forests, occupying significant areas; in the south, hard species of oak, ash, maple, hornbeam, birch bark and hazel shrubs predominate. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and juniper runs in the middle of Ch. province; therefore, in the northern counties, spruce is only a species subordinate to pine, mixed with birch, aspen, linden, sedge, alder, rowan and those shrubby, semi-shrubby and herbaceous plants, the symbiosis of which is characteristic of pine forests (broom, wild rosemary, cranberry, stoneberry, lingonberry, heather, fern, hops, reeds and blueberries). Pine is found everywhere, that is, in the south, but it, like its other forest comrades, occupies here the left terraces of the rivers, sandy, while their steeply rising right banks with solid soil are covered not with “pine forest”, but with “oak groves.” with hardwood deciduous forests; low places In addition to reeds, river valleys are overgrown with willow, alder, birch, viburnum, and vines, and in this case they are called “islands.” Just like the forest and herbaceous vegetation of the northern and southern parts of the province are of two types: while in the south in the treeless steppe such lean bristly grasses as wheatgrass, typets, tonkonog and in fields abandoned for a long time even tyrsa or feather grass predominate - in in the northern wooded part, as well as along the river valleys making their way into the steppe region, meadow and marsh grasses predominate: Poa, festuca, phleum, briza, dactylis, trifolium, ranunculus, plantago, lychis, rumex, fragmites calamagrostes, scirpi and moss sphagnum, hypnum, etc. The same diversity that characterizes the flora of Ch. province can be seen in the fauna. Of the wild animals to which the Middle Ages were devoted to extermination, in the northern part of the province one still occasionally comes across representatives of the taiga zone, such as beaver, elk, lynx, goat, wild boar, and veksha, and on the other hand, in its steppe part one also encounters characteristic of representatives of more southern regions include havrashki (gophers), boibaks, jerboas, thoras, etc. The kingdom of birds also produces the forest cuckoo, steppe rooks, and eagles; The fish of the Ch. province are all warm-water, that is, characteristic of waters that are significantly heated in the spring: both migratory, coming from the sea to the Dnieper basin only to spawn, and those constantly living in it - the same as in other river basins the Black Sea, and out of 57 species, 30 of them are those that live in Europe east of the Rhine; in the spring they disperse from the Dnieper to all its tributaries, and with the fall of the waters they remain in swamps, puddles, vira, old women, sagas and flood holes, separated from the main channel. Migratory birds and fish temporarily staying in the waters of Ch. province (storks, cranes, geese, sterlets, sturgeons, etc.) are the same as in the rest of Russia....
This map of the Chernigov province, created in 1821, is included in "Geographical atlas Russian Empire, Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Finland", which includes 60 maps of the Russian Empire. The atlas was compiled and engraved by Colonel V.P. Pyadyshev and serves as evidence of how carefully and thoroughly maps were compiled by Russian military cartographers in the first quarter of the 19th century. The map shows settlements (seven types depending on size), postal stations, monasteries, factories, taverns, roads (four types), state, provincial and district borders. Distances are indicated in miles; verst was a Russian unit of length equal to 1.07 kilometers, and has now fallen into disuse. Symbols and geographical names are given in Russian and French. The territory depicted on the map is currently located in the northeastern part of Ukraine and the southwestern part of Russia. Chernigov, probably founded in the 9th century, was one of the most important cities and cultural centers in the era Kievan Rus, from the beginning of the 11th to the beginning of the 13th centuries. Sometimes the Chernigov princes competed with the Kyiv grand princes. At the beginning of the 13th century, Chernigov was sacked by the Mongols under the leadership of Khan Batu, after which the city lost its former status and influence. Lithuania later fought for control of the region. Moscow State, Poland and Crimean khans. In the 17th century, the Zaporozhye Sich (Cossack hetmanate) achieved a more significant political independence associated with her historical role in protecting the southern border lands from Tatar raids. At the same time, the hetmanate enjoyed broader powers only at the local level, remaining an object of manipulation by larger neighboring powers. In an effort to protect his lands from the Poles, Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky turned to the Russian Tsar and in 1654 concluded the Pereyaslav Treaty on a military alliance with the Moscow state. As a result of the ensuing Russian-Polish War, the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667) was concluded, which actually divided the hetmanate into Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, located on the opposite banks of the Dnieper. The population of Left Bank Ukraine, which became the center of the Chernigov province within the Russian Empire, was more Russified and Orthodox than the inhabitants of Catholic Right Bank Ukraine, which came under Polish control. Initially, the Zaporozhian Army was granted temporary autonomy, but the Russian tsars increasingly infringed on its independence. In 1764, Catherine the Great finally abolished the hetman's power, and by 1775 the hetmanate was disbanded.
And Oryol, in the north - with Smolensk and Oryol provinces. Historically, the northern and eastern borders of the province reflect the division between the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian and Moscow states in the 17th century. Part of the borders ran along the Seim, Sozh and Dnieper rivers.
The area of the province was approximately 52,397 km?, but depending on the method of measurement, it was estimated at either 51,919 km? or 53,918 km?). The greatest length of the province from the north-eastern corner to the south-western was 350 versts (373 km), the smallest width - in the interception between the Mogilev and Oryol provinces - less than 100 versts.
1.1. Climate
1.2. Relief
The surface is mostly flat. There were separate hills in the north and northeast of the province - in the districts of Mglinsky and Surazhsky, which lay on a flat hill, the main part of which was located in the Smolensk province.
There are no mountains except for some high places on the right banks of the Desna, Iput, and Sudost. Highest point The province was located on the border of the Novgorod-Seversky district with Sosnitsky near the villages of Ovdiivka and Shabaltasivka. Low places, strengthened by a strong and prolonged flood of will, were located on the left banks of the Dnieper and Desna.
1.3. Soils
In the southern counties the soil is clayey chernozem. In Mglinsky and Surazhsky districts the lands are rich in syrup and podzol. Due to their structure, these soils do not retain moisture well and are the least fertile.
1.4. Water resources
All the rivers of the Chernigov province were tributaries of the Desna and Sozh, flowing into the Dnieper. The supply of water in the province is sufficient with the exception of the northern Surazhsky and Mglinsky districts, where due to the characteristics of the soil during droughts there was often not enough water.
The most important river is the Desna, which is navigable throughout the province. Its tributary Seym is also navigable and is of great economic importance in transporting grain from the Kursk province to the Dnieper.
In the spring, the Desna and Seim often overflowed their banks, as a result of which their valleys were low-lying and swampy.
The Dnieper was connected to the Dvina, Neman and Vistula by artificial canals Berezinsky, Oginsky, Krolevetsky, which were able to provide communication from Cherny to Baltic Sea, but were in unsatisfactory technical condition.
2. Administrative division
2.1. Russian empire
2.2. Composition under the Hetmanate (April-December 1918)
The province should be composed of 18 counties: the already existing 15 counties with plans to include 3 counties from the Minsk province: Gomel County; Kursk province: Putivl district, Rylsky district.
List of counties, some of which were planned to be annexed to adjacent existing or newly acquired counties: from the Mogilev province: Rogachivsky district, from the Oryol province: Sevsky district, Trubchevsky district, from the Kursk province: Dmitrievsky district, Lgovsky district, Kursk district.
2.3. USSR
3. Population of the province
3.1. Number
The Chernigov province was one of the oldest-developed and densely populated provinces of the Russian Empire. This was facilitated by profitable geographical position, favorable climate and fertile soils.
On early XIX V. The population of the Chernigov province was estimated at 1,260,000 people, but these data are not accurate since there are no data from the audits of 1795 and 1811. The 7th, 8th and 9th revisions were carried out with defects, and their results were often called into question. Nevertheless, they recorded a gradual increase in the population - from 646,968 male souls in 1835 to 674,581 in 1852. In parallel with this, the number of serfs decreased - from 290,390 souls (44.9%) in 1835 to 281,844 (41.8%) in 1952. Since 1782, the proportion of serfs has decreased by approximately 17% (from 58.6%). This process was typical for the entire Russian Empire since the end of the 18th century, but the number of serfs varied significantly in different provinces - from 1.8% in the Vyatka province to 69.4% in Mogilev and 70.9% in Smolensk.
The last revision was carried out in 1858 and was of the highest quality from all previous ones. According to it, in 1858 the population was 1,461,866 people, of which 37.6% were serfs (on average there were 60 serfs per landowner, in the Poltava province - 45, in the empire - 100).
In total, there were 3,672 settlements in the province, of which more than half (52%) had less than 100 souls. The largest villages were in the southeastern districts, the smallest in the northern ones. Settlements with a population of more than 1,000 accounted for a tenth of all. Five cities had populations exceeding 10,000.
There were an average of 6.8 souls per household, with the most in Starodub district (7.7).
The population continued to grow - up to 1850.5 thousand in 1879; 2297.9 thousand in 1897; 2693.8 in 1905.
3.2. Natural movement
All facts of birth and death in the Russian Empire were registered in Orthodox parishes and, according to data for 1836-1860, on average 65,275 Orthodox people were born in the province annually. An average of 56,008 people died annually, with the peak of deaths occurring during the cholera epidemic of 1848, when 97,212 died.
The first attempts to determine the age distribution of the population, the birth and death rates of the population in the Chernigov province occurred in the 80s of the 19th century on the initiative of the provincial zemstvo doctor Svyatlovsky. Forms were sent to the volosts to collect information about age, number of births and deaths. The data was systematized in the late 80s.
| Year | Birth | Mortals. | Growth |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1884 | 54.8 | 36.7 | +17.6 |
| 1885 | 54.9 | 35.8 | +19.1 |
| 1886 | 53.3 | 33.9 | +19.5 |
| 1887 | 51.8 | 34.0 | +17.8 |
| 1888 | 52.8 | 31.4 | +21.4 |
| 1889 | 51.0 | 32.4 | +18.4 |
Natural movement depends mainly on natural and biological factors. So, it was less in the lean year of 1887, and more in the fruitful year of 1888. The birth rate of the population depended on the mortality rate - the higher the birth rate in the area, the higher the mortality rate. In 4 volosts, the mortality rate reached 48 per 1000, and the birth rate - up to 60. The majority of deaths (65%) occurred in children under 10 years of age, of which approximately 33% were under 1 year of age (from 27% in Krolevetsky district to 41% in Novozybkovsky district) . Mortality among children was higher among Orthodox Christians and Old Believers, and lower among Jews (1.5 times).
Over the past 130 years, the population in the Chernigov province has grown by 144.1%. Growth varied greatly over the entire period. During the Hetmanate of 1764-1782, population growth in the lands of the Chernigov province was approximately 1.4% per year. After the introduction of serfdom, it decreased significantly, especially among rural population and in the period from 1783 to 1861 was only 0.35% per year. After the abolition of serfdom, it rose again to 1.70% in the 1890s and continued to rise until the outbreak of the First World War, as a result of a persistently high birth rate and a gradual decline in mortality.
3.3. Ethnographic composition
The ethnographic composition of the province is variegated, which is due to natural conditions and historical past.
In Surazhsky district the Belarusian language predominated, with mitigation yeah And t V dz And c; in the northeastern part of the province - Mglinsky, Starodubsky district - only akanye, without softening the consonants, close to the dialects of the Oryol province. In addition, the speech of the northerners of the province was characterized by the presence of diphthongs Whoa, whoa, whoa. The majority of the population - all southern and central counties - spoke the Little Russian language with Okanye.
Anthropologically, Southerners were darker-haired, broad-shouldered, with flared nostrils and flattened noses. In the north - pointed-nosed, with light brown hair, thin physique.
The first attempts to record the ethnographic composition of the Chernigov province date back to 1859. According to the data of church parish lists, the following people lived in the province:
- Little Russians (steppe people) - 1,250,186 (85.6%)
- Velikorossov (Slobozhan) - 88,802 (6.1%)
- Belarusians (Litvins) - 82,483 (5.6%)
- Germans - 2466 (0.2%)
- Greeks - 365 (0.02%)
- Jews - 36,539 (2.5%)
- Gypsies - 664 (0.04%)
- Total - 1.461.505
The Little Russians were settled en masse in the districts of Ostersky, Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borznyansky, Konotop, Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky, Sosnitsky, Chernigovsky and Novgorod-Seversky, where they accounted for 91-98%. In Novozybkovsky and Starodubsky districts their share was smaller - 67 and 75%, respectively - due to a large number of villages and posads of Old Believers, which appeared here in the 17th century. In addition, there were settlements of Old Believers in Surazhsky and Gorodnyansky districts. Surazhsky district is dominated by Belarusians, who colonized this region in the 17th century. Jews lived in counties with the largest urban population - Glukhovsky, Chernigovsky. They appeared in the province at the end of the 18th century. According to the revision of 1835, there were 13,525 male Jews, of which 765 were merchants, 380 were peasants, and the absolute majority - 12,316 were bourgeois. Their number increased, in parallel with the growth of cities and the increase in the number of urban residents, and from 1858 to 1897 Jewish population increased 3 times - 36.539 to 113.787 (up 5% general population and 26% of the urban population of the province).
Germans lived in Borznyansky district - colonists from near Frankfurt and Danzig, who moved in 1765-1768. The main German settlements were the colonies of the White Tower and Gros Werder, where there were 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran church, and fairs. In addition, the number of Germans increased due to migration in the 19th century - from 432 in 1782 to 5,306 in 1897. Greeks lived in Nizhyn and Nizhyn district. As a result of assimilation and other factors, their number decreased somewhat compared to the end of the 18th century - approximately 400 in 1782 to 365 in 1859. The 1897 census no longer recorded the Greek population in the province. In addition, a small number of Roma lived in Konotop and Novgorod-Seversky districts.
Population of the Chernigov province in 1897
The last census of the Russian Empire in 1897 recorded the following ethnic composition of the population of the Chernigov province:
In all counties, with the exception of four northern ones, Little Russians predominated (85-96%). In Surazhsky district, the majority (69.4%) were Belarusians. In Mglinsky, Starodubsky, Novozybkovsky - Great Russians (78.2%, 92.9% and 94.2%, respectively). About half of the Jews lived in cities. The largest share of them was in Surazh (59.9%), Starodub (39.6%), Mglin (35.0%), Novgorod-Seversky (32.0%), Chernigov (31.7%), Kozelets (31.7%). The Germans lived mainly in the rural areas of Borznyansky district - 4379 (or 3% of its population). The gypsies were scattered evenly throughout the province.
| Distribution of the population in the cities of the province by language (1897 Census) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | Ukrainian | Russian | Yiddish | Other | ||
| Chernigov | 36.4% | 28.8% | 31.7% | 3.1% | ||
| Berezna | 84.1% | 1.5% | 13.6% | 0.8% | ||
| Borzna | 86.6% | 0.9% | 12.1% | 0.4% | ||
| Glukhov | 58.1% | 15.0% | 25.9% | 1.0% | ||
| Gorodnya | 54.5% | 14.0% | 29.0% | 2.5% | ||
| Kozelets | 55.1% | 9.1% | 31.7% | 4.1% | ||
| Konotop | 54.8% | 19.0% | 23.5% | 2.7% | ||
| Krolevets | 80.2% | 2.0% | 17.5% | 0.3% | ||
| Carp | 84.7% | 1.2% | 13.8% | 0.3% | ||
| Mglin | 0.3% | 63.5% | 35.0% | 1.2% | ||
| Novgorod-Seversky | 53.2% | 14.1% | 32.0% | 0.7% | ||
| Novozybkov | 0.5% | 72.0% | 24.7% | 2.8% | ||
| New town | 95.5% | 4.5% | ||||
| Nizhyn | 67.7% | 7.4% | 23.6% | 1.3% | ||
| Oster | 60.1% | 7.4% | 29.7% | 2.8% | ||
| Sosnitsa | 71.5% | 2.2% | 26.0% | 0.3% | ||
| Starodub | 1.1% | 58.6% | 39.6% | 0.7% | ||
| Fire | 76.5% | 23.5% | ||||
| Suraj | 0.8% | 14.0% | 59.9% | 25.3% | ||
| By province | 48.8% | 23.2% | 26.0% | 2.0% | ||
3.4. Social states
The absolute majority of the population of the Chernigov province were peasant classes - Cossacks, state peasants and former landowner peasants.
In 1894, Cossacks made up about 25% of the population. The fewest of them were in the north of the province - in Surazhsky (4.5%) and Novozibkivskyi (6.0%) districts, where Great Russians and Belarusians predominated. In the southern districts, especially in Konotop, Krolevetsky, Kozeletsky, Borznyansky districts, the Cossacks numbered 40-54%. The volosts where the largest number of Cossacks lived were Drozdivska, Kobizhchanska, Bobrovitskaya and Antonovsky (75-83%).
Serfs are courtyard peasants. Chernigov province. XIX century
State peasants came mainly from monastic peasants, as well as from former serfs who became state property. On average in the province there were 17% of them, and less (4-5%) in Nezhinsky, Mglinsky, Borznyansky districts. The largest number of state peasants (80-98%) lived in the Dnieper volosts - Brovarsky, Zhukinsky, Pakulsky, Sorokoshitsky - in the past - the possessions of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Former landowner peasants averaged 39%. Most of them were in the northern counties - Mglinsky - 51%, Surazhsky - 55%, Kovozibkivsky - 57%. The least number of them was in Ostersky district - 10.8%.
Bourgeois in one district did not exceed 20%. On average they amounted to about 12%. Their share is greater in more urbanized counties - Chernigov, Borznyansky, Novozybkovsky, Nezhinsky, Starodubsky. At the end of the counties, the number of townspeople does not exceed 9%, and in some counties (Kozeletsky, Sosnitsky, Ostersky) it is less than 5%.
Other states (nobles, clergy, merchants, regular troops) numbered less than 5% of the population, and were more often concentrated in large settlements.
Freight turnover (1882-1888)
- Bread, cereals, flour - 43.5%
- Forest - 30.7%
- Tobacco - 6.0%
- Other products - 19.8%
4.1.3. Polesie line
It ran through the north of the province parallel to the Kiev-Voronezh line and connected the city of Gomel, Mogilev province, with Bryansk, Oryol province. In 1895, a section of a narrow-gauge road from Unecha to Starodubu was built. The Polesie Railway included 7 stations: Zlynka, Novozybkov, Klintsy, Unecha, Zhudiliv, Pochep, Krasny Rog.
Annual cargo turnover - 8 million poods
Sent - 5 million poods
- Forest and Construction Materials - 26%
- Flour, cereals - 17%
- Hemp (hemp stem fiber) - 12%
Accepted - 3 million poods
- Fish, salt, tea - 20%
- Bread - 11%
- Coal - 5%
The largest annual freight turnover in 1890-1895 was at the stations Novozybkov, Pochep - 2.3 million poods each, and Unecha - 1.6 million poods.
| Annual shipment of goods by rail in 1890-1895 (thousand poods) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Columns 1 | Polesskaya | L-Romenskaya | K-Voronezhskaya | Together | |
| Cereals | 103 | 1853 | 4487 | 6413 | |
| Tobacco | 60 | 643 | 807 | 1510 | |
| Hemp | 640 | 73 | 24 | 737 | |
| Sugar beet | 0 | 1668 | 1250 | 2918 | |
| Flour, cereals | 913 | 192 | 207 | 1312 | |
| Sugar | 12 | 1714 | 531 | 2267 | |
| Page materials | 1375 | 2702 | 97 | 4174 | |
| Other goods | 2117 | 2918 | 1317 | 6352 | |
| Total | 5220 | 11763 | 8730 | 25713 | |
5. Education
The sphere of education in the Chernigov province, as well as in the Russian Empire as a whole, was at a very low level. If during the existence of the Hetmanate in the southern part of the Chernigov province there were about 360 schools taught by free teachers, then after the abolition of the Hetmanate and the introduction of serfdom in 1882, education declined and ended up predominantly in the hands of the clergy. From 1782 to the mid-60s, most schools were parochial, they were taught by priests, clerks, and psalm-readers, who often did not have sufficient education. Such schools were located in peasant huts, there was not enough space, there was no heating, as a result of which education was interrupted in winter. The level of education in these schools was low.
There were also ministerial schools in the Chernigov province. They belonged to primary schools. At the end of the 1890s, there were about 30 of them. They were unevenly distributed - the majority were in the southern counties - Konotop (7), Ostersky (6). There was not a single ministerial school in 6 districts of the province.
In the 60s of the XIX century. The first zemstvo schools began to appear in the province, which over time took on the main role in education. They were created by zemstvos - elected bodies of local self-government. The main advantages of zemstvo schools over parish schools were the expanded study of secular subjects, high educational qualifications for teachers, the use of progressive teaching methods (use of textbooks, visual aids and so on.).
The number of such schools grew rapidly. By 1897, the zemstvos of the province had built or renovated 584 school buildings, and the pace of construction was growing from year to year, and if before 1865 the zemstvos had built or reconstructed only 10 school buildings, perhaps in 1891-1897 there were already 216.
Zemstvo councils tried to connect peasant community for the construction of school premises, for which a long-term loan was opened in the provincial zemstvo. Until 1891, rural communities of the province allocated 322,990 rubles for the construction of schools, and residents of the rich southern counties of the province allocated more - Nezhinsky - 62,317 rubles, Borznyansky - 46,611 rubles.
Education in zemstvo schools was free in all counties with the exception of Glukhovsky, however, children of parents who did not participate in the financing of the construction of schools had to pay from 25-50 kopecks to 1-5 rubles per year per student.
In Glukhovsky district, tuition fees ranged from 10-60 kopecks to 1 ruble, and the children of the poor did not attend school unless they were exempt from paying. Tuition fees were used for heating, repairs and the purchase of educational materials. Zemstvo schools received part of their funds from private individuals in the form of money or materials, fuel and other things.
| Expenses of zemstvos of the province (thousand rubles) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Total | For education | |
| 1872 | 611.1 | 64.5 | 10.5% |
| 1880 | 1042.1 | 181.8 | 17.4% |
| 1895 | 1965.3 | 352.7 | 17.9% |
Material support for schools, despite a significant increase in spending on education, remained at a low level. Most zemstvo schools had one classroom. So in 1897, in the districts of the province, with 565 zemstvo schools, 304 had one classroom, 218 - two. Only 42 schools had or four classrooms. In 1896, 1 zemstvo school accounted for 427 books and 48 teaching aids.
The official period of study in zemstvo schools was 3 years, but a significant number of students studied longer. These were primarily the children of the poor, whom their parents took from school in the spring to help with the housework or hired various works. So they missed the exams that took place in May and could not finish their studies. For example, in 1891-1892, 60% of students dropped out of school before completing their studies.
The main contingent of teachers were young people under 35 years of age. A third of them came from unprivileged classes (burghers, peasants, Cossacks). About half are from the nobility and clergy. In the 90s years XIX V. approximately half of the teachers in the province had only primary education.
Despite the active work of zemstvos and improvements in the level of education, the provision of schools remained low. According to calculations by the Commission on Public Education, on average for each district of the province at the end of the 19th century. another 75-125 new schools were needed. The existing premises could not accommodate everyone, so it was often necessary to refuse entry into schools - in the 80-90s there were 3.5 thousand such cases. In 1896-1897, out of 167,850 people of school age, only 50,779 studied, that is, about 30%.
| Provision of zemstvo schools in counties (1897) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| District | Residents per school | Settlement for 1 school | |
| Glukhovsky | 2806 | 4.5 | |
| Borznyansky | 2707 | 2.5 | |
| Krolevetsky | 3302 | 4.2 | |
| Nezhinsky | 2909 | 2.3 | |
| Kozeletsky | 3475 | 3.8 | |
| Novgorod-Seversky | 3010 | 5.7 | |
| Sosnitsky | 3340 | 5.7 | |
| Chernigovsky | 2875 | 5.0 | |
| Mglinsky | 4450 | 11.8 | |
| Gorodnyansky | 3600 | 8.0 | |
| Starodubsky | 4300 | 9.0 | |
| Ostersky | 4301 | 7.9 | |
| Konotopsky | 4106 | 5.5 | |
| Novozybkovsky | 4133 | 6.5 | |
| Surazhsky | 7136 | 13.9 | |
| Province | 3610 | 5.2 | |
Compared to other southwestern provinces, the zemstvo schools of the Chernigov province showed acceptable results. In the province there was one zemstvo school for 3,610 souls, and in the Poltava province for 4,122, Volyn - 8,461, Podolsk - 9,683.
In 1896, there were 3 primary school students per 100 inhabitants. This is approximately equal to the indicators of neighboring provinces, but significantly inferior to developed countries. For example, in the Australian colonies of Great Britain, there were 23-25 primary school students per 100 inhabitants, and per capita spending on education was 35-40 times higher than in the Chernigov province.
Novozibkovskoe women's gymnasium
Except the initial ones educational institutions There were also middle ones in the province. At the end of the 19th century. there were 20 of them. Among them were 5 theological seminaries and schools, 1 paramedic school, 4 gymnasiums (in Chernigov, Nizhyn, Glukhov, Novgorod-Seversky), 1 pro-gymnasium in Starodub, 1 men's gymnasium in Novozybkov, 1 teacher's institute in Glukhov, 4 women's gymnasiums (in Chernigov, Novozybkov, Nezhin, Novgorod-Seversky) and 3 women's pro-gymnasiums. Mostly nobles (55-60%) and burghers (20-25%) studied in these institutions.
Higher education in the province at the end of the 19th century. was represented by the unified Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute of Prince A. A. Bezborodko. It was created in 1820 as a Lyceum legal sciences. In 1875, the Lyceum became a historical and philological institute. It was designed for 100 students, who studied mainly to become teachers of gymnasiums, with the obligation to work for at least 6 years. But the availability of a historical and philological course at the Kiev University of St. Vladimir led to a decrease in the importance of the institute. So in the 90s the number of students dropped to 40-50, and the majority were visitors from other provinces. Writers M.V. studied at this institution. Gogol, L.I. Glebov, ethnographer Tarnovsky. , philologist Yu. Karsky, Ukrainian military leader P. Shandruk and many other prominent people.
The development of education in the Chernigov province, like the entire Russian Empire, was at a low level. However, compared to pre-reform times, progress was noticeable. A clear indication of this is the decrease in illiteracy among recruits in the Chernigov province. So in 1876, among 4115 recruits, 82% were illiterate, in 1886 - 75%, and in 1896, out of 6413 people, 3677 (57%) were illiterate. The most important role in this was played by zemstvos, for which education was one of the key issues - it accounted for almost 20% of all expenses. In 1896, 484 rubles were allocated for 1 zemstvo school in the Chernigov province, and although this was not enough to eliminate illiteracy and cover all segments of the population with schools, the work of the zemstvos was successful.
6. Leaders of the province
6.1. Governors
| № | of the year | Last name, first name | job title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27.02. - | Frensdorf Ivan Vasilievich | governor |
| 2 | -24.05. | Butovich Alexey Petrovich | governor |
| 3 | 24.05. - | Frolov-Bagreev Alexander Alekseevich | governor |
| 4 | 27.06. -5.06. | Mogilevsky Pavel Ivanovich | governor |
| 5 | 1.09. -29.01. | Zhukov Nikolay Ivanovich | governor |
| 6 | Dolgorukov Nikolay Andreevich | governor general | |
| 7 | 29.01. -5.12. | acting governor | |
| 8 | 5.12. -6.01. | Sheremetev Vasily Alexandrovich | governor |
| 9 | 11.01. -11.03. | Hesse Pavel Ivanovich | governor |
| 10 | 19.03. -25.01. | Annensky Fedor Nikolaevich | governor |
| 11 | 25.01. -17.02. | Shabelsky Katon Pavlovich | governor |
| 12 | 17.02. -17.04. | Golitsyn Sergey Pavlovich | acting governor |
| 13 | 17.04. -01. | Golitsyn Sergey Pavlovich | governor |
| 14 | 30.01. -19.12. | Panchulidzev Alexey Alexandrovich | governor |
| 15 | 2.01. -30.07. | Daragan Mikhail Petrovich | governor |
| 16 | 31.08. -1.04. | Shostak Anatoly Lvovich | acting governor |
| 17 | 1.04. |
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Map of Chernigov province.
Chernigov province
Chernigov province is located between 50°15" and 53°19" northern latitude and 30°24" and 34°26" eastern longitude; has the shape of a quadrangle, widened in the south, with a chipped upper left corner. The northern and southern borders of the province have an outline that is closer to straight, almost parallel lines; the mentioned cut in the upper part of the western border corresponds to two main breaks of the eastern border, giving cuts from its territory and from this side.
Story
Historical education of the northern and eastern borders dates back to the 17th century, when boundaries were established between the Lithuanian-Polish state and the Moscow state on the one hand and the Little Russian Republic that arose on the left side of the Dnieper, which have not changed to this day; here the Chechen province borders on the Mogilev and Smolensk provinces from the north and on the Oryol and Kursk provinces from the east. The southern border - with a small section of the Kharkov province and with a long strip of Poltava - was established in the city when those that existed at the end of the 18th century. The provinces of Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov and Kiev were divided into two - Chernigov and Poltava. Most of the western border of the Ch. province (for 258 versts) is the Dnieper, separating it from the Kyiv and Minsk provinces, and the lower reaches of the Dnieper tributary, Sozh (at a distance of 90 versts), separating it from the Mogilev province. The greatest length of the Ch. province in the direct direction from its northeastern corner near the city of Bryansk to the southwestern corner near the city of Kiev is more than 350 versts, the smallest width of its area in the direction from west to east, in the interception between the Mogilev and Oryol provinces is less than 100 verst.
Territory
Square Chernigov province, according to detailed general and special land surveying carried out in - gg. according to the exact and finally approved boundaries of land holdings, it is 4,752,363 dessiatinas or 45,622.3 square meters. versts. This figure is the most accurate, although it differs from that calculated by Mr. Strelbitsky on the 10-verst map of Russia (46,047 sq. versts), since it was obtained by summing up the tithes of 18,678 dachas, measured according to actual boundaries and, moreover, minus the areas allocated, according to the definitions of the committee ministries and cities, to the territory of the Kiev and Mogilev provinces.
According to the 15 districts into which the Chernigov province is divided, according to this calculation its area is in square meters. km, sq. versts and tithes is divided as follows:
| Counties | Sq. km | Sq. miles | Tithes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surazhsky | 4050,5 | 3559,3 | 370765 |
| Mglinsky | 3694,4 | 3246,4 | 338163 |
| Starodubsky | 3420,8 | 3006,0 | 313119 |
| Novozybkovsky | 3857,3 | 3389,6 | 353075 |
| Gorodnyansky | 4061,9 | 3569,3 | 371799 |
| Chernigovsky | 3667,2 | 3222,5 | 335684 |
| Sosnitsky | 4079,7 | 3585,0 | 373434 |
| Novgorod-Seversky | 3790,5 | 3330,8 | 346963 |
| Glukhovskaya | 3090,8 | 2716,0 | 282918 |
| Krolevetsky | 2702,9 | 2375,1 | 247408 |
| Konotopsky | 2539,8 | 2231,8 | 232486 |
| Borzensky | 2732,1 | 2400,8 | 250087 |
| Nezhinsky | 2891,8 | 2541,1 | 264701 |
| Kozeletsky | 4952,8 | 2594,7 | 270314 |
| Ostersky | 4385,7 | 3853,9 | 401447 |
| Province | 53918,2 | 45622,3 | 4752363 |
The location of the Ch. province on the left side of the Dnieper determines its structure surfaces: since the highest points of the eastern slope to the Dnieper are located in the Smolensk, Oryol and Kursk provinces, that is, on the watershed ridges of the Volga, Oka and Don basins from the Dnieper basin, then all snow and rain, and therefore swamp waters, cover the area of the Ch. province are directed from the northeast and east to the southwest and west. The highest point of its surface is in the northeastern part, on the border of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts near the village of Rakhmanova - 109 fathoms (764 feet) above sea level, the lowest near the village of Vishenki on the border of the Poltava province, below Kyiv - 42.8 fathoms (300 feet). If we divide the entire area of Ch. province by a line from the town of Churovichi at the protruding corner of the Mogilev province to the city of Konotop, then the part of it lying to the northeast of this line will occupy spaces with a height of 60 and 75 to 100 fathoms above sea level; in the southwestern part, surface domes rising above 75-80 fathoms are only rarely found (near Gorodnya, Sosnitsa, Berezny, Sednev, Chernigov, Kobyzhcha, Losinovka and on the southeastern border with Romensky and Prilutsky districts of Poltava province); other elevated areas of this part lie at an altitude of 60 fathoms and above, and near the valleys of the Dnieper, Desna and Ostra they fall below 50 fathoms.
With this arrangement of the surface, the basins of the main rivers flowing into the Dnieper and its tributaries are located as follows: the entire Surazhsky district and half of the Mglinsky district belong to the basins of Besed and Iput, flowing into the Sozh; most of Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky districts are located in the basin of the Snovi River, which flows into the Desna; the eastern parts of Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts are in the basin of the Sudost, another right tributary of the Desna; Novgorod-Seversky and parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky, Sosnitsky, Borzensky, Chernigovsky and Ostersky districts - in the basin of the Desna River and its small tributaries; parts of Glukhovsky, Krolevetsky and Konotop districts - in the basin of the Seim, the left tributary of the Desna; parts of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts - in the basin of the Ostra, the second large tributary of the Desna; finally, the southernmost strip of the province, consisting of the southern parts of the districts of Konotop, Borzensky, Nezhinsky, Kozeletsky and Ostersky, is located in the basins of the rivers Romny, Uday, Supoya and Trubaila, directing their waters from here to the territory of the Poltava province and belonging to the basins of the Sula and Dnieper rivers . Shipping and navigation exist only on the Sozh and Dnieper along their entire length across the territory of the province and on the Desna from Novgorod-Seversk to Kyiv; In spring, rafting of forest materials is also carried out along the other rivers listed above. There are 150-200 small tributaries of the latter. Watersheds between the indicated areas of river basins everywhere have the same character: the more elevated ridges in their eastern and southern parts lie on the right banks of the rivers, to the valleys of which they form steeply descending slopes, and more gentle slopes, extending for tens of miles, go to the west and north to the valley of the next river, forming two or three terraces, more or less hilly in their relief, or a smoother plateau. Since the basis of the continent of Ch. province consists of detachments of the Upper Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary and Upper Tertiary geological formations, and the first is found only in outcrops of the northeastern part of the province, the second - in the form of Paleogene prevails in the strip lying between Starodub, Gorodnya and Konotop, and the latter occupies the entire southwestern part of the territory of the province, then this determines the composition of the continent from those or other soils. Loess, clayey calcareous-loamy deposits with white-eye layers and erratic boulders made it possible to form the best clayey and chernozem soils with ravines, ravines and “sinkholes” with steep walls; Ocher-yellow and gray sands, as well as greenish (glauconitic) sands with sandstones suitable for millstones, kaolin and, in some places, molded clays occurring among them, make up the second type of soil on the day surface. Both the first and the second represent thick layers several fathoms deep on the territory of the Chechen province. The chalk formation, found in the northern zone of the province (along Besed and Iput), as well as along the Sudost and Desna to the borders of Sosnitsky district, produces worse soils, but stores reserves of chalk, quicklime, and phosphorites, which are used in as a fertilizer; The thickness of the outcrops of this formation on the steep banks of the Desna is also very high (for example, at Rogovka and Drobysh - 100 feet). There are, of course, along the banks of large rivers and soils of coarse sand, marshy and peat formations of later periods - the Quaternary era. Since clayey soil constitute more elevated spaces, they are primarily found on the right banks of rivers; Thus, in the Surazhsky district they stretch, albeit in a narrow strip (10-15 versts), almost along the entire right bank of the Iput, and are also found on the right side of the Besed; They occupy a wider space (25, 50, even 70 versts) on the right side of Sudost in Mglinsky and Starodubsky districts, where they also produce black soil fields, quite widely spread and extending at Brakhlov and Topali into the eastern part of Novozybkovsky district; in the same way they accompany the right side of the Desna (20-30.35 versts wide), in the direction from Novgorod-Seversk to Sosnitsa and Chernigov, and also in intermittent spots and the right bank of the Snovi - near Churovichi, Gorodnya, Tupichev. Here, places with clayey almost chernozem and completely chernozem soil, in contrast to the surrounding sandy spaces overgrown with forest, are called “steppes”, that is, as if in miniature form, reminiscent of the “steppe” lying on the other side of the Desna and connecting with the chernozem fields of the Poltava province . This Zadessensky “steppe” (separated by a strip of Pridessensky sands, occupying a wide space opposite Novgorod-Seversk and then narrowing) is also not continuous, for it is interrupted by strips of sandy soils located near the Seima, Uday, Ostra, Trubaila and Dnieper rivers opposite Kyiv. These sections of it represent special types of chernozem and dark loamy soils: in Glukhovsky and partly Krolevets districts, chernozem is located on dome-shaped hills, spreading widely and reminiscent of the “steppes” of the middle part of the province; in Zadesenye of the Chernigov district, merging with the northern parts of Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts and representing a fairly flat plateau, the soils can rather be called heavy loam, requiring three times plowing, than chernozem. These soils, according to their classification by Chernigov zemstvo statisticians, are called “gray”; They also named the smooth black earth fields of the northern parts of Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts; only the southernmost parts of these districts, and especially Borzensky and Konotopsky, are classified by them as “typical” chernozem, which, according to Dokuchaev’s classification of Poltava soils, is marked IA and B. With this location throughout the territory of the province of Ch., there are hard clay soils, loose sandy and gray sandy soils distributed over vast areas, especially in its northern part. Thus, they occupy the entire Surazhsky district, except for the designated spots of clay soils, the western outskirts of Mglinsky and its eastern strip beyond Sudost, the entire area of Novozybkovsky district, with the exception of the above spots, the southwestern part of Starodubsky, the vast expanses of Novgorod-Seversky on both sides of the Desna, Sosnitsky and Gorodnyansky (with the exception of the “stepki”) and a wide strip of the Dnieper coast in Gorodnyansky, Chernigov and Oster districts. The latter is occupied by sandy soils on both sides of the Desna almost entirely, except for a small southwestern section of it adjacent to the Poltava province. In the southern (Zadesenskaya) part of the province, sands are inferior in their prevalence to denser clayey gray and chernozem soils, occupying only strips above existing and extinct rivers, where they are mixed with silty and peaty swamps, called “lepeshniki”, “mlak” , "galovs" and simply swamps. Similar swamps are also found in the northern part of the province, where they form so-called “hot spots” around them, which is why the worst low soils in the Ch. province are usually called “hot spots.” In the southern part of the province, among the chernozem fields on hollows that have no drainage, the place corresponding to the foothills of the northern wooded part is occupied by “salt licks” - also the worst type of soil. The location of paddocks and salt licks, as well as peaty bogs, can be somewhat determined in a short outline by listing the location marshy places throughout the province. In the Sozh basin, that is, Surazhsky district, among the large swamps, Kazhanovskoye can be mentioned, which contains large deposits of the “underground tree” of forests that once grew here, and Lake Dragotimel. In the Sudost basin there are Nizhnevskoe, Andreikovichskoe and Grinevskoe swamps in Starodubsky district; The Snov River flows from the Ratovsky swamp and then, in its middle course, forms the Irzhavskoye swamp. In Gorodnyansky district, the Zamglai swamp, 55 versts long and up to 6-7 versts wide, represents a special basin, the waters of which flow in different directions, flowing in the south-southeast into the Desna, and in the west-northwest into the Dnieper; The Smolyanka swamp in Nezhinsky district has almost the same character, the waters of which flow on one side into the Oster River, and on the other they connect next to the “gal” with the waters of the Desna; The Khimovsky swamps in the same district, during the spring flood of melting snow, also carry their waters to the Uday system, connecting with the Doroginsky swamps, and to the Oster River system. In the basin of the latter one can count up to a dozen small swamps, and along the Desna - up to one and a half dozen in Kralevets, Sosnitsky and Borzen districts; the largest of them are Daughter, Smolazh, Galchin. Along the course of the Dnieper in Gorodnyansky district there is a large swamp called Parystoe, and in Ostersky there are Vydra, Mesha, Mnevo, Vistula and up to 10 smaller ones. Finally, on Trubayla or Trubezh, like a dying river, on both sides of the “virs”, that is, channels, there is a rather large peat bog, along which, from the Zavorich railway station to the border of the Poltava province, the provincial zemstvo, under the leadership of council member A. P. Shlikevich, drainage work was carried out. A 28-verst-long canal built through this swamp improved hayfields in the adjacent areas; The canal dug earlier by a private individual on the opposite side of the Desna from Chernigov, near the village of Anisova, had the same significance. Other swamps remain in a primitive state and are considered inconvenient lands, like “nekosi”. Forests are in the same situation; they are cut down not with the aim of returning new thickets to the logs, but with the aim of converting a certain part of their area into arable and hayfields. On average, 11-13 thousand dessiatines of forests are cut down per year; and since, according to survey data, there were 1,113,811 dessiatines of forest in the entire province, it turns out that about 1% of the forest area is cut down per year and, therefore, with the right forestry system, it would be possible to forever provide the inhabitants of the province with local construction, ornamental and firewood materials. If, in view of the existing exploitation of forest spaces, we consider forests, pastures and all other lands that are uncultivated and considered inconvenient to be the spare area of the Ch. province, arable and cultivated estates are considered food area, and hayfields and pastures are fodder areas, then according to land surveying data - gg. the following space of these 3 areas will be obtained for the entire province:
Four southern counties (Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky) are distinguished by the predominance of food area, which occupies 65-72% of them; The most wooded and at the same time grassy districts are Surazhsky, Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, in which the feeding area is 22-24%, and the reserve area is 35-40%. The distribution of land in the remaining 7 districts is more or less close to the average for the province. The forest cover of the Konotop district is expressed as 8.2%, so it is completely steppe and, having relatively better chernozem soil, is considered the breadbasket of the Czech province. The best hay is collected in flooded, but not wet meadows (“rums”) along the middle reaches of the Desna in Sosnitsky and Borzen districts, from where it is exported in compressed form to England. The best forests are scattered in areas in the possessions of the treasury and a few enlightened large forest owners, whose forestry, reforestation and afforestation have reached the highest perfection.
Climate
Information about climate extremely scarce. From 10-year meteorological observations carried out in the city of Nizhyn, it is clear that in this city the winter temperature is determined by −6.5°, spring +6.8°, summer +18.5° and autumn +6.9° ; the average temperature in January is −8°, and in July +20.1°; The first matinees are observed on average around September 21, and the last around May 11; the average opening time of Ostra is April 3 (new style), and its freezing occurs between November 6 and 27; out of 365 days of the year, 239 are completely free from frost, and days with temperatures below zero are 126; The cases of the greatest annual temperature change over 11 years gave an absolute maximum figure of +34.9° in July and −29.6° in December. The months of February and December give the greatest variability in air pressure, but the greatest number of winds (especially southwest) occurs in April and May; cloudiness and raininess is expressed by 55 quite clear days throughout the year, 118 rainy days and 566 mm of precipitation per year, with a predominance of precipitation and rainy days in June and July and with an average rainfall of 4.7 mm per rain. Observations for slightly shorter periods than 10 years, carried out in the village of Krasnoye Kolyadin, Konotop district, in the cities of Chernigov and Novozybkov, show that the average annual temperature in the northern part of the province is 1° less than in Nezhin (5.4° instead of 6. 6°), and that the annual amount of precipitation nowhere falls below 500 mm, indicate that Ch. province should be classified as a zone of central Russia, and not to the south, where there are more clear days and the annual temperature reaches 9-10°. Only can the southernmost part of the province be called belonging to Southern Russia, which is also evident from the time of freezing and breaking up of the rivers: while the Desna near Novgorod-Seversk opens on average on April 5 and freezes on December 3, remaining ice-free for 242 days, the Dnieper near Kiev opens on March 27 and freezes on December 19, remaining ice-free for 267 days, that is, 2 weeks more.
Flora
Flora Part of the province, depending on the indicated soil properties and climate, also represents transitions from the types of vegetation of the southern steppe region to the flora of the Central Russian taiga zone. In the northern counties there are also spruce and pine forests, occupying significant areas; in the south, hard species of oak, ash, maple, hornbeam, birch bark and hazel shrubs predominate. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and juniper runs in the middle of Ch. province; therefore, in the northern counties, spruce is only a species subordinate to pine, mixed with birch, aspen, linden, sedge, alder, rowan and those shrubby, semi-shrubby and herbaceous plants, the symbiosis of which is characteristic of pine forests (broom, wild rosemary, cranberry, stoneberry, lingonberry, heather, bracken, hops, reeds and blueberries). Pine is found everywhere, that is, in the south, but it, like its other forest comrades, occupies here the left terraces of rivers, sandy, while their steeply rising right banks with solid soil are covered not with “pine forest”, but with “oak groves” with hard soil. deciduous forest species; In addition to reeds, low places in river valleys are overgrown with willow, alder, birch, viburnum, and vine, and in this case they are called “islands.” Just like the forest and herbaceous vegetation of the northern and southern parts of the province, there are two types: while in the south, in the treeless steppe, lean bristly grasses such as wheatgrass, typets, tonkonog, and in fields abandoned for a long time even tyrsa or feather grass, predominate - in In the northern wooded part, as well as along river valleys making their way into the steppe region, meadow and marsh grasses predominate: Poa, festuca, phleum, briza, dactylis, trifolium, ranunculus, plantago, lychis, rumex, fragmites calamagrostes, scirpi and moss sphagnum, hypnum and so on. The same diversity that characterizes the flora of Ch. province can be seen in fauna. Of the wild animals to which the Middle Ages were devoted to the extermination, in the northern part of the province one still occasionally comes across representatives of the taiga zone, such as beaver, elk, lynx, goat, wild boar, and veksha, and on the other hand, in its steppe part one also encounters characteristic of representatives of more southern regions, such as havrashki (gophers), boibaks, jerboas, thoras, etc. The kingdom of birds also produces the forest cuckoo, steppe rooks, and eagles; The fish of the Ch. province are all warm-water, i.e. characteristic of waters that are significantly heated in the spring: both migratory, coming from the sea to the Dnieper basin only to spawn, and permanently living in it - the same as in other river basins of the Black Sea, and out of 57 species there are 30 of them, which live in Europe east of the Rhine; in the spring they disperse from the Dnieper to all its tributaries, and with the fall of the waters they remain in swamps, puddles, vira, old women, sagas and flood holes, separated from the main channel. Migratory birds and fish temporarily staying in the waters of the Czech province (storks, cranes, geese, sterlets, sturgeons, etc.) are the same as in the rest of Russia.
Population
Population The Chernigov province is diverse, which is explained by natural conditions and historical past. Northerners who lived in the wooded part of the province, with an acrid tongue and two-vocal sounds wow, wow, wow, apparently, retained the features of their contemporaries Vladimir Monomakh and Igor Seversky, spreading their Akani to the northeast, into the region of the Moscow Great Russian dialect and to the northwest into the region of the Belarusian language. In the northern counties, Surazhsky and Mglinsky, almost pure Belarusian language is heard, with a softening yeah And t V dz And ts; in the northeastern part, one akanye, without softening the consonants, brings the population closer to its Oryol neighbors. The names of the settlements here mostly bear the names of Slavic families or clans: Verslichi, Chubchichi, Kurchichi, Khorobrichi, Kusyai, Nedanchichi, Syadrichi, etc. The southern steppe part, where in proper names villages, tracts and families have preserved clear echoes of Khazar rule (Kozary, Kobyzhcha, Bakhmach, Obmachev, Bilmachevka, Talalaevka, Sherembey, Kochubey, etc.), inhabited by people with a ringing dialect of the Little Russian language. Here is a phrase that sounds in the north - “tsi nilga yago dastas?” will be expressed with the sounds: “Why can’t you have enough?” Black-haired, broad-shouldered, with widened nostrils and a flattened nose, the inhabitants of the south of the province and along appearance, and in their clothes, which are darker, they differ from the pointed-nosed, fair-haired, thinner group of northerners, who also love in clothes light colors. Despite these differences, the bulk of the entire population, with the exception of the northernmost parts, belongs to one Little Russian people, speaking a language that is uniform in lexical, etymological and syntactically and sharply different from the language of the Great Russian schismatics who settled here sporadically in the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, when they fled here from persecution of the old faith. There are 69 such Great Russian villages; of these, the largest - 14 suburbs - are located in the districts of Starodubsky, Surazhsky, Novozybkovsky and Gorodnyansky; others - small farms and villages. If, according to an approximate calculation compiled on the basis of data from church parish lists, 85% of the population is attributed to Little Russians (Khokhlovs), 6% to Belarusians (Lapatsons) and 5% to Great Russians (Katsaps), then the remaining 4% of the population will be made up of Jews, Poles, Germans (4 colonies in Borzen district and 2 in Konotop) and representatives of other nations.
Population movement in Ch. provinces can be traced back to the city, that is, from the time of the 3rd revision in the Russian Empire, which was the first mandatory for Little Russia. At that time, there were 964,500 souls of residents of both sexes in the territory of the present Ch. province, in the city - 1,176,570 souls, in the city - 1,471,866 souls, and finally, according to the first all-Russian census of the city - 2,321,900 souls (the local provincial statistical committee around this time counted 2,390,016 souls ). A discrepancy between the census data and the local count was found, for example, for the city of Starodub, where according to the census there were 17,609 souls, and according to the count of the local administration - 25,928. Since there is no other information about the population, we present it according to the census of the city, according to which numbered:
| Counties | Total inhabitants | Including urban population |
Per 100 men accounts for women |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surazhsky | 188596 | 3930 | 103,8 |
| Mglinsky | 140820 | 7742 | 104,0 |
| Starodubsky | 147668 | 17609 | 106,8 |
| Novozybkovsky | 173125 | 16452 | 108,5 |
| Gorodnyansky | 154819 | 4146 | 103,2 |
| Chernigovsky | 161695 | 35590 | 101,1 |
| Sosnitsky | 171106 | 7081 | 103,0 |
| Novgorod-Seversky | 147312 | 9000 | 103,4 |
| Glukhovskaya | 142366 | 14720 | 103,1 |
| Krolevetsky | 132172 | 16714 | 103,6 |
| Konotopsky | 157259 | 19272 | 100,9 |
| Borzensky | 146777 | 12417 | 303,6 |
| Yuzhinsky | 168984 | 32135 | 104,8 |
| Kozeletsky | 136022 | 5037 | 102,6 |
| Ostersky | 153179 | 5545 | 102,1 |
| Province | 2321900 | 207390 | 103,7 |
To explain these figures, it must be said that in addition to the county towns, which have the same name as the county, there are four more provincial towns, the number of residents of which is shown together with the number of people living in the county town (in Ch. county - Berezna, in Novozybkovsky - New Place, in Krolevetskoye - Korop, in Starodubskoye - Pogar). Of these, however, Novoe Mesto is inferior in population (1,157 inhabitants) to many villages. The following 12 settlements have more than 10 thousand inhabitants: the city of Nizhyn - 32 thousand, the city of Chernigov - 27.0 thousand, the city of Starodub - 25.9 thousand, the city of Konotop - 23.8 thousand, the city of Glukhov - 17.6 thousand, the town of Nosovka, Nezhinsky district - 15.5 thousand, the city of Borzna - 14.9 thousand, the city of Novozybkov - 14.9 thousand, the city of Berezna - 13.1 thousand, the city of Krolevets - 12.8 thousand, Klintsy settlement - 11.9 thousand, the town of Ichnya, Borzen district - 10 thousand. These should also include the Dobryanka settlement (15 thousand), part of which, Zhidovnya, is located in the Mogilev province. Settlements from 5 to 10 thousand inhabitants in the Ch. province 30, from 3 to 5 thousand - 85, from 2 to 3 thousand - 157, from 1 to 2 thousand - 411, from 500 to 1000-470, from 100 up to 500-840; There are more than 1,200 villages with less than 300 inhabitants, but their count cannot be correctly established, since many hamlets of 1-3 yards in the lists of populated areas are mostly classified as neighboring large villages. Large settlements of 2-3 thousand souls or more are found in significant numbers in Surazhsky and Novozybkovsky districts and in the black soil areas of the southern districts - Kozeletsky, Nezhinsky, Borzensky and Konotopsky.
In terms of absolute population density, the counties of Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Konotop are in first place, where per square meter. there are 60-70 souls per mile, with an average density of 51 for the entire province; the middle place is occupied by Surazhsky, Novozybkovsky, Chernigovsky, Kozeletsky and Glukhovsky (50-53), and the last place is occupied by Ostersky, Gorodnyansky and Mglinsky (40-43). All residents (including urban residents) have 2 dessiatines, and rural residents (without cities) have 2.2 dessiatines of land of all categories and lands. The religious and class composition of the population, according to the local provincial statistical committee: Orthodox - 91.8%, co-religionists and schismatics - 2.8%, Jews - 5.1%, other religions - 0.3%. Nobles - 1.5%, clergy - 0.3%, merchants and honorary citizens - 0.9%, burghers - 9.4%, Cossacks - 30.8%, former serfs - 39.8%, former state peasants - 17.3%. Of the last three estates, former serfs predominate in the northern part of the province, former state peasants in Ostersky district, and Cossacks in Krolevetsky, Konotop, Borzensky, Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky districts. Under the age of 21 inclusive, there were according to data metric books 50%, and there were slightly more children under 10 years of age in the Chechen province (28.2%) than in Russia in general (27.5%); the advantage here is given by children under 5 years of age, of whom in the Czech province - 17.1%, while in all of Russia - 15.5%; teenagers from 10 to 20 years old (19.9%) are fewer than in Russia in general (21%). This shows that in the Chechen province the mortality rate is high not so much in the first years of life, but at all ages in general. This was confirmed by a study of the birth and death rates of the population for -89, which showed that on average 5.3% of the total population is born annually, and 3.5% dies, so natural increase is 1.8%. The summarized results of the metric books confirm these calculations: in the triennium -93. with 2102 thousand inhabitants, on average 109 thousand were born and 71 thousand died, i.e. the increase was about 3 8 thousand. At the same time, 95 girls are usually born for 100 boys, or 108 boys are born for 100 newborn girls. In the first years of life, more boys die than girls (105 per 100 girls); The female sex gives an increasing mortality rate from the age of puberty, and after the age of 20, female mortality exceeds that of men. With a constant increase in the population per year by 1.8%, evictions, which began in the 70s of the last century, and are constantly increasing, reduce this increase. In the 80s In the 19th century, the annual eviction to forward Siberia and the Amur region was 1500-2000 per year, but since then it has increased to 18 thousand per year; According to the city's treasury chamber, up to 58 thousand souls who moved out were excluded, and only 2 thousand who moved in were counted. The determination of the size of families as economic units was made in the Chechen province only in 5 districts, where 89,668 households were described. This study showed that in the 80s of the last century, in the southern counties, farms or families were smaller than in the northern ones: in Kozeletsky district, the average size of a peasant family-farm was determined to be 5.4 souls of both sexes, in Krolevetsky - 5.6, in Gorodnyansky - 5.9, in Mglinsky - 6.0, in Surazhsky - 6.2. According to the census, per 100 working men, there were only 411 souls in Surazhsky district, 430 in Mglinsky, 445 in Gorodnyansky, 432 in Krolevetsky, 428 in Kozeletsky.
The attitude of the population to land according to the right of ownership in Ch. province has three main forms: land tenure private owners of large estates in one or several counties, land ownership of Cossacks in smaller plots of their hereditary property and land ownership of allotments from former landowner peasants, as well as from former state ones, the bulk of whom were peasants who belonged in the 18th century. monasteries. Cossacks and peasants own lands, cut off in the form of one or several cutting plots to the settlements where they live, with striped ownership of each member of society (the former are households, and the latter are per-person city audits). Formally, peasants in the southern counties own allotment lands on a plot right, and in the counties of Surazhsky, Mglinsky, Starodubsky, Novozybkovsky, and Novgorod-Seversky - on a communal basis. Due to the fact that many Cossacks and peasants - as a result of marriage unions, or joining partnerships to acquire new lands, or, finally, as a result of joint ownership of common lands before the introduction of serfdom in Little Russia () - have common lands that are inherited, according to the views the customary law existing in Ch. province, general character Land ownership of these two groups appears to be household-hereditary. In addition to these types of land ownership, there are lands belonging to the treasury, cities, churches, monasteries and other institutions. There are no complete statistics on land ownership for Ch. province; the summed up totals of holdings give a figure that is less than the territory of the province, by almost 9% (and in some districts it is larger). Of the 4,753,636 dessiatines, it is unknown who owns 383,025 dessiatines; the remaining 4,369,338 acres are distributed according to ownership as follows. In private personal property there are 1,094,029 dessiatines among nobles, 190,065 dessiatines among peasants and Cossacks and 363,365 dessiatines among other classes, in common (companion) personal property - 86,680 dessiatines, in the possession legal entities(treasury, cities, churches and other institutions) - 219,425 acres. The worldly (communal) ownership of Cossack and peasant societies includes: actual worldly (public) land 1,437,931 dessiatines, general partnership 44,632 dessiatines and personal property 924,499 dessiatines. In addition, there are another 8,712 acres of disputed land and it is unknown to the persons of which classes they belong. In total, private land ownership belongs to 38%, members of rural societies and partnerships - 57%, the treasury - 2.7%, various institutions - 2.3%. There were 49,011 private landowners in the city; of these, 35,732 owned plots of less than 10 dessiatines, 11,003 - from 10 to 100 dessiatines, 2,025 - from 100 to 1,000 dessiatines, and 251 - more than 1,000 dessiatines each (of which 24 were more than 5,000 dessiatines).
Among the large landowners (more than 1000 dessiatines), 196 belonged to the noble class, 33 to the merchant class, 3 to the philistine class and 1 to the peasant class. The average size of private land ownership of nobles is 118 dessiatines, merchants - 189, Jews (all classes) - 106, clergy - 14, honorary citizens - 77, bourgeois - 9, Cossacks - 7, peasants - 8 dessiatines. All persons of the privileged classes privately owned 1,345,690 dessiatines, and the rest - 273,895 dessiatines. There are 5018 rural communities, that is, more than settlements, since in many large villages there are - except for one Cossack society, if it exists, several separate peasant societies. 1107 societies - Cossacks, 1151 - former state peasants, 2760 - former landowner peasants. average value the possessions of one society of Cossacks - 835 dessiatines, societies of former state peasants - 559, former landowner peasants - 288. If we add another 2610 partnerships to the above number of societies, then out of 7628 such common holdings, large, having more than 3000 dessiatines each, there will be 146, from 1 to 3 thousand dessiatines - 511, from 100 to 1000 dessiatines - 2353, from 10 to 100 dessiatines - 2552, less than 10 dessiatines - 2006; the vast majority are owned by small societies and partnerships. The average size of each individual holding under secular land ownership is 8.7 dessiatines among the Cossacks, 9.7 dessiatines among former states and peasants, and 5.7 dessiatines among former landowner peasants. The largest group (45%) among rural societies are those where there are from 5 to 11 acres per yard; the lands owned by these societies account for almost 64% of all worldly land; societies with a property size per yard from 3 to 5 dessiatines - 28%, with less than 3 dessiatines - 16%. Most societies with a predominance of small-land holdings are located in 5 southern counties, where the number of farms with less than 3 dessiatines per yard or about 1/2 dessiatine per capita is 30% of all farms; in 6 northern counties this group represents only 4.4% of all farms. At the age of 14 (-87), 30,217 persons sold 1,252,407 dessiatines, i.e., an average of 89,460 dessiatines per year; Moreover, out of 1,009,970 dessiatines sold by nobles, only 618,858 dessiatines were purchased by persons of the same class, so that noble land ownership decreased by 391,112 dessiatines; Land ownership of peasants and Cossacks during this time increased by 188,869 acres. The acquisition of land by persons from the lower classes led them into significant debt; for example, for 49,974 dessiatinas acquired by January 1, companies and partnerships had a mortgage debt of 1,593,862 rubles. (31.89 rubles per 1 dessiatine). The debt of large private landowners is also large: by 1900, 749,267 dessiatines, valued at 47,211,379 rubles, were pledged to credit institutions, with the amount of debt by January 1, 1900 being 26,353,759 rubles. (up to 36.56 rubles per 1 tithe). This amount is far higher than the debt of the landed nobility before the peasant reform of the last century: out of 277,153 serf souls, 177,211 were mortgaged for 8,544,059 rubles. The growth of debt, therefore, was not stopped by the issuance of 19 million redemption sums to the nobles for the lands that went to the peasants. Along with the increase in debt, there is an increase in sales prices for land: the poorest quality land in the northern counties is sold for 80-100 rubles. per tithe, and the best black earth ones cost 200-300 rubles.
Agriculture
Agriculture, according to the opinion of one of the specialists who examined its condition in the Ch. province in the city on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, it differs “ complete absence signs of economic progress"; on large estates it is even noticeable retrograde movement since the 70s of the last century, despite the fact that it was during this period that 1,694,980 dessiatines were removed from the striped land, which adversely affected the well-being of small peasant farms, which were deprived of common grazing land for livestock. It is difficult to say to what extent this definition of agriculture is correct, in the absence of figures for two eras located at a considerable distance from one another. Perhaps the reason causing the lack of progress is the predominance of bad soils: out of 222,942 0 dessiatines of arable land, according to a study carried out in the 80s of the last century, only 598,440 dessiatines are black soil, and all of them lie in the southern zone of the province; the worst, sandy soils, occupying about 1/4 of the total space in the southern zone, account for middle lane 43%, and in the north - even 58% of arable land. If you draw a line from the city of Kozelets to Chernigov and from the latter to the city of Glukhov, then it will divide the province into two stripes, of which, in the much larger northern and western parts, residents buy grain from the southern part, due to the lack of their own, which has long created a trade for transporting grain from the southern parts to the north. The farming system prevailing on large estates is not conducive to the development of intensive farming: more than half of the large estates have no economic cultivation at all; Having their own plowing, a significant part of the fields is handed over to peasants for cultivation for a certain share of the harvest. Therefore, ordinary peasant cultivation of the land predominates, but it is not intensive and uses imperfect primitive tools. Of the latter, two types of plow are used in the Chechen province: a single-horse plow or Muscovy plow without a claw and a limber - in the northeastern part of the province, and a two-horse Lithuanian plow with a claw - in the southwestern part; Only in the southernmost parts of the province are plows and plows used - the same as in the Poltava province. Light soils in the northern part are plowed once, harder ones - for winter crops - 2 times, in some places - even 3 times, or, having plowed once with a plow, they are plowed with a ravel (extirpator) one, two or even three times. In addition, a harrow is also used when it is used to “cut” a field plowed for sowing or when it is “dragged” to cover the sown seeds. Cultivated in the fields: winter rye and occasionally winter wheat (46%), buckwheat (20%), predominant in the northeastern part, and oats (17%); then potatoes (5% - mainly in Surazhsky district), hemp (4%), barley (3%), peas and lentils (2%), millet, flax and other plants, of which tobacco and sugar beets are in first place . There were 16.5-17 thousand dessiatines under tobacco plantations, and more than 11 thousand dessiatines under beet plantations in the city. In Nezhinsky and Borzensky districts there are areas where the culture of onions (tsybul) is developed, which is sold in bundles to Kyiv and Kharkov. Of the field systems, the three-field system predominates, and in forest areas with sandy upland soil - clearing or razrabotnaya, in which the razed grass from under the forest is sown for 7-8 years, until the soil is completely depleted. There are 2-field, 4-field and multi-field systems, depending on the topographic conditions and the boundary location of the field sites. The yield of the fields is very diverse and for different soils ranges from 10 to 90 poods of harvest from 1 dessiatine, when sowing 6-8 poods of grain of different grains. The total amount of grain collected in the province ranges between 20 and 30 million poods of grain. According to census data, in five counties it turned out that among the rural population, 91% of households had the opportunity to engage in arable farming; of the last number, 22% did not have draft animals, which is why they had to resort to hiring them (13%), or did not cultivate their land at all. Those who have an insufficient number of livestock to cultivate the land are “harnessed,” that is, two or three farms are combined with livestock, two at a time, to get a full team for a plow or a two-horse plow. The draft animals in the northern part of the province are small horses of the Lithuanian breed, and in the southern part - both horses and oxen.
Cattle breeding due to this, it has distinctive features for the northern and southern parts: in the counties of Kozeletsky, Ostersky, Nezhinsky and Borzensky, oxen and bulls (bugais) among cattle are considered to be 42-49%, and in the northern, Surazhsky and Mglinsky, their relative number drops to 3 -4 %. Among horses, private owners prefer to keep geldings, and peasants and Cossacks prefer mares, for the purpose of breeding and raising domestic offspring. The total number of heads of various types of livestock according to the city in the Ch. province was: horses - 576,133, cattle - 525,321 heads, simple sheep - 812,295, fine-wool sheep - 18,158, goats - 22,698, pigs - 486,238. There were horses per 100 acres of space. 12, cattle - 11 each, sheep and goats - 20 each, pigs - 10 each; per 100 inhabitants: horses - 25, cattle - 22, small livestock - 63 heads. Cattle breeding is best provided with fodder area in the districts of Gorodnyansky, Sosnitsky and Ostersky, and worst of all in Nezhinsky and Kozeletsky. Perhaps this affects the level of provision of farms with livestock. According to censuses in the 80s of the XIX century. It turned out that in Gorodnyansky district there were on average 4.5 heads of large livestock and 3.3 heads of small livestock per farm, while in Kozeletsky district there were 3.6 and 6.3 heads of livestock. Minor branches of agriculture are beekeeping, horticulture and poultry farming. The latter is now beginning to take on the nature of a trade: fed geese, ducks, chickens, as well as eggs are sold to Jewish commission agents, who export large quantities of poultry products abroad.
Non-agricultural trades
Non-agricultural trades The majority of the population of the Chernigov province are represented by enterprises with a capital of several rubles or tens of rubles and a huge amount of labor spent on processing the raw materials at hand. The processing of wood materials in places supplied with forests into products of the processing industry (dishes, sieves, sieves, spinning wheels, frames, reeds for looms, wheels, carts, spindles, baskets, boats, etc.) gives those engaged in these crafts from 5 up to 30 kopecks earnings per day, or from 10 to 50 rubles. in year. More production is produced by weavers, potters, sheepskin workers, tanners, coopers, furriers, wool beaters, carpenters, blacksmiths, metalworkers, shoemakers, combers, whose earnings per year reach 100-150 rubles, or per day up to 50-60 kopecks. All these and other household trades provide the same income (and sometimes less) as hiring for agricultural work, especially when going to the Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride provinces. That is why the migration of workers to the south is constantly increasing: in the 2nd half of the 80s number leaving workers fluctuated around 50 thousand per year, but now it has increased to 140-150 thousand souls. In addition to agricultural work, latrine workers (men and women) find employment in sugar factories provinces of Kyiv and Podolsk; others (men) are hired to drive rafts down the Dnieper beyond the Dnieper rapids (to Kherson); they are called "osnache". Raskolniks from Novozybkovsky district go to work on stone buildings in big cities, watching with special attention for the construction of fortresses, train stations, theaters and other large buildings. The hiring of workers in local factories is also partly increasing; V. There were 9 large oil mills with at least 20 steam engines each in the city; Of the flour mills, three had from 4 5 to 200 forces. Hemp weaving, weaving and rope factories are located in the northern part of the province; the largest of them (with a production of 300-350 thousand rubles) is located in the Klintsy settlement, Surazh district; all of them in the city were counted in the province 39. In Klintsy there are 8 cloth factories, with a production of up to 3 1/2 million rubles, and one hosiery factory, producing 70-60 thousand pairs of stockings worth up to 15,000 rubles. There are 8 match factories in Novozybkovsky district, producing 290-300 million boxes of matches; workers 2000-2200. In the northern counties and in Ostersky there are 17 sawmills, with 15 steam engines; the largest of them are in Sosnitsky district. Iron and copper foundries, with mechanical metalworking and forging workshops - in the counties of Glukhovsky and Kozeletsky, a glass factory - in Gorodnyansky, a state-owned gunpowder plant (Shostensky) - in Novgorod-Seversky, a diocesan wax-candle plant - in the city of Chernigov. Small industrial establishments (mead factories, soap factories, brick factories, fulling factories, mills, oil mills, etc.) are found in different counties. According to the city, all 118 larger factories had 269 steam engines with 4838 horsepower; They consumed 635,962 rubles worth of wood fuel and 79,095 rubles worth of mineral fuel.
According to the lists of compulsory and voluntary zemstvo insurance, there were 397,116 insured properties in the city, worth more than 66 million rubles. In private joint stock companies up to 10 thousand properties were insured for up to 25 million rubles. Of the 35,454 houses insured by voluntary insurance, only 708 were made of stone. In all 19 cities of the Chechen province, there were 36,930 houses in the city, of which only 3,362, or 3.7%, were made of stone. There were 333 stone and 110 wooden churches in the entire province.
Roads
From the railways: Libavo-Romenskaya crosses the province from north-west to south-east, Polesskaya - in the north, Kiev-Voronezh - in the south. The railways crossing Ch. province were opened in the following years and had the following number of miles:
1888 -94 5 million poods and 3 million were received, up to 32 million poods were sent along Libavo-Romenskaya in the city and 6 million were received, along Kiev-Voronezh in the period -93. On average, 9 million poods were sent per year and 4 million poods received. In the north and in the middle part of the province, about 1/4 of all cargo was timber and building materials, in the south - bread, cereals and flour. The largest number of grain cargoes were sent from the stations of Bobrovitsy, Kozeletsk district, and Dmitrovka, Konotop district. About 1 million pounds of cargo, worth up to 5 million rubles, moves annually along the Desna River by rafting and tugboats on steamships.
Internal trade is carried out, in addition to permanent bazaars, at fairs, the number of which increases in parallel with population growth and the development of needs. In the middle of the 18th century. there were 44 settlements with fairs, and 111 fairs, in the city there were 78 settlements and 195 fairs, in the city there were 549 fairs in 193 settlements. In 1898, 37 certificates of the 1st guild, 1957 certificates of the 2nd guild and 5386 certificates for petty bargaining were issued throughout the province and, in addition, tickets for the certificates: 1st guild - 101, 2nd - 2852 and for petty bargaining - 52 01.
In the provincial zemstvo hospital there were 550 beds, there were 2309 somatic patients in the city, 759 mental patients. In the districts there were 90 rural doctors and 301 paramedics, paramedics and midwives, with 175 beds in 32 hospitals; 2,910 patients received medical benefits here. There were 5,956 patients in 14 city hospitals in the same year.
Educational establishments
Educational establishments: higher - Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute (40-50 students), gymnasiums - 4 (in Chernigov (in Chernigov), 3 religious schools for boys and 1 for women diocesan school(in Chernigov), 1 zemstvo paramedic school. In theological secondary schools there are up to 1000 boys and 300-350 girls, in secular schools there are 1300-1400 boys and 1000-1200 girls. Primary public schools, of which there were about 7 1/2 million rubles in 1902. The main items of expenditure of the provincial zemstvo for the year: maintenance of the zemstvo administration - 117.9 thousand rubles, for public education - 108.5 thousand rubles, for public charity - 24.7 thousand rubles, for medicine - 261, 1 thousand rubles, to promote economic well-being - 17.3 thousand rubles. Regarding the expenses and income of the county zemstvo, there is information for the city. In total, all 15 counties incurred expenses for participation in the expenses of government institutions - 78.2 thousand rubles, for maintenance zemstvo administration- 159.7 thousand rubles, for the maintenance of places of detention - 22.9 thousand rubles, for road duties - 241.5 thousand rubles, for public education - 502.7 thousand rubles, for public charity - 20.3 thousand rubles, for medicine - 551.9 thousand rubles, for veterinary medicine - 28.5 thousand rubles, for promoting economic well-being - 63.6 thousand rubles, for paying off debts - 158.3 thousand rubles, and in total, with different expenses and folds - 1988.7 thousand rubles. So, 27.7% was spent on medicine, and 25.3% on public education. The main income is collection from real estate (58.6%).
Data about budgets cities are available for -97; On average, during this three-year period, 35 cities and towns of the Chechen province had an income of 564 thousand rubles. and expenses 556.5 thousand rubles. ( largest amounts fell on the cities of Chernigov - 118.8 thousand rubles, Glukhov - 57.5 thousand rubles, Nezhin - 53.6 thousand rubles). Income from city property and enterprises in the total amount of income amounted to 36.5%, fees of all kinds with arrears from previous years - 34.6%, benefits and reimbursement of expenses - 27.4%. Of the city expenditures on public education, medicine, charity, urban improvement, maintenance of fire brigades, capital formation, etc., 41% go to city needs; the remaining 59% is for the maintenance of prisons, military and housing service, and the maintenance of city government. The city of Korop, comparatively speaking, allocates especially much for public education, spending 24.6% of the total budget on this subject; on the contrary, the town of Klintsy, rich in factories, this Manchester province, spends only 4.1% of the total budget on public education. Noble fees for the three-year period -97. the average for the year was about 56 thousand rubles. Secular collections on average for 3 years 1 8 92-94. 875,853 rubles, including for the maintenance of the volost and rural administration 27.5%, for the construction and maintenance of houses for the volost and rural administration - 9.4%, for religious needs - 9.4%, for public education - 7, 1%, for agricultural needs - 30.8%, for the maintenance of bakery stores - 3.4%. If we add the amounts of state taxes to the listed amounts of expenses, then for the mid-s. you get the following total amounts payments by the population of the Ch. province (in round figures):
This amount of payments averaged 4 rubles per capita in cash. 46 kopecks, and for 1 family household, assuming there are 5.8 souls in it - 25 rubles. 87 kopecks The Glukhovsk and Novgorod-Seversky districts were levied with the heaviest taxes, and the Krolevetsky district was the lightest.
Literature
Shafonsky, “Chernigov governorship topographic description of 1786” (Chernigov, 1851); Ruban, “Earth description of Little Russia, showing cities, towns, rivers, the number of monasteries, churches and how many elected Cossacks, assistants and commonwealths were located where according to the revision of 1764” (St. Petersburg, 1777); "Natural history
Chernigov province (addition to the article)
According to the final population count according to the 1897 census, there were 2,297,854 inhabitants in the Chernigov province, of which 209,453 were in cities. There are only 2 cities with over 20 thousand inhabitants: Nezhin - 32,113 and the provincial city of Chernigov - 27,716. The population speaks mainly in -Russian - 2,173,500, including in the Little Russian dialect - 1,526,072, Great Russian - 495,963, Belarusian - 151,465. Little Russians make up most population in all counties, excluding Mglinsky, Novozybkovsky, Starodubsky, inhabited mainly by Great Russians, etc.