Slang in fiction examples. Test the role of jargon in language development

youth slang linguistics

The concept of slang. Slang and jargon

The concept of slang is increasingly beginning to gain the attention of modern philology. Currently, there are quite a large number of definitions of slang, often contradicting each other. These contradictions relate, first of all, to the scope of the concept “slang”: the dispute is, in particular, about whether to include in slang only expressive, ironic words that are synonymous with literary equivalents, or also all non-standard vocabulary, the use of which is condemned among educated people.

It is noteworthy that the term “slang” is more often used in English, although recently it has been actively used in relation to the Russian language. Often the word “slang” is used simply as a synonym for the word “jargon”.

Therefore, it would make sense to finally try, firstly, to give a clearer definition of slang, and secondly, to clarify the difference (or identity) between the concepts of slang and jargon.

As you know, there are still doubts in modern linguistics regarding the origin of the word “slang”. According to one version, English. slang comes from sling (“throw”, “throw”). In such cases, they recall the archaic to sling one's jaw - “to speak violent and offensive speeches.” According to another version, “slang” goes back to slanguage, and the initial letter s was allegedly added to language as a result of the disappearance of the word thieves; that is, originally the speech was about the thieves' language.

It is unknown when the word slang first appeared in spoken English in England. It was first recorded in writing in England in the 18th century. Back then it meant “insult.” Around 1850, the term began to be used more widely as a designation for "illegal" vernacular language. At the same time, synonyms for the word slang appeared - lingo, used mainly in the lower strata of society, and argot - preferred by the colored population

The scope of the very concept of “slang” is evidenced by the descriptive definitions that appeared later, such as “obscene colloquial speech” or poetic “dithyrambic” descriptions of slang as a “mint of language” (D. Galsworthy); or “slang is a language that rolls up its sleeves, spits in its palms and gets to work” Karl. Sandburg), this is “the poetry of the common man,” etc. It is clear that in a scientific sense the value of such definitions is small, although it is still clear from them that slang is considered the language of the common people and the basis for the production of a national dictionary.

Let's look at some of the many scientific definitions of slang.

In Russian linguistics, the definition most often given is V.A. Khomyakova: “Slang is a relatively stable for a certain period, widely used, stylistically marked (reduced) lexical layer (nouns, adjectives and verbs denoting everyday phenomena, objects, processes and signs), a component of expressive vernacular, part of the literary language, very heterogeneous in its origins, degree of approximation to the literary standard, possessing pejorative expression” [Khomyakov V.A. S1980.. 43-44].

In this definition, the following signs of slang attract attention: slang, according to V.A. Khomyakova, although it belongs to “expressive vernacular” and is included in the literary language, its degree of approximation to the literary standard is “very heterogeneous”, that is, one can find examples of “almost standard” and “not at all standard”. And, of course, pejorativeness is inherent in slang as its most characteristic feature: it is difficult to imagine slangism with a strong meliorative connotation, although, probably, a certain degree of “standardization” is still imaginable.

A completely different interpretation is offered in the “Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” by O.S. Akhmanova: Slang - 1. Colloquial version of professional speech.

2. Elements of the colloquial version of a particular professional or social group, which, penetrating into the literary language or in general into the speech of people who are not directly related to this group of people, acquire in these languages a special emotional and expressive coloring [Akhmanova O.S. 1966: P. 419].

As we can see, in the first definition, slang is simply a series of non-term words used in a terminological sense, such as “windshield wiper” or “spare tire” among motorists. Such words are not suitable for official instructions, but are convenient for professional business conversations.

In the second case, this is something completely different: before us are words that have already left the professional sphere and have been published. Probably, “six” could be cited as an example: in the world of thieves, one of the meanings of this word is “a person serving thieves” [D.S. Baldaev, V.K. Belko, I.M. Isupov. M.: Regions of Moscow, 1992: P. 287]. In modern colloquial Russian, “six” is a contemptuous designation for any insignificant person, possibly (but not necessarily) with criminal tendencies. Another very important thing noted by O.S. Akhmanova quality: all such words are clearly expressive.

A slightly different solution is proposed in the 1980 Encyclopedic Dictionary. There are also two definitions here.

1. Slang here is the speech of a professionally isolated group, as opposed to literary language.
2. This is a variant of colloquial speech that does not coincide with the norm of the literary language [Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980: p. 1234]

This definition seems very inadequate. As we see, in (1) it is simply a synonym for professional language (speech), clearly contrasted with literary language. It is not clear how slang in this case differs from terminology and in what relationship it still has a literary language. In (2) it is a non-literary version of colloquial speech; very "vague definition". The problem of slang (in)decency is completely ignored.

The definition of the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1998 differs from these definitions: Slang - 1. The same as jargon (in domestic literature mainly for English-speaking countries). As you can see, here slang is simply declared to be a synonym for jargon, moreover, predominantly the jargon of English-speaking countries.

2. A set of jargon that makes up a layer of colloquial vocabulary, reflecting a rudely familiar, sometimes humorous attitude towards the subject of speech. Used mainly in casual communication: English. junkie - drug addict, gal - girl [Galperin I.R. About the term “slang: 1956 P. 161].

Unlike some other definitions, the rudeness and familiarity of slangisms is emphasized here. “Humorous attitude” is not considered a mandatory feature of slang. Slang here is part of the slang layer of vocabulary.

The 1985 “Dictionary-Reference Book of Linguistic Terms” simply equates slang, jargon and argot: Slang - words and expressions used by persons of certain professions or social strata. Slang of sailors, artists, cf. argot, jargon.

Such discrepancies in the definition of slang gave I.R. Galperin a reason to completely deny the very fact of the existence of slang.

His argument is based on the study of lexicographical marks: the same word in various dictionaries is given with the marks “slang”, “vernacular” or without any marks, which seems to indicate in favor of the literary norm. Therefore I.R. Galperin does not allow the existence of slang as a separate independent category, proposing to use the term “slang” as a synonym for the English word “jargon” [Galperin I.R. About the term slang: 1956 pp. 107-114].

Argumentation by I.R. Galperin does not seem too convincing due to the insufficient development of the system of lexicographic marks: the discrepancy in this case can be explained not so much by the features of the style, but by the features of each lexicographer’s approach to this problem.

To the various interpretations of slang already given, we can add equally diverse definitions of English philologists. The term “slang,” notes the famous American linguist Charles Freeze, has expanded its meaning so much and is used to designate so many different concepts that it is extremely difficult to draw a line of demarcation between what is slang and what is not.

A number of English researchers use the word slang simply as a synonym for jargon, argot or kent. The author of the slang dictionary, R. Spears, spoke in the most detail about the term “slang”. He notes that the term "slang" was originally used to refer to British criminal jargon as a synonym for "cant". Over the years, “slang” has expanded its meaning and currently includes various types of non-literary vocabulary: jargon, vernacular, dialects and even vulgar words [.Spears Richard 1982: pp. X-XI].

Thus, it can be stated that, despite all its popularity (or perhaps precisely because of it), “slang” currently does not have terminological accuracy.

Nevertheless, the above points of view allow us to somehow summarize its most essential properties.

1. Slang is not literary vocabulary, i.e. words and combinations that are outside the boundaries of literary English (Standard English) - from the point of view of the requirements of modern literary norms.
2. Slang is vocabulary that arises and is used primarily in oral speech.
3. Slang is emotionally charged vocabulary.
4. Slang is characterized by a more or less pronounced familiar connotation of the vast majority of words and phrases. This property of slang limits the stylistic boundaries of its use.
5. The familiar emotional connotation of many slang words and expressions has a wide variety of shades (joking, ironic, mocking, dismissive, contemptuous, rude and even vulgar).
6. Depending on the area of use, slang can be divided into well-known and commonly used (General Slang) and little-known and narrowly used (Special Slang).
7. Many words and expressions of slang are incomprehensible or incomprehensible to the bulk of the population (especially during the period of their emergence and transition to a wider sphere of use), because they are primarily associated with a peculiar form of expression - for example, in numerous cases of transfer of meaning (figurative use ), so characteristic of slang.

Incomprehensibility may also be the result of the fact that these slangisms are borrowings from dialects and jargons of foreign languages [Sudzilovsky G.A.: 1973. P. 9-12].

8. Slang includes various words and phrases with which people can identify themselves with certain social and professional groups.
9. Slang is a bright, expressive layer of non-literary vocabulary, a style of language that occupies a place directly opposite to extremely formalized speech. Slang is a living, moving language that keeps up with the times and responds to any changes in the life of the country and society.

However, if when discussing the definition of “slang” there has not yet been a consensus on what it is, then the term “jargon” has a fairly clear interpretation. Analyzing the definitions of jargon found in Russian linguistics, it can be noted that they are all more or less identical, which eliminates the need to quote them here. Jargon is interpreted as a kind of language, a social dialect, which differs from the national language in its special lexical composition, phraseology, etc. An essential feature of jargon is that it is used by certain social, professional or other groups united by common interests (cf. military or criminal jargon).

Some linguists, for example V.A. Khomyakov, identify such a function of jargon as the “function of secret communication,” especially when it comes to criminal jargon [Khomyakov V.A. 1980: P. 43-44]. A.D. adheres to the same point of view. Schweitzer, who believes that jargon is “ciphered speech”, incomprehensible to the uninitiated [Schweitzer A.D. 1963: P. 158]. This point of view is disputed by L.I. Skvortsov, noting the successful assimilation of many jargons into common speech and their transition to the expressive base of colloquial speech, which would hardly have been possible if the jargon had a secret character [Skvortsov L.I. 1977:S. 53-57].

slang is also characterized by some social limitations, but not a specific group one, but an integrated one: it does not have a clear socio-professional orientation, it can be used by representatives of different social and educational status, different professions, etc. Therefore, we can note such a feature of slang as well-known and widely used: cf. “party”, “cart”, “dark”, “get”, “run into”, “bucks” and many others. etc.

Another distinctive feature of slang is its secondary formation in comparison with jargon, since it draws its material primarily from social-group and social-professional jargons. But in addition to jargon, slang includes certain colloquialisms and vulgar words. However, with such borrowing, a metaphorical rethinking and expansion of the meaning of the borrowed units occurs.

"The question of the admissibility of argotisms in the language of literature,
which became so acute in the last (19th) century, appears every now and then in literary criticism and philological works, being a reason for mutually exclusive judgments. Meanwhile, the process of penetration of argotisms is happening before our eyes, and it is necessary to objectively understand its features. This will deepen our understanding of the style of fiction, of the evolution of artistic speech."
(E.M. Beregovskaya)

The language of fiction has long been influenced by argotic vocabulary. Writers and poets often faced the problem of whether or not to use argotisms in their works. If used, how? In which cases?

In Soviet literature, argotisms were most often used in the works of L. Leonov, P. Nilin, G. Medynsky, V. Shalamov, brothers A. and G. Vayner, N. Leonov.

Writers, poets, and playwrights use argotic vocabulary for various artistic purposes.

1. With the social characteristics of the hero. So, for example, in V. Kaverin’s story “The End of the Khaza,” the literary hero says the following: “He’s got money for his business, he’ll report later on what went wrong, and you’ll spoil the lie, you idiot!” From this passage of speech, knowing what babki (money), hevra (gang of thieves), zhigan (here: bandit, non-professional criminal), fay (major swindler) are, you can guess the character’s affiliation with the underworld .

2. To create color and atmosphere for the people of the “bottom”. See an excerpt from V. Gilyarovsky’s essay “Khitrovka”:

“And just recently, the square was bustling with crowds of ragamuffins around the clock. In the evening, drunks with their “maru”s” (mistresses - M.G.) rushed about and made a noise. Seeing nothing in front of them, cocaine addicts of both sexes and all ages staggered around, sniffing "marafe" (cocaine - M.G.). Among them were teenage girls born and raised here and half-naked "naked" (minor boys-criminals - M.G.) - their gentlemen. A step higher were the “train workers”, their job was to snatch sacks and suitcases from the top of the carriage on boulevard passages, in back alleys and in dark station squares... Behind them were “fortachi”, dexterous and flexible guys who knew how to climb through the window , and “shirmachi””, silently climbing into the pockets of a man in a buttoned coat, but “barking and hiding” him (pushing and robbing - M.G.) him in the crowd. And all over the square - beggars, beggars... And at night, “business guys” (professional criminals - M.G.) with crowbars and revolvers crawled out of the dungeons of the “Dry Ravine” (crime - M.G.) with crowbars and revolvers... They jostled and “damaged” the night lights (petty criminals - M.G.), who did not disdain to rip off the hat from a passer-by or from their own Khirov’s beggar (a beggar living in the Khitry Market - M.G.)

3. Argotisms can be a sign of a certain era, a certain time, see, for example, the following lexemes: poli"t - "political prisoner" ("But since we are all kaers, and the socialists could not resist the poli"ts - since then, only the laughter of the prisoners and the bewilderment of the guards could you cause by protest, so that you, a political one, would not be confused with criminals" - [A. Solzhenitsyn. The Gulag Archipelago]), political - "political prisoner (" Mat, of course, continued and screams and obscene songs, but active aggression against politicians was suspended [E. Ginzburg. Steep route], the letterman is a “political prisoner” (“Kostochkin’s only son, who studied in Harbin and saw nothing but Harbin, in his twenty-five years was condemned as an “emergency”, as a “member of the family”, as a letterman for fifteen years." [V. Shalamov. Left Bank]). These words were used by declassed elements in the 30s and early 50s last century, when there were many repressed political prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty.

4. To save linguistic resources, especially in cases where there is no equivalent for argotism in the common Russian language (see examples: gastro"l - "a trip to another area to commit a crime", bear"tnik - "a thief specializing in thefts from safes").

All works that describe the world of criminals, depending on the nature of what is depicted, are divided into five groups (this division is very arbitrary, since by the nature of what is depicted, the work is difficult to squeeze into the framework of one group or another, but when classifying we took into account what prevails in it) :

a) giving a general picture of the social “bottom” in its natural state
(this includes the works of L. Leonov “The Thief”, V. Kaverin “The End of Khazy”, etc.);

b) showing the world of declassed elements and the fight against it by law enforcement agencies (this is “The Era of Mercy” by A. and G. Vayner, “Unidentified Person” by S. Ustinov, “Agony” by N. Leonov, etc.);

c) describing the life of criminals in prison (most
Indicative of this category of works is L. Gabyshev’s story “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom”);

d) telling about the life of political prisoners and professional criminals in places of deprivation of liberty (works by A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, A. Zhigulin, etc.);

e) dedicated to the problem of crime among teenagers and ways of re-educating juvenile offenders (this group of works includes, for example, “Pedagogical Poem” by A. Makarenko, “Honor” by G. Medynsky).

A particularly large number of argotisms were used in literature in the 1920s. 30s XX century For example, a lot of thieves' words were used in V. Kaverin's story "The End of Kha" and in L. Leonov's novel "The Thief." (In the second edition, L. Leonov excluded many argotisms, rightly believing that the latter clog the language of a work of art and make it difficult to understand).

Works that describe the world of declassed elements are characterized by the use of argotisms both in the author’s speech and in the speech of the heroes of the works. The author's interpretation is not always given; the meaning is not always given; the lexical meaning of argotism can be understood from the context. All this makes it difficult to understand the work itself. Let us give a few sentences as an example: “There, you see, it’s pure bullshit” (L. Sheinin. Notes of an investigator); "Shmona" is on an equal footing, be calm! Grated feathers "rshchitsa!" (I. Polyak. Songs of the zadri "pan" DPR); "Help, brother! Well, it doesn't matter. Tala"n na maida"n, brat"shki, shayta"n na gayta"n! Woe! (V. Kaverin. The end of hazy).

When using argotisms in the language of works of art, most writers (until the 90s of the twentieth century) observed a sense of proportion (either the “inner writer’s instinct” suggested it, or good editorial editing and censorship, or maybe both - in any case case, it was good). Here are the facts: from 1920 to 1989. About one thousand criminal words were used in the works, while from 1990 to 1995 - more than five thousand. Of course, there were such works. which were literally full of argot words. For example, in 1989 an interesting, exciting story by L. Gabyshev “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom” appeared. The problems raised in it are relevant and topical. But, unfortunately, it is oversaturated with argotisms. Moreover, the author (with a criminal past) does not even explain some of them, probably believing that they are understandable to the reader. However, it is not. The reader does not understand, for example, such words as maryokha (representative of the lowest category of prisoners), kurkova "tsya" (to hide, hide), "zachu" sew (to humiliate; to make sure that the prisoner ends up in a lower caste), kobli"ha (active lesbian) .

Writers introduce and use argotic vocabulary in their works in different ways. Let's trace the techniques and methods of some of them. So, for example, in P. Nilin’s story “The Last Theft,” thieves’ words are one of the means of describing the character of the hero, his belonging to the criminal world. The author (editors?) does not highlight argotisms graphically: with quotation marks, parentheses, italics, etc. They are used most often in the author's speech. Almost all thieves' words used by P. Nilin in the story denote categories of criminals, for example: shirma"ch - "a thief specializing in pickpocketing", gromshchik - "a criminal engaged in robbery and robbery", shni"ffer - "burglar" safes and fireproof cabinets." The writer explains some of the argotisms himself; the meaning of other words is clear from the context. In the work, with the help of argotisms, the author's ironic attitude towards his hero is expressed, his imaginary thieves' honor is debunked (see, for example, the phrase: "No one will rise from his place in order to voluntarily give it up to the godfather" - the master, the grandmaster of the thieves' craft, and there is not a single decent person who would perfectly know the craft of a pharmacist, a loudspeaker or a screen-maker).

If P. Nilin’s argotisms are used mainly in the author’s speech, then in L. Sheinin’s “Notes of an Investigator” they come from the “mouths” of the heroes, and for this reason their meaning is clarified only from the context, which poses a certain difficulty for reader. G. Medynsky's argotisms in the story "Honor" are included both in the author's speech and in the speech of the characters. The author puts some of them in quotation marks, most often those that he explains himself. A number of thieves' words are "explained" by his heroes. An interesting fact is that in the speech of offenders who have taken the path of correction, there are no argotisms. This is undoubtedly one of the means of depicting the spiritual growth of the hero. And vice versa, in the hero of the story “Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom” Eyes, as he descends spiritually and becomes involved in the criminal sphere of activity, the number of argotisms in his speech increases.

In works describing the world of declassed elements, argotic vocabulary is used, which refers to both the “everyday” vocabulary of argot and the “professional” one. Among the writers L. Leonov, L. Sheinin, N. Leonov, “professional” vocabulary prevails over “everyday” vocabulary, and a significant part of it is used in the author’s speech. The predominance of “professional” vocabulary over everyday vocabulary in the works of the mentioned authors can be explained by the fact that they show the life of declassed elements in the most acute situations - moments of committing crimes. The “everyday” vocabulary of argot is more fully represented in the works of G. Medynsky, L. Gabyshev, A. Zhigulin, V. Shalamov and some other writers. They depict the life of criminals in places of deprivation of liberty, where there is not that wide field of activity for offenses, where the everyday side is of great importance for prisoners.

To create familiarity in communication, law enforcement officers can use argotisms in their speech. Moreover, in the argotisms uttered by these characters, one can feel obvious mockery, irony, and sometimes even contempt. So, for example, Khan, the hero of N. Leonov’s story “Agony”, an employee of the criminal investigation department, utters the following phrase: “Have you yourself, Korney, not forgotten that in your monkey language metropolis is the name of the chairman of the court?” Investigator Zhur, the hero of the story “The Last Theft” ironically addresses the gang of criminals he caught: “Well, the general meeting of the Schniffers can be considered open...” (P. Nilin, The Last Theft).

The main character of A. Levi's memoir "Notes of the Gray Wolf" also has an ironic and mocking attitude towards argotic vocabulary. Here are some of his statements: “Rumyany and Tashkentsky began to intensively teach me “Russian”, and I immediately learned that “melody” is the police, “lopa”tnik” is a wallet, and “fra”er” is the personality of a man sex is underdeveloped." "After breakfast, we separated, she went to work (Sirye works at some institute, and I... also went to work (crime - M.G.)."

If we take the pre-revolutionary past, then in early works of art the attitude of writers towards argotisms is either neutral or ironic, see, for example, the works of F. M. Dostoevsky “Notes from the House of the Dead”, S.V. Maksimova "Unhappy", A.I. Kuprin "Thief", "Pit". L. Sheinin has the same attitude towards them in “Notes of an Investigator”. And only a few writers condemn the use of argotisms in their works. An example of this is the stories of V. Shalamov, combined into the collection “Left Bank”. An honest writer who knew the criminal world not superficially, but from the inside, who repeatedly encountered thieves, who openly declared that the criminal world must be destroyed, he wrote that argotisms are a poison that infected every person who has been in places of deprivation freedom.

The above criticisms do not indicate that argotic vocabulary should not be allowed in works of art. The involvement of argotisms by writers and poets in the language of fiction is a completely natural and inevitable process. Works telling about declassed elements would be poor without argotisms, literary characters would be unreliable and false. (Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that a repeat offender, a “thief in law” who spent half his life in prison, would speak only a standardized literary language, without using argotisms!) In addition, some criminal words have no equivalent in in Russian literary language, see, for example: batsi"lla - "a food product that contains a lot of fat", vzroslya"k - "a place of imprisonment where adult criminals serve their sentences", volnyaga - "a civilian worker in places of imprisonment" , gastro"l - "trip of a criminal for the purpose of committing a crime", za"dnik - "back pocket of trousers".

Virtually all works of Gulag literature contain argotisms - mostly prison ones. Many writers who were in the Gulag succumbed to the charm of prison speech and very often used criminal words for other purposes. “V. T. Shalamov,” N. I. Khalitova rightly notes, “is the only one of the writers of camp prose who took a firm aesthetic position in relation to camp speech. If units of “thieves” appear in the author’s speech, then in most cases this is followed by a remark with which V. Shalamov marks these units (“as the thieves say”, “so the thieves say”, “in the thieves’ way”, etc.). (N. Khalitova, 2001). According to N. Leiderman, “Shalamov treated the cynical camp jargon with outright disgust” (N. Leiderman, 1992).

It seems that when using argotisms in the language of fiction, it is important to take into account the nature of the chosen lexemes (so that they are not vulgar, so that they clearly reflect this or that phenomenon, etc.). It is also important that the literary work is not oversaturated with them.

Currently, argotisms - the vocabulary of declassed elements - are actively penetrating the style of fiction. In fact, a number of works of detective literature are “monuments of jargon” (words by V.V. Vinogradov). In some cases, their large number is determined by the authors’ sympathies for this or that character. (See, for example, the cycle of novels by E. Sukhov “I am a thief in law”).

Due to the oversaturation of argotisms, fiction loses not only aesthetically, but also in communicative terms, i.e. the reader sometimes does not understand the text of the work. As evidence, let us cite an excerpt from S. Zverev’s novel “Zhigan: Cruelty and Will” (M., 1998): “I’m not hooked on zo” (became a drug addict - M.G.). I even tried smoking and expand (drink and inject drugs - M.G.) at the same time. Once the engine almost died. Why are you sitting on a mole (mattress - M.G.) and sniffle all night?

If earlier writers showed the foreignness of argotisms in italics, quotation marks and other graphic means, now this is almost never used. Authors and editors mistakenly believe that the lexemes of the criminal world are already understandable to the mass reader; only some writers try to explain argotisms either with footnotes or contextually (see, for example, the collection of stories by I. Derevianko “Scumbags”).

Often the dictionaries of argotisms, which are attached at the end of the work, give an incorrect interpretation of lexemes. Let us give as an example the explanation of argotisms from E. Monk’s book “Brotherhood” (M., 1988): wandering - “your guy, with ideas” (correctly: “a professional criminal who strictly observes the laws of thieves”, include counter - “increasing interest on overdue debt” (correct: “to charge penalties for overdue debt”), goli “mine” - “certainly” (correct: “true”).

In modern detective literature there is a lot of “aggressive” and rough argotic vocabulary with the meanings of “kill”, “rob”, “torture”, as well as words denoting sexual perversions, and the frequency of this layer in a number of works is extremely high. Often such words humiliate a person or simplify and vulgarize his high feelings. If until the mid-80s, “everyday” argotic vocabulary was mainly used, now professional lexemes of criminals predominate. Moreover, if previously they were used mainly by professional criminals, now they are also used by law enforcement officers, law-abiding people (even victims of crime). Perhaps this is also connected with one general idea of many modern detective works: only a professional criminal will restore order in the country. It is characteristic that now more argotisms are used to denote professional criminals (often such words have a positive connotation: chelovek - “a professional criminal who honestly follows thieves’ laws”, “right people”, thieves in the law - “professional criminals who strictly adhere to the traditions and laws of the criminal world"), on the one hand, and law enforcement officers (these words have a negative connotation, see examples: garbage - "law enforcement officer", po"pka, vertukha"lo - " warden at the ITU"), on the other hand. Perhaps this opposition is made deliberately by the authors of a number of works.

The annotation to the book “I am a thief in law” suggests sad reflections: On the zone: “According to a fabricated verdict, the overseer of Russia, the thief in law Varyag, is serving a sentence in the remote northern regions. Lawlessness and thirst that began in the wild revenge forces him to decide to take a desperate step and, overcoming severe trials, escape. Good people help Varyag survive in a critical situation, saving his life after severe wounds. Having recovered, Varyag returns to St. Petersburg, where he frees his wife and son, punishes the traitors and begins to establish a tough and fair order in Russia." The idea, dear reader, is clear: only a thief in law cannot restore order. But such thoughts fermented in the early 90s even within the walls of the Russian parliament... By the way, this book is oversaturated with argotisms.

Argotisms are now less often used to play out certain situations humorously. (“Translations” into thieves’ language of “Eugene Onegin”, “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” and so on are not included in the genre of detective literature). Argotisms began to be used much more often in the author’s speech, especially when it is narrated as if from the perspective of the hero.

The fascination with thieves' words has gone far in our society. So, for example, you learn from the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" that the journalist translated into prison language... the novel "Eugene Onegin" (see the title of the newspaper article, the article "My uncle, pa"dla, a thief in law"not..." ) . I recently learned about the translation into the jargon of criminals... "Tales of Igor's Campaign." What does all of this mean? Parody or destruction of our spiritual values? After all, there are some frameworks, boundaries that we should not cross, that we should not laugh at. Although... we have freedom, everything is permitted. (How can one not remember the phrase of S.A. Yesenin - “the freedom that has poisoned us”!) In a word, in the name of our future, “let’s burn Raphael, trample the flowers of art.” All that remains is to translate the Bible into thieves' language.

Research results and discussion.

Jargon - this is a special sociolect that arose from the language of peddlers, which is distinguished by specific vocabulary, phraseology and expressiveness of phrases. Two main varieties - this is professional jargon and youth slang. Jargons carry out three functions : communicative, expressive, contact - which contribute to the rapid exchange of information, establishing contact with the interlocutor and expressing one’s emotions. In addition to everyday speech, jargon is used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative. This was proven during a detailed study of some literary works of Russian writers, where I found examples of the use of jargon. People use jargon for different purposes, and most agree that there are both pros and cons of jargon (according to a survey I conducted).

Pros: jargon promotes self-expression and emphasizes individuality; slang expressions shorten phrases while maintaining their meaning; emotionally color speech and promote the expression of feelings; help to establish contact with peers; Jargons do not require careful choice of words in an informal setting.

Minuses: jargon may not be understood by some groups of people; clog our speech, replacing literary expressions; cause a poor vocabulary; not applicable in all life situations; not acceptable in official language; Some people, not knowing the meaning of jargons, use them in the wrong way.

Information about jargon, taken from Internet resources and literature on this topic, is confirmed by the results of a survey in which 44 schoolchildren, 40 adults and 20 teachers participated.

As a result of the study, the following were made: conclusions: 1. Jargon can influence both positively and negatively on different aspects of a person’s life, which is confirmed by the information I have studied and the survey I conducted.

2. Jargons enrich our speech and facilitate informal communication, but at the same time they distort speech and replace literary words, which explains why some people have a poor vocabulary and why they are so illiterate.

CONCLUSION

First, are jargons really that bad, and should you really avoid using them? Yes and no. Having analyzed the functions of jargon and conducted surveys of the population, I came to the conclusion that jargon can influence both positively and negatively on different aspects of a person’s life. This means that in some situations their use should be avoided, but in others it is not necessary; sometimes their use is prohibited, and sometimes it is quite acceptable. The main thing is to feel the line between what is acceptable and what is not.

Jargon is a special sociolect that arose from the language of peddlers, which is distinguished by specific vocabulary, phraseology and expressiveness of phrases. The two main varieties are professional jargon and youth slang. Jargons perform three functions: communicative, expressive, contact - which contribute to the rapid exchange of information, establishing contact with the interlocutor and expressing one’s emotions. In addition to everyday speech, jargon is used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative. People use jargon for different purposes, and most agree that there are both pros and cons of jargon.

Conclusion: It is impossible to have an unambiguous attitude towards the influence of jargon on speech; it is pointless to prohibit the use of jargon, but it is also impossible not to see the dangerous tendencies of jargonization of the literary language.

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“The role of jargon in the Russian language (research work)”

IX Scientific and practical conference of the city scientific society of students

Jargons in Russian

Section: Russian language

MBOU gymnasium No. 30, 10th grade A

G.Ulyanovsk, st. Generala Melnikova, 8 bldg. 1 sq. 114, 89278081078

Scientific adviser:

Moskaeva Elena Alexandrovna,

MBOU gymnasium No. 30,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Ulyanovsk,

2016

INTRODUCTION 3

1.1. Types of jargon 5

1.2. Functions of jargons 6

2.1. Historical reference. The emergence of jargon 8

2.2. Jargon in literature 9

3.1. Study of the speech of the population. Poll 11 results

3.2. Pros and cons of jargon 13

CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES 17

APPENDIX 18

Introduction

Currently, the use of jargon in modern society is becoming an urgent problem. Every day, millions of people exchange information, share their thoughts and ideas. And this has long become an integral part of the life of any person. However, our speech is gradually being destroyed. Some people often stop understanding others or do not understand them as they should. One of the reasons is the appearance of so-called jargon in the Russian language. I decided to work on this topic and find the reasons for this problem. And first we need to define the words “jargon” and “jargonisms”.

So, jargon– this is a sociolect (social dialect); differs from the general spoken language in specific vocabulary and phraseology, expressiveness of turns and special use of word-formation means, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. Slang words or expressions are called " jargon " Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “jargon is the speech of some social or other group united by common interests, containing many words and expressions different from the common language, including artificial, sometimes conventional.” The constant formation of new social groups and societies means that the appearance of slang words in speech is an inevitable phenomenon, since the vocabulary of slang is built on the basis of the literary language through rethinking, metaphorization, redesign, sound truncation, etc., as well as the active assimilation of foreign words and morphemes, which in turn are completely logical and natural processes. This statement calls into question the problem of the negative influence of slang words on the speech of various social groups. The question arises: are jargons really that bad, and is it really necessary to avoid their use? Therefore, it is appropriate to make two assumptions here. First, jargon enriches our speech and promotes informal communication. Second, jargon distorts speech and replaces literary words, which explains why some people have a poor vocabulary and why they are so illiterate. So which assumption is correct?

After thinking about this question, I decided to start working on the project. And so I defined some characteristics.

Target: prove both the negative and positive influence of jargon on the speech of adolescents and representatives of other age groups.

To achieve this goal, I have identified several tasks:

Define the concepts of “jargon” and “jargonisms”.

Identify the types and functions of jargon.

Study the history of the origin and emergence of jargon in the Russian language.

Find examples of the use of jargon in Russian literature.

Conduct a survey of people to find out their opinions on identified problems and issues.

Identify the pros and cons of using jargon in modern speech.

Subject of study: youth slang and Russian literature.

Research methods:

theoretical (studying material, electronic resources and literature on the topic);

practical (survey and synthesis of results).

CHAPTERI

1.1 Types of jargon

At the moment, scientists and philologists identify many groups and types of jargon, and it is probably very difficult to list them all. However, it can be said that slang language is used by people from different social groups. These are people from the lower strata of society (the jargon of thieves, the jargon of criminals, etc.), and the so-called “cream of society” (the jargon of politicians, musicians, etc.). In addition, youth jargon (youth slang) also stands out, which combines the characteristics of many other types of jargon, and is now one of the most common.

Even in those distant times, when the literary language was just emerging, the main “producer and supplier” of jargon was youth. At all times, it was important for young people to have “their own language,” incomprehensible to the uninitiated. Language served as an identifier - yours or someone else's? Can you trust or should you be wary? In addition, when the child grew up and was actively involved in the life of society, he began to actively absorb professional jargon, depending on the business he was involved in. Thus, jargon is another type of jargon that has a great influence on the modern language of society. This is a type of jargon used by a group of people united along professional lines. Linguistically, professional jargon is characterized by expressiveness and the use of hypernyms instead of hyponyms ( car instead of "computer"), stylistic decline ( steering wheel instead of “rudder”), the use of new word-formation models. But still, the subject of my research is precisely youth slang, since it is precisely this that, according to many experts, has a detrimental effect on our speech. In any youth environment, slang is one of the ways of self-expression. Everyone goes through that age when the vocabulary becomes clogged with various “words” that have nothing in common with normal speech.

Most of the elements in youth slang are various abbreviations and derivatives from them, as well as English borrowings or phonetic associations. A characteristic feature that distinguishes youth slang from other types is its rapid variability, explained by the change of generations.

1.2 Functions of jargon

So, we found out that jargon has quite a lot of varieties. And what they have in common is that they have common functions. And in fact, they are the same as those of spoken and literary languages: communicative, expressive, contact.

The communicative function exchanges information, transmits information and facts. And in some cases it is easier and faster to do this in jargon rather than in official language.

The contact function aims to establish contact with the interlocutor. Some words of youth slang do not even carry any specific information, but they help to find a common language and help start a conversation.

The expressive function comes to the fore in youth jargon, which involves not only the exchange of information, as opposed to the communicative function, but also the exchange of feelings and emotions emanating from the speaker. The popularity of using slang words with a bright emotional connotation is explained by the fact that with their help you can briefly and succinctly describe your physical, mental state and even the whole situation. And the variety of meanings of youth slang expressions can be explained by the desire of its speakers to diversify their language, make it more expressive and, finally, show their individuality.

Thus, having described the main functions of jargon, we have identified the reasons for their use: quick exchange of information, establishing contact with the interlocutor and expressing one’s emotions.

CHAPTERII

2.1 The emergence of jargon

The word jargon (French jargon) originated in French in the 12th century and originally meant “chirp.” Then it came to mean “incomprehensible language”, and even later – “corrupt language”.

In Russia, jargons have also existed for a long time. They arose in feudal Rus' on the basis of the Russian language in special historical and social conditions. They were spoken by people who belonged to some social group and whose goal was to hide something from others, for example, professional secrets. These include horse dealers, tailors, shapovals, tinsmiths, whose conventional languages were preserved at the end of the 19th century, and even at the beginning of the 20th century. From Vladimir Dahl’s dictionary of the Ofen language it is known that the jargon arose from the language of Ofen peddlers. Hence another name for the slang - fenya (talk about a hairdryer). The language of the ofeni - small traders - consisted of forms and words of the literary Russian language distorted beyond recognition. In this way, the Ofeni exchanged information not intended for other people's ears. These traders were a distinct caste that needed a special, unique language to protect themselves and their goods. Another suggestion is that slang owes its origins to the ancient nation of the Athenians. This people consisted of a dozen ethnic groups. Their encrypted language has been passed down from parents to children for centuries. And ordinary people liked it so much that it gradually began to be used by absolutely everyone.

Nowadays, the synonym for the word “jargon” - “slang” has become very popular. In essence, this is the same thing, however, the first option among modern people is more associated with the vocabulary of the world of thieves, while slang is a developing and renewed language of youth. In any case, the name will not change the essence; jargon has been and will be the speech of a separate social or professional group, with a composition of words different from the commonly used one. Now it is gaining new life, as evidenced by the fact that every year more and more jargon words are included in official dictionaries. This is a kind of recognition by society of jargon as a “supplier” of neologisms for the official language. Despite all attempts to bring popular jargon into classical speech, slang is expanding its zone of influence through the media and social networks.

Over time, the pace of life of a modern person accelerates, and his vocabulary grows. New concepts arise, which quickly find a word and take root in people’s minds. Literary language does not have time to add everything, since this takes years, which in the modern world is an eternity. That is why more and more people are turning to the concept of “jargon”, trying to understand what it really is and where it came from in our lives.

2.2 Jargon in literature

Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places the jargon of people of the same category can be different. Jargon is expressive, and therefore is sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative. Examples include some of the works of L. N. Tolstoy, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, V. M. Shukshin, D. A. Granin, Yu. M. Nagibin, N. G. Pomyalovsky and others. Jargonisms are widely represented in the works of N. G. Pomyalovsky “Essays on the Bursa,” which describes the students, that is, students of a religious educational institution; For example: "belendruchal"(played on lips) "lupetka"(face), "bond"(steal), etc. Also, examples of jargon, as well as examples of the use of profanity, i.e. obscenities, can be found in the poems of A. S. Pushkin, S. A. Yesenin. A copious amount of jargon is presented in Mikhail Bulgakov’s wonderful work “The Heart of a Dog.” Already in the first paragraphs you can see examples: “Am I really I'll overeat Council of National Economy..." ( "I'll overeat"- volume); "Have you ever looked at him? I'm giving birth...» ( "face"- face). Other writers have also used jargon. V. M. Shukshin in his work “Distant Winter Evenings” gives the following example: “...noisy children from the early morning cut to grandmas" where "cut" means "plays". Even more quotes can be taken from another work by the same author, “Demagogues”: “The Breeze... made a fuss in the bushes" (that is, rustled), "Good girl was" ( "girl"- girl), “I answer him this, hear…" ("hear" means “you hear”). However, not all writers considered the use of jargon acceptable. Slang and argot words make up an insignificant percentage in relation to the vocabulary of the common language. The Soviet public has always fought against the widespread penetration of argot and slang vocabulary into literature and colloquial speech. Maxim Gorky was an ardent fighter for the correctness and purity of the Russian literary language.

CHAPTERIII

3.1. Population speech research

To find out which of the assumptions put forward at the beginning of the work is correct, I conducted a survey of the population. (Appendix 1.) Among all respondents, I identified three groups of people: school teachers, teenagers (school students), students and the older generation. The purpose of the survey was to find out whether people use jargon in their speech, how they feel about the use of jargon, and what, in their opinion, is the reason for using jargon.

Survey results

Of the 44 high school and middle school students, the majority (66%) admitted that they use jargon. The remaining 34% claim that they do not use jargon or try not to use it. Of the 40 adults surveyed, 87.5% confirmed that they use jargon, and moreover, they cannot even imagine their speech without jargon. This phenomenon (the number of adults who use jargon is more than 20% higher than the number of children) proves the fact that professional jargon has a strong influence on the oral speech of people who have already decided on their choice of profession. Among the teachers I surveyed, exactly half (50%) resort to the use of slang, but, as they commented, they do this only in exceptional situations and only in the appropriate company of people. Directly in the educational process, their speech is strictly official, which the students and I personally can confirm. (Appendix 2, 3.)

Opinions differ about the reasons for using these words. Moreover, if the difference in percentage between the answer options among the older generation is relatively small, then almost half of the representatives of the younger generation (49.1%) answered that jargon is used to overcome the lack of words. 26.4% think that jargons make spoken and written speech clearer, 13.2% use jargons only because it is fashionable, the remaining 11.3% use them not because of their special semantic meaning, but just for connection words Apparently, the majority believe that it is the lack of words that forces us to introduce new words into the Russian language and use youth slang. This means they understand the scale of the problem and the disadvantages of jargon.

Representatives of the older generation answered a little differently:

30% - jargon makes speech clearer,

15% is fashionable

32.5% - for a bunch of words,

22.5% - to overcome the lack of words.

Teachers, especially those who avoid jargon even in everyday life, believe that using slang helps teenagers understand each other better and makes it easier for them to exchange information. (Appendix 2, 4.) Several of the teachers even noted that slang is a language exclusively for young people and that it can only be used among them, since it is considered fashionable only among them.

Regarding the attitude towards jargon and its influence on the Russian language, the survey results are the same. Representatives of all three groups I identified (59.1% of adolescents, 55% of adults, 71.4% of teachers) agree that jargon is as positive as it is negative. 36.4% of children, 20% of adults and 28.6% of teachers see only the negative impact of jargon. The rest try to look at the situation optimistically and highlight exclusively the positive qualities of the jargon. It is important to point out here that none of the teachers answered the proposed question that jargon only has a positive effect on speech. (Appendix 2, 5.) This in turn says that this group of people is more responsible for solving such problems.

3.2. Pros and cons of jargon

Since the survey results showed that most people identify both positive and negative qualities of jargon and slang expressions, it is necessary to note the specific pros and cons of their use. Let's start with the positives. First of all, jargon promotes self-expression and emphasizes individuality. In modern society, this is extremely important, since everyone strives to stand out from the crowd, so as not to be like anyone else. In addition, in order to join any group, a special circle of people, you need to be able to establish contact with peers. This is precisely where jargon helps, emotionally coloring speech and facilitating the expression of feelings. Some of the teenagers who took part in the survey responded that they use slang because it is easier to communicate. Indeed, slang allows you to significantly shorten long phrases while maintaining their meaning. And most importantly, jargon does not require careful selection of words in an informal setting.

Now the disadvantages of jargon. They are obvious - slang clogs our language, making it incomprehensible to the older generation. Also, some words or expressions may be incomprehensible to people living in different cities or regions of the country, since jargon tends to spread in certain territories, sometimes without going beyond their borders. The clogging of our speech with slang causes another problem, namely the replacement of literary expressions. The more people use jargon, the less they speak literary language. In turn, this leads to a certain problem: jargon is not applicable in all life situations. In certain circles of people you can only speak literary or official business language, where slang is not acceptable. There are other disadvantages too. For example, some people do not know the meaning of jargon and use it incorrectly. The main problem and significant drawback, in my opinion, is the poor vocabulary of some people. Over time, the vocabulary ceases to be replenished altogether. Young people, even among their friends with whom a common language has already been established, sometimes cannot find the right words. But in general, the number of minuses and pluses is approximately equal.

CONCLUSION

So, at the conclusion of the work, I will return to the very beginning and answer the questions posed there, and also decide which of the assumptions put forward is correct.

Secondly, which hypothesis is correct? The first, that jargons enrich our speech and promote informal communication, or the second, that jargons distort speech and replace literary words? I concluded that both are true. Having given examples of jargon from fiction, identifying the pros and cons of youth slang, I cannot say that my assumptions are not correct, or that only one of them is true. On the contrary, both hypotheses are true, but each in its own way.

Of course, not all features of the jargon were described in this work, because the topic is quite broad and varied, but I will try to summarize everything said above.

Literature

Bulgakov M. A. Heart of a Dog.

Gorshkov A.I. Russian literature. - Moscow, 2002.

Koporsky S.A. About the culture of language and speech of youth. Russian speech.-1991.-No. 1

Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – Moscow: LLC “IT TECHNOLOGIES”, 2003.

Pomyalovsky N. G. Essays on the bursa.

Samotik L.G. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Tutorial.

Sholokhov M. A. Virgin soil upturned.

Shukshin V.M. Distant winter evenings.

Shukshin V. M. Demagogues.

http://ru.wikipedia.org

http://ojargone.ru

http://kniga.com

http://literary.ru

http://teoremik.ru

Application

Annex 1.

Do you use jargon in your speech?

Why do you use jargon?

Jargon makes speech clearer;

it is fashionable and modern;

jargon is needed to connect words;

Jargons help overcome the lack of words.

What impact do you think jargon has on speech?

Frolova Vladislava Nikolaevna

This research work touches on a rather important topic: jargon, their development and use by people in spoken and written speech. In this work, the student well revealed the goals she had set for herself: Defined what jargon is; Traced the history of jargon, their changes over time; I found out how the jargon of different groups and strata of society differs from each other; Identified the main group of jargon.

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Section: “Russian linguistics”

Topic: “Jargonisms”

Bezenchuksky agricultural equipment

Scientific supervisor: Mikhailova Olga Petrovna.

Teacher of Russian language and literature.

P. Bezenchuk

2016

Consultant review.

This research work touches on a rather important topic: jargon, their development and use by people in spoken and written speech.

In this work, the student clearly revealed her goals:

Defined what jargon is;
Traced the history of jargon, their changes over time;
I found out how the jargon of different groups and strata of society differs from each other;
Identified the main group of jargon.

The main part examines in detail the history of the emergence of jargon and the formation of jargon vocabulary. The following describes in some detail the types of jargons, their differences from each other, the history of the emergence of each type, and provides illustrative examples with situations of their use. In the section “use of jargon” there is an observation aboutincreasing activity of obscene vocabulary and phraseology in colloquial speech, in conditions of interpersonal communication during informal communication, as well as in book speech, in the media and in oral public speech of a political nature.

The student successfully achieved her goals and objectives and made well-founded conclusions and fully covered this topic.

Introduction.

Language is a practical, real consciousness, which reflects not only the socio-historical experience of mankind, but also the social status of a specific layer of society. Language has a symbolic nature and a systemic organization, being, as a result, a universal means of communication.

A word, speech is an indicator of a person’s general culture, his intelligence, his speech culture. Each association of people based on territorial or professional grounds or interests has its own language, which is included in the national language as one of its forms. Along with the literary language, there are territorial dialects, colloquial words, professional and social group jargon.

This topic is relevant because Currently, there is a proliferation of youth jargon. This phenomenon is based not on social reasons, but on the desire to make speech expressive and vivid. Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image.

When choosing this topic, the following tasks were set:

Define what jargon is;
Trace the history of jargon and their changes over time;
Find out how the jargon of different groups and strata of society differs from each other;
Try to identify the main group of jargon.

Main part.

In general, jargon - these are jargon formations, therefore, the question arises, what is jargon? In the "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" we find that "jargon is a social type of speech, distinguished by a nationwide specific vocabulary and phraseology." Argo is defined here as a dialect of a certain social group (thieves' language), created for the purpose of linguistic isolation.

The Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language contains the following definition: “Speech of any social or professional group, containing a large number of words and expressions peculiar only to this group, including artificial, sometimes conditional.

“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. Ozhegov and N. Shvedova says that this is “the speech of some social or other group united by common interests, containing many words and expressions different from the common language, including artificial, sometimes conventional. Traders' jargon. Thieves' jargon." About argot it is said here that these are “conventional expressions and words used by some isolated social or professional group, its conventional language.”

Finally, in D. Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, which is more distant from us in time, we read: “1. Jargon is the same as argot. School jargon. 2. The current name of some local dialect, which seems corrupted to those speaking a literary language ".

Jargon examples:

1) I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut doesn’t allow it.

Khibara is a house.

2) Heavy Euroclass buses ironed the pavements day after day.

Ironed and went.

So, jargon is a significant area of the speech corpus of a language, surrounding its normatively established core. It differs from the core in its non-normativity, mobility, and ability to change in periods that are short by historical standards. It is characterized by high productivity, it is an inexhaustible source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the modern language. In written and oral speech, the following linguistic functions are assigned to him: to be the first to describe new life, political, and technological changes; maintain the conversational register for the most effective impact on the interlocutor/reader. With the help of jargon, social and linguistic taboos are most easily broken. He is the antithesis of solemnity and pathos. There is nothing pathetic in slang words describing, for example, death or love: stick together slippers, squint, croak . In these cases, jargon serves as a defense mechanism that mitigates the tragedy of life.

History and modernity

The word “jargon” itself, as is clear, comes from the French jargon. From French it is translated as “the language of crime”; according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it supposedly came from the Gallo-Roman gargone - chatter. Jargon is a social dialect that differs from the general spoken language in its specific vocabulary and expressiveness of phrases, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system. This is a conventional language, understandable only in a certain environment; it contains many artificial, sometimes conventional words and expressions.

Jargon has no specific history (as well as authors and schools). If we call fenu one of the types of jargon, then we can get at least some idea of the first jargons. Dahl's dictionary interprets the word "jargon" as a development of the language of peddlers; This is how the Fenya language appeared - then Rus' was in the Middle Ages. The Ofeni came up with new roots, leaving the traditional Russian morphology, and used a new language to communicate “not for the ears of others.”

Jargon develops in the environment of more or less closed teams, various professional groups, which will be described below. It is worth noting that the jargon of one team or group can be used by other teams or groups, because The spheres of functioning of different groups may converge.

The vocabulary of a language is constantly changing; Jargon is just as changeable. In other words, it is characterized by instability and rapid change of the most popular vocabulary. The prerequisites for the emergence of slang words also vary; They vary from group to group, but basically they can be identified as similar. Thus, one of the key prerequisites for the emergence of jargon can be called the desire to add expression to speech, giving it a certain amount of irony or contempt. Also, a prerequisite for the emergence of jargon can be called the desire to shorten a particular word in order to reduce the time it takes to pronounce it or to simplify its memorization.

On the one hand, jargon seems to be an “ulcer” on the body of the Russian language, displacing classical, literary speech, making it not so much “democratic” as vulgar. The media also contribute to this, “spreading” the jargon of one group to the masses, making it the norm. The masses, out of habit, consider announcers, and now simply presenters, as standards, and, without noticing it, they begin to use new words, often not without mistakes. So words become shorter, speech becomes more primitive, “difficulties” become a thing of the past; in my opinion, it is logical to assume that if our thoughts become simpler, then we ourselves become stupider.

But on the other hand, jargon is already an integral, organic part of our language, without which it is difficult to imagine our everyday speech. To some extent it has become a necessity. Our communication seems to become “uncomfortable”, “confusing” without it. According to experts, jargon is the future of our language.

Thus, the prerequisites for the emergence, and at the same time the goals of using jargon, can be called, firstly, the convenience of communication between people of one group or several groups. Secondly, jargon is used to hide the true meaning from “strangers” or uninterested persons; however, as mentioned above, it is not closed. Thus, jargon is needed to separate one group from others. Thirdly, jargon gives expression to our words, i.e. makes speech brighter, livelier, more emotional. In fiction, jargon is also present, showing the character of a particular hero, his belonging to a social class or group.

Social jargon- these are common words and expressions first noticed in the 18th century in the circle of the nobility, the so-called “salon” language. Lovers and admirers of everything French often used distorted words of this language. For example: “pleasure” was called “plaisir”. The original purpose of the jargon was to keep the transmitted information secret, a kind of encoding and recognition of “friends” and “strangers”. This function of the “secret language” is preserved in the gangster environment as the speech of asocial elements and is called “thieves’ argot”.

For example:

A knife is a “feather”

Prison – “theater”

Call – “dial numbers”.

Other types of jargon- school, student, sports, professional - have practically lost this property. However, in youth speech it still has the function of identifying “outsiders” in the community. Often, for teenagers, slang is a way of self-affirmation, indicating their belonging to the “adults” and a condition for acceptance into a certain company. The use of special slang is limited by the topic of the conversation: the subject of the conversation, as a rule, expresses the specific interests of a narrow circle of people. A distinctive feature of jargon from dialect is that the bulk of its use occurs in informal communication.

How is slang vocabulary formed?

Words and combinations are based on the dialectal differences and morphemes of the language existing in the environment in which they appear. Methods of their formation: giving a different meaning, metaphorization, rethinking, redesign, sound truncation, active acquisition of vocabulary of foreign languages. Examples of jargon in the Russian language that arose in the above manner:

young man - “dude” (comes from gypsy);

Close friend - “gf” (from English);

Apartment – “hut” (from Ukrainian).

The associative series is also actively used in their appearance.

For example: “dollars” - “green” (according to the color of American banknotes).

Varieties of jargons

There is currently no single, clear division of jargon. Only three directions can be accurately classified: professional, youth and criminal slang. However, it is possible to identify patterns and conditionally isolate from jargon the vocabulary inherent in certain groups of society. The following types of jargons are the most common and have an extensive vocabulary:

Professional (by type of specialty).
Military.
Youth (school, student slang).
Drug addict slang.
Criminal (argot).

Professional jargon- a type of jargon used by a group of people united along professional lines.Thus, sailors, builders, and many other professional groups have their own professional jargon. Office workers also have their own jargon. This jargon includes not only idioms, but also neologisms - recently appeared or newly formed words and phrases.

Professional jargon is characterized by:

1) expressiveness;

2) use of hypernyms instead of hyponyms

3) stylistic decline

4) use of new word-formation models

5) professional vocabulary and phraseology, duplicating units of terminology and

special language.

Examples:

Synchronous – a short completed interview fragment(journalist jargon)
Comp - computer ; clave - keyboard (programmer jargon)
Accordion – manual ventilation device (ventilator).(Medical jargon)

Military jargon - professional jargon of military personnel. Serves for brevity to designate objects and phenomena of army, aviation and naval life, the life of border and internal troops, as well as for ease of communication in a given specific social group and designation of belonging to it.

Reasons for appearance.

Military jargon, like any other jargon, primarily reflects the historical period during which it is used. Since the armed forces are a model of contemporary society, military jargon is a direct reflection of social phenomena. Thus, according to popular belief, after conscription was allowed in the 1960s for conscripts with a criminal record, some criminal jargon became firmly established in the everyday life of conscripts, and in the 90s, the slang of drug addicts began to penetrate into the army environment.

Examples:

Hose - Lazy, slacker;
Corrugated hose- a rare slacker;
Sweatshirts - foot wraps.
The paddle is a tablespoon.
Takeoff - the central passage in the barracks.

Youth slang (school)- one of the types of group jargon used in the speech of various youth groups.

Characteristic features of Youth slang:

active use,
openness,
easy transition into colloquial speech of various segments of the population,
abundance of borrowings (Anglicisms) and jargons created on the basis of English roots(shoes “shoes”, prents “parents”, man “man”).

Within youth slang, subspecies such as schoolchildren's slang and student slang are traditionally distinguished. In the last decade - due to the strong differentiation within the youth itself, expressed in the formation of numerous groups differing in lifestyle and interests - there has been a tendency towards the formation of various subtypes of slang formations within Youth Slang.

Slang words used among teenagers:

"Gavrik" - boring person;
"chick" - girl;
"dude" - guy;
“klubeshnik” - club;
“diskach” - disco;
“base” - apartment;
“ancestors” - parents;
“crackle” - talk;
“umatovo” - excellent;
“wonderful” - wonderful;
“clothes” - clothes;
“pretty” - I really like it.

Jargons are unique and widespread in the school environment:

“uchilka” - teacher;
"historian" - history teacher;
"classroom" - class teacher;
"controha" - test;
"homework" - homework;
“fizra” - physical education;
“nerd” - excellent student;
“spur” - cheat sheet;
"pair" - two.

School slang, apparently, has always existed, but very little information has been preserved about the vocabulary of schoolchildren in the distant and even not very distant past. After all, slang is folklore and, therefore, was not specifically recorded in writing.

We know nothing at all about school slang before the 19th century. Only individual words. For example, whistles - this is what rods for schoolchildren have been called since the times of Peter the Great. School slang of the early 19th century is also virtually unknown. What slang did the lyceum students of Pushkin's time speak? And was slang widespread then or was everything limited to nicknames and nicknames of teachers and lyceum students? We will never know.

It seems that slang could not be widely used among children from aristocratic families: they could easily choose the most convenient word from those foreign languages that they spoke fluently. Real slang probably appeared only when the children of commoners came to school. And these most often were parochial schools, bursas, seminaries, etc.

In the description of the seminary in Gogol’s story “Viy”, some slang expressions are already found:go for conditioning- do tutoring,try large peas- to be punished. But especially many such expressions are contained in N. Pomyalovsky’s “Essays on the Bursa”. I will give just a few examples.Send out the gate- expulsion from school; May - rods; title - certificate; looked - eyes; lupette - face. An example of a conversation in slang can be considered the following scene from the book:

“- Gentlemen, this is finally vile!

- What's happened?

-Who took the hump?

- With porridge? - they answered him mockingly.

- Stibrill?

- Bonded?

- Slapped?

- Stolen?

“Lafa, brother.”

All these words translated from Bursat into ordinary language meant: stolen, and lafa - dashing.

The October Revolution and the Civil War sharply increased the share of slang in the language of schoolchildren. This is explained by two circumstances. Firstly, the revolution and war led to a general decline in morals, which could not but affect the language of society as a whole. And secondly, new students came to the school - children of workers and peasants, street children, teenagers who had gone through all the difficulties of that time. True, Anatoly Rybakov and Veniamin Kaverin, who write about this time, practically avoid using slang. Probably, hanging a pretzel (which means fighting) is the most innocent thing that the heroes of A. Rybakov’s “Dirk” said in real life.

Apparently, it was at this time that school slang was significantly enriched with thieves' vocabulary. Here are her examples from the story by L. Panteleev and G. Belykh “Republic of SHKID”: squeeze – steal, roll – complain (“Who screwed up?” - the gypsy was sincerely indignant),sculpt a hunchback- pretendstand on guard- to guard, to protect, Shamovka - food, etc.

In the 20th century, school slang was still quite poor: stare - look, fattrest - fat student not bad - nothing, let it be whistle - lie.

The school slang of high school students was noticeably enriched and updated in the late 50s, when the so-called dudes appeared. Along with their special fashion (skinny trousers, checkered jackets, colorful ties, boots with thick rubber soles), the dudes brought their own language, partly borrowed from foreign words, partly from the musical environment, partly from nowhere. Dude, dude – a guy, a girl who belongs in the fashion company, ford – a place for evening walks (from Broadway), wilt - go for a walk, crap - nonsense, lies, etc. At the same time, terms from the musical environment entered school slang:music on the ribs– music homemade recorded on X-ray films, labuh - play jazz, labukh - musician. From folklore of that time:

I used to listen to Bach fugues,

And now I'm boogieing.

The 70s and 80s became a time of mass learning of foreign languages. During these same years, the hippie youth movement came to us. Many foreign (especially English) words have penetrated into the Russian language. Of course, this could not but affect the slang of high school students. Gerla – girl, diminutive – gerlenysh, truzera – trousers, trousers, khairat - long-haired young man, hippie, shuznyak - any shoes, session - party, hippie – behave independently, disregarding general rules, etc. New things appeared, and with them new words. This is how, for example, the word arose pinwheel to indicate the player and the word videotape - for a VCR. Many of these words have passed into the school slang of our time. As before, the sources of school slang are foreign languages, criminal slang, borrowings from the language of musicians and athletes. A new source, perhaps, in the 90s was computer language and, unfortunately, the vocabulary of drug addicts. However, both before and now the source of slang is the ordinary literary language. It’s just that the meaning of individual words of normal speech is altered by schoolchildren.

Drug addict slang- developed in the USSR with the spread of drug addiction. The main carriers of slang were young people who became interested in drugs. A significant part of the slang is occupied by terms related to methods of cheaply purchasing or synthesizing narcotic and toxic substances in pharmacies or household chemical stores. Some of the words were borrowed from the slang of English-speaking drug addicts. Slang is often found in thematic works of literature, music and cinema.

Criminal slang (argot)- a social dialect that developed among the declassed elements of society, as a rule, professional criminals and/or prisoners of correctional institutions. It is a system of terms and expressions designed to initially identify participants in a criminal community as a separate part of society, opposing itself to a law-abiding society. The use of terms and expressions also aims to make it difficult for the uninitiated to understand the meaning of a conversation or communication between declassed elements. Thieves' jargon, as a rule, reflects the internal hierarchy of the criminal world, assigning the most offensive and offensive words, nicknames, etc. to those who are at the lowest level of the hierarchy, and the most respectful words and expressions to those who have the greatest power and influence. Back in the 19th century (and perhaps earlier), the criminal environment adopted the slang originally used by itinerant tradersophenami (this is where the word “Fenya »).

Argo - the language of any socially closed group of people, characterized by the specificity of the vocabulary used, the originality of its use, but not having its own phonetic and grammatical system.

Often argot refers to the language of declassed groups of society, the language of thieves, tramps and beggars. In fact, argot has become synonymous with the word “fenya”.

Examples:

“malyava” - letter;
"pipe" - mobile phone;
"xiva" - passport or identity card;
"urka" - escaped prisoner;
"fraer" - a person who is at large;
“crosses” - prison;
"godfather" - head of the security unit in the colony;
"goat" - a prisoner cooperating with the colony administration;
"zariki" - backgammon cubes;
"correspondence student" - a girl whom I met in a colony;
"lean back" - be released after imprisonment;
“filter the market” -think about what you say;
"mistress" - head of the correctional colony;
“there is no market” - no questions;
"no air" - Out of money.

Using jargon

In recent years, the activity of obscene vocabulary and phraseology in colloquial speech, in conditions of interpersonal communication in informal communication, has seriously increased (the speech manner inherent in the so-called non-standard, accompanied by the actualization of obscenities, covers increasingly wider, so to speak, non-traditional groups of the population, including women and schoolgirls - teenagers, who until recently were the most conservative in relation to obscene, generally abusive vocabulary and phraseology), as well as in book speech, mainly in the media (print and electronic media, in films), in oral public speech of a political nature, in artistic (and near-fiction) literature of the postmodernist direction, in particular in the new wave of drama and, accordingly, in theatrical performances. As Viktor Astafiev bitterly concludes regarding the wide spread of obscenities in modern speech, “abomination now surrounds us almost everywhere. You no longer encounter it only in the gateways, but sometimes at high-ranking meetings.” A researcher of modern swear words, Professor V. M. Mokienko states: “Deputies of the Supreme Council, presidents, city mayors and heads of administrations do not disdain the “simple Russian word” or, at least, its euphemisms. Swearing, like jargon, has become a kind of fashion , - as, indeed, populism in its most naked form."

As for the media, obscene and generally rude, abusive language and phraseology (including roughly colloquial vocabulary in the sphere of social relations) are becoming relatively widespread, primarily in the opposition press, in journalistic comments on radio and TV, and in interviews with famous people. As the German researcher Z. Kester-Thoma accurately stated, “the unprinted word became printed”

Linguistic and cultural processes were characterized very briefly by I. Volgin: “The cattleization of the entire country is underway.”

Next, I would like to show examples of the use of jargon on television. For example: “Five sailors who were disciplinary arrested for barracks lawlessness fled from the garrison guardhouse.” “According to the director of the Chkalovsky bus plant, Kasymov, there is customs chaos on the roads.” “The chaos was enormous in this matter (in the “secondary housing market”) three years ago.” "The lawlessness of the entire state system." “Some (football) referees are simply creating disgrace, chaos,” and many others. etc. Forecasts of a possible change in the situation are usually pessimistic: “It is important that the situation of criminal lawlessness does not give way to a situation of legal lawlessness.”

Interesting are the common cases of using the word disassembly (often also in the plural form) to denote conflict situations of a foreign and domestic political nature: “Didn’t the cunning Heraclius force Russia to be an eternal hostage of Georgia, obliging it to help in all internal, as it is now fashionable to say, showdowns? ". "Failure to comply with international agreements leads to interstate disputes." “There are, of course, internal disputes taking place here, but they cannot be considered a rebellion.”

“People are afraid that, frankly speaking, they will simply be scammed again.” “When did you realize that you had basically been scammed?” “No one will cheat you, as they say now.” "They left me like I was at the market." “He (the pilot) is forty-five years old, he wants to retire, - no, his wife comes at him: “Sit at the helm, your pension is small!” “Don’t create political conflicts, as we, together with (Minister) Kalyuzhny, will attack Vyakhirev.” "The international sheriff of NATO now, it seems, has seriously put Yugoslavia on the counter" - that is, he has made claims, demanding the return of a non-existent debt. Some of the phraseological units now widespread on television thematically go back to the jargon of drug addicts. For example: "It seems that the audience at concerts Zadornov get a real buzz" - that is, "get great pleasure", although, perhaps, the characteristics of the emotions excited by such performances are really comparable to the characteristics of the sensations of a drug addict

Let us also list some more jargon and argotisms that are often found in television texts:

grandmas - money [ZhS]. "The American singer spent a lot of money on his birthday." “In these difficult times, when grandmothers decide everything...”;

spread rot - infringe on rights, humiliate, persecute: “When Jews were oppressed or are being oppressed, it’s also as if no one is to blame for this”; also to spread the word: “It is not that someone decided to bring down the Communist Party”;

get - transfer ., colloquial bring to extreme irritation, pestering, annoying:“The current disorder has already gotten to everyone”;

freak out - worry, get irritated: “Aleksashenko (First Deputy Chairman of the Central Bank) in the end simply began to freak out... And people are idiots for bringing money to the bank”;

in a new way - “In a new way, display (monument to Dzerzhinsky)”;

to his full height - openly, with all my might, completely: "Hakuna matata - have fun to the fullest."

This happens on television, which at this time is, in my opinion, the main source of information for most Russians. To be honest, when I wrote this work on jargon, I found a lot of words that I had previously classified as literary. It seems to me that many people, like me, do not often think about the origin of their vocabulary, unconsciously using jargon. All this leads to a decrease in our cultural level. The axiological confusion of Russians, who are between three value systems (primordial, Soviet, Western), affects linguistic existence and often generates tension and discomfort. At the same time, the pluralism of values that is objectively existing in the society under consideration, reflected in the language, inspires confidence in the possibility of a tolerant attitude of society towards the cultural and value preferences of citizens. The freedom gained by the language, the strengthening of the individual beginning of speech, the openness of dialogical interaction, the installation of communicants on the possibility of a non-violent choice of linguistic units that reflect certain cultural meanings.

Conclusion

We have to admit that various ugly words and expressions that clog our language exist. It’s sad that they have especially “taken root” in the youth environment, where new cadres of our intelligentsia are being created. In addition, these “words” are gradually spreading among wide circles of our working youth.

The main group of jargons are popular words with a special, specific meaning: cut off - fail the exam sunbathe - idle, linden - fake, steering wheel - steering wheel, hit the road - go, knock out - achieve, tick – mark of completion, vote - ask for a ride, memorize - learn, drive - sell, sing - agree, noodles - special knit jumper, dragonfly - helicopter.

Expressions that are synonymous with the words “excellent”, “wonderful”, “very good” have “flourished” especially magnificently... What is there! AND iron, and legal, amazing, cool, colossal, world, - with variants mirovetski and mirovenko , - strong, cool - they flash here like that.

List of used literature sources.

BEGLOVA E.I. Jargon in the system of representative factors in the development of the Russian language at the end of the 20th century // Language. System. Personality. Ekaterinburg, 1998.
Beregovskaya E.M. Youth slang: formation and functioning, issues of linguistics. 1996.
VAKUTIN Y.A., VALITOV V.G. Slang words, expressions and tattoos of the underworld. Dictionary. Ed. 2nd, corrected. and additional Omsk, 1997.
VASILIEV A.D. The word on television: Essays on the latest word usage in Russian television broadcasting. Krasnoyarsk, 2000.
VORIVODA I. Collection of slang words and expressions used orally and in writing by criminal elements. Alma-Ata, 1971
KRYSIN L. Studying the modern Russian language from a social angle // RYASH, 1991, No. 5.
LEVI A. Notes of the Gray Wolf. M., Young Guard, 1988
LIKHACHEV D. Features of primitive primitivism of thieves' speech. Language and thinking, III - IV, M.-L., 1935.
MOKIENKO V.M., NIKITINA T.G.. Large dictionary of Russian jargon. “Norint”, St. Petersburg, 2001.
POLIVANOV E. Revolution and literary languages of the USSR // History of Soviet linguistics. Reader. M., Higher School, 1981.
KHARLITSKY M.S. New phenomena in the vocabulary of modern mass media. Language and society. Part 1. Minsk, 1998
SCHWEITZER A.D., “Foreign languages at school”, No. 3, 1969.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia volume 9, 1972.
GENERAL LINGUISTICS. Forms of existence, functions, history of language. M., 1970.
Crime and delinquency in the USSR. Statistical collection. M., Legal literature, 1990.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late 20th century. Language changes. St. Petersburg, 1998.
Materials from the site
This research work contains the concept of “jargon”, their history, classification, examples of the use of jargon words in literature and life are discussed in detail. The formation of slang vocabulary and its introduction into the speech of different strata of society are discussed here. We also found out the most frequently used expressions and determined how they influence the yet unformed speech and education of the younger generation.

Slang vocabulary (jargonisms, social dialects)- these are words and phrases characteristic of people belonging to the same social environment, profession, the same age, generation, united by spending time together, common interests, etc.

In general, jargon can arise in any fairly stable team. For example, they highlight jargon

schoolchildren,

students

tail- ‘debt, failure to pass an exam or test on time’

fall asleep- ‘fail the exam’

crusts- ‘diploma, certificate’

pair- ‘two-hour lesson’

youth slang ( bike‘motorcycle (usually expensive), videotape'video recorder', sink‘to experience special pleasure from something, to love someone, something very much’); amazing, awesome, cool, awesome

army jargon ( grandfather‘old-timer in relation to young soldiers, recruits’, demobilization'demobilization'),

computer jargon ( breaking‘overcoming the protection of computer data, computer programs’, hack, burglar, load‘use the operating system when you turn on the computer’),

musicians' jargon ( metal'hard Rock', metalhead‘heavy metal rock music performer’)

athletes and sports fans ( rocking chair‘a bodybuilding exercise machine, a hall with such exercise equipment’, jock‘a person of athletic build with highly developed, “pumped up” muscles’)

sway- ‘build muscle mass’

hoop- ‘exercises with a hoop’ (in artistic gymnastics competitions);

world- ‘world championship’

cup- ‘cup competition’

winter- ‘ winter sports ’

water- ‘path in the pool’

silver- ‘second place in competition’

iron- ‘barbell (and other weightlifting equipment)’

mustard plaster- ‘yellow card’ (punishment of a player in football)

motorists

steering wheel- 'steering wheel'

brick- ‘road sign prohibiting passage’

wipers- 'windscreen wipers'

rubber- ‘tires’

zebra- ‘pedestrian crossing’ (with markings on the asphalt)

bald- ‘smooth, worn out’ (about tires)

kiss- ‘collide with another car’

pocket- ‘a platform for leaving the road and stopping transport’

printers: ending ' graphic decoration at the end of the book ’ , tail‘the bottom outer margin of the page, as well as the bottom edge of the book, opposite head books’

criminals,

traders, businessmen ( lump'thrift store', lumpy) etc.

Jargons (social dialects) are also represented by numerous phraseological units. Here are examples from the publication “Jargon Encyclopedia of the Moscow Party” (1997): awesome fucking'porn film', Dunka from the soap factory'provincial woman' roll up a jar of cucumbers ‘ master some rare profession’, to follow the brothers' game for kids from the street.

Insert wick(in naval jargon) ‘to give a thrashing, to reprimand’.

Stab the boozer in thieves' argot 'to rob a drunken man'.

A significant number of slang expressions are included in the “Big Dictionary of Russian Slang” compiled by V.M. Mokienko and T.G. Nikitina (2000).

Compared to popular words that have lived for centuries, slang vocabulary is characterized by great mobility and variability. Slang words are fleeting, they quickly die, giving way to new designations.

For example, during the Great Patriotic War, a fur vest was called differently in different military units: "Rhapsody", "Samurai" and God knows how else - you can’t say it in a decent society” (O. Kozhukhova).

Reasons for using jargon:

Compared to popular vocabulary, slang vocabulary is more expressive and emotional. Jargon expresses a special, most often ironic-familiar attitude towards the realities of reality and towards the words themselves that denote these realities.

Slang vocabulary is a means of linguistic isolation and linguistic conspiracy.

Following speech fashion.

A special type of jargon is argotisms- words and expressions used by representatives of the criminal world, declassed elements, which include tramps, homeless people, in the old days street children, beggars, etc. Collectively, such units are called argo (argot from fr. argot - closed, inactive).

For example, in pre-revolutionary society there was an argot of merchants-peddlers, or ofeni (thus, the speech of the ofeni - itinerant traders who existed in Russia in the 19th century - was characterized by the words eye"house", melech"milk", Sarah"money", pissed off"speak", tinker"build", MasyaI 'mother', skrs py‘door’, etc.); professional fundraisers, or l A boreas; artisan hunters, i.e. leaving their places of permanent residence for the so-called waste trade, etc.

Currently, argot is the vocabulary of the criminal world: general and specialized, “distributed” by type of crime.

Argo (argotisms) perform conspiratorial and identification functions.

It must be remembered that slang vocabulary is outside the boundaries of the literary language, and jargon should not be used without a purpose.

Slang vocabulary (including argotisms) constantly interacts with popular vocabulary. Thus, modern literary speech, especially in its oral-colloquial variety, is significantly influenced by asocial jargon. Vocabulary that used to be the preserve of a closed human environment - criminals, mafiosi, prostitutes, drug addicts, etc., in the 80-90s. XX century often sounds from the lips of native speakers of a literary language, gets into the press, and is heard from the movie screen and from the TV screen. These are, for example, the words money"money", bucks"dollars" get the hang of it"begin to understand something" get it"to get bored, tire you out with conversations, requests, etc., bliss"pleasure", frostbitten"one who does not recognize any rules or authorities and is not afraid of anything (usually a person who breaks the law, a criminal), launder(money) “to legalize illegally obtained income by investing it in charitable events, industrial production, etc.”, trudge"to be excited, to experience a pleasant feeling from something" party“a meeting of people united by common interests”, etc.

Some jargons have not only penetrated into the national vocabulary, but have also become entrenched in it, for example, words such as swindler, linden"fake", nimble and some others.

Functional and stylistic role of slang vocabulary

In works of art, slang and argot words can be used to illustrate the peculiarities of life, behavior, speech of certain groups of people, their mentality, i.e. Jargon and argotisms can be used for stylization purposes.

For example, I. Paderin in the book “Heart Burns” describes the following episode:

- Take with you "fenki “for two,” advised Grafchikov. - It will be more comfortable in the pipes with them.

« Fenka "... We were all in love with her. There, in the ruins of Stalingrad, she was an indispensable friend in close combat. Comfortable, obedient, you could throw her into a narrow gap in the wall, into a dark corner, even into a window, and she successfully did her job... It happened that you would stroke her ribbed sides and call her more kindly - well, “bauble "help out"! - and it flies from your palm right to the target. It was considered the main caliber of “pocket artillery”. This is an F-1 grenade -lemon ...

Replenishing the gas mask bag "baubles “, I boastfully showed this reserve to Grafchikov: they say, now we are not afraid of the devil himself.

The functions of argot in fiction and journalism come down, first of all, to the speech characteristics of characters, usually with a dark past; in some cases they are used to describe the setting in which the action takes place, and sometimes for greater expressiveness. Here is an excerpt from B. Akunin’s story “Altyn-Tolobas”:

Nicholas put his hand on the unpleasant man’s shoulder, squeezed his fingers tightly and said in a sing-song voice:

- Borze, you lice! Are you ratting at dad's? Well look,you live . [Borzet - lose sense of proportion, bury yourself ; louse subnary (insult) - lower hierarchy of prison inmates ; dad is a respected man, a thief in law; you live (threatening) - you won't live .]

- Bro, bro ... - he slapped his lips and tried to get up, but Fandorin clenched his fingers even tighter. - I didn’t know...I really didn’t know! . I thought,sucker overseas . Bro!.

Here I remembered a couple more relevant terms from the notebook, which Nicholas successfully used:

- Found for you bro, sunara . [Syskan - criminal investigation officer, more broadly - policeman ; suchara - a thief who maintains contacts with the police. ]

Here it was important not to falsify, not to make mistakes in the use of words, so Nicholas did not say anything more...

So, for example, in D. Granin’s novel “After the Wedding” in the speech of the heroes - young people (a worker and an engineer) there are words and phrases that are slangy in nature: “I’m fine chatter";“I would go myself instead of Igor, and tips";"She dances - shine!";“It will go completely different life"; sharashka, work hard and etc.

« - I was embarrassed to appear weak. He got himself a knife,cronyism unleashed on boots . - What kind of cronyism? - asked the geology guy. - This is when the tops for the force are wrapped and trousers with a release are put on them"(E. Yevtushenko).

There are slang words - both in dialogues and in the author's speech - in the works of such famous Russian writers as L. Leonov, V. Shukshin, V. Aksenov, S. Kaledin, in the poetry of A. Voznesensky, E. Yevtushenko and others.

The use of jargon and argotisms in a literary text must be justified both by the general intent of the work and stylistically.

Slang in fiction examples. Test the role of jargon in language development

The concept of slang. Slang and jargon

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History and modernity

How is slang vocabulary formed?

Varieties of jargons

List of used literature sources.

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“The role of jargon in the Russian language (research work)”