Riddles are an accessible and fun way to train your wits. Believe me, she desperately needs this, because human brain prone to laziness. Who most often faces serious mysteries in Everyday life? Detectives. They constantly have to carefully analyze all available facts in order to come to the right conclusions in their investigations. No wonder detectives are good at thinking!
Today we invite you to try yourself in their shoes and solve three riddles. Simple conditions, but there were some tricks too. Be careful!
Riddle No. 1
During the construction of the new highway in the city, it was strictly specified that every tenth kilometer must be completely straight. This does not affect traffic in any way and does not in any way affect the economic state of the country. These kilometers were used only in emergency situations. In what?
Riddle No. 2
A curious industrial archaeologist explored an abandoned factory building. He climbed a 30-meter brick pipe using an old rotten ladder, but when he got to the top, the ladder fell. There is no one around to help him or hear the scream. A lot of time passed, but the archaeologist still managed to descend from the pipe. How?
Riddle No. 3
The investigation did not have enough evidence, so the man was released on bail of $400. He paid the bail in cash, and although there was nothing wrong with his money (it was ordinary, not marked in any way, it was impossible to trace its history), immediately after posting the bail the police had missing evidence. What happened?
Think carefully.
Pay attention to details.
Ready?
Sure?
Right answers!
Haywiremedia/Shutterstock.com
№1
They were used as landing strips for aircraft in emergencies.
№2
First, he removed one brick from the top row of the pipe, and then, using the same brick as a hammer, he knocked the bricks out of the masonry, destroying the pipe. Thus, he managed to gradually descend to the very bottom, almost destroying the pipe.
№3
He paid the entire deposit in coins, and he was accused of stealing coins from automatic machines.
Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com
What do you think of our riddles? Did you manage to cope? Which one seemed the simplest, and which one the most difficult? Share your opinion in the comments!
Trick riddles are riddles with a common question and a non-standard answer. At first glance, the answer may seem strange and incorrect, but if you read the riddle more carefully and think about the answer, it will turn out to be quite logical. Riddles with a trick, as a rule, are not without a sense of humor. They not only develop intelligence and out-of-the-box thinking, but are also fun. Tell tricky riddles to your friends and relatives, have a fun and useful time.
The same person always came to the football match. Before the game started, he guessed the score. How did he do it?
Answer: Before the game starts the score is always 0:0
77798
More than an hour, less than a minute.
Answer: Seconds (hand of some watch models)
Tag. Anna
46732
What language is spoken silently?
Answer: Sign language
133144
Why is the stop valve on trains red and on airplanes blue?
Answer: Many will say: “I don’t know.” Experienced people will answer: “There are no stop valves on airplanes.” In fact, airplanes have a stop valve in the cockpit.
Makarova Valentina, Moscow
31329
The boy paid 11 rubles for a bottle with a cork. A bottle costs 10 rubles more than a cork. How much does a cork cost?
Answer: 50 kopecks
Orlov Maxim, Moscow
39807
One French writer really disliked the Eiffel Tower, but always dined there (on the first level of the tower). How did he explain this?
Answer: This is the only place in all of vast Paris from where it is not visible
Borovitsky Vyacheslav, Kaliningrad
37300
What city did you hide in? male name and side of the world?
Answer: Vladivostok
Mezhuleva Yulia
43025
Seven sisters are at the dacha, where each is busy with some kind of business. The first sister reads a book, the second cooks food, the third plays chess, the fourth solves Sudoku, the fifth does laundry, the sixth takes care of plants. What does the seventh sister do?
Answer: Plays chess
Gobozov Alexey, Sochi
43090
Why do they often walk, but rarely drive?
Answer: By stairs
171629
It goes uphill, then downhill, but stays in place.
Answer: Road
133765
Which word has 5 "e"s and no other vowels?
Answer: Migrant
Radaev Evgeniy, Petrozavodsk
39440
Two people approach the river. There is a boat at the shore that can only support one. Both people crossed to opposite bank. How?
Answer: They were on different banks
25 25, Vladivostok
29762
Vasily, Peter, Semyon and their wives Natalya, Irina, Anna are 151 years old together. Each husband is 5 years older than his wife. Vasily is 1 year older than Irina. Natalya and Vasily are 48 years old together, Semyon and Natalya are 52 years old together. Who is married to whom, and how old is someone? (Age must be expressed in whole numbers).
Answer: Vasily (26) - Anna (21); Peter (27) - Natalya (22); Semyon (30) - Irina (25).
Chelyadinskaya Victoria, Minsk
18248
Jackdaws flew and sat on sticks. If they sit down one at a time, there’s an extra jackdaw; if they sit down in twos, there’s an extra stick. How many sticks were there and how many jackdaws were there?
Answer: Three sticks and four jackdaws
Baranovsky Sergey, Polotsk
24815
Where does it happen that a horse jumps over a horse?
Answer: In chess
)))))))) Renesmee, L.A.
34730
What table has no legs?
Answer: Dietary
Boyko Sasha, Volchikha
29339
Do not write anything or use a calculator. Take 1000. Add 40. Add another thousand. Add 30. Another 1000. Plus 20. Plus 1000. And plus 10. What happened?
Answer: 5000? Wrong. The correct answer is 4100. Try using a calculator.
Ivanova Daria, Daria
32607
How can a person not sleep for 8 days?
Answer: Sleep at night
Sone4ka0071, Sosnogorsk
33068
What animal do people walk on and cars drive over?
Answer: Zebra
Tanya Kostryukova, Saransk
25761
Which word uses “no” 100 times?
Answer: Moans
Muslimova Sabina, Dagestan (Derbent)
30697
What's an elephant without a nose?
Answer: Chess
Ksenia Prokopieva, Moscow
26630
Mr. Mark was found murdered in his office. The cause turned out to be a bullet wound to the head. Detective Robin, examining the murder scene, found a cassette recorder on the table. And when he turned it on, he heard Mr. Mark's voice. He said: “This is Mark speaking. Jones just called me and said that in ten minutes he would be here to shoot me. There is no use in running. I know this footage will help the police arrest Jones. I hear his footsteps on the stairs. The door opens..." The assistant detective suggested arresting Jones on suspicion of murder. But the detective did not follow his assistant's advice. As it turns out, he was right. Jones was not the killer, as was stated on the tape. Question: why did the detective become suspicious?
Answer: The tape in the recorder was reviewed at the beginning. Moreover, Jones would have taken the tape.
Katarina, Moscow
10722
Sherlock Holmes was walking down the street. And suddenly he saw a dead woman lying on the ground. He walked over, opened her bag and took out her phone. Tel. in the book he found her husband's number. He called. Speaks:
- Come here urgently. Your wife has died. And after a while the husband arrives. He looks at his wife and says:
- Oh, honey, what happened to you???
And then the police arrive. Sherlock points his finger at the woman's husband and says:
- Arrest this man. He was the one who killed her. Question: Why did Sherlock think that?
Answer: Because Sherlock didn't tell her husband the address
Tusupova Aruzhan
18773
Two fifth-graders Petya and Alyonka are walking home from school and talking.
“When the day after tomorrow becomes yesterday,” said one of them, “then today will be as far from Sunday as the day that was today, when the day before yesterday was tomorrow.” What day of the week did they talk?
Answer: On Sunday
Khrushka, Ololoshkino
13869
There is a rich house and a poor one. They are burning. Which house will the police extinguish?
Answer: Police don't put out fires, fires are put out by firefighters
77643
What route has no one ever walked or ridden before?
Answer: Milky Way
Tikhonova Inessa, Aktyubinsk
22840
How many years are there in a year?
Answer: one (summer)
Maksim, Penza
27952
What kind of stopper can't stop any bottle?
Answer: Road
Volchenkova Nastya, Moscow
23284
In what word is the drink and natural phenomenon “hidden”?
Answer: Grapes
Anufrienko Dasha, Khabarovsk
22752
What sign must be placed between 6 and 7 so that the result is less than 7 and greater than 6?
Answer: Comma
Mironova Violetta, Saratov
20174
Without what can nothing ever happen?
Answer: Untitled
Anyutka, Omsk
23565
Union, number then preposition -
That's the whole charade.
And so that you can find the answer,
We need to remember about rivers.
Answer: i-sto-k
Nazgulichka, Ufa
16286
What muscle is the strongest in the human body?
Answer: The common belief is language. In fact, it is the calf and masseter muscles.
Anonymous
17864
You can tie it, but you can’t untie it.
Answer: Conversation
Dasha, Chelyabinsk
21810
To what mere mortal does even the president take off his hat?
Answer: Hairdresser
Nastya Slesarchuk, Moscow
20548
How to put 2 liters of milk in a liter jar?
Answer: Turn it into cottage cheese
Anonymous
17932
Once upon a time there lived an orphan girl in a thicket; she had only two kittens, two puppies, three parrots, a turtle and a hamster with a hamster who was supposed to give birth to 7 hamsters. The girl went to get food. She goes through the forest, field, forest, field, field, forest, forest, field. She came to the store, but there was no food there. It goes further, through the forest, forest, field, field, forest, field, forest, field, forest, field, field, forest. And the girl fell into the hole. If she gets out, dad will die. If she stays there, mom will die. You can't dig a tunnel. What should she do?
Answer: She is an orphan
I'm Yulechka, Omsk
14039
They are metallic and liquid. What are we talking about?
Answer: Nails
Babicheva Alena, Moscow
14819
How to write "duck" in 2 cells?
Answer: In the 1st - the letter “y”, in the 2nd - a dot.
Sigunova 10 years old Valeria, Zheleznogorsk
20395
Name a word in which one letter is a prefix, the second is a root, the third is a suffix, and the fourth is an ending.
Answer: Gone: u (prefix), sh (root), l (suffix), a (ending).
Little Daniel
14400
Guess the riddle: who has the heel behind the nose?
Answer: Shoes
Lina, Donetsk
17334
There were 20 people on the bus. At the first stop 2 people got off and 3 people got on, at the next - 1 got off and 4 got on, at the next - 5 got off and 2 got on, at the next - 2 got off and 1 got on, at the next - 9 got off and no one got on, at the next - 2 more came out. Question: how many stops were there?
Answer: The answer to the riddle is not that important. This riddle with an unexpected question. While you are telling the riddle, the guesser begins to count in his head the number of people on the bus, and at the end of the riddle, with a question about the number of stops, you will puzzle him.
39405
There lived a husband and wife. The husband had his own room in the house, which he forbade his wife to enter. The key to the room was in the bedroom chest of drawers. They lived like this for 10 years. And so the husband went on a business trip, and the wife decided to come into this room. She took the key, opened the room, and turned on the light. The wife walked around the room, then saw a book on the table. She opened it and heard someone opening the door. She closed the book, turned off the light and locked the room, putting the key in the chest of drawers. It's my husband who came. He took the key, opened the room, did something in it and asked his wife: “Why did you go there?”
How did the husband guess?
Answer: My husband touched the light bulb, it was hot.
SLEPTSOVA VIKUSIA, OMSK
11873
A husband and wife, a brother and sister, and a husband and brother-in-law were walking. How many people are there in total?
Answer: 3 people
Arkharov Mikhail, Orekhovo-Zuevo
14715
This name in full sounds like Danuta. What is it abbreviated as?
Answer: Dana
Hanukova Danuta, Bryansk
12807
A river that “fits” in your mouth?
Answer: Gum
Bezusova Anastasia, Overyata village
Incredible facts
Do you like mysteries and detective stories? Then these puzzles are for you.
You need to have good wits to solve these crime riddles.
Will you be able to find the killer or catch the criminal?
Test yourself how quickly you can solve these crimes.
You will find the answers at the very end of the article.
Murder mysteries
1. Iced tea
Two girls were having lunch. They both ordered iced tea.
One girl drank tea very quickly and was able to drink 5 cups in the time it took the other to drink only one cup.
The girl who drank one cup died, but the other survived. All drinks were poisoned.
How could the girl who drank the most tea survive?
2. Cassette
The man was found dead with a cassette recorder in one hand and a gun in the other. When the police arrived, they immediately pressed play on the tape.
On the recording they heard: “I have no reason to live anymore. I can’t do this anymore,” and then the sound of a gunshot.
After listening to the tape, the police knew what it was not suicide, but murder. How did they know?
Crime mysteries
5. Car, knife and wife
The man killed stabbed his wife in the car. No one was around to see it.
He threw her out of the car, making sure he didn't leave any fingerprints on her body. Then he threw the knife off the cliff into a ravine where no one would find it and went home.
An hour later the police called him and told him that his wife had been killed and he needed to come forward immediately. b to the crime scene.
As soon as he arrived, he was immediately arrested. How did they know what happened??
Read also:The most terrible serial killers of the 20th century
6. Coin
A dead body was found downstairs at multi-storey building. Seeing the position of the body, it became clear that the person jumped from one of the floors, committing suicide. A detective was called in to investigate the case.
He walked to the first floor and entered a room that was located in the direction where the body was found.
He opened the window and threw a coin down . Then he went to the second floor and repeated the same thing. He did this until he reached the last floor.
He then went downstairs and reported that it was a murder, not a suicide. How did he come to this conclusion?
9. Court
The man was accused of killing his wife, but her body was not found. In court, his lawyer states that she simply disappeared and will enter the courtroom in 30 seconds.
Swedish fortresses around St. Petersburg.
M.I. Milchik, from the collection "Swedes on the banks of the Neva" Swedish Institute, Stockholm, 1998, pp. 26-33.
Karelian Isthmus, Northern Ladoga region, the lands of Izhora and Vodi on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea - this is the territory whose life, since the 18th century, has become increasingly determined by its proximity to St. Petersburg. Before its founding, the main thing here was the centuries-old rivalry between Sweden and Novgorod (and then the Russian state) for dominance. Nowhere was the history of the two countries so closely intertwined as on the eastern shores of the Baltic. The fortresses that arose here, which repeatedly changed hands, seemed to reflect in a mirror the drama of the 500-year-old confrontation.
Next, I will limit myself to a quick overview of the main stages construction history fortresses founded by the Swedes. These are Vyborg and Kexholm (Korela), Landskrona and Nyenschanz, as well as Russian ones - Oreshek (Hotebor), Yama, Koporye and Ivangorod. During the Northern War they all became part of Russian Empire. The founding of St. Petersburg in 1703 initially reduced them military role, and then, as the border moved west, it completely disappeared, with the exception of Vyborg and Ivangorod.
Long-standing alienation, reinforced by 70 years of closure Soviet Union, manifested itself in the historiography of fortresses: their history both in Sweden and in Russia was studied almost exclusively on the basis of their own sources, and therefore gaps inevitably remained, relating primarily to those periods when the fortresses found themselves in the hands of a rival, not to mention the general bias in interpretation of even available sources. This is exactly how the generalizing and in many ways outdated works of Ludwig Munthe and Vladimir Kostochkin were written. Only in recent decades have Russian researchers made attempts to expand the range of sources, in particular, through cartographic materials of the 17th century from the Swedish Military Archives, reports of inspection trips in 1681 and 1697. outstanding statesman, fortifier and artist Eric Dahlberg (1625-1703), began to use extensive publications of archival documents of the 16th-17th centuries. on Vyborg Castle by Alfred Hackman and on Kexholm by Theodor Schwindt.
Significantly deepened our understanding of the fortifications of Vyborg, Korela (Kexholm), Oreshek (Noteborg), Koporye and Ivangorod archaeological excavations, carried out there under the leadership, respectively, of V.A. Tyulepev, L.N. Kirpichnikova, O.V. Ovsyannikov and V.P. Petrenko, as well as architectural and archaeological research by I.A. Khaustova, V.M. Savkov and others in connection with the restoration of these fortresses. This heterogeneous material is still waiting for its generalization, which is impossible without a systematic element-by-element comparison with other Swedish castles and fortresses. Only now that he has disappeared iron curtain, and relations of good neighborliness and trust are established between Russia and Sweden, such a study is quite feasible.
Vyborg Castle was founded in 1293 as a result of the third " crusade" Swedish knights. An island was chosen for it on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, at the beginning of the water trade route, which crossed the entire Karelian Isthmus to Lake Ladoga(since the 17th century, there has been a chain of lakes on the site of the western channel of the Vuoksa). There was also a land road connecting the Western Karelian region of Savolaks (the basin of Lake Saimaa) and the Neva.
It has now been archaeologically proven that there was a Karelian settlement on the island before. This is indirectly confirmed in the entry about the founding of the castle in the first Novgorod chronicle: “Having come, you built a city on the Korel land.” "Eric's Chronicle" clarifies that the castle was built of stone, but does not mention the ruler Türgals Knutson and Bishop Peter of Westeros, which, as I. P. Shaskolsky believes, indicates their non-participation in the campaign.
The castle became a threat to Novgorod, because it was located on the approaches to the Neva, which served for it the only way out to the Baltic Sea. It is not surprising that in 1294 the Novgorodians tried (although unsuccessfully) to storm Vyborg. On initial stage The castle occupied only the elevated part of the island and was a square tower-donjon of St. built from boulders. Olaf and the fortress wall surrounding it. Soon, around, and then opposite the island, on the city cape, artisans and merchants, mostly immigrants from small towns, began to settle. King Birger already in 1295 wrote to Lubeck, inviting trade with Novgorod through Vyborg, that “the Vyborg castle was built [...] to strengthen the kingdom and ensure the safety of sailors.”
In the same year, the Swedes tried to gain a foothold at the other, Ladoga end of the Vuoksa waterway, as if blocking it on both sides. There, on an island at the mouth of the Vuoksa (in the chronicle of Uzierva), they founded Kexgolm (ancient Russian Korela, Finnish name Käkisalmi). Unlike Vyborg, the fortification here was made of wood and earth and was fragile: the Novgorodians easily defeated it in the same year (“[...] the city was raked,” reports the First Novgorod Chronicle). "Eric's Chronicle", talking about the battle, adds that the Russians captured the island and greatly fortified it. Unfortunately, this “fortress” could not be discovered archaeologically.
The third stage of Swedish penetration into the Karelian Ladoga region was an attempt to directly seize the Neva - the main artery of Novgorod trade, and therefore the Izhora land: in May 1300, at the confluence of the Okhta River (in Eric's Chronicle it is called the Black River - Swärta aa (verse 1473), and in the description of E. Dahlberg - Black Stream - Svartbäken) an army led by Türgils Knutson ( Novgorod Chronicle calls it “maskalka” - Mars - Marshal) began to build the Landskrona fortress with the help of his craftsmen, and also “[...] from the great Rome the master brought the master deliberately from the Pope,” the same chronicle reports. The river cape was blocked by a ditch and a rampart with a wooden wall and eight towers on which there were throwing machines - vices. However, next year Novgorod army destroyed these fortifications, as the “Chronicle of Eric” (verse 1458-1805) narrates in unusual detail. Events of 1300-1301 on the Neva became, as it were, a distant prologue to what happened here during the founding of St. Petersburg.
In 1310, the Novgorodians moved the “Korelsky town” a little further from the shore of Lake Ladoga and placed it on an island at the mouth of the Vuoksa: “cut down on poroze new.” This fortress, rebuilt many times, still exists today (the city of Priozersk, Leningrad region).
After this, the struggle between Novgorod and Sweden for the Korel land reached a certain balance: West Side the isthmus with Vyborg became Swedish, the eastern one with Korela and Neva became Novgorod. As a result, the parties decided to recognize the actual situation, but before the meeting with the Swedish ambassadors in 1323, they “walked around Gorodtsi with Prince Yuri and placed the city at the mouth [source - auto.] Neva, on Orekhovoy Island [...]". The founding of a new fortress consolidated the dominant position of Novgorod in the Neva basin and at the same time became a political action associated with the conclusion of peace. This treaty, which prohibited both parties from building new fortresses on Korelsky land, established the border existed until late XVI century, and became the first agreement in the history of Russian-Swedish relations.
Nevertheless, the confrontation continued. So, in 1348, King Magnus Erikson captured the newly built Orekhov. The Novgorodians soon recaptured the island and in 1352 began building a powerful stone fortress here with several stone towers, which was new for the north-west of Rus' (fragments of the fortress were archaeologically discovered in 1969-1970).
12 years later, in Korel, in Detinets, a “kamen fire” was erected - a tower (the word probably comes from the Latin castrum, Estonian kastre or Swedish kastell). Single-tower fortifications were then common in Scandinavia (in particular in Gotland), as well as in Livonia. Until recently, it was believed that the surviving Round Tower was the “bonfire” mentioned in the chronicle, but during excavations in 1972-1973. not far from it, the base of a trapezoidal structure was discovered, which was probably the “bonfire” of the 14th century. Our research has shown that the Round Tower belongs to XVI century, i.e. to the era of Swedish fortification, which will be discussed further.
Vyborg, meanwhile, continued to develop rapidly: in the 14th century, the city cape was built up, northern shore of which a Franciscan monastery (Grey Brothers) was founded, and at the southern one - a Dominican one (Black Brothers). Both monasteries flanked the approaches to the castle. In 1403, Vyborg received city rights from King Eric XIII, but whether it then had a wooden wall is unknown.
During the period of the governorship of Karl Knutson (1442-1448), a wall with battlements was built around the castle, one tier was built on the tower of St. Olof and a convention house was erected - an internal square of buildings, which included a tower. In the spring of 1475, the ruler of Sweden and governor of Vyborg, Erik-Axelson Tott, adopted an extensive fortification program, which included the construction of a castle in Savo, the reconstruction of a castle in Visby and the construction of a stone city wall on the Vyborg Cape. It went around the entire cape, but its most fortified part was the half-kilometer eastern section- "approach" wall. In its center was the largest tower, designed to accommodate cannons - the tower of St. Andreas, and two gates: in the northern part of Karyaportin torni (Cattle Drive) and in the southern part of Raatin torni (Town Hall). Of the entire wall, only the last tower has survived to this day, and that is only due to the fact that it was built on around 1652, turning it into the bell tower of the Finnish church. Chamber loopholes indicate the suitability of the tower for artillery. The emergence of a centralized Moscow state in the east increased the feeling of danger in Sweden, and therefore, before the construction of the Vyborg wall had yet been completed, Tott began the construction of Neishlot (Olavinlinna), designed to prevent the enemy from penetrating deep into Finland by water. In the architecture of this castle one can find elements borrowed from the Gotlandic castle of Stegeborg, because according to the assumption of the Finnish researcher A. Sinisalo, the construction of Neishlot was supervised by a Dutch master, and the masons were probably the same ones who had built the Vyborg wall before. After its construction, Vyborg became one of the four most fortified cities in Sweden; besides it, only Stockholm, Visby and Kalmar had walls in the 14th century.
A kind of response to the fortification of Vyborg was the foundation of Ivangorod opposite Narva in 1492: great sovereign Ivan III thus tried to secure the access of the new Russian state to the Baltic and establish control over trade in the entire Gulf of Finland. Vyborg remained an obstacle to this, and already in 1495 the tsar sent a large army there, but in decisive moment siege commandant Knut Posse blew up the tower of St. Andreas (“Vyborg Rumble”), putting the stormers to flight.
The middle of the 16th century - a new aggravation of Russian-Swedish relations. War is brewing between Russia and Livonian Order, which Sweden also intended to join. Vyborg's preparations for war began in the fall of 1353, when King Gustav Vasa visited him, who ordered the construction of two barbicans in front of Karjaportin torni and Munkiportin torni (Monastic Gate Tower) - the most vulnerabilities city steppe. This was the answer to rapid development siege artillery. Under the leadership of the German master Hans Bergen, the first tower was built in three years (1547-1550). It was connected to Karyaportin by an open gallery. The drawings we discovered from 1763, made before dismantling the old tower, and the archaeological excavations we carried out helped us understand the structure of this defensive complex. The second round tower was never built.
In 1556, the strengthening of the castle began: the wall facing the bridge was strengthened, the towers were lowered to place cannons on their upper platforms, and semicircular bastions were built in the walls. Perestroika went even more intensively under King Eric XIV. In 1568, a new gate with a drawbridge appeared, and later the convention house was built on. In 1561-1564 tower of st. Olofa received an octagonal superstructure made of brick, seven tiers high.
Another Gustav Vase, seeing how quickly it was being destroyed city wall, came to the idea of the need to expand the territory of the fortress. However, only his successor Eric XIV ordered in 1562 to develop a project for a new fortification. Its construction began under the leadership of Johan de Messa at next year and ended only by the end of the 1580s. It took more than 20 years to build the hornwork, which consisted of three curtains and two corner bastions, and one of them - Panzerlax - has survived. King Johan III ordered development here according to a regular plan and called on the townspeople to move to a new fortress, which became known as the Earthen City or Val. A round tower with a connecting gallery was included in the line of the northern curtain. The city had now almost doubled in size and received a second line of defense from the east, from where the enemy could most likely be expected.
Vyborg plan first half XVII century. R.A.
In the autumn of 1580, a Swedish army of seven thousand, led by Pontus Delagardie, took Korela - Kexholm. The fortifications of the brainchild then consisted of earthen ramparts with a wooden wall and three wooden towers coated with clay. Johan III. admonishing Delagardi, he indicated: “[...] when the fortress is taken, it should [...] be made impregnable.” In 1581, under the leadership of Jacob van Stendel, who came from Vyborg, the reconstruction of the detinets (castle) and the construction of ramparts along the shore of Spassky (in Swedish documents - City) island began, and behind them they built barracks, gunpowder magazines, and a wooden Swedish church.
On Castle Island, the shores were straightened and ramparts were built along them, which were later lined with stone. By 1589, the construction of three round towers was completed. One of them, which was called the “Lasse Torstenson Tower,” was already turned into a gate at the moment of completion. At the same time, a bridge was built that connected this tower with the Round Gate of the City Island (from the 18th century it began to be called the New Fortress). Judging by the plans of the 17th century, the other two round towers were later converted into basteias protruding beyond the curtains. There were cannons in their open areas. That is why on the Russian map of 1656 Castle Island is shown with one tower. In 1581-1591 a powder magazine was erected next to it (Old Arsenal). To protect the fortress from attack from the water, both islands were fenced with logs connected with chains.
Kexholm plan. 1680 RA.
According to the Treaty of Tyavzin in 1595, Kexholm was returned to Russia (1597), but already in September 1610, Swedish troops led by Jacob Delagardie besieged the city, which capitulated only in March 1611 and remained in the hands of Sweden for almost a hundred years.
So, in 1580-1597. a radical reconstruction of the Castle was carried out and the Round Tower was built (before that the main gate was located on the site of one of the chambers of the Old Arsenal), and in the 1630-1640s. The fortifications of the City Island were rebuilt. Now it was surrounded on all sides by five bastions and stone-lined curtains, but by the end of the century they had fallen into disrepair, and E. Dahlberg gave them a very unflattering description.
On throughout the XVIII The Russians maintained the fortress until after the war with Sweden in 1808-1809. the border was pushed far to the west, and Kexholm lost everything military significance. Conducted in the 1980s. on Castle Island, extensive restoration work brought it closer to the appearance it had in late XVIII century.
In the first quarter of the 16th century, the Russians rebuilt most of the fortresses on their northwestern border: Ivangorod was expanded, which began to occupy the entire rocky plateau above Narova, its walls and towers were built on, in Oreshka and even earlier in Yamgorod the walls came close to the water, forming a polygon , with seven towers and internal three-tower citadels surrounded by a moat, in Koporye the walls were also placed along the border of the rock, and two round towers, three-quarters of their volume extended towards the “field”, began to flank the only gate.
At the end Livonian War Sweden opposed the Russian state. In the Time of Troubles for Russia, it began to seem to her that her long-standing goal - complete dominance over the Gulf of Finland - was close to realization. Delagardi's plans included the capture of all Russian fortresses of the former Novgorod land. And he succeeded. Only Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Noteborg) resisted for six and two months, respectively, but they too resisted in 1611 and 1612. were taken. Russia's loss of these fortresses was secured by the unfavorable Stolbovo Peace Treaty (1617), Vodskaya and Izhora land have now become Ingria. At the peak of their military successes, as if in opposition to Oreshk, on the site of Landskrona, the Swedes built their Nyenschanz fortress in 1611, so that they could, as Charles IX put it, “defend the entire Neva under the auspices of the Swedish crown.”
Archbishop Afanasy Kholmogorsky described Kanets (as Nyenschanz was called in Russia) this way: “the city [...] is earthen, small [...], from the great Neva river to the small river from the field, it has a very large and deep ditch, like ten fathoms deep . Against that hail small river[...] the streets [...] Posad Velikaya are arranged. It has 450 households." Judging by E. Dahlberg's report, all of the named fortresses (with the exception of Ivangorod, Noteborg and Nyenskans) did not undergo major changes during the 17th century, and he even proposed to destroy Koporye and Yama due to their disrepair.
Plan of Noteborg (Oreshka). 1681 Swedish Royal Archives.
According to the instructions of E. Dahlberg, the walls in Noteborg were repaired, the citadel moat was cleaned, a curtain was erected in front of the Church and Pogrebnaya towers, and the Black Tower was rebuilt. By the time of his arrival in Nyenskans, there was a pentagonal castle built there by the engineer G. Seilenberg in the late 1650s, and the city on the other bank of the Okhta was protected earthen rampart. Dahlberg believed that this fortress was of special strategic importance for Sweden. “If you don’t hold Nien, then neither Kexholm nor Noteborg will help protect Karelia, Kexholm County and even Vyborg itself.” He further prophetically warned the king: “The Russians [...] can easily settle forever [...] between these rivers [Neva and Okhta - auto.] and thus, God forbid, they will get access to Baltic Sea" However, projects for the construction of powerful fortifications on both banks of the Okhta River, which were repeatedly developed during the second half of the 17th century, were never implemented.
On the eve of the Northern War and in its first years, two forts were built from the south of Nien (in the area of modern Zanevsky Prospekt), a trench in Duderdorf at the intersection of the Vyborg - Narva road and another that ran along south coast Neva (on southern outskirts Krasnoye Selo, as well as at the mouths of the Neva tributaries - Izhora and Tosno). But most of all was done to strengthen Ivangorod and Vyborg. E. Dahlberg. although he believed that Ivangorod was “equipped with very strong towers and walls,” he proposed to surround the fortress with boulder bastions, after which it “could be considered one of the best fortresses of the state.” However, these recommendations remained on paper. Only in the early 1690s. the southeastern front of the fortress (from the Russian side) was reinforced with a vaulted arsenal. Perhaps at the same time it was lined with stone and received a Gornverk parapet. Trenches were built in front of the fortress.
In Vyborg, the 15th century ring wall continued to collapse. For a long time it did not meet the requirements of the fortification of that time, and therefore all attention was paid to Hornwerk, where in 1703 they began great work according to the plan developed by the fortification captain Lorenz Stobeus: the old walls that ran along the banks were rebuilt into curtains, in front of the curtain that connected the Panzerlax and Europa bastions, a new Eleonor bastion was built on the principles of the New Italian system, and in front of the north-eastern curtain - the Carolus ravelin , a trench was laid on Cape Tervaniemi, a glacis was poured in front of the Gornwerk ditch, which, together with a covered path, became the outer line of defense. At the time of the siege, the construction of the Crown Ravelin and the ditch in front of Panzerlax had not yet been completed.
During the Northern War, the troops of Peter I took all the fortresses of Karelia and Ingria: May 1, 1703 - Nyenschanz, May 14 - Yama, May 27 - Koporye, October 12 - Noteborg, August 16, 1704, Ivangorod fell. June 13, 1710 - Vyborg, September 8 of the same year - Kexholm. Center huge ring, composed of the named fortifications, becomes St. Petersburg with a new fortress being built on Hare Island. Over the years, their functions are increasingly transferred to it. The history of former Swedish fortresses begins new period, for some marked by rise, for others by decline, but the only fortress that completely ceased to exist with the founding of St. Petersburg was Nyenschanz. To what extent did Russian fortifiers and town planners “understand” their predecessors and continue what they started? The answer to this question is the topic of another study.
Vyborg. Bird's eye view. 1780 Atlas "Image of the fortresses of the St. Petersburg Department." Russian State Administration of the Navy.
Nut. Bird's eye view. 1780 Atlas "Image of the fortresses of the St. Petersburg Department." Russian State Administration of the Navy.
Kexholm. Bird's eye view. 1780 Atlas "Image of the fortresses of the St. Petersburg Department." Russian State Administration of the Navy.
Notes
1.
Munthe, L. Kongl. fortificationens historia. Stockholm, 1902, b. 1; 1906. v. 2; 1906. b. 3, 1909. b. 3B.
2.
Kostochkin. V.V. Russian defensive architecture of the 13th – early 17th centuries. M., 1962.
3.
Erik Dahlbergs dagbok. Uppsala-Stockholm. 1912. About E. Dahlberg’s trip in 1681, see: Kaljundi, E.A./Kirpichnikov, A.N. "Fortresses of Ingria and Karelia in 1681." Scandinavian collection. Tallinn, 1975. vol. XX. With. 68-69. Milchik, M.I. "Panorama of Vyborg based on a drawing by Eric Dahlberg and an engraving by Jan van Aweelen", PKNO 1995. M. 1995. p. 446-453.
4.
Hackman, A. "Bidrag till Viborgs slots byggnadshistoria". Analecta Archeologika Fennica. XI. Helsinki. 1944.
5.
Schwindt. T. "Kakisalmen pesalinnan ja entisen linnoitetun Kaupungin rakennushistorian aineksia." Analecta Archeologika Fennica, II. 2. Helsingisa. 1898.
6.
Tjulenev, V. "Viipurin arkeologisen tutkimuksen tuloksia". Viipurin Suomalaisen Kirjallisuusseuran toirmilleita. Helsinki, 1987. 8, s. 8-17.
7.
Kirpichnikov, A.N. 1) "Historical and archaeological research of ancient Korela." Finno-Ugrians and Slavs. L., 1979, p. 52 et seq. 2) Ancient Nut. Historical and archaeological essays about the fortress city at the source of the Neva. L., 1980.
37.
Sorokin, P.E. "Archaeological research and problems of preserving the cultural layer on the territory of St. Petersburg." Archeology of St. Petersburg, 1996, 1. SP6., 1996. p. 31.
38.
Kauppi/Miltsik 1993, s. 38-39, 42-43, 38, 40.
/ M. I. Milchik, from the collection “Swedes on the banks of the Neva” Swedish Institute, Stockholm, 1998, pp. 26-33.
The article is published with the kind permission of the author. /
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