Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver
It is quite difficult to determine which port is the most big port Pacific Ocean. The problem is that there are several criteria by which assessment can be made.
However, the largest existing ones are the Pacific ports of Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver. For example, Shanghai, since 2010, has been considered the world's largest port in terms of cargo turnover. The port is located near the metropolis of the same name and occupies an advantageous position, as it has open exit to sea. Thanks to the port, China communicates with 200 countries. About 99% of the total turnover foreign trade the country is carried out precisely through these gates. The port operates around the clock, regardless of holidays and weekends. Oil, coal, metal ore, and construction materials are transported through Shanghai.
Another large port of the Pacific Ocean is Singapore. Since 1997, the port has been considered the largest in the world in terms of ship tonnage. Previously, this port was the largest in terms of cargo turnover, until it lost 1st place to Shanghai. Singapore is capable of receiving 150 ships every day and serves up to 250 lines. The mooring front of the naval base stretches for more than 3 kilometers. Total value The port's maritime traffic amounts to 112 million tons.
Sydney vs Vancouver
Sydney is inferior to its competitors in cargo turnover, its throughput is approximately 1.8 million tons. However, this port has a berth length of about 0.6 km. 100 berths with a depth of 3.5 meters are capable of accommodating aircraft carrier-class vessels. Today, wool, coal, dairy products, grains, fruits, hides, cocoa, oil, and industrial equipment are transported through Sydney.
Vancouver is Canada's largest port, located in the northeastern part of the Strait of Georgia. The harbor is perfectly protected from the wind and does not freeze in winter time. The total length of Vancouver's berths is about 16 kilometers. The total turnover of cargo transportation is 45 million tons. Timber, grain, non-ferrous metals, paper, fish, plywood, and cellulose pass through Vancouver.
Russian ports
Since Russia also has access to the Pacific Ocean, it is not surprising that there are quite large Russian ports. One of them is Vladivostok, located in the south of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The advantage of the port is that it is completely accessible to any class of ships existing today. However, between November and March, navigation in this area is carried out using icebreakers. Every year up to 7 million tons of cargo passes through the port. There are railway lines running through the port area, total length 21 kilometers. The length of the berths is 3.1 kilometers. The port specializes in cabotage transportation to Russian ports located in the Pacific Ocean and in the eastern Arctic.
Nakhodka – sea port Russia, having federal significance. Located in the northwestern part of the coast Sea of Japan. It includes oil and universal marine terminals. The port's cargo turnover reaches 15 million tons. Mainly oil, metal, coal, refrigerated cargo, and containers are transported through Nakhodka.
Of course, Vladivostok and Nakhodka are not competitors to foreign ports located on the Pacific Ocean, such as Shanghai, Vancouver or Singapore. However, these are one of the largest ports in Russia.
North America
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Valdez – 51 |
Auckland – 12 |
Seattle - 21 |
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Vancouver – 67 |
Portland - 31 |
Tacoma - 21 |
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Long Beach - 63 | ||
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South America |
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Valparaiso - 15 |
Huasco - 10 |
Esmeraldas - 16 |
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Callao - 12 | ||
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Eastern and South East Asia |
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Kaohsiung – 139 |
Kelang - 89 |
Chiba – 169 |
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Hong Kong – 208 |
Kitakyushu – 89 |
Tokyo – 89 |
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Guangzhou - 168 |
Kobe - 79 |
Tianjin - 162 |
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Kawasaki – 90 |
Busan - 163 |
Shanghai - 316 |
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Gwangyang – 165 |
Singapore – 348 |
Shenzhen - 88 |
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Australia |
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Brisbane – 17 |
Melbourne – 20 |
Port Kembla - 23 |
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Gladstone - 60 |
Newcastle - 83 |
Hay Point - 78 |
3. Indian Ocean
Asia and Africa
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Dammam – 11 |
Kolkata – 16 |
Richards Bay - 88 |
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Jeddah - 16 |
Kandla - 21 |
Ras Tanura – 22 |
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Dubai - 64 |
Madras – 35 |
Hark – 20 |
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Durban - 24 |
Mumbai - 31 | |
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Australia |
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Dampier - 89 |
Port Hedland - 90 |
Fremantle - 23 |
* - Italics indicate the 50 largest ports by cargo turnover.
Task 2. Study the geographical types of ports in the world (using the 4 ports listed in table). The results are presented in table 5.
Table 5
Geographical types of ports of the world
PRACTICAL WORK No. 4
Exercise 1. Plot the world's largest ports for container processing on the previously compiled map (practical work No. 3) based on the data in Table 6.
Table 6
The world's largest seaports for container processing, 2003.
(thousand conventional twenty-pound containers*)
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Container handling |
Container handling |
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Algeciras | |||||
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Singapore |
Singapore |
Yokohama | |||
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Felixstowe |
Great Britain | ||||
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Shenzhen | |||||
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Rep. Korea |
Nhava Sheva (Mumbai) | ||||
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Los Angeles | |||||
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Rotterdam |
Netherlands | ||||
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Germany | |||||
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Antwerp |
Valencia | ||||
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Malaysia |
Sri Lanka | ||||
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Saudi Arabia | |||||
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New York/New Jersey | |||||
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Tanjung Pelepas |
Malaysia |
Melbourne |
Australia | ||
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Charleston | |||||
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Bremen/Bremerhaven |
Germany | ||||
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Laem Chabang |
Puerto Rico, USA | ||||
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Gioia Tauro |
Barcelona | ||||
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Tianjin |
Hampton Roads | ||||
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Guangzhou | |||||
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Tanjung Priok (Jakarta) |
Indonesia | ||||
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Philippines |
Tanjung Pe-rak (Surabaya) |
Indonesia |
* - Conventional twenty-foot container is an international unit of measurement in container shipping. Standard container: 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide and 8.5 feet (2.59 m) high. The volume of such a container is 38.5 m³.There are also forty-foot (12.2 m) and forty-five-foot (13.7 m) ones. Most of the containers used today are forty-foot.
The volume of container transshipment (thousand conventional twenty-pound containers) is shown in color inside the punch, indicating the volume of cargo turnover. Present the volume of container transshipment in gradations (for example): 1 – 1.0-2.0; 2 – 2.1-5.0; 3 – 5.1-10.0; 4 – 10.1-15.0; 5-more than 15.0. If the port is not marked on the map as the largest in terms of cargo turnover, but is included in the 50 largest ports for container processing, then sign its name on the map in a color corresponding to the volume of transportation in the above gradations.
Task 2. Study the regional features of maritime transport (based on data from tables 4, 6) for fifty largest ports by cargo turnover and volume of container transshipment. Use the compiled map “World Maritime Transport”. To study the geography of maritime transport:
1) build pie charts for the volume of cargo turnover and the volume of container processing, highlighting the following regions: Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia, North America, Latin America, Australia. Draw a conclusion.
2) compile a ranking of the five largest ports by cargo turnover and volume of container traffic in each region. Draw a conclusion, justifying the differences in the composition of leaders.
3) construct diagrams showing the volume of cargo turnover and the volume of container processing in the context of oceans (for the fifty largest ports). Inside the diagrams, display the volume of cargo turnover and container transshipment by country. Draw a conclusion.
4) create a ranking of the five largest ports by cargo turnover and volume of container transshipment in each ocean. Draw a conclusion, justifying the differences in the composition of leaders.
“Geography of the Indian Ocean” - The Indian Ocean is inhabited by - ... Currents. Flying fish. Tuna. Squid. Marine fishing. Pearl. Bartolomeu Dias. Relief of the ocean floor. Sailing of the Egyptians. Ocean research. Indian Ocean. Shipping. Lobster. Vasco da Gama. Islands Indian Ocean. Ships of Vasco da Gama. Geographical position:
"Pacific Ocean Geography" - Organic world. Pollock. Brown algae. Named after the nearby Mariana Islands. Seals. Ivasi. Content. Horse mackerel. Geographical coordinates object - , 142.2 11°21? With. w. 142°12? V. 11.35° N. w. 142.2° east village Sperm whale. The fish fauna is very rich. Red algae. Sea lions. Stripes.
“Sea Ocean” - THE SEA HEALS We go to the sea to swim and relax. Seas and oceans. THE ANIMAL WORLD OF THE SEA AND OCEANS IS VERY DIVERSE Mammals, shellfish, fish, and viruses live there. Dmitry Pogonichev. 1,000,000 million! For example, the largest mammal on earth lives... in the sea!
"Indian Ocean" - Mid-ocean ridges divide the ocean floor into three parts. Kinds economic activity in the ocean. From the history of ocean exploration. Rifts earth's crust continue into the Red Sea and reach land. Features of the nature of the ocean. The current system is being rebuilt. Who discovered and explored the Indian Ocean?
“Pacific Ocean” - Off the coast of Antarctica - the Amundsen, Bellingshausen and Ross seas. Who opened the passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans? The Pacific Ocean is located in a zone of active mountain building. What is another name for the Pacific Ocean? Find it on the map and show it. A feature of the Pacific Ocean is the weak development of the continental shallows.
“Seas and oceans” - there are the Drake and Bering Straits, the Laptev Sea and the Baffin Sea. Current, tide, crater, strait. Continue the list! Filipino. Shelf, ocean, trench, volcano. I’ll invite you to the map today. Current map. Most large peninsula? Bottle mail floats in the ocean. And I ask you: without a hint!
There are 15 presentations in total
The Pacific Ocean is home to the longest trans ocean ways: the central route Singapore-Panama has a length of 10.8 thousand miles, and passages of 6 - 7 thousand miles without calling at intermediate ports are considered common in the Pacific Ocean. Over vast areas of the Pacific Ocean, hydrometeorological conditions are more complex than in other oceans.
In terms of the intensity of global shipping, three main directions can be distinguished: American-Asian, American-Australian and Asian-Australian.
The American-Asian direction is the main one and, in turn, includes the three most used routes. The first, busiest shipping route runs from the ports North America(Vancouver, San Francisco, Los Angeles) at western part Pacific Ocean and back from the ports of Japan, China, Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila) to the USA and Canada. It takes place in harsh hydrometeorological conditions of a stormy seasonal area. Without calling at intermediate ports, its length is more than 4.5 thousand miles. This is the main supply route to Japan and other countries for various ores, coal, grain cargo from the United States, and from Canada coal, grain, timber and lumber, other cargo and various semi-finished products.
The second route runs from Panama Canal and ports west coast South America(via the Hawaiian Islands) to the ports of the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and Japan. Central path runs from the Panama Canal to Singapore. This route passes through an area of rare storms in the equatorial region.
The third, rather rarely used, route runs from Cape Horn to the ports of Asian countries. In the southern part, its path lies in a stormy area (seasonal) with difficult hydrometeorological conditions.
The American-Australian route connects the main ports of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) and New Zealand (Wellington, Auckland) with various ports of the continent of America along three main shipping routes: Sydney - Hawaiian Islands - ports of North America; Sydney - Panama Canal and Sydney - ports of South America (Valparaiso, Callao). Ships sailing to South America during a dangerous period set course for destination ports within the boundaries of a seasonal area of rare storms; during favorable periods weather conditions- rounding the New Zealand Islands from the south and using the favorable current of the westerly winds. Wool, lead, zinc and other raw materials are delivered to American ports on regular ships, and reverse direction, to Australia - machinery and equipment, machine tools, instruments, various equipment.
The Asian-Australian route, unlike the previous ones, has a general North-South direction and connects Australian and New Zealand ports with Japanese ones. Intensive shipping on this ocean route in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the growth of the economic and technical potential of Japan and a number of countries South-East Asia, developed shipbuilding and growing world trade volumes. Shipping companies of Japan and other Southeast Asian countries have organized regular cargo lines on this route for the transportation of iron ore, coal, wool and other raw materials, grains and food products from Australia to the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan.
Ocean routes run along the coast of South America,| connecting the ports of South American countries with the Pacific and Atlantic (via the Panama Canal) ports of the United States. The main flows of raw materials (iron ore and non-ferrous metal ores, saltpeter, sulfur and other minerals) are directed from the ports of the west coast of South America to the ports of the east coast of the United States, where the main industrial base of the United States is located, through the Panama Canal.
(about 1/3 of the world's sea freight turnover), inferior to Atl-ka in terms of traffic volume, is ahead of it in terms of growth rates. Feature sea routes in the Pacific Ocean - their very large latitudinal extent (twice as long as the transatlantic ones). Transoceanic routes connecting the west. and east coasts are grouped in two directions: American-Asian and American-Australian. On the first of them, three heavy-duty routes were formed. Intensive shipping routes connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, and the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Coal, timber, grain, ore, semi-finished and finished products are exported from North American ports to Japan. They go in the opposite direction different kinds industrial products (steel pipes, electrical and radio devices, fabrics, fish and fish products). Shipping on the second route from the Panama Canal and the western ports of South America to the ports of Southeast (Singapore, Manila) and East (Shanghai, Yokohama) Asia is less intense. Mostly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported from Latin American ports (to Japan), and industrial products in the opposite direction. The second American-Australian transoceanic route connects the ports of North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Lines from the ports of the USA and Canada to Sydney and other ports of south-eastern Australia (Newcastle, Melbourne) run here. From American ports, machinery and equipment, and in the opposite direction - industrial raw materials and agricultural goods. From the United States to Latin American ports, equipment for the mining industry, machinery and finished products are transported. Highest concentration cargo turnover is noted in the ports of Eastern (Japan, Republic of Korea, China) and Southeast. Asia (more than 3/4 of the total cargo turnover of the Pacific Ocean). The largest oil terminals in the Pacific Ocean are concentrated in Japanese (Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki), American (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Francisco, Valdez) and international transit ports (Singapore, Dumai).
30. Economic and geographical provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their characteristics.
NW: In economy the province stands out high level economic development and large scientific and technical potential, rich in mines. resources of its individual territories, huge fish stocks and the largest catches in the world, intensive maritime transport and developed economy. Huge human resources are concentrated here and the third world economic center has been formed, the core of which is Japan, and the “new” countries play a complementary role industrial countries» (Rep. Korea, Taiwan) and rapidly growing economy modern China. Oil and gas, solid minerals (iron ore, coal), TiMg placers, cassiterite deposits have been explored, table salt. Iron margs have been identified in the open part of the ocean. and phosphorite nodules. Z: Her characteristic feature are an advantageous location on the routes of intensive maritime traffic and the presence of large nodes of sea communications in the straits of the Malay Archipelago. Zap. the province has large reserves of mineral raw materials, biological resources, but inferior to the North-West. provinces in terms of the level of industrial, scientific and technical potential, as well as the level of development of marine sectors of the economy. The province's subsoil contains deposits of world significance. From this region of the world, up to 70% of tin, significant volumes of oil, Fe, Mn and Cu ores, Ni, chromites, tungsten, bauxite and phosphate raw materials are obtained. Ferromanganese nodules and phosphates occur in the northeast of the province; deposits of oil, cassiterite, iron ore, and glauconite have been discovered on the shelf. S-W: fishing has not received widespread industrial development. The province's position away from the main world markets predetermines the leading role of sea communications to ensure connections with the North. America, Eastern and Southeast. Asia and Europe. are Sydney and Melbourne and the outport of Geelong (specializing in grain and oil cargo). In the state of New South. Wales has 9 seaports (Newcastle, Port Kembla, Hunter, etc.) YU.: Natural resource potential The provinces have been poorly studied. Oil is being extracted on the Tongo Islands, and phosphorite deposits are being developed on the Society Islands. The waters of the province are characterized by a low content of zooplankton biomass and low fish productivity (less than 10 kg/km2. Characteristic feature The southern province has a weak economic development, which does not allow for extensive study and development of marine resources. The basis of the majority economy island states constitutes a plantation economy (growing coconut palms, citrus fruits, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, groundnut, breadfruit), production of canned fish and copra. Fish catches of island states and territories are small. Fiji's economy is the most diversified; it is based on the sugar industry, tourism, forestry and wood processing industries. N-E: oil and natural gas(Alaska, the Los Angeles area and coastal waters of California), phosphorites (California coast), ores of precious and non-ferrous metals (gold, platinum, mercury). The exploitation of marine placers of gold (off the coast of the Seward Peninsula) and platinum sands (Goodnews Bay) plays a significant role. Open waters The provinces are characterized by extremely low fish productivity. The Northeast is a zone of very intense transport traffic. Routes from the Pacific ports of North America to the ports of the East pass here. Asia (Japan, China) and from the ports of the west coast of the USA and Canada to the ports of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. SE and E: Coastal countries (Peru, Chile, Bolivia) form a large regional commodity market that exports by sea transport mining raw materials, products Agriculture and fishing. Developed in Peru large deposits iron ore (area of the port of San Juan), polymetals, phosphorites, oil and gas are extracted on the sea shelf. The province is an important global fishing area.