Sura (Chuvash. Săr, mountain mar. Shur, erz. Sura lei)- right tributary Volga, one of the most picturesque rivers of the Volga Upland.
Ice drift on the Sura River
Sergey Karpeev
Is the bream flicking its fin?
Or a pike will strike with its tail -
Will buzz on a fine day
A stretch of smoky radiance.
The river flow will break through
Ice loosening your back
And will leave behind
Trace the muddy abyss.
Snowwoman of spring waters
It will infuse on the floors -
And the rapids will roar,
An icy hoof.
They will be crushed every hour
Becoming a winter shackle.
Wagtail's brittle voice -
The hymn to spring will announce again.
The forest looks from the upper reaches
Into distant kinks.
The path of the ice drifts
Into the ghoul's eyes.
It should be assumed that the Kama tribes, having come to Sura, could have found here the ancient Mordovian name - rau(river), the meaning of which they did not know. Living on the shores of Sur for several hundred years, the aliens added Rau to the name native word Shur. The result was a hybrid name Shur + Rau. Then Prisurye again became the patrimony of the ancient Mordovians. As a result, the hydronym could be pronounced Surau, the final “a” arose under the influence of the Russian word for “river”.
It flows through the Ulyanovsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Penza regions, Mordovia, Mari El and Chuvashia.
The length of the river is 841 km, the basin area is 67.5 thousand km².
It originates on the Volga Upland near the village of Surskie Vershiny (Baryshsky district of the Ulyanovsk region - Height 301 m), and flows along it first to the west, then mainly to the north. 
SURA RIVER
Volga Upland - the hill on the right bank of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Volgograd. Height up to 384 m. Predominant height 150-200 m. Width up to 500 km. The Volga Upland steeply, in places with ledges, breaks off towards the Volga and gently declines towards the Oka-Don lowland. It is strongly dissected by a gully-beam network. Individual parts of the high Volga slope are called mountains. The Volga Upland is characterized by the presence of tectonic swells and troughs that cause the development structural forms relief. It is composed of limestones, clays, sands, marls and other rocks. Karst is developed.
The most high mountains on the Volga Upland: Khvalynskie Mountains.
The glacier touched only the westernmost edge of the Volga Upland. That's why sedimentary rocks here they are not covered by thicknesses glacial deposits and more often come to the surface. These are limestones, chalk, sandstones.
Sura River 
In the lower reaches of the Sura, it is raftable and navigable.
Used for industrial water supply.
On the Sura there are the cities of Sursk, Penza, Alatyr, Yadrin, Shumerlya, the village of Novaya Sloboda, at the mouth there is a pier Vasilsursk.
MOUTH OF THE SUR RIVER - VASILSURSK - VOLGA
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Mouth of the Sura - Cheboksary Reservoir:
· Location Vasilsursk village(Vorotynsky district Nizhny Novgorod region)
· Coordinates Coordinates: 56°07′23″ N. w. 45°58′21″ E. d. / 56.123056° s. w. 45.9725° E. d. (G) (O) (I).
Until the 16th century there was a route along the Sura eastern border Moscow Principality.
MOUTH OF THE ALATYR RIVER - CHUVASHIA
Sursky line of defense - a structure near the Sura River, built on the territory of the Chuvash and Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, intended to delay Hitler's troops on the approaches to Kazan along with the Kazan defensive line.
On the territory of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Sursky border ran along the Sura along the line with. Zasurskoye, Yadrinsky district - village of Pandikovo, Krasnochetaisky - village. Sursky Maidan of the Alatyr district - Alatyr to the border with the Ulyanovsk region. Tens of thousands of residents of the Czech Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic took part in the construction of the structure. The Sursky Frontier was built in 45 days.
Construction background
When in October 1941 the Wehrmacht was advancing towards Moscow and Moscow was preparing for defense in the State Defense Committee, a preliminary plan for the construction of defensive and strategic lines in the deep rear on the Oka and Don was discussed and adopted. Volga. The main and additional plans for rear defensive construction set the task of strengthening Gorky, Kazan, Kuibyshev, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Stalingrad and other cities. In case of failure for Soviet troops development defensive operations they were supposed to delay the enemy at new lines.
PANORAMA OF THE SUR RIVER NEAR THE CITY OF YADRIN
SURA RIVER
Start of construction
Construction of the Sur defensive line began at the end of October 1941.
The construction of the defensive line, which later became known as the “Sursky Line,” began in 1941, when German troops were already near Moscow.
Completion of construction
On January 21, 1942, a telegram was sent to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria, signed by the head of the 12th Army Directorate Leonyuk, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Somov, the secretary of the regional committee Charykov: “The GKO task for the construction of the Sursky defensive line has been completed. Volume of excavated soil - 3 million cubic meters, 1,600 firing points (bunkers and platforms), 1,500 dugouts and 80 km of trenches with communication passages were rebuilt.”
SURA RIVER - ALATYR CITY
SURA RIVER -
Characteristic
The diet is mixed, with a predominance of snow.
High water in April - May.
It freezes in November - December, opens at the end of March - April.
After the construction of the Sur reservoir, the river has a regulated flow.
Flora and fauna
In Sura there are: catfish, sterlet, bream, pike perch, asp, pike, sabrefish, crucian carp, roach, silver bream, white-eye, perch, ruff, sprat, bleak.
In the old days it was famous for the Sursky sterlet.
WINTER ON THE SUR RIVER 
Tributaries of the Sura
Left tributaries
Alatyr is a left tributary.
Piana is a left tributary.
Penza is a left tributary.
Penzyatka is a left tributary.
Uza is a left tributary.
Truev is a left tributary.
Shuksha is a left tributary.
Kutlya is a left tributary.
Vyas is a left tributary.
Urga is a left tributary.
Chugunka is a left tributary.
Kadada - left tributary
Right tributaries
Algashka is a right tributary.
Barysh is a right tributary.
The Abyss (tributary of the Sura) is the right tributary.
Howl is a right tributary.
Vyadya is a right tributary.
Inza is a right tributary.
Kumashka is a right tributary.
Kirya is a right tributary.
Intent
Uranka - right tributary
Yulovka is a right tributary.
SURA RIVER ON THE BORDER OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION. AND CHUVASHIA
ONE OF THE LARGEST AND NOTABLE TRIBUTORS OF THE SURA IS THE PIANA RIVER:
Piana is a river in the European part of Russia, flowing almost entirely through the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region and for a short distance through the territory of Mordovia, the left tributary of the Sura.
The length is 436 km, the basin area is 8060 km², the distance from the mouth to the source is about 65 km. Average water flow 25 m³/s. Very winding; in the basin there are karst landforms. Navigable in the lower reaches.
MOUTH OF THE PIANA RIVER - SURA RIVER
SURA RIVER
There are different versions about the origin of the name. According to one of them, prevailing among the inhabitants of the places through which it flows, the river is named because of its bizarre character and meandering. This is how P.I. wrote about the river. Melnikov-Pechersky: “Even the first Russian inhabitants Drunken river It’s nicknamed for the fact that it staggers, it dangles in all directions, like a drunken woman, and, having walked five hundred miles with twists and turns, it runs up to its source and almost pours out into the Sura near it.”
According to another, it was named due to the fact that on August 2, 1377, three years before the Battle of Kulikovo, Russian troops in the battle near this river suffered a crushing defeat from the Tatar army of Prince Arapsha; Russian army, not expecting an attack by the Tatars, he drank.
And according to the third version, the name of the river comes from the Finno-Ugric word pien, which means “small”. It is possible that the name originally came from pien, which later transformed into Piana.
SURA FLOODMAN NEAR THE CITY OF YADRIN
RAFTING ON THE SURA RIVER:
The upper reaches of the Sura River are accessible for rafting only during high water, and travel along it is of a sporting nature. Below the confluence of Kadada, you can kayak along the Sura in the summer. The river here is suitable for beginner tourists too.
Length of route sections: Tyukhmenevo—Chaadaevka—90 km, Chaadaevka—Penza—110 km, Penza—Sura station—120 km, Sura—Alatyr station—220 km, Alatyr—Shumerlya—110 km, Shumerlya—Vasilsursk— 200 km.
Along the upper reaches of the Sura they usually go from the village of Tyukhmenevo, where they get from the city of Kuznetsk by bus.
The Sura at the beginning of the route is fast, winding, and flows in low banks. During high water, it overflows and often, straightening its path, rushes through the bushes. During the May holidays, the river almost everywhere already enters its channel. In some areas its width is only 2-3 m.
VILLAGE OF PORETSKOYE
Having accepted the Truev tributary on the left, the Sura becomes wider, the flow is calmer, the banks are higher, covered with beautiful, mainly pine, forests. The forests in the area of Sosnovoborsk, Nikonovo, and Zolotarevka are especially good.
After the confluence of the Teshnyar, the loops of the Sura become larger, and sandy beaches are found. The journey along the upper reaches can be completed at the Pionerskaya station, located near the river (from here you can take an electric train to Penza), or at the road bridge: in 6 km from it is the Chaadaevka station (Penza-Syzran line), where long-distance trains stop.
FLOOD ON THE SUR RIVER
After Chaadayevka, from where the journey can begin in the summer, the banks drop somewhat, and after 20 km rise again into wooded hills. During low water, especially in dry summers, some riffles may require wiring. In addition, before Kanaevka there are two dams (overflow). The villages are quite far from each other. Beaches are frequent, but many are used as livestock watering areas. The right bank is higher, steep, the left bank is lower, gentle.
20 km Below the mouth of the Uza, the construction of the dam is being completed, and soon the waters of the reservoir - the Sursky Sea - will splash here.
Before Penza and below it, the Sura wanders along the floodplain, forms oxbow lakes, channels, sand spits, islands, and numerous shoals appear.
Penza was founded in 1666 as a guard post to protect the southeastern borders of the Russian state from nomads. Nowadays it is a large industrial center. The names of writers M. Yu. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky, N. P. Ogarev, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A. M. Gorky, artist K. A. Savitsky, teacher I. N. Ulyanov are associated with the city , surgeon N. N. Burdenko, commander M. N. Tukhachevsky. There is a local history museum, an art gallery, Botanical Garden, drama and puppet theaters, circus.
OLD BED OF THE SUR RIVER
Below Penza, the banks of the Sura are relatively flat and the valley is wide. After the confluence of the Vyadya River on the right, the right bank becomes higher and overgrown with forests. In the Grabovo area there is a nature reserve. In the village there is the Ustinov Palace, built in the style medieval castle. Downstream on the left bank is the village of Pokrovskie Vazerki, famous for its folk craft - lace making.
Residents of the left bank of the Sura were active participants in the peasant war under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. And now here you can hear legends dating back to those distant times.
The picturesque banks of the Sura near the village of Prokazna are shrouded in a pinkish haze in spring. These are the blooming gardens of the large horticultural state farm located here.
Further, the spurs of the Volga Upland come close to the river, and in some places there are beautiful cliffs to the water. Particularly good places are in the area of Nikityanka, Aleksandrovka, Sura station, where there are outcrops of limestone and chalk. In this section, the picturesque Ayva River, which has a large slope and is semi-mountainous in nature, flows into the right.
SURSK RESERVOIR
If the starting point of the journey is the Sura station (Ryazan-Syzran line), then you need to follow the right tributary of the Sura - Inza, which flows into 200 m from the station. Below the mouth of the Inza, sandy and rocky cliffs appear alternately on the right and then on the left. The height of some of them reaches 60 m . Gradually the Sura becomes fuller, the depth at the riffles increases. From the village of Surskoye the river is navigable.
Near Alatyr, the width of the Sura in low water is already about 200 m, and in high water the river overflows 2-5 km. Therefore, the villages are quite far from the water. The city of Alatyr was founded in 1552 as a military fortification. Nowadays it is the industrial center of Chuvashia.
MAP OF THE SUR RIVER
In the lower reaches of the Sura it is calm, although fast. The left bank is predominantly low, floodplain, the right bank is steeper, steep, its height increases closer to the mouth. Treeless areas alternate with good, mostly deciduous, forests.
The Sura energetically moves its course along the valley. After each flood, new shoals, sand islands, spits appear, and oxbow lakes are formed. The village of Kurmysh, founded in 1372 g . as a military fortification on the banks of the Sura, is now located in 1.5 km from the river. In Kurmysh you can see the church of the early 18th century. - architectural monument.
A journey along the lower reaches of the Sura usually ends in Vasilsursk, standing on a high cliff bank of the Volga 2 km from the mouth of the Sura.
Vasilsursk, founded in 1523 g., occupied an important strategic position on the waterway to the Caspian Sea. The surroundings of the city are very picturesque. One of the places with a highly dissected relief was called “Vasilsur Switzerland”. The local landscapes have long attracted artists. I. E. Repin and I. I. Shishkin worked here.
From Vasilsursk they leave by boat to Kazan or Nizhny Novgorod.
THE BEGINNING OF ICE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SURA RIVER
ARTICLE ABOUT FISHING ON SUR (
Although the Sura is only one of the large rivers flowing through the territory of my republic, the interest of fishermen in it is much greater than in others. At the same time, Sura is interesting at any time - pike catches excellently on the first ice, in the wilderness you can catch good pike perch and bersh, and on the last ice Bream goes well. The most interesting fishing happens in March - April, when the fish gather in dense schools and begin to move from their wintering holes. At this time, the schools mix up - and in one hole bream, bersh, roach, pike perch, and perch are caught alternately. You most often get to see such an assortment closer to the very last ice, somewhere in late March - early April. In the dead of winter and even at the beginning of March, if spring is not too early, different fish are still taken separately, and each of them requires a separate approach.
Bream and sop
White fish predominate in the river tall body sopa, silver bream, bream and white-eye. At least there are many more of them compared to roaches, although in some places there are also a lot of them.
And even though there are plenty of sop and bream here, the size of the fishermen’s catch can vary greatly: some have a full box, while others only got three sops. This “injustice” is associated with the peculiarities of fishing on the Sura: you have to fish in a constant and fairly strong current, and in such conditions it is very important to choose a jig of the correct weight. A fish that is too heavy will be afraid, but a fish that is too light will not reach this very fish, but will hang somewhere above the bottom. The main fishing for these fish is from the bottom, in the very bottom layer. At the same time, on some days the fish reacts better “to the game”, and on others - to the “standing” jig. Most often, anglers here fish “stand-up”, neglecting the game. But as practice shows, play, and sometimes very active play, can work wonders.
Once I went to Sura. I went out to a depth of 6 meters and began to actively search for sopa. She didn’t take it, but in one hole I caught a bershik - and only managed to catch two half-kilogram bershiki and a similar zander when the current noticeably intensified. I was not at all prepared for such a turn of events - all jigs that were anyhow heavy were at home. The maximum that I could find in the box was a medium-sized “Uralochka”. It didn't drag very strongly, so I continued fishing in the same hole. However, the bite has already ended: all the spiny-fanged comrades have disappeared somewhere, literally.
So I sat until lunch without seeing a bite. And after lunch, the current intensified even more - and my “Ural” began to be seriously dragged away. But I couldn’t leave the river because of this, so I started handing over the fishing line, trying to find the bottom with a jig. I groped it. Then it “ran away” again. I continued to feed the line further. So, periodically tapping on the bottom, I managed to drive the jig 15 - 20 meters from my hole. In fact, it turned out that I was fishing with a non-standard jig “step” - however, exactly the opposite: I did not reel in, but handed over the line.
The first bite took place at the moment when the jig was about ten meters away from me. I took out a good bait and continued fishing with the “step”. Then things got even more interesting. Sopa and silver bream began to peck throughout the entire area from five to ten meters from my hole! There were about two dozen other fishermen sitting around me. Seeing that I was carrying fish, they began to move towards me. They drilled from all sides. When one began to drill downstream from me, I immediately reeled in the tackle and moved to another place - so as not to cross the jig with that fisherman. He drilled in another place - and again began to pull the sops one after another. I was drilled again. I moved again. Soon they stopped drilling - because they realized that it was useless: I was biting, but the others were not. That day I came across a lot of sop...
On subsequent fishing trips, I consolidated my success in drift fishing with active play. By the way, it is important in this method of fishing to arrange the tackle well, from the bait to the fishing rod. And it’s better to do this before fishing, at home, in a calm environment - hastily assembled gear rarely turns out to be successful.
The main thing for a fishing rod is a sufficiently capacious reel on which you can wind 50 - 70 m of 0.2 mm fishing line. The reel must be open, not like a balalaika, so that the fishing line is always in sight. It is the open reel that allows you to control the formation of loops (“beards”), which can lead to line breakage. Also, the reel should be adjusted so that it can quickly, efficiently and without nerves hand over and reel in the fishing line.
Usually the fishing line is taken with a diameter of 0.12 - 0.15 mm. In some cases, when bream and pike perch begin to bite, you have to turn to a fishing line with a diameter of 0.18 mm or more. At depth, the fish should not feel rough tackle, so the use of thick fishing line to achieve the goal is justified.
A jig for depth and current, like on the Sura, needs to be of such a size and weight that, if necessary, it can reach the bottom - and at the same time have a little sail so that we can drive it to some distance from the hole.
On the very last ice fishing trips of that season, I managed to catch bream on the Sura in the same way. Some monsters simply tore off the fishing line in a strong current, others, which I miraculously managed to get to the hole, went away when I tried to squeeze them into the narrow throat of the hole. But a few wide-bodied fish still caught my catch.
Pike perch and bersh
Fishermen have a saying: “Where there is bream, there is pike perch.” I’ll say more - where there is bream and sop, there is pike perch with bersh. Bream for pike perch, and even more so bersha, is clearly not a victim, but a sop small size may well be suitable for pike perch as good prey.
When the fish begins to move closer to spring, it moves from deeper places where it survived the winter to shallower places. There you can actively feed and gain strength for the upcoming spawning. So the silver bream, sop and bream come out of their holes. Pike perch with bersh also follow them. Moreover, pike perch usually walks along the edge of the main school of silver bream.
Sopa, although sometimes a victim, nevertheless does not stop feeding - and often after several fish you pull out a respectable pike perch. It is typical that the larger the average fish from the flock, the larger the pike perch. A flock of small, 50 - 60 g, pike perch is usually grazed by medium-sized pike perch, up to a kilogram; a more substantial fish is accompanied by a correspondingly larger pike perch. Although this is not an indicator: it often happens to catch sopa and pike perch weighing the same in the same hole, and here there can be no question that the pike perch is chasing the sopa in order to eat it. Maybe they just have a friendly relationship?
Sometimes, if you find yourself on the edge of a school of sop, there are no less zander bites than sop bites.
On Sura, on some days the current is stronger, on others it is weaker. After several years of fishing in these places, I got the impression that predators make absolutely no difference whether there is a current or not - they almost always take the same, only the fishing places and methods differ. On days with weak currents, I prefer to fish with balance beams from the deepest edges. Under the bridge over the Sura on the Cheboksary-Moscow highway, I have a couple of pits in mind, in which there are always pike perch and bersh. I haven’t come across particularly large specimens here, but the standard ones for the river - 400 - 800 grams - bite constantly. From time to time you come across “tails” of up to two kilos. Larger specimens in winter time Rarely do they bite.
On days when the current is stronger, pike perch can stay in slightly different places. So, one day, I looked for a predator for a very long time, and eventually found it at the entrance to the bay, where the current died down a little and the water began to swirl. It was here that I managed to find a concentration of predators. Among the standard “soup set” of 400 - 700 g, there were a couple of pieces of just over a kilogram. The baits that worked were standard pike-perch spinners, long, narrow and quite light, but the pike-perch did not react to the balancers at all.
It should be noted that the local pike perch and bersh are very outstanding. The main place where I catch these predators in winter is the area under the previously mentioned bridge. There are quite a lot of pike perch and bersh there, and they are taken even if you don’t really count on them - you get caught with jigs intended for sop and with pike girders. But in summer time fanged-striped fish practically do not react in any way to spinning baits. I specially came in spring, summer and autumn to these same places, diligently jigged, and twitched at dusk, but to no avail. Pike - yes, asp - yes, pike perch and bersh - no. Despite the fact that they were often caught on donks here, and in other places along the Sura, pike perch and bersh react positively to spinning baits, but not under the bridge. This still remains a mystery to me.
Roach
On the Sura, when you fish on the main current for a very long time, it begins to seem that there is no one here at all except the sopa and the zander with the bersh. But the river is also full of other fish - for example, roach. In the summer it comes across here very regularly, but in the winter it doesn’t happen everywhere. My most successful roach fishing was closer to the last ice. At this time, sorog, as it is called here, is good to catch in the bays and at the exits from them.
Snagged areas are especially interesting in terms of roach fishing. The specimens found here are much larger. In the snags we should feed a little in order to lure the object of our desire out of the very thick of the snags. It is necessary to feed on a relatively clean bottom so that, under the influence of the current, the bait is carried onto the snags.
In such places I use fishing line with a diameter of 0.12 - 0.18 mm. It is relatively thick, but you shouldn’t be afraid of this, because the fish bite mainly large ones, from 250 - 300 g and above. Moreover, this “higher” means that the roach here can “fly” significantly more than a kilogram. Such a monster will not miss the opportunity to dive deeper into the snags - and in order to stop it you will need such a thick fishing line.
Jigs are suitable for any shape, and the weight is selected experimentally - the main thing is that the bait does not get pulled into snags. I prefer to fish “standing” so that once again don't cling. The nod should be chosen softer. And the main thing is that it detects the bite “on the rise”. In no case should you put more than one hook or jig on the rig: while fishing, a large roach, which likes to walk in circles, will definitely hook the extra hook onto a snag - and then a run-off will be inevitable.
The best time for catching roach on the Sura is March, during a long spring, and April. At this time, the safest ice is in bays and places with weak currents. Roaches also have a complex character, and a good bite does not happen all the time. But this is not a reason to turn down the gear. If the sorog stands still, then it is quite possible to stir it up by using different ways. You also need to be able to find a local cluster in a specific place.
…One day the fishing didn’t go well from the very beginning. On the first ten runs - although it was for roach, it was very small - 30 - 50 grams each. Previously, here we always came across larger ones. True, I was fishing in a slightly different place, where now someone had inopportunely placed their fishing rods. And under these girders there are small ridges in which better fish are hiding.
With each new hole, I get closer and closer to the girders - everywhere the 30-gram “laurel” (small roach, as well as silver bream, sopeshka, white bream - ed.) pesters me. But then the bottom began to become lumpy - already very close to the arranged gear, it was possible to hook a small bottom strip. And then larger tracks began to appear. Even if it’s only 150 - 200 g, the bites are good and there are a lot of them. I drill around the perimeter of this area and catch a more or less decent sorog.
After another indistinct bite, I feel the tremors of a very decent fish. My fishing line is 0.06 mm, a jig with a swallow hook. I swing the fish back and forth - and after long minutes I pull the roach onto the ice. These don't come here very often - they contain about half a kilogram. I drill the area lengthwise and crosswise, darkening the holes. But the large fish no longer bite - everything is 100 - 200 g. And then in the next hole - a good bite! This fish feels an order of magnitude larger than the previous monster. Up and down, up and down, a jerk - and an annoying cliff. The fish are completely leaving the area, and I don’t have time anymore.
ASP ON SUR
FISHING ON SUR
"Non-core" fish
The species composition of the inhabitants of Sura is not limited to sop, bream, roach, pike perch and bersh. There are also perch and pike here, but on the last ice they are caught worse in the places I know. On the first ice - yes, sometimes there is no end to the pike, but in March the bite is inconsistent.
In March, perch periodically comes out to roach areas, into bays, and sometimes they are caught on the main current. It reacts very well to unbaited “goats” and “devils”, but it is not advisable to specifically run and look for it using a spoon in the main current, far from its favorite bays.
Pike are also rarely found on the main current. In the areas where I fish, my neighboring fishermen constantly put out their fishing rods, but in all the time I have seen literally several catches. For pike, it’s better to go to the famous Belavka, which, by the way, is very close to the famous Sursky Bridge.
Night fishing on the Sura River
The summer of 2010 turned out to be unusually hot, with scorching heat accompanied by a long drought. The air temperature during the day often exceeded forty degrees, and the night did not bring the desired coolness. It is not surprising that at the end of the working day, in search of coolness, people gravitated to bodies of water. The fairly shallow banks of rivers and lakes (there hasn’t been a single major rain in two months) are filled to capacity with vacationers, so it seemed that there was nowhere for an apple to fall. In the evenings, clouds often thickened in the sky, giving hope for the end of the stuffiness to all living things. But apart from a bright light and noise performance and a little rain that couldn’t even “knock down the dust,” there was no effect. By mid-August, the land, which had been under the yoke of such harsh weather, was covered with cracks, and the meadows and forests were painted in the shades of golden autumn. So on one of these evenings I went fishing. Having reached the river, he settled down on an area convenient for fishing and distant from noisy companies shore. I immediately pre-fed promising places for fishing. Having “thrown” the bottom tackle closer to the middle of the river, and the float rod to the reed thickets, I wait for bites. Evening dawn, the setting sun is hidden behind the crowns of trees and rays of light make their way to the surface of the water less and less, getting stuck in the reed thickets along the way. A thundercloud clearly looms in the sky, darkened by the sunset.
The thought “this is not for us” flashed through my head.
The bell rang timidly, then more insistently, there was a hook. The carpenter coveted a large grain of corn. A START! The float slid through the water and became completely submerged. The crucian carp was caught on pearl barley. It's getting dark. I attach a “firefly” to the gear. Meanwhile, the cloud is growing in size and getting closer.
And again the thought flashed: “no, not to us.”
The bait started working. True, the fish that were caught on the hook did not make any decent catch. Rose bright moon and in its light the cloud looks increasingly threatening. There was a chill. Rare drops left hope
“maybe not to us.”
Having warmed up, I continue to monitor the gear. It bites. The wind gradually increases, bringing with it rain that turns into downpour. There was no trace of doubt left.
"to us".
The raincoat helped avoid getting wet. The downpour subsided, clouds covered the entire sky, and pitch darkness reigned. At times the rain stopped altogether. At such moments, you could hear tree branches cracking under the pressure of the wind. The bite evaporated, only the worm was sometimes caught with ruffs. Closer to dawn, the bite for the donkey resumed. The carp almost pulled the rod into the water. Everything happened in one second. The powerful bite caused the fishing rod to jump on the stand, and the bell suspended on the tip of the rod began to ring as it rang.
Having made the hook and felt something weighty at the other end of the line, I began to move along the shore so as not to give the fish a chance to hide in the reeds. In complete darkness on the bank, muddy from the rain, I slipped and fell. I fell on the rod, breaking the reel, and had to pull the line out by hand. Having brought the fish to the shore and lifted it on a fishing line from the water, the fish jumped off the hook. But she couldn't leave.
Bottom line
2 carp - 1 kg each. Donka corn
8 roach - small pearl barley
2 ruff - float worm
1 bream float worm
AND A SEA OF IMPRESSIONS!!!
SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads.
Valery Timofeev.
http://www.skitalets.ru/books/
http://www.textual.ru/gvr/
WIKIPEDIA
http://www.intat.ru/land/tatar/
http://www.airfotovideo.ru/photos/
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://www.russia-da.ru/
http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/kirs-andrej/
http://penzagard.ru/sura.html
http://fisher-pnz.ru/
http://clubs.ya.ru/russia/
http://www.sfish.ru/index.php
Sura River.
The Sura River is an important river for us, Its bottom is silver, Its banks are steep and gilded. An ancient folk tale Sura (Chuv. - Syr) is a river, the right tributary of the Volga, one of its most significant tributaries within the Chuvash Volga region. The total length is 864 km, of which 2/3 of the Sura runs outside the borders of Chuvashia. Its beginning. Sura takes place in the Ulyanovsk region on the northern outskirts of the village of Surskie Vershiny. From there it flows west, to Penza. Then it turns north and 4 km north of the settlement of Sura again finds itself in the Ulyanovsk region. Further from the Ulyanovsk region, near the village. Ivankovo-Lenino, enters the territory of the Alatyrsky district and flows from south to northwest through the Alatyrsky and Poretsky districts and along western border Chuvash Republic over 230 km. Running through forests, wide collective farm fields and meadows, past apple orchards and suburban vegetable gardens, it slowly makes its way to the Volga, where it flows from the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region near the city of Vasilsursk. The left slope of the river is moderately steep, reaching a height of 50-70 m, and in the area of the village. Stemasy, Alatyr district, as well as near the village. Poretskoye, the villages of Ustinovka, Kozlovka, Poretsky district, are especially steep and steep. It is heavily crossed along its entire length by ravines, rivers and streams, and in many places is covered with continuous forest or isolated groves.
The floodplain is wide everywhere, up to 5-6 km, and even more between the settlements of Poretskoye-Shumerlya and the mouth of the Pyana. It is composed of sandy and sandy loam soils, and in wetlands - peat; rises above the low-water level by 2-7 m, often ending in a steep ledge towards the river. In the area of Knyazhesky and Krasny Yars, the height of the steep ledge reaches 15-20 m.
The floodplain abounds in lakes, the banks of which are covered with shrub and tree vegetation. Only in the floodplain of the Sura within the Chuvash Republic can be counted about 500 lakes, of which Chernoe is the largest, Dolgoe is the longest in Chuvashia. The floodplain of the Sura in its middle course is almost completely forested, only within the Krasnochetaisky and Yadrinsky districts it is much less so. Floodplain forests are oak groves or elm forests confined to elevated areas, while the lowlands are occupied by aspen, and in the near-terrace part floodplain alder forests grow. There are many other broad-leaved species in the tree layer - alder, birch, linden, and spruce is also found.
The rest of the floodplain, devoid of forest, is covered with meadows. Near the village of Mizherkasy the floodplain is low-lying. Here, grass stands of meadow foxtail and swamp bluegrass predominate. Upstream, meadows are found only in clearings. In the clearings lying in the depths of the forest, where the soils are granular, almost purely cereal grass stands predominate, where foxtail, bromegrass, wheatgrass, meadow fescue, white bentgrass, and swamp bluegrass grow together. In some clearings with granular soil, the grass stand contains a lot of legumes, as well as red and pink clover. Near
The central floodplain of Alatyr is elevated, and the meadows on it are partially plowed, partially preserved, but poor, reminiscent of dry meadows: sparse small-grass grass with low drought-resistant forbs. They differ from ordinary dry meadows in their steppe nature and the presence of fescue and thin-legged grass in the grass stand. Above Alatyr, the floodplain decreases again, and cereal grass stands are developed on granular soils, and near Ivankovo-Lenino on silty-sandy layered soils large space are occupied by foxtail meadows. The grass harvest in the meadows located in the Sura floodplain is generally always good. It should be noted that floodplain meadows are annually flooded with flood water. Average date The opening (beginning of spring ice drift) in Sur is April 12. There was a case when the spring ice drift began on March 30 (1937), and the late one - on April 24 (1952). Complete clearing of ice most often occurs at the beginning of the third ten days of April. In spring, due to intensive snow melting, the water level rises rapidly. The average rise in water level in the area of the village of Knyazhikha (Nizhny Novgorod region) reaches 8.4 m, and the maximum rise is 10.1 m (04/25/1963). The average date for the highest water level in the spring is April 17, the earliest is April 3 (1966), and the latest is May 1 (1952). Here we use data from a hydrological post located near the village of Knyazhikha, Nizhny Novgorod region, where observations were carried out from 1930 to 1970. In the most high-water years, in a number of settlements located on the banks of the Sura, houses and streets of several settlements located in the right-bank floodplain are flooded.
The decline of the flood occurs more slowly than the rise, and lasts up to 1.5-2 months. With the end of the flood, a period of low water begins, which occurs in June-July. The most low levels installed in August-September. At this time, the average width of the channel is 110-250 m. At this time, the channel is replete with shoals and riffles. There are especially many of them between the settlements of Alatyr - Poretskoye, as well as downstream to the city of Shumerlya. During water expeditions, we many times encountered islands and shallow areas in the riverbed between the indicated settlements. We saw people crossing the Sura in the Alatyr region without any watercraft. The depth on the rifts is 0.7-1 m, on the reaches - 3-7 m. Very deep places are found in the area of the Knyazhesky and Krasny yars, where the depth reaches 8-12 m. The current speed on the reaches is insignificant and only on the rifts reaches 0.5-0.8 m/s. Freeze-up on Sura occurs at the end of November, the deadline is the beginning of December. The ice thickness reaches 30-50 cm on the rifts, 50-70 cm on the reaches. The chemical composition of the waters of the Sura, upstream of the confluence of the Piana, is dominated by bicarbonates, i.e. acid salts carbonic acid, and below the confluence of the Piana there are sulfates, i.e. salts of sulfuric acid. The Sura above the confluence of the Piana belongs to a zone with moderately hard water, and below the confluence - hard (T.G. Galaktionova. Mineralization and general hardness river waters// Sat. slave. Gorky hydrometeorological observatory. Gorky, 1964). River water turbidity Sura is about 230 g/m3. On average, it carries about 1.9 million tons of suspended matter into the Volga annually, that is, almost as much as the Oka, despite the fact that its drainage area is almost 4 times smaller, and the annual runoff is 4.5 times less. .
Of the more than four dozen tributaries in the Chuvash section of the Sura, the most significant are the left ones - Atratka (13 km), Karmala (22 km), Alatyr, Me (partially flowing through the territory of our republic), Kisha, Medyana, Urga (flowing from the Nizhny Novgorod region); right - Abyss, Lyulya, Kirya, Algashka, Kumashka, Kumazhana, Urevka, Vyla, etc.
With the filling of the Cheboksary reservoir, the width, depth and regime of the river changed significantly. The water level at the river mouth after filling the reservoir rose by 11 m. In the Yadrinsky district, large floodplain areas were flooded, and many lakes disappeared.
Sura is navigable; passenger and cargo transportation has long been carried out along it. This can be judged by the volume of trade that was carried out along the Sura. So, for 1857-1861. on average per year it shipped (in poods): rye flour ~ 2,321,739, malt - 22,908, oats - 465,036, buckwheat - 111,006, wheat - 533,810, millet - 4,160, peas - 25,040, barley - 17,877, flax seeds - 86,470, hemp oil - 2200, calcined potash - 91,463, lard - 107,813, alcohol (in buckets) - 51,791, rags - 3,000. All of them, with few exceptions, were sent to northern capital, and therefore the Sur caravan was usually also called “Petersburg”.
In 1832, a steamship appeared on Sura. But until the end of the last century, barge haulage persisted here. The number of shipworkers on the river reached 10-13 thousand people. One of the documents noted: “On Sura, barge haulage is more preserved; all ships, without exception, rafted to the Volga, go to Rybinsk on a towline, sail or import.” The Surek barge haulers were distinguished by their special art of piloting ships; for the most part, peasants from low-income or large families became barge haulers. The main place for loading and unloading goods was the Kurmysh pier. Among the barge haulers one could also meet many of our fellow countrymen, residents of the Krasnochetaisky region.
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. The Sura remained the main waterway of the Kurmysh district. All major cargo transportation was carried out along it. In Shlyakhetsky’s profile cadet corps, compiled for the Kurmysh voivodeship for November 6 - January 30, 1761, it is indicated: “On the Sura River flowing near Kurmysh, ordinary plows walk with bread, with salt and with state-owned forests and with wine only in the spring, when there is the largest flood, and those ships sail along the Sura with grain from the cities of Penza and Alatyr, with salt from Saratov, with state-owned forests cut down near the city of Kurmysh, loaded from piers close to the cities, with wine factories located in the Penza and Alatyr district, to various high towns.” This indicates the level of development of navigation on this river in the distant past. Cities and large settlements served as piers. The Vylsko-Zavodskaya (the mouth of the Vyla) and Alatyrskaya piers were especially famous, from which grain and timber were exported in large quantities.
Even in the recent past, in the 50s-80s. XX century, one could see how ships and barges loaded with various cargo and goods passed up and down the Sura. At the same time, passengers were transported by flat-bottomed high-speed vessels of the Zarnitsa type, which could land on the shore anywhere. Currently, due to rising water levels, navigation opportunities have increased, but for various reasons, cargo transportation has decreased significantly, and regular passenger transportation above Yadrin does not take place at all.
Sura was famous for its rich ichthyofauna, back in the 1940-1960s. More than 100 quintals of excellent river fish were caught here annually.
In file No. 228 “Information of the Yadrinsky district leader of the nobility on the state of state property in the district for 1865” it is said: “In Sura there is sterlet, which in taste has an advantage over the Volga, bream, pike perch, and in the lakes: perch, crucian carp, sorozhka and other small fish." And in the newspaper “Russian Diary” (dated June 4, 1859), which was published in St. Petersburg, in the article “Kurmysh Chuvash” it is noted: “The Chuvash are not at all engaged in fishing, muskrats and minks, of which there are a lot there.” In the footnote to the article there is a disclaimer: “There were a lot of beavers on Sura, and they disappeared not more than 50 years ago.” Currently, due to the deterioration of the ecological condition of the river, there is a process of reduction in the species and number of fish. Valuable sturgeon fish species, in particular sterlet, have almost disappeared. The largest fish living in Sura is catfish. There was a case when an amateur fisherman in the Krasny Yar area caught a catfish weighing 56 kg.
The picturesque nature of Sura is of great recreational importance. These places are an excellent place for recreation and tourism for the residents of the republic. On the banks of the Sura there are children's summer health camps and holiday homes, and in the Yadrinsky district there is the famous tourist base "Sursky Dawns". In order to attract tourists from other regions and countries, it is necessary to develop an appropriate recreational economy here, taking into account the peculiarities of history, culture, way of life, and traditions of the peoples living in this region. The Sura, in addition, provides water to the cities and villages located on its banks, and itself is in dire need of protection from industrial and domestic pollution.
There are several rivers with the name Sura on the territory of the Russian Federation:
- A tributary of the Pinega.
- River in the Amur region.
- In the Arkhangelsk region.
- In the Murmansk region.
But the most famous of them is the Sura River, which is the second largest right tributary of the Volga.
Linguists claim that its name comes from an ancient language that was previously spoken in the Volga region. It is noteworthy that there are no longer any speakers left these days. The picturesque shores are a favorite vacation spot for large quantity tourists, attracting them not only with beautiful scenery, but also as a wonderful place for fishing.
Features of the river
The Sura is one of the most beautiful rivers with a moderately winding bed. The sandy-pebble structure predominates at the bottom, due to which the river is susceptible to erosion. Despite its impressive length, almost the entire right bank is located on a hill, representing a continuous series of cliffs overgrown with bushes and trees. In addition, in some places you can see outcrops of limestone and chalk appearing on the surface.
The left bank is full of sandy beaches, some of which are densely overgrown with dense bushes, behind them lies the Sura River. The tributaries of this river are impressive in size, but the most significant of them are on the left side - Truev, Kadada and Uza.
The steep structure of the banks of the Sura is explained by the significant slope of the bed in the direction of the Volga. In the upper section of the river, the current speed sometimes reaches 0.9 m/s, while the movement of water in most of the Sura occurs from east to west, sometimes leaning to the northeast.
Basic data
Sura is the second largest river in Mordovia. This is one of the most picturesque waterways of the Volga Upland. In addition, the Sura River flows into the Volga, being its second largest tributary. It flows along the eastern and southeastern outskirts of Mordovia for 120 km. The total length of the river is 841 km. In addition, it affects such regions as Ulyanovsk, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, the territories of Chuvashia and the Mari El Republic.
The most suitable time to travel along the water surface of this river is May. At this time, the Sura River becomes full-flowing. And the flow speed increases, so there is no need to apply great effort for movement on water.
The width of the river in Mordovia on average fluctuates within 5 km, while in some places it can expand to 10-12 km, and in some, on the contrary, it narrows to such an extent that its width does not exceed 1-2 km.
Water travel
IN summer period You can even move around the Sura by kayaks. The length of water routes is:
- From the Sura Novaya station in the Penza region to the Sura recreation center. The length of the route will be approximately 16 km.
- When departing from the Sura recreation center to the destination on Lake Inerke, the length of the route will reach 11 km.
- If the departure point is Lake Inerka, the route will be 17.5 km and will lead the traveler to the village of Nikolaevka, Bolshebereznikovsky district.
For experienced travelers, the route can be extended at will to the village of Surskoye, located in the Ulyanovsk region.
Main entertainment
Since the length that the Sura River reaches is very significant, and the area is picturesque, people have long chosen it as the main vacation spot during the warm season. A large number of children's camps and recreation centers with the same name - "Sura" - were built on the banks of the river. In addition, it is important that the surrounding area was equipped with very spacious and comfortable beaches. A large number of lakes are collected in the river floodplain, while the main attraction for most tourists continues to be the big lake on the territory of Mordovia called Inerka.
Of course, one cannot help but note the development of fishing on the Sur, which was greatly facilitated by the presence of a large number of different species of fish in the river. This encourages many avid fishermen to visit Sura.
Story
According to the surviving information provided by various archival sources, to end of the 19th century century, the Sura River began in close proximity from the village of Surskie Vershiny. Today, this territory is part of the Baryshsky district of the Ulyanovsk region. In those days, the source of the Sura was two streams, merging with each other and thereby forming a small river flowing through the village. Already beyond its borders, the Kramola River and additional streams flowed into it, due to which the Sura became a full-flowing river.
Today, the right source has practically disappeared as a result of uncontrolled deforestation of the surrounding forests. In addition, in the area where the Sura River connected with this source, a dam was built, as a result of which the streams that served as the main source of its filling in this area began to gradually silt up. And from that time on, it was decided to consider its source to be a river flowing in the forest nearby.
Despite the fact that in former times the Sura was not a wide or deep river, during periods of flood it was successfully used to transport timber, which was a very dangerous and difficult task.
The role of the river in the protected area
The Sura River, the photo of which is posted below, flows along the large area reserve "Volga Forest-Steppe" called the Upper Sura for more than 10 km. Despite the fact that the main water line runs through the Penza region, the width of the river here is insignificant, and the Sura is only beginning to gain strength here. It is noteworthy that this fact only gives the reserve exceptional water conservation significance.
The upper reaches of the Sura impress visitors with its size, while this area is characterized by high hills, thanks to which you can see in detail all the river valleys and streams that flow into it. It is located at an altitude of more than 290 m on a spur of the Volga Upland, the more common name of which is Surskaya Shishka. It is noteworthy that this territory acquired the status of a protected area only in 1991.
Many forest streams flow through the reserve, flowing into the Sura, total length which is about 27-30 km. They are replenished mainly due to thawed and groundwater, originating from ravines and springs.
Question 1. Define absolute altitude.
Absolute height is the elevation of a point earth's surface above sea level.
Question 2: What is an elevation mark?
Elevation mark - the vertical elevation of one point on the earth's surface above another.
Question 3. What is called horizontal?
A line that connects points of the same height is called a horizontal line.
Question 4. Using the physical map of Russia in the atlas, using elevation marks, determine how the height of the Ural Mountains changes from north to south.
The height of the mountains rises and falls. The highest mountains are in the Northern and Southern Urals.
Question 5. Using the physical map of Russia, determine the absolute height of the territory where your settlement is located.
The absolute height of Chelyabinsk is 237 m.
Question 6. Determine from the map which part of the Sea of Okhotsk is deeper - northern or southern.
The southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk is deeper. The Kuril Island Arc passes there, and such arcs always correspond to deep-sea trenches.
Question 7. Using the physical map of the hemispheres, determine which continent is higher - Africa or Australia. What actions and in what sequence must be performed to answer this question?
Above is Africa, below is Australia. You must complete the following steps: 1. take a physical map of the world; 2. consider the height scale; 3. look at the continents; 4. determine on a scale the heights characteristic of each continent; 5.conclude: Australia is the flattest continent. Average height above sea level 220 - 230 meters. Africa is a continent of high plains. Average altitude 500 m above sea level.
Question 8. How would the absolute height of Mount Chomolungma (Everest) change if the level of the World Ocean: a) increased by 10 m; b) dropped by 12 m?
a) height will decrease by 10 m. b) increase by 12 m.
QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR REVIEW
Question 1. Calculate the distance from Severny geographic pole to the South through the center of the Earth.
The polar radius of the earth = 6356.8 km, which means the distance between the poles = 2 * 6356.8 = 12713.6 km.
Question 2. In what direction from South America located: a) Antarctica; b) Africa; c) Eurasia?
a) Antarctica - in the south; b) Africa - in the east; c) Eurasia - in the northwest.
Question 3. Name the southernmost and most northern continent of our planet.
The northernmost is North America (Greenland), the southernmost is
Antarctica.
Question 4. Determine the shortest distance from Easter Island to the equator using: a) scale; b) degree network lines.
a) 500; b) 27 degrees.
Question 5. Determine which objects are located at points with coordinates: a) 43° N. w. and 79° W. d.; b) 9° N. w. and 79° W. d.; c) 19° S. w. and 27° east. d.; d) 64° N. w. and 18° W. d.
a) 43 s. w. and 79 z. d. – Toronto, Canada; b) 35 south w. and 59 z. d. – Buenos Aires, Argentina; c) 19 south w. and 27th century d. – Victoria Falls; d) 64 s. w. and 18 z. d. - Skaftafell, Iceland.
Question 6. Determine the geographical coordinates of: a) the northern point Eurasia; b) the easternmost point of Africa; c) herself western point North America; d) the southernmost point of Australia.
a) Cape Chelyuskin – 77°43" N 104°18′ E; b) Cape Ras Hafun – 10°25′ N 51°22" E. d.; c) Cape Murchison - 71°50" N, 94°38′ W; d) Cape South-East (South Point) - 39°11" S. w. 146°22′ E. d.
Question 7. Determine geographic coordinates highest points all continents of the Earth.
The highest peak in Australia is Kosciuszko Peak (2228m) Coordinates -36°27′ S. w. 148°16′ E. d.
The highest peak of Antarctica is Vinson Massif (4897m) Coordinates - 78°31′ S. w. 85°37′ W d.
The highest peak in Europe is Elbrus (5642m) Coordinates: 43°21′11″ N. w. 42°26′13″ E. d.
The highest peak in Africa is Kilimanjaro (5895m) Coordinates: 3°04′00″ S. w. 37°21′33″ E. d.
The highest peak in North America is McKinley (6194m) Coordinates - 63°04′10″ N. w. 151°00′26″ W. d.
The highest peak of South America is Aconcagua (6962m) Coordinates -32°39′ S. w. 70°00′ W d.
The highest peak in Asia is Everest (8848m) Coordinates - 27°59′17″ N. w. 86°55′31″ E d.
Question 8. The longitude of which two points on the Earth cannot be determined? Why?
North and South Poles of the Earth. They do not have longitude because any longitude can be assigned to them with equal right. The poles lie where all the meridians meet each other globe. It can therefore be argued that the pole point belongs to each meridian of the globe and that, therefore, it has any longitude.
Question 9. Which city is located higher: a) Delhi or Beijing; b) Mexico City or Brasilia?
a) Beijing because Delhi is 27 degrees N. latitude, and Beijing - 39 degrees north. w.
b) Mexico City because Brasilia is 16 degrees south. latitude, and Mexico City - 19 degrees north. w.
Question 10. Name as many consequences of the spherical shape of the Earth as possible. How did its size influence the modern appearance of the Earth?
Due to rotation around its axis and the resulting centrifugal force, the Earth is slightly flattened at the poles and its semimajor axis (equatorial radius) is almost 21.4 km greater than the distance from the center of the Earth to the poles. Such a ball, uniformly flattened at the poles, is called a spheroid or ellipsoid of revolution. In our universe, all bodies with a mass greater than approximately 0.0012 the mass of the Earth take a spherical shape under the weight of their own gravity.
“Country Kazakhstan” - Nature of Kazakhstan. Semipalatinsk I am your flower, grown by you. National musical instruments. Under the generous golden sun, Under clear sky blue... It’s not in vain that the country’s flag is like the sky without clouds. Astana. I am the song ringing on your lips, My homeland is my Kazakhstan. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev.
“TV Kazakhstan” - Thematic films. Latest news and current interviews. The program is dedicated to the search for criminals hiding from justice. The radius of the circles is proportional to the volume of the channel’s audience (thousand people). Broadcast Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 21:30 + repeats Timing minutes Language Kazakh. Channel audience. Transmission Automotive life of the country yesterday, today, tomorrow.
“Kazakhstan lesson” - Spring. What is the capital of Kazakhstan and what is its former name? Psychological attitude: Our Motherland is ....Republic. Calm. Geography: To cultivate a sense of patriotism as a personality quality of a future citizen of Kazakhstan. Homeland of my motherland. Which countries does Kazakhstan border with?
“Republic of Kazakhstan” - Our heart and arms are open to representatives of all five continents. In 1977-1979 - secretary, second secretary of the Karaganda regional party committee. Blue sky the same for all peoples of the world. Thus, in the language of heraldry, the authors reflect the peace-loving essence of the Kazakhs. The coat of arms has the shape of a circle. The silhouette of horses in the language of heraldists has deep meaning and content.
“Reservoirs of Kazakhstan” - Lake Borovoye. Pike asp, balder. Reservoirs of Kazakhstan. Pelican curly. Swans. The river's floodplain is densely planted with poplars and shrubs. White heron. If reeds, trees, shrubs near water bodies are cut down... R. Tobol. The flowers are collected into cobs. The beautiful Ili and the poor shepherd Karatal loved each other.
“Constitution of Kazakhstan” - Consider section IV “Parliament”. The dawn of the country will become dearer to you And you will understand the uniqueness of the steppe. (Each team should answer the question “yes” or “no”). The concept of “citizen” is inextricably linked with the concepts of “honor” and “dignity”. Misappropriation of power is punishable by law.