• uncounted thin translucent, often used to create copies of drawings, drawings, etc. on it.
  • I do large map our defense on tracing paper, I color with colored pencils and go to the division engineer.
• isch. made on tracing paper 1 .
  • During the dark days of the retreat, when the Nazis shelled the city, she collected, took out, then saved and finally returned everything to the factory tracing paper and drawings.
  • It was tracing paper the size of an ordinary sheet of stationery paper.
• Nevertheless, before us is something more than just domestic tracing paper Hollywood cinema.|Alexander Arkhangelsky|.
  • Post-communist labor brigade. Why Bezrukov remained alive (“”)
  • New program Vladimir Solovyov "Duel" - tracing paper from several programs that once aired.
• linguistics, studies or obtained by literal component-by-component translation of a foreign word or phrase.
  • Vieno Petrovna noticed that Tver Karelians have much fewer stable units in their speech than in the north of Karelia. At the same time, the influence of the Russian language is strong, many Russians cripple.
  • Long polite phrase - accurate tracing paper from English - made an impression on the determined investigator.
  • “It’s indecent not to drink when you want,” I said briefly, automatically starting the part of a stern man, tough (by the way, how did this tracing paper from the English-American ""tough guy"" into our half-thieves' language?)
• paper is a competitor to the copier
• paper for copying drawings
• paper for making copies of drawings
• copier paper
• type of drawing paper
• draftsman's carbon copy
• translucent drawing paper
• transparent paper
• translucent paper
• thin paper in photo albums
• thin transparent drawing paper
• refined draftsman's paper
• in language - borrowing foreign word or an expression that is an exact translation of its parts, e.g. impression (French) - impression
• thick translucent paper, convenient for redrawing the original
• transparent paper or cloth for making copies of drawings and drawings
• a word or expression obtained by literal translation of a foreign word or expression
• grade of thin paper
• this transparent paper has become a symbol of cliched thinking and action
• paper is a competitor to the copier
• transparent fabric for making copies
• transparent paper or cloth for making copies
• a word or expression modeled on corresponding expressions in a foreign language by exact translation
• translucent paper
• very thin paper
• baking paper
• thin paper
• pattern paper
• drawing "veil"
• Copier's "canvas"
• fr. calque- 1) a special type of transparent paper for making copies of drawings or drawings, as well as a finished copy on such paper; 2) linguistic a word or expression formed by literal translation and literally corresponding in its composition to a foreign language.
• Ghost paper or calico used for making copies of drawings or drawings.
• a special type of paper for making copies of drawings; it is impregnated with oils that make it transparent. To take the second picture Ph.D. drawing (copy), apply tracing paper to the original drawing and then draw with ink or pencil along all translucent lines.
• see Copy paper.
• French, from calquer, to calculate. Drawing taken through oil paper.
• in a language - borrowing a foreign word or expression that is an exact translation of its parts, for example. impression (French) - impression
• a translated copy of the name, changing the form of the name, but not its content and preserving its etymology (Belgorod - Turkish Akkerman; Semirechye - Kyrgyz and Kazakh Dzhetysu; Pyatigorsk - Turkic Beshtau)
• a word or expression obtained by literal translation of a foreign word or expression
• way of word formation by borrowing and literal translation
• A type of thin paper.
• Paper is a competitor to the copier.
• Transparent paper or cloth for making copies.
• This transparent paper has become a symbol of cliched thinking and action.
• A word or expression modeled on corresponding expressions in a foreign language through exact translation.
• Transparent fabric for making copies.

Unique property - transparency!

Tracing paper (French calque) is all translucent types of paper, most often white or colored in the paste. Ordinary white translucent paper has today been transformed and is located among designer paper collections.

The transparency of tracing paper is achieved by grinding the fibers finer than in regular paper and adding binders and resins. Therefore, tracing paper is usually denser than paper of the same thickness. Standard and generally accepted classification no tracing paper. Most often it is divided by areas of application (types of printing): for artwork(tracing paper for drawing, drawing, coloring; usually white, from 40 to 480 g/m2); for PPC (plain-paper copier - copier for plain paper), i.e. for electrographic devices (most often white, 90-480 g/m2); for traditional types of printing (mainly offset and screen printing, 40-480 g/m2); tracing paper for plotters (inkjet and pen). In this article we'll talk mainly about tracing paper for electrographic and traditional types of printing

Tracing paper in rolls is intended mainly for engineering work on plotters and laser copiers, as well as drawing in ink and pencil.

Tracing paper sizes.

Most often supplied in widths of 297, 420, 594, 610, 841, 914 mm (imported), 420, 625, 878 mm (domestic). Office formats A4 and A3 are popular for printing on copiers and laser printers, and for offset and stencil printing, printing formats are preferable - 70x100 cm, etc.

Modern tracing paper:

• classic white;
• all colors of the rainbow and with splashes;
• matte, with parchment imitation;
• gold and silver;
• with various designs;
• with patterns imitating water ones.

The traditional use of tracing paper is in booklets and calendars, usually as the second (lining) sheet after the cover. Tracing paper is used for text inserts in invitations and cards. Sometimes they select an envelope from tracing paper to match or in the same colors. Business cards on tracing paper are also popular.

Tracing paper from the Abezeta and Canson brands causes virtually no problems in printing.

Ways to work with tracing paper

Offset printing. Tracing paper from the presented companies has proven itself to be excellent in an offset machine, but the surface of the tracing paper is not absorbent, so foil inks are strongly recommended. Tracing paper dries poorly, to avoid the paint being squeezed from one sheet to another, it is better to unload the receiving tray in a timely manner and keep the finished prints in small piles, the paint should set.

Printing on digital machines. Excellent recommendations for using cripples in this type of printing.

Printing on toner digital printers (Xerox, Canon, Konica Minolta, Ricoh, etc.). When printing, you need to test one sheet. Sometimes the toner does not adhere to the tracing paper properly and falls off. When printing, it is necessary to take into account the temperature of the fuser, since you can lose not only paper, but also the printing device. As a rule, such material features (low heat resistance) are indicated in the specification. Exotic problems are also possible - some brands of paper tinted in the mass change color after heating.

Silk screen printing: It fits perfectly on tracing paper, the opaque volumetric paint on translucent paper is very beautiful. Interesting effects are produced by applying selective varnish to tracing paper.

"Translucent" afterprint. Pure cellulose tracing paper is a very brittle material, especially when high densities, therefore, creasing and folding must be done extremely carefully, and for crumples with a density of 200 g/m2 and higher, it is generally better to avoid folding. To avoid creases, be sure to crease (preferably double or reverse), fold only in the direction of the grain, and try not to create folds for tracing paper that are denser than 170 g/m2. This material is capricious when cutting: Special attention when cutting and carving - sharpening knives.

Embossing is embossed, blind and foil. For cripples, embossing is possible, but you need to carefully select the temperature and pressure of the stamp, and carefully make the cliche. The useful property of tracing paper was discovered at the Department of Finishing Processes at Moscow State Unitary Enterprise. The binding material “Balakron-Thermo”, which changes its color during blind and embossing under the influence of the stamp and temperature, gave the unpleasant effect of sticking to the stamp during operation. In such cases, our printing houses begin to select embossing modes (pressure, temperature). In the West, this is avoided by using a gasket in the form of special paper under the stamp, but it is not supplied to us. Students experimented and embossed “Balakron-Thermo” through a sheet of tracing paper. It turned out that one A4 sheet can easily withstand up to 10 prints! When embossing, you need to pay attention to the depth of the stamp, since most types of tracing paper are not as flexible as cardboard of a similar density. But during convection it turns out interesting effect- tracing paper loses transparency.

Glue tracing paper It is better to use synthetic adhesives; water-dispersed ones can cause a wave-like effect at the gluing site.

Tracing paper is sensitive to changes climatic conditions To prevent paper curling, the material should be protected from drafts and changes in temperature and humidity before and after printing.

A common property of all types of tracing paper is the ability to quickly absorb moisture and increased sensitivity to changes in conditions in the print shop, therefore the packaging should be opened immediately before printing, and during operation, ensure that the humidity and temperature are maintained at a stable level (+20 °C and 50% humidity). There are also difficulties in post-printing processing: the material is very dense and does not cut well (the recommended stack height is no more than 5 cm).

P.S. Before ordering material for printing, do not forget to consult with the technologist of the printing house where you plan to carry out the order. When working with any designer paper, study and follow the manufacturer's recommendations.

Who hasn't seen thin paper for drawing and copying? We saw everything! They call it paper tracing paper. But the word also has another meaning related to language.

In lexicology tracing paper called special type borrowing foreign words, phrases or expressions. Traces are formed by copying elements of a foreign word– as a result, Russian words are obtained with the same meaning as the foreign word.

There are calques in the Russian language two types– derivational And semantic. In addition, in our language environment There is also such a phenomenon as semi-tracing paper.

Derivational tracing paper called a word or expression formed by copying the way in which it is formed in the source language. In other words, word-formation tracing paper is literal translation. As a rule, tracing paper of this type is practically imperceptible to a native speaker, since it is composed of Russian morphemes to which our perception is accustomed.

Word "interjection"- this is a tracing paper of Latin injection: compare, inter- between. Word "adverb"- this is also a translation of Latin adverbium, spelling- tracing paper of Greek orthos graph o, i.e. to write correctly. As we see, many linguistic terms- These are copied foreign words. Similarly, tracing words are words "biography"(from Greek bios+grapho), "superman"(from German Übermensch), "insect"(from Latin insectum).

Most often, Russian words “copy” words German, French, Latin and Greek languages. For example, painting, chronicler (Greek language), impression, influence, division, focus(French), hydrogen, adverb (Latin language), humanity, peninsula, performance(German) and skyscraper, semiconductor(English language).

Let's look at a few more crippled words: conscience, catchment(plant), centaury, fun and etc.

Semantic tracing paper- This words in which the meaning is borrowed, in other words, semantic tracing paper – these are words, which under the influence of another language received new meanings(as a result of literalism in translation). Most often, words are subjected to this “procedure” French . For example, the word "touch"(touch) has acquired meaning "to evoke sympathy" influenced by French "toucher"; word "nail"(fastener, rod with a head (cap) and a pointed end) under the influence of the same French language ( "clou") expanded its “horizon” with meaning “the most striking, spectacular, long-awaited performance / performance / event” – « highlight of the program" The same transformations occurred with the word "flat" In terms of "vulgar, unwitty"(French "plats").

Most famous examples semantic tracing became words and expressions: make (build) chickens, that is look after women(from French faire la cour), hence the verb "ferla smoke"; look with half an eye, that is not completely, partially, inattentively(from Finno-Ugric " pelšinča» – « one eye", i.e. half an eye - from the tradition of calling one of the paired objects half), etc.

Rarely found and syntactic tracing papers. Syntactic tracing paper – This transferring the peculiarities of constructing a phrase from one language to another language. For example, in Russia XVIII century it was fashionable to use phrases in the French manner. For example, at A.S. Griboyedova we can find instead of the phrase “I I assumed that you were far from Moscow» «mannered» « I thought you were far from Moscow" Syntactic tracing papers are used for purposes stylization of characters' speech.

Tracing paper should be handled with care as it must be distinguished from morphological transmission– the process of transliteration of a foreign word with its subsequent adaptation to the morphology of the native language(most often this is done for convenience of work - for example, when declining).

Along with full-fledged tracing papers, there are also semi-tracing paper. Half tracing paper– These are words in which, along with borrowed parts, there are native Russian elements. In other words, semi-tracing paper–These are words in which only one part is traced. For example, the word "humanity" combined a foreign (Latin) component humanus(“human, humane”) and Russian suffix -ness, characteristic of abstract nouns. Similar to the word "hard worker" consists of a foreign (English) part (workaholik) and the Russian word "work". Word "TV" differs from the original second part and the untranslated first part: from Greco-Latin television. As we see, Both the first and the second part of the word can be traced.

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The word “tracing paper” is translated from French as “stencil”, “copy”. As authoritative sources indicate, the exact name of its inventor is not known for certain. Arose this variety paper in XVII century in Germany, in connection with the needs of architects, draftsmen, engineers who needed to copy this or that drawing or diagram. There is an assumption that the first modern tracing paper was invented by civil engineers, due to the increasing need for accurate copying complex elements drawings.

Copying was carried out in the usual way “under a stencil”; tracing paper was superimposed on the original, and a contour was drawn along it, appearing under its transparent surface. This method copying is firmly entrenched in the activities of specialists from the most various professions and is sometimes used even now.

The very first “tracing paper” was made by medieval craftsmen in the following way: Plain paper was soaked in weak alcohol, kerosene or turpentine. So it became more transparent compared to its original state. But this method caused various inconveniences: the paper left stains, it was problematic to draw something on it, etc., which is why the need arose for the tracing paper that is known today.

First in Russia industrial production tracing paper was established in Peterhof at the first government paper mill in 1816. Over time, the production of tracing paper was mastered by other enterprises.

Quality characteristics of tracing paper

Modern tracing paper can be made either from bleached sulphate cellulose with the addition of wood pulp and semi-cotton pulp with adhesive, or from ready-made glassine. Its main characteristics are density and thickness. To achieve transparency of tracing paper, one of two methods is used - calendering (passing through special rotating shafts) or increasing the degree of grinding. Last method is the most effective, as it adds strength to the paper, but is also more expensive. It is possible to combine these two methods into one production line.

Types of tracing paper in the USSR

Matte tracing paper without a glossy side, intended for copying with a pencil, was made from non-calendered paper. Tracing paper, which had a glossy side, was produced in two types: ink and lavsan. Ink tracing paper was distinguished by its thinness and was made on a paper basis. Lavsan tracing paper had a transparent film base on the glossy side.

Pencil tracing paper without gloss, produced in the USSR, had such abrasive properties that it was sometimes used as an improvised grinding material for copper, brass, and sometimes even steel and glass. For example, with its help, factory calligraphy pens were often brought to the required gliding smoothness. The curves were also polished using matte tracing paper. external corners pens that scratched the paper.

Using tracing paper now

Modern tracing paper is used both for drawing with pencil and ink, and for digital printing on plotters, printers and plotters. It is manufactured in accordance with the standards and requirements of GOST. Also tracing paper sometimes used in Food Industry as a cushioning and packaging material or in the sewing industry when making stencils, patterns, etc.

To the question of what tracing paper is, you can get different answers. Most popular meaning of this word- transparent paper on which you can draw and draw. At the same time, the term is used by phraseology to create variants of words borrowed from other languages. Housewives use tracing paper for baking and preparing various meat rolls.

Transparent paper and its purpose

Before the advent of the computer with its design programs, the combination of components, parts and reproduction of drawings was done using tracing paper. The builders checked the coincidence of the load-bearing walls and supports on the floor plans. Sheets with drawings made in ink were superimposed on each other and placed opposite the light source. All lines and places of contact of parts that went beyond the dimensions were clearly visible.

Now drawings are made on a computer and thick transparent tracing paper (paper) has been created for the printer. It is used mainly by builders and designers for testing and demonstration. various options arrangement, layout, laying of life support systems, security and other communications on building plans.

An old engineer, when asked what tracing paper is, will answer unequivocally - paper for copying and duplicating drawings. The copyist transferred the lines from whatman paper to tracing paper, laying it on top. Black mascara was most often used. Copies were then made on photosensitive paper in the quantities required for production.

Making tracing paper

Regular tracing paper is produced in rolls and packs of sheets standard sizes. It is made from bleached cellulose and wood pulp, ground to flour. The filling is cotton or glassine. Calendering - passing between hot rollers - and strong squeezing promotes good gluing and oiling. This gives transparency and the desired surface roughness.

The use of grinding to form smaller fractions makes the tracing paper stronger. Since the cost of using complex equipment greatly increases the cost of paper, we chose a middle ground. The components are crushed to medium size, and in a drying drum the finished product is passed through rollers.

Tracing paper for drawing in ink using a pen and drawing pen was made smooth from a thin glossy film of celluloid, less commonly vinyl and lavsan. The matte surface was then sprayed on one or both sides. The paper was rough and could be used for polishing copper and soft alloys of aluminum and iron. An ordinary ballpoint pen quickly breaks down when drawing on such a surface.

How to make tracing paper yourself?

You can create translucent paper yourself; just answer the question of what tracing paper is and how it differs from regular paper. The easiest way is to moisten a regular sheet with gasoline free of oils and additives. You need to copy quickly, as the writing paper will dry out and lose its transparency.

To create a matte, stable tracing paper, wax is used. You can melt it in turpentine to saturate the sheet and wait until the turpentine evaporates. Paper laid out on hot metal absorbs wax well. Simply apply it evenly and rub in. You can use this tracing paper to draw with a pencil, watercolors and colored ink. The lines do not blur, the image is clear.

In addition to wax, castor oil gives writing paper a stable transparency. Dissolved in alcohol, it is applied to the sheet. Dries quickly. You can draw with ink and pencil. This technology is interesting reverse process. You can remove the oil from the sheet with alcohol and the paper will become opaque again, the pencil drawing will remain intact.

A design for embroidery and other occasions can be easily and quickly copied using tracing paper. Just place it on the image and secure it. Then draw the contour lines with a pencil or ink, if a little, you can use ballpoint pen and liner. Colors and shades are applied later.

The side of the tracing paper with the ink design is applied to the dampened wood or leather. This is what tattoo artists and wood carvers do. The image is mirrored. Needlewomen additionally use carbon paper or simply fasten the paper to the fabric and embroider on it using satin stitch, placing stitches on top.

Tracing paper can replace a canvas for an artist. Drawings are copied and colors are applied with watercolor paint, pencils and ink. The image turns out bright against a translucent background and looks great.

Other uses of tracing paper

What is tracing paper in the kitchen? This is a material that does not absorb or allow fat to pass through. The dough does not stick to such paper. Therefore, tracing paper is often placed in baking dishes, on sheets. It is used to roll rolls from minced meat and other soft ingredients.