March 4th, 2009

I recently discovered that the Inkeria flag has become a symbol of the desire for the reunification of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Everything would be fine, but for some reason I don’t like it at all.

Ingermanlandia

Taken from wiki.

(Ved. Ingermanland, Finnish Inkeri or Inkerinmaa, Est. Ingeri or Ingerimaa; Ingria, Izhora, Izhora land, Prinevsky region) - an ethnocultural and historical region located along the banks of the Neva, bounded by the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the west and Lake Ladoga with the adjacent plains in the east. The Sestra River is considered to be the border with Finnish Karelia.

In 1708, these lands became part of the vast Ingermanland Governorate, from 1710 - the St. Petersburg Governorate, and from 1927 - the Leningrad Region (it should be noted that the boundaries of these entities do not coincide with each other and have changed significantly over time). Historical Ingria includes the city of St. Petersburg, as well as the districts of the Leningrad region: Volosovsky, Vsevolozhsky, Gatchina, Kingiseppsky, Lomonosovsky, Tosnensky, as well as the west of the Kirov region to the Lava River.

Story
The first traces of human habitation on the territory of the modern Leningrad region date back to the Mesolithic era (VIII-VII millennium BC). From the 3rd millennium BC. e. from two directions - from the Urals and from the Baltic states - Finno-Ugric and Baltic-Finnish tribes begin to penetrate here.

During the Viking times, the trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” passed through the territory of Ingria, which made the region attractive to the Scandinavian aristocracy.

There are several versions of the origin of the name of the region. According to one of them, the Swedish king Olaf Shotkonunga, when his daughter Ingegerda married the Novgorod prince Yaroslav the Wise, contributed as a dowry the city of Aldeigyuborg (Old Ladoga) with adjacent lands, which have since received the name Ingermanlandia (land of Ingegerda). According to another point of view, the name of the region comes from the Ingrian word - Finnish. Inkerimaa, meaning “land of the Inkeri” (land of the Izhorians). In any case, most researchers agree that “Ingria” is a hybrid toponym, where the Swedish “land” is added to the Finnish root.

Since the 12th century, the Izhora land was part of the Novgorod land. During this period, Novgorod was constantly at war with the Swedes (“Battle of the Neva” in 1240), the Danes, and also with the Teutonic Order (“Battle of the Ice” in 1242).

In 1280, the first stone fortress was founded on the territory of the Prinevsky region - Koporye. In 1300, the Swedes built the Landskrona fortress, but a year later it was taken by a united squad of Novgorodians and local Karelians and razed to the ground. For a long time, on the site of the former Landskrona, there existed the “Nevskoye Ustye” - a Novgorod marketplace, that is, a market.

Novgorod influence in Ingria reached its peak after the conclusion of the first peace treaty with Sweden - the “Orekhovsky Peace”, signed in the specially established Oreshek fortress in 1323.

In the 15th century, Izhora, like the entire Novgorod land, was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. To protect its western borders, the Ivangorod fortress was built in 1492 by order of Prince Ivan III.

As a result of the oprichnina, as well as due to the hardships of the outbreak of the Livonian War, many cities and villages of Ingria were destroyed and deserted again. In the villages of Vodskaya Pyatina, only 6% of inhabited households remain.

In May 1583, following the unsuccessful war for Ivan the Terrible, the Muscovite kingdom concluded the Truce of Plus with Sweden, according to which it lost almost the entire territory of Ingria.

In 1583, Ingria became a possession (dominion) of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska besittningar), that is, unlike a province, it had the status of a conquered territory and was under the authority of a governor-general, who reported directly to the king.

In 1595, Ingria was returned to the Moscow state under the Treaty of Tyavzin.

At the beginning of the 17th century, during the Time of Troubles, Swedish troops fought on the side of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, who, at the conclusion of the Treaty of Vyborg in 1609, promised the Kexholm volost for military assistance. Since the Moscow government delayed fulfilling its obligations, the Swedes occupied the Izhora land and Novgorod. The new Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was forced to cede Ingermanland to Sweden under the Treaty of Stolbov in 1617. Ingria became an obstacle to Russian penetration into the Karelian Isthmus. Sweden took control of all trade across the Baltic Sea.

The cities of Ivangorod, Yam (now Kingisepp), Koporye and Noteburg (now Shlisselburg) became the centers of Swedish fiefs. This administrative division essentially exactly repeated the Russian division into counties. The city of Nyenschanz became the commercial and administrative center of Swedish Ingria (since 1642), and in 1656 Narva became the seat of the governor-general.

The territory of the Izhora land remained sparsely populated. Due to duties and the beginning of religious oppression, the Orthodox population left the borders of Swedish Ingria. Already by the beginning of the 1620s, 60% of the villages in Ivangorod, Koporsky, and Yamsky districts were deserted. In 1664, about 15 thousand people lived in the region. In Ingria, devastated by the war, the Swedes pursued an active resettlement policy. The resettlement of peasants from the Karelian Isthmus, from the Vyborg districts and the province of Savo began to move to free lands. Part of the Ingrian lands was divided between representatives of the nobility and those close to the king, to whose new estates the active expulsion of guilty Swedish subjects began. Yam, Koporye and Ivangorod with their districts were leased to the former Revel merchant Bogislav Rosen.

The liberated lands also began to be settled by colonists from Northern Germany: German nobles, merchants, and artisans settled in the large cities of Koporye and Vyborg. In addition, after the conclusion of the Treaty of Kardis in 1661, the process of migration of Lutheran Finns (Inkeri) from the central regions of Finland and Karelia intensified.

Swedish attempts to spread Lutheranism met resistance from the Orthodox population. Despite the fact that the adoption of Lutheranism freed converts from taxes, the number of converts to the new faith was small. During the Swedish period, 25 Lutheran parishes were founded in Ingria.

After almost a hundred years of being part of the Kingdom of Sweden, Ingria became part of the Russian Empire as a result of the Northern War of 1700-1721 (the position was officially consolidated by the Peace of Nystad). In 1703, at the mouth of the Neva on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, the city of St. Petersburg was founded, which became the capital in 1712.

Peter I founded the “Duchy of Izhora” on the territory of Ingria. The first (and last) Duke of Izhora was Alexander Menshikov. In 1708, the territory was transformed into the Ingermanland province (from 1710 - St. Petersburg, in 1914-1924 Petrograd province).

Several new regiments of the Russian army were formed in the region, including Menshikov’s Ingria Infantry Regiment.

In 1715, the battleship Ingermanland, designed by Peter I, was launched in St. Petersburg, the former flagship of the emperor.

Soviet power in Ingria
Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, the northern part of Ingria, with the support of independent Finland, proclaimed state sovereignty (the Republic of Northern Ingria with its capital in the village of Kiryasalo in the Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region). Statehood of Northern Ingria existed in 1918-1920. For the Soviet authorities, these events served as a reason to perceive the Ingrians as an unreliable element.

In 1920, under the terms of the Tartu Treaty between the RSFSR and Estonia, a small part of western Ingria was included in the Estonian Republic.

Since 1927, the territory of Ingria has been part of the Leningrad region. After the eviction from the region, and especially from the border areas, of people whom the Soviet government considered unreliable elements, in particular, the main part of the Baltic-Finnish population in 1936, 1942, 1943 and during the post-war repressions, the national composition Ingria has changed radically.

The coat of arms of Ingria has been known since 1581 as the coat of arms of the Swedish “Duchy of Ivangorod”. The field of the coat of arms was blue, the fortress walls were red, and the stream was silver. Under Charles XII, the coat of arms acquires a modern color scheme (a river stream is depicted on a golden field, on both sides of which there are red fortress walls), and is crowned with a crown.

During the Russian period, a version of the coat of arms was used, officially approved in 1730: the walls are white, with battlements, on a blue or azure field. This coat of arms, as a regimental emblem, was placed on the ammunition (until 1775) and banners (until 1797) of the Ingria Musketeer and Dragoon Regiments. The coat of arms of Ingria is finally replaced by the coat of arms of St. Petersburg after the arrest of Christopher Minich (Governor General of Ingria from 1728 to 1742).

During the existence of the Republic of Northern Ingria, the original version of the coat of arms was printed on postage stamps and newspapers.

Flag

In November 1918, during the self-proclamation of the Republic of Northern Ingria (in the village of Kiryasalo), captain of the North Ingria Regiment E.I. Haapakoski proposed a design for a banner: on a yellow field, a blue Scandinavian cross with a red border. Now it is in the Museum of Military History in Helsinki.

Currently, this flag is used by organizations of Ingrian Finns in Russia (Inkerin Liitto and others), Finland, Estonia, Sweden, as well as local history clubs and supporters of regional autonomy.

Peoples
At different times, the following peoples lived on the territory of Ingria:

* Izhora
* Vod
* Russians
* Swedes
* Germans
* Ingrian Finns
* Veps
* Karelians

Ethnic history

The most ancient population of Ingria were probably the Lapps (Sami) - an ancient reindeer people of Finno-Ugric origin who once inhabited all of Karelia, including the Karelian Isthmus. The evidence of its ancient presence on the territory of Ingermanland remains mainly in the toponymy of the region, in particular, in the Orekhovetsky district of the Vodskaya Pyatina, which occupied the eastern part of Ingria in the 15th-17th centuries, there was the Yegoryevsky Lopsky churchyard (lop is the chronicle name of the Lapps).

In the first millennium AD, Korela and Izhora appeared on the territory of Ingria - closely related Finno-Ugric tribes, which were probably once a single people. There are versions that they pushed Em out of the Neva River, who lived in central Finland in the chronicle period. The Vod tribe has lived in the western part of Ingermanland since ancient times. At the turn of the millennium, trade contacts between the population of the future Izhora lands, on the one hand, with the Varangians, and on the other, with the Slavs (Ilmen Slovenes of the Novgorod land), were already noticeable. In Russian chronicles, the Finno-Ugric population of the region is called Chud.

With the arrival of the Russians, the autochthonous population experienced a serious influence of Russian culture, which, in particular, affected the language - almost all of them are bilingual. Both Vod and Izhora converted to Orthodoxy with the active participation of Russian missionaries.

Ingrian Finns
The subethnic group of Ingrian Finns are descendants of Lutheran emigrants resettled by the Swedish government in the 17th century from the west of the Karelian Isthmus and from the central regions of Finland. Currently, about 20 thousand Ingrian Finns live in Ingermanland. Previously, two groups stood out among the Ingrian Finns: Eurämöyset and Savakot. They differed from each other in origin, dialect, customs and clothing.

Ingrian Finns have always been closely connected with urban culture. During ethnic repressions in the 1930s, as well as during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940 and World War II, the number dropped sharply. Thus, the most massive deportations of the Finnish population to Siberia and the Far East took place at the end of March 1942.

During the 1990s. Many of the Finns who remained in Ingria received the right to repatriation, and emigrated to neighboring Finland. The activities of the Lutheran Church of Ingria are historically connected with the Ingrian Finns.

Original taken from nord_ursus in The Shelter of the Poor Chukhonets: the history of the Finnish population in the vicinity of St. Petersburg

The second largest city in the country, St. Petersburg, is located at the northwestern borders, directly adjacent to the borders with Finland and Estonia. The history of this region, which is called the Izhora Land, Ingermanlandia, the Nevsky Territory, or simply the Leningrad Region, contains a valuable layer of cultural and historical heritage left by the Finno-Ugric peoples who lived here. And now, when traveling outside of St. Petersburg, every now and then you come across the names of villages and villages with seemingly Russian endings, but still not quite familiar to the Russian ear with roots - Vaskelovo, Pargolovo, Kuyvozi, Agalatovo, Yukki and so on. Here, among dense forests and swamps, the “Chukhons” have long lived - as the Russians called the Finno-Ugric peoples - Izhoras, Vods, Finns, Vepsians. This word, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Chud - the common name of the Baltic-Finnish peoples. Now there are few Chukhons left near St. Petersburg - some have left in recent years, some have simply Russified and assimilated, some are simply hiding their belonging to the Finno-Ugric people. In this article I will try to shed at least a little light on the fate of these small peoples in the vicinity of the Northern Capital.

Map of Ingria. 1727

Finno-Ugric tribes - such as Izhora, Vod, Ves, Korela - have since ancient times inhabited the territories along the shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River and Lake Ladoga. These tribes were characterized by slash-and-burn agriculture; in the more northern area, hunting and cattle breeding were of greater importance, as well as fishing along the seashores. According to the currently available results of archaeological research, the settlement of these lands by the Slavs began in the 6th century, when the Krivichi tribes moved here, and continued in the 8th century, when the territories were inhabited by the Ilmen Slovenes. The prerequisites for the emergence of a state are taking shape. According to traditional Russian historiography, the founding date of Veliky Novgorod is considered to be 859, and 862, the date of the beginning of the reign of Rurik, is considered the date of the emergence of the Russian state. Novgorod was one of the most powerful centers of Ancient Rus'. The possessions of Novgorod during the period of its greatest prosperity occupied an area larger than the modern Northwestern Federal District - then the White Sea, the Kola Peninsula, Pomorie and even the Polar Urals were under its rule.

Thus, the Baltic-Finnish peoples living near the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga also found themselves under the rule of a powerful northern state, through which the trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks” passed. The Tale of Bygone Years mentions that the Kiev prince Oleg, during his campaign against Constantinople in 907, took with him, among other tribes, the Chud, that is, the Finno-Ugric tribes living close to the Baltic:

“In the year 6415 Oleg went against the Greeks, leaving Igor in Kyiv; he took with him many Varangians, and Slovens, and Chuds, and Krivichi, and Meryu, and Drevlyans, and Radimichi, and Polans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, and Croats, and Dulebs, and Tivertsi, known as interpreters: these were all called Greeks "Great Scythia."

In the second half of the 12th century, in the bull of Pope Alexander III, sent to the Uppsala bishop Stephen, the first historical mention of the pagan Izhora people, who are called “Ingris” in the text, is found. At the same time, the territory of present-day Finland has been under the rule of the Swedes since 1155, after the Swedish king Eric IX carried out a crusade and conquered the Finnish tribes living in the north of the Baltic - em (in Russian pronunciation the name yam is more common (from the Finnish yaamit (jäämit) )), from it came the name of the city of Yamburg) and sum (suomi). In 1228, in Russian chronicles, the Izhorians are already mentioned as allies of Novgorod, who participated together with the Novgorodians in the defeat of the detachments of the Finnish tribe Em, who invaded the Novgorod land in alliance with the Swedes:

“The last remaining Izherians sent them running, and beat them up a lot, but to no avail they ran away, where anyone saw.”

Looking ahead, we can say that it was then that the civilizational division of the Finnish tribes began through belonging to different states. Izhora, Vod, Vse and Korela found themselves as part of Orthodox Rus' and themselves gradually accepted Orthodoxy, and sum and em became part of Catholic Sweden. Now Finnish tribes close in blood fought on opposite sides of the front - civilizational (including religious) division took precedence over blood affinity.

Meanwhile, in 1237, the Teutonic Order carried out a successful expansion into the Baltic states, capturing Livonia, and strengthened itself on the Russian borders, founding the Koporye fortress. Novgorod escaped the devastating Mongol invasion while a serious threat arose from the western side. From the very moment the Swedes consolidated their position in Finland, the Karelian Isthmus and the mouth of the Neva became the site of territorial disputes between Novgorod Rus and Sweden. And on July 15, 1240, the Swedes, under the leadership of Earl Birger Magnusson, attacked Rus'. A battle takes place at the confluence of the Izhora River (named after the tribe) into the Neva, known as the Battle of Neva, as a result of which the Novgorod army under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, who received the nickname Nevsky as a result of the battle, wins. Mentions of the help of the Finno-Ugrians to the Russian army can be seen here. The chronicles mention “a certain man named Pelgusy (Pelguy, Pelkonen), who was an elder in the Izhora land, and he was entrusted with the protection of the sea coast: and he received holy baptism and lived in the midst of his family, a filthy creature, and in holy baptism the name Philip was given to him ». In 1241, Alexander Nevsky began to liberate the western part of Novgorod land, and on April 5, 1242, his army defeated the Teutonic Order on the ice of Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice).

In the 13th century, most of the Izhorians, Vozhans (vod) and Karelians converted to Orthodoxy. In the administrative division of the Novgorod land, such a unit appears as the Vodskaya Pyatina, which was named after the Vod people. In 1280, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich strengthened the western borders of the Novgorod Republic, when, by his decree, the stone fortress of Koporye (Finnish Caprio) was built - on the same place where the Germans built a wooden fortress in 1237. A little to the west the Yam fortress was built (formerly Yamburg, now the city of Kingisepp). In 1323, in the Novgorod fortress of Oreshek at the source of the Neva, the Orekhovets Peace Treaty was concluded between Novgorod and Sweden, establishing the first border between these two states. The Karelian Isthmus was divided in two. Its western part, where the Swedes founded the city of Vyborg in 1293, went to Sweden, and the eastern part with the Korela fortress and Lake Ladoga went to Novgorod. According to the terms of the agreement, Novgorod transferred to Sweden “for love, three churchyards of Sevilakshyu(Savolax, now part of Finland) , Jaski(Yaskis or Yaaski, - now the village of Lesogorsky, Vyborg region) , Ogrebu(Euryapää, now the village of Baryshevo, Vyborg district) - Korelsky churchyard". As a result, part of the Korela tribe began to live in Sweden and, being converted to Catholicism, took part in the ethnogenesis of the Finns.

Koporye fortress. Nowadays it is part of the Lomonosovsky district of the Leningrad region

Novgorod-Swedish border along the Orekhovetsky world. 1323

Thus, in the 14th century we observe the following picture of the settlement of the Baltic-Finnish peoples: Finns and Sami live in Sweden, Karelians, Vepsians, Vodians and Izhoras live in the Novgorod Republic, Estonians live in the Livonian Order. In 1478, the Novgorod land was conquered by the Moscow prince Ivan III and became part of the centralized Russian state. In 1492, by decree of the prince, the Ivangorod fortress was built on the western border, opposite the Livonian castle of Narva (Rugodiv). Under Ivan IV the Terrible, after the end of the Livonian War, Russia in 1583 concluded the Truce of Plyus with Sweden, which leads to changes in the state border - now the western part of the Izhora land with the fortresses of Koporye, Yam and Ivangorod, as well as the eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus with the Korela fortress go to Sweden, which in turn annexes Estland, that is, the northern part of the Livonian Order (Livonia itself goes to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Now part of Izhora and Voda also comes under Swedish rule.

Change of borders according to the Plyus truce. 1583 Territories ceded to Sweden are shown in grey.

But only seven years have passed since Russia took revenge for the results of the Livonian War. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-1593, Russia returns both the Karelian Isthmus and the western part of the Izhora land. In 1595, the return of the lands was secured by the signing of peace in the Izhora village of Tyavzino near Ivangorod.

However, a radical change in the history of the region soon occurred. In 1609, during the Time of Troubles, an agreement was concluded in Vyborg between the Russian government of Vasily Shuisky and Sweden, under the terms of which the Swedes undertook to provide military assistance to Russia in the fight against the Polish intervention, in exchange for Russia transferring the Korelsky district (that is, the eastern part of the Karelian isthmus) into Sweden. The Swedish army was commanded by commander Jacob Pontusson Delagardie, a nobleman of French origin. After the crushing defeat of the joint Russian-Swedish army in the battle near the village of Klushino, Delagardi, under the pretext of the Russians’ failure to fulfill the conditions for the transfer of Korela, stopped providing military assistance to Russia. Sweden now acted as an interventionist, first occupying the Izhora land, and then, in 1611, capturing Novgorod. As a pretext for these actions, the Swedes used the fact that the Moscow Seven Boyars elected the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne, while Sweden was at war with Poland and considered this action as a rapprochement between Russia and Poland. For the same reason, speaking about the events of the Time of Troubles, Sweden can in no way be called an ally of Poland - it, like Poland, intervened in Russia, but not in alliance with Poland, but in parallel. After the capture of Novgorod, the Swedes unsuccessfully besieged Tikhvin in 1613, and in 1615 they equally unsuccessfully besieged Pskov and captured Gdov. On February 27, 1617, in the village of Stolbovo near Tikhvin, the Peace of Stolbovo was signed between Russia and Sweden, under the terms of which the entire Izhora land went to Sweden.

As a matter of fact, the turning point in the history of the Izhora land was precisely this. After the Treaty of Stolbovo, many Orthodox inhabitants of the lands ceded to Sweden - Russians, Karelians, Izhorians, Vozhans - not wanting to accept Lutheranism and remain under the Swedish crown, left their homes and went to Russia. Karelians settled in the vicinity of Tver, as a result of which the subethnic group of Tver Karelians was formed. The Swedes, in order not to leave the depopulated lands empty, began to populate them with Finns. On this land, a dominion was formed within Sweden (a dominion is an autonomous territory with a status higher than a province), called Ingria. According to one version, this name is a translation of the term Izhora land into Swedish. According to another version, it comes from the Old Finnish Inkeri maa - “beautiful land” and the Swedish land - “earth” (that is, the word “land” is repeated twice). Finns resettled in Ingermanland formed the subethnic group of Finns-Ingrians (Inkerilaiset). Most of the settlers came from the province of Savolaks in Central Finland - they formed the group of Finns-Savakots (Savakot), as well as from Euräpää county (Äyräpää), located on the Karelian Isthmus, in the middle reaches of the Vuoksa - they formed a group of Finnish Evremeis (Äyrämöiset). Of the Izhorians who remained to live in Ingria, some converted to Lutheranism and were assimilated by the Finns, and only a very small part was able to preserve Orthodoxy and their original culture. In general, Ingria remained a rather provincial region within Sweden - Swedish exiles were sent here, and the land itself was sparsely populated: even half a century after joining Sweden, the population of Ingria was only 15 thousand people. Since 1642, the administrative center of Ingria was the city of Nyen (Nyenschanz), founded in 1611, located at the confluence of the Okhta and the Neva. In 1656, a new war begins between Russia and Sweden. The root cause of the military conflict lay in the successes of Russian troops in the Russian-Polish War that began in 1654, when the Russians occupied the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Swedes, in order to prevent the capture of Poland by the Russians and, as a consequence, the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic, invade Poland and declare claims to the territories occupied by Russian troops. The Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich used this circumstance as a reason to try to return Russia to the Baltic Sea, and Russian troops invaded the Baltic states, and then Ingria, where they met significant support from the Orthodox Izhorians and Karelians who remained there, who created for the purpose of fighting against the Swedes partisan detachments. According to the Truce of Valiesar in 1658, Russia retained the occupied lands, but in 1661 it was forced to conclude the Treaty of Kardis and remain within the borders of 1617 in order to avoid a war on two fronts - with Poland and Sweden at the same time. After the Peace of Kardis, there was another wave of departure of the Orthodox population from Ingria, along with the Russian troops leaving there, and, as a result, the process of migration of Finns from the central provinces of Finland intensified. Now the Finns already constituted the absolute majority of the population of Ingria.

Administrative divisions of Sweden in the 17th century

Coat of arms of Swedish Ingria. 1660

At the very beginning of the 18th century, Russian Tsar Peter I put an end to territorial disputes between Russia and Sweden over control of Karelia and Ingria. The Northern War began in 1700, at first unsuccessfully for Russia - with the defeat of Russian troops near Narva, but then the Russians developed a successful offensive deep into Swedish territories. In 1702, the Noteburg (Oreshek) fortress was taken, and in 1703 the Nuenschanz fortress was taken, and then followed the most important event in the history of Russia - the founding of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the new capital of Russia. Russian troops continued to advance on the Karelian Isthmus and took Vyborg in 1710. As in the previous Russian-Swedish war of 1656-1658, support for the Russian troops was provided by partisan detachments of Orthodox Karelian and Izhora peasants. Meanwhile, there were frequent cases of Ingrian Finns going over to the side of Russia; the majority of them preferred to remain on their lands after their annexation to Russia. In 1707, the Ingermanland province was formed, renamed St. Petersburg in 1710. The Northern War ended in 1721 with a brilliant victory for Russia, which, under the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, received the Baltic states, Ingermanland and Karelia, and the status of an empire to boot.

It was the Ingrian Finns who left the Finnish names of villages and hamlets in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, which have survived to this day. St. Petersburg has become the most European Russian city. Not only because it was built according to the canons of European architecture, but also because a significant part of its inhabitants were visiting Western Europeans - architects, artisans, workers, mostly Germans. There were also Ingrian Finns - a kind of local Europeans. A significant part of St. Petersburg Finns worked as chimney sweeps, which created a certain stereotypical image of Finns in the eyes of Russians. Also common among them were the professions of railway workers and jewelers; women often worked as cooks and maids. The cultural and religious center of the St. Petersburg Finns was the Lutheran Finnish Church of St. Mary on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, built in 1803-1805 according to the design of the architect G. H. Paulsen.

And the outskirts of the City on the Neva still remained “the shelter of the wretched Chukhon.” And, strange as it might be to realize now, outside of St. Petersburg, without going far from it, Finnish speech in villages could sometimes be heard even more often than Russian! As of the second half of the 19th century, the population of Ingria (that is, St. Petersburg, Shlisselburg, Koporsky and Yamburg districts), excluding the population of St. Petersburg, was about 500 thousand people, of which about 150 thousand were Finns. Consequently, Finns made up approximately 30% of the population of Ingria. In St. Petersburg itself, according to the 1897 census, the Finns were the third largest nation after the Great Russians, Germans and Poles, accounting for 1.66% of the capital's population. At the same time, in the population censuses of the 19th century, Ingrian Finns and Suomi Finns were recorded separately, that is, those who moved to the St. Petersburg province from the Grand Duchy of Finland after the latter’s annexation to Russia (the annexation, let me remind you, took place in 1809, after the last Russian - Swedish war). In 1811, the Vyborg province, conquered by Russia back in the Northern War, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Finland - an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, therefore those who moved from there after 1811 were also classified as Suomi Finns. According to the 1897 census, Izhora numbered 13,774 people, that is, 3% of the population of Ingria (again, excluding the population of St. Petersburg) - ten times less than the Finns.

Finnish Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in the villageToksovo. 1887

Finnish Church of St. Mary in St. Petersburg

Map of Evangelical Lutheran parishes in Ingria. 1900

But in 1917 a revolution occurred, and a radical change occurred in the history of our entire country, and our region in particular. Russian-Finnish relations have also changed. On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Sejm proclaims the state independence of the Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta), which the Bolsheviks recognize after 12 days. A month later, a socialist revolution also breaks out in Finland, followed by a civil war that ends with the defeat of the Reds. After defeat in the civil war, Finnish communists and Red Guards fled to Soviet Russia. At the same time, the issue of the border between Soviet Russia and Finland remains unresolved. The commander-in-chief of the Finnish troops, Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, considers it necessary to “liberate” Karelia from the Bolsheviks, and in the spring of 1919, Finnish troops made unsuccessful attempts to capture Karelia.

The population of the northern part of Ingria was in territory controlled by the Bolsheviks. Ingria peasants were subjected to surplus appropriation and the Red Terror, which was carried out in response to the peasants' evasion of mobilization into the Red Army; many of them fled across the Finnish border to the Finnish border villages of Raasuli (now Orekhovo) and Rautu (now Sosnovo). In early June, Ingrian peasants from the village of Kiryasalo launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising. On June 11, rebels numbering about two hundred people took control of the village of Kirjasalo and nearby Autio, Pusanmäki, Tikanmäki, Uusikylä and Vanhakylä. On July 9, the independent Republic of Northern Ingria was proclaimed (Pohjois Inkerin Tasavalta). The territory of the republic occupied the so-called “Kiryasala salient” with an area of ​​about 30 square kilometers. The village of Kirjasalo became the capital, and local resident Santeri Termonen became the leader. In a short time, the power acquired state symbols, a post office and an army, with the help of which it tried to expand its territory, but suffered failures in battles with the Red Army near the villages of Nikulyasy, Lembolovo and Gruzino. In September 1919, Finnish army officer Jurje Elfengren became the head of the republic.

Flag of the Republic of Northern Ingria Yrje Elfengren

Postage stamps of the Republic of Northern Ingria

Approximately shows the territory controlled by the Republic of Northern Ingria

But the struggle of Ingrian peasants for independence remained in history. On October 14, 1920, in the Estonian city of Tartu, a peace treaty was signed between Soviet Russia and Finland, under the terms of which Northern Ingria remained in the Soviet state. On December 6, 1920, on the second anniversary of the independence of the country of Suomi, a farewell parade was held in Kiryasalo, after which the flag of Northern Ingria was lowered, and the army and the population left for Finland.

North Ingrian Army in Kirjasalo

In the 1920s, the Soviet government pursued a policy of “indigenization,” that is, encouraging national autonomies. This policy was designed to reduce interethnic contradictions in the young Soviet state. It also extended to the Ingrian Finns. In 1927, there were 20 Finnish village councils in the northern part of the Leningrad region. In the same year, the Kuyvozovsky Finnish national district was formed (Kuivaisin suomalainen kansallinen piiri) , occupying the territory of the north of the current Vsevolozhsk district, with the administrative center in the village of Toksovo (the name of the district from the village of Kuyvozi), in 1936 the district was renamed Toksovo. According to the 1927 census, in the region there were: Finns - 16,370 people, Russians - 4,142 people, Estonians - 70 people. In 1933, there were 58 schools in the area, of which 54 were Finnish and 4 Russian. In 1926, the following people lived on the territory of Ingermanland: Finns - 125,884 people, Izhorians - 16,030 people, Vodians - 694 people. The Kirja publishing house operated in Leningrad, publishing communist literature in Finnish.

The 1930 guidebook “On skis around the outskirts of Leningrad” describes the Kuyvozovsky district as follows:

«
Kuyvazovsky district occupies most of the Karelian Isthmus; from the west and north it borders with Finland. It was formed during zoning in 1927 and assigned to the Leningrad region. Lake Ladoga adjoins the region to the east, and in general these places are rich in lakes. Kuyvazovsky district gravitates towards Leningrad both in terms of agriculture, vegetable gardening and dairy farming, and in terms of handicraft industry. As for factories and factories, the latter are represented only by the former Aganotovsky Sawmill. Shuvalov (in 1930 it employed 18 people) in the village of Vartemyaki. The area of ​​the Kuyvazovsky district is estimated at 1611 square meters. km, its population is 30,700 people, the density per 1 km² is 19.1 people. The population is distributed by nationality as follows: Finns - 77.1%, Russians - 21.1%, out of 24 village councils, 23 are Finnish. Forest occupies 96,100 hectares, arable land 12,100 hectares. Natural hayfields - 17,600 hectares. The forests are dominated by coniferous species - 40% pine, 20% spruce and only 31% deciduous species. As for cattle breeding, we present several figures relating to the spring of 1930: horses - 3,733, cattle - 14,948, pigs 1,050, sheep and goats - 5,094. Of the total number of farms in the region (6,336), fell on kulak in April there were only 267. Now the region is completing complete collectivization. If on October 1, 1930 there were 26 collective farms with 11.4% of socialized poor and middle peasant farms, then today there are about 100 agricultural artels in the region (as of July - 96) and 74% of collectivized farms.

The region has made great progress in increasing the sown area: compared to 1930, the area of ​​spring crops has increased by 35%, vegetables by 48%, root crops by 273%, and potatoes by 40%. The area is cut through by the Oktyabrskaya railway line. Leningrad - Toksovo - Vaskelovo for 37 km. In addition, there are 3 large highways and a number of small ones with a total length of 448 km (as of January 1, 1931).

In response to the speeches of white-fascist groups beyond the Finnish border with interventionist plans, the region responds with complete collectivization and an increase in the area under cultivation. The center of the district is located in the village of Toksovo
»

However, soon the loyalty of the Soviet government to the Ingrian Finns almost disappeared. As a people living on the border with bourgeois Finland, and, moreover, representing the same nation that lives in this state, the Ingrians are considered a potential fifth column.

Collectivization began in 1930. The following year, as part of the “kulak expulsion”, about 18 thousand Ingrian Finns were evicted from the Leningrad region, who were sent to the Murmansk region, the Urals, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 1935, in the border areas of the Leningrad Region and the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, by decree of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs G. G. Yagoda, the “kulak and anti-Soviet element” was expelled, while many exiles were warned of their eviction only the day before. Now, however, it is impossible to say unequivocally that this event was a purely ethnic deportation. After this action, many Finns ended up in the Omsk and Irkutsk regions, Khakassia, Altai Territory, Yakutia, and Taimyr.

The flags of Finland and Ingermanland are flown at half-mast in protest against
deportations of Ingrian Finns. Helsinki, 1934.

The next wave of deportations took place in 1936, when the civilian population was evicted from the rear of the Karelian fortified area under construction. Ingrian Finns were evicted to the Vologda region, but in fact this event was not exile in the full sense, since the exiles did not have the status of special settlers and could freely leave their new place of residence. After this, the national policy towards the Finns acquired a fundamentally opposite character than in the 1920s. In 1937, all Finnish-language publishing houses were closed, school education was translated into Russian, and all Lutheran parishes in Ingria were closed. In 1939, the Finnish national district was abolished, which was annexed to the Pargolovsky district. That same year, on November 30, the bloody Soviet-Finnish war began, which lasted until March 1940. After its completion, the entire Karelian Isthmus became Soviet, and the former places of residence of Ingrian Finns ceased to be border territory. The deserted Finnish villages were now gradually populated by Russians. There are very few Ingrian Finns left.

During the Great Patriotic War, Finland was an ally of Nazi Germany, and Finnish troops attacked Leningrad from the north. On August 26, 1941, the Military Council of the Leningrad Front decided to expel the German and Finnish population of Leningrad and its suburbs to the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in order to avoid cooperation with the enemy. Only a few were able to be taken out, however, it is worth noting that this saved them from the blockade. A second wave of evictions was carried out in the spring of 1942. The Finns were taken to the Vologda and Kirov regions, as well as to the Omsk and Irkutsk regions and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Some of the Ingrian Finns remained in besieged Leningrad and in the occupied territory, having experienced all the horrors of war. The Nazis used Ingrians as labor and at the same time extradited them to Finland. In 1944, under the terms of the Soviet-Finnish truce, Ingrian Finns were to be returned to the USSR. At the same time, they now settled in Karelia, Novgorod and Pskov regions. In 1949, Ingrian Finns were generally allowed to return from places of exile, but a strict ban was imposed on their resettlement in their native lands. The returning Finns were settled in the Karelo-Finnish SSR - in order to increase the percentage of the titular nation of the republic. In 1956, the ban on living in the Leningrad region was lifted, as a result of which about 20 thousand Ingrian Finns returned to their places of residence.

In 1990, Ingrian Finns received the right to repatriate to Finland. Finnish President Mauno Koivisto began to actively pursue a corresponding policy, and over the past 20 years, about 40 thousand people left for Finland under a repatriation program that lasted until 2010. Purebred descendants of Ingrian Finns are sometimes still found in St. Petersburg, Ingria, Karelia and even in places of exile, but there are very few of them left.

Such is the difficult and in many ways difficult and tragic fate of this small people. If you trace the history of the Ingrian Finns, you will notice that their place of residence periodically changed due to the difficult geographical location of their lands. From the middle of the 17th century, they migrated from their original places of residence to Ingria, after the Northern War they remained there and lived side by side with the Russians for more than two centuries. In the 1930s, they began to be sent, some to the north, some to Siberia, some to Central Asia. Then many were deported during the war. Many were shot during the repressions. Some returned and lived in Karelia, and some in Leningrad. Finally, at the end of the 20th century, the Ingrian Finns received refuge in their historical homeland.

Izhora and Vod are currently extremely small peoples, since they are mainly assimilated by the Russians. There are several local history organizations of enthusiasts engaged in the study of the heritage and preservation of these peoples and their culture.

In general, one cannot help but say that the Ingrian Finns made a very significant contribution to the history of both St. Petersburg itself and its environs. This is expressed most strongly in local toponymy and, in some places, in architecture. Let's take care of what we inherited from the past!

COURSE WORK

INGERMANLANDIA X V P-X V 3 CENTURIES

2004

INTRODUCTION.. 3

CHAPTER 1. THE PROCESS OF SETTLEMENT OF THE IZHORA LAND BY THE FINNS IN THE 16TH CENTURY... 5

§ 1. Relocation of Finns to the territory of Ingermanland after the conclusion of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty 5

§ 2. Administration of the territory of Ingria during the period of Swedish domination.. 11

CHAPTER 2. INGERMANLAND IN THE 18TH CENTURY... 15

§1.Transition of Ingria lands under Russian rule.. 15

§ 2. The influence of the new capital of Russia - St. Petersburg on Ingermanland... 16

§ 3. Interaction between Finns and other peoples (cultural, everyday sphere) 17

Conclusion.. 20

References... 23

Appendix 1. 25

Appendix 2. 26

The first historian of the banks of the Neva, A.I. Gipping, was not familiar with the main archival materials and wrote his work on the history of the Izhora land based on published sources and limited data from the Vyborg archive, therefore his book contains only isolated information on the history of the region in the seventeenth century.

In the 1940s, the history of the Izhora land was studied by S.S. Gadzyatsky and I.V. Saverkina.

Among the Swedish and Finnish historians who dealt with the history of the Izhora land, the names of K. Elander, J. Almqvist, O. Forsström, H. Sepp, E. Kuuyo, S. Shartau and others are widely known.

In the 13th century, Finno-Ugric settlements were small and scattered throughout the region. However, compared to the large but few Slavic cities, there were many more of them. Many of the ancient names have survived to this day. The names of the St. Petersburg districts Avtovo, Okhta, the cities of Pargolovo, Kuzmolovo are nothing more than the Russified Finnish names of the ancient villages Auttava, Aukta, Parkola, Kusmola and so on. Many people still call Hare Island Emisaari.

By the 14th century, mixed Novgorod-Ingrian cities and settlements began to appear. (Since Novgorod was essentially a federation, the indigenous population of the Vodskaya Pyatina had almost as many rights as the Novgorodians.)

It is possible that among the first inhabitants of Orekhov there were not only Russians, but also Finns. This may be evidenced by the finds found by V.I. Kildyushevsky in the layers of the 14th-15th centuries. bronze jewelry popular among the Karelians and Izhoras: two chain holders with symmetrical arrow-shaped curls, and shell-shaped brooches with degraded animal ornaments and the so-called crustaceans (one whole and two fragments).

The involvement of local Finns in the “city people”, which was also observed in other northern outposts - Korel and Koporye, was obviously caused by Novgorod’s interest in expanding the ranks of the border city militias.”

Thus, since the Novgorodians wanted to increase their garrisons with the help of the Finns, or Inkeri, the Vodskaya Pyatina (and so named from the name of the Vod-Izhora people) was inhabited along with the Slavs by the Finno-Ugric people (Inkeri). And, accordingly, since the Inkeri were involved in the defense of the border, they were loyal to the Novgorod Republic.

As a result of the devastation of the Novgorod lands by Ivan the Terrible, the devastating plague epidemic and the subsequent 25-year continuous war between Russia and Sweden from 1570 to 1595, the region was subjected to unprecedented devastation, 95% of peasant farms were ruined. At the beginning of the 17th century, during the years of the so-called “Time of Troubles”, under the terms of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617, Ingermanland came under Swedish rule.

The first meeting on the Stolbovo Treaty was held in the house of the English ambassador in the Repyevo estate, located in the village of Stolbovo, located on the river. Syasya, at the 54th km from the mouth of this river, which flows into Lake Ladoga, not far from the Yukhorsky rapids of Syasi.

In the 17th century Stolbovo was part of the Novgorod land, and from the 18th century. entered the St. Petersburg province. Novoladozhsky district.

- 1471

Until relatively recently, mention of the Ingrian Finns, like the word “Ingria” itself, was practically not allowed - and the territory with that name of this people did not seem to exist. According to historian Vadim Musaev, “the vast majority of current residents of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region do not even know that they live in Ingermanland, and have the vaguest idea about the Finns who previously lived here.”

Since the Ingrians became victims of Stalinist repressions and lost their historical homeland, everything connected with them was erased from history. After the war, Ingrian Finns had to hide their nationality - they were treated with prejudice as former enemies, accomplices of the occupiers, and the word “Finn” itself was often associated with the concept of “enemy”.

It is believed that the western border of Ingria runs along the Narova River, then along the Luga, Oredezh, Tosna, Mge and Lava rivers. The northern border is along the Sestra River, from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland. As ethnographer Natalya Yukhneva notes, in the North-West, even before the Slavs arrived there, there lived an “aboriginal Finnish-speaking Orthodox population”: Vods, Izhorians, Vepsians and Karelians. In Western European sources, the Izhors were called Ingris, and the place of their settlement was Ingria.

In the 17th century, during Swedish rule, Ingria, which was empty after a mass exodus of inhabitants, began to be settled by Lutheran Finns. They are now called Ingrian Finns, and in the 19th century they were called “St. Petersburg Finns.” By the end of the 17th century, Finns made up 80% of the inhabitants of the Neva lands. Even after the founding of St. Petersburg, when Russian peasants began to be resettled here from all over Russia, Ingrian Finns continued to make up a significant part of the population of many districts of the St. Petersburg province; at first it was even called Ingermanland. Among the first residents of St. Petersburg there were many Ingrians who came from these regions.

According to zemstvo statistics, as of 1897, the population of the St. Petersburg province was 690,280 people, of which 107,006 were Finns and 13,692 were Izhorians. In the central part of the St. Petersburg province, which consisted of five districts - St. Petersburg, Shlisselburg, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof and part of Yamburg - the Finnish population predominated. At the same time, the “Finnish element” noticeably weakened “with the distance from the southern end of the isthmus between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, so that the most western of these five counties, Yamburg, least of all retained Finnish national features.” Three “peripheral” districts, Gdovsky, Luga and Novoladozhsky, which, however, made up more than half of the province’s territory, had almost no Finnish population at all.

“Thus, it turns out that in the three largest counties by area, with half the total population,” it was noted in the reports of zemstvo statistics for 1897, “an insignificant number of Finns live (1343 people), while in the other five counties, in which there were Population 335,050, including 105,663 Finns, or 31.53%; If we add to this the 13,057 Izhorians who lived in two of the same five districts, then the percentage of the Finnish population to the entire population of the province in the part where it is generally found will be expressed on average at 35.43%.” The largest Finnish population was registered in the Peterhof, St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo and Shlisselburg districts of the Petersburg province.

INGERMANLANDIA (Ingria, Izhora land), one of the territories of the Russian state. The area, not clearly defined, was adjacent to the river. Neva and the coast of the Gulf of Finland to the river. Narovy (Narva); was part of the Vodskaya Pyatina of Novgorod (mentioned in chronicles from the 13th century). It was inhabited by various Finnish nationalities, among which the Vod and Ingrikots (Ingris, Izhoras) stood out, as well as Novgorod natives who formed two churchyards, Izhora and Spassky. In the 16th century Ingermanland passed from hand to hand, from Russians to Swedes and back. In 1617, according to the Treaty of Stolbov, it went to the Swedes; in 1702 it was again conquered by Peter I. The influence of the Swedes affected the conversion of a significant part of the local Finnish population to Lutheranism. From 1706, together with St. Petersburg, it formed the core of the Ingermanland province, which initially occupied the areas of the future provinces: St. Petersburg, Estland, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Olonetsk and Yaroslavl. In 1719, with the new division into provinces, it became part of the St. Petersburg province.

The famous Russian historian V.N. Tatishchev associated this name with the name of Prince Igor (Scandinavian version - Ingor, in the female version - Inger). Researcher A. Sjögren tried to linguistically substantiate the connection of the name with the name Ingegerd. The Finnish name “Inkeri” is possibly much older and, perhaps, got its name from the Inkerijoki River, which is the name in Finnish for the Izhora River, which flows through the territory of central Ingermanland. At the beginning of the 20th century, Finns, Izhoras, Vods, Estonians, Karelians, Russians and Germans lived here. Different groups of the population could live in the same territory, and even in the same village. It is believed that the original population of Ingria were Vod and Izhora. The earliest archaeological evidence in favor of water dates back to the beginning of our era. Based on some burials, it can be argued that new settlers from Eastern Estonia came to the territory of Ingria in the 4th – 7th centuries.

In old Russian sources, vod was first mentioned in 1069. So under this year there is news that during the battle of the Novgorodians with the Polotsk prince Vseslav, “there was a great number of Vozhans and there were countless numbers of them.” And under 1149 it is reported that the river, which attacked the water, was defeated with the help of the Novgorodians. True, the chud mentioned in Nestor’s chronicle, which allegedly took part in the creation of the Russian state in the 9th century, could well have been a vodya. The origin of the Izhora is as mysterious as the Vodian. It is obvious that the Izhoras and Karelians had common roots. Previously, it was believed that the ancestors of the Izhors moved to Ingermanland from Ancient Karelia, from the western coast of Lake Ladoga, somewhere at the beginning of the 2nd millennium.

In Russian chronicles, Izhora was first mentioned in 1228, when, as the source testifies, it, together with the Novgorodians, repelled the attack of Khame. After this, the Izhora, as well as the Korela, are repeatedly mentioned in the chronicles in connection with the military enterprises of Novgorod directed against the West. Slavic tribes, Krivichi and Slovenes, appeared in southern Ingermanland in the region of Lakes Peipus and Ilmen, approximately in the 6th – 8th centuries. Two centuries later, the Slavs began to penetrate into the Ingermanland Upland proper. This is evidenced by thousands of mounds, of which the oldest date back to the 10th century. From this time on, mutual contacts between the Slavic and Finnish tribes in Ingria began. It can be considered that from the very beginning these contacts were of a lively nature, since both ancient Russian and Baltic-Finnish features coexist in the mounds and burials. In subsequent centuries, the influence of the Slavs constantly increased. There were two main reasons for this: by the 14th century, all of Ingermanland had already entered the orbit of Novgorod’s influence, and its inhabitants were converted to Orthodoxy. After the Treaty of Orekhovo in 1323, Novgorod and then Moscow consolidated the acquired territories. At that time, there were several fortified fortresses on the Izhora land: the central old fortress of Oreshek, Koporye (Kaprio), Jam (Jama), Ivangorod.

Since the 12th century, the Izhora land was part of the Novgorod land. During this period, the Novgorod Republic was constantly at war with the Swedes (Battle of the Neva in 1240), the Danes, and also with the Teutonic Order (Battle of the Ice in 1242). In 1280, Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich founded the first stone fortress on the territory of the Prinevsky region - Koporye. In the area of ​​the Em tribe in western Ingria, the fortress Yam (later Yamburg, Kingisepp) was founded. In the 15th century, Izhora, like the entire Novgorod land, was conquered and annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. To protect the western borders, the Ivangorod fortress was built in 1492 by order of Grand Duke Ivan III. In May 1583, following the unsuccessful war for Ivan the Terrible, the Russian kingdom concluded the Truce of Plus with Sweden, according to which it lost almost all of the Izhora land. The eastern counties of the Vodskaya Pyatina became the possession of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska besittningar), that is, unlike the provinces, they had the status of conquered territory and were under the authority of the governor-general, who reported directly to the king. Only Orekhovsky district with the Neva River remained within the Russian kingdom. In 1595, the captured part of the Vodskaya Pyatina was returned to the Russian kingdom under the Treaty of Tyavzin.

The borders of Ingermanland are limited by the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi and Lake Ladoga with the adjacent plains in the east. The Sestra River is considered to be the border with Finnish Karelia. The southern part does not have clear geographical landmarks and corresponds to the border between Russia and Sweden established in 1617. In 1708, these lands became part of the Ingermanland Governorate, from 1710 - the St. Petersburg Governorate, and from 1927 - the Leningrad Region. The boundaries of these formations have changed significantly over time. From 1803 to 1926, historical Ingria included the city of St. Petersburg and 5 districts of the St. Petersburg province: Petersburg (Petrograd), Peterhof, Tsarskoselsky (Detskoselsky), Shlisselburg and Yamburg. Currently, these are the territories of the Kingisepp, Volosovsky, Gatchina, Lomonosovsky, Tosnensky, Vsevolozhsky and the western part of the Kirovsky (up to the Lava River, formerly Lavaya) districts of the Leningrad region. After the October Revolution of 1917, the northern part of Ingria, with the support of independent Finland, declared state sovereignty - the Republic of Northern Ingria was formed with its capital in the village of Kiryasalo, Vsevolozhsk region, which existed from 1918 to 1920. In 1920, under the terms of the Tartu Treaty between the RSFSR and Estonia, a small part of western Ingria was included in the Estonian Republic.

The Russian population could not understand the meaning of the old names of villages, islands, rivers, and changed them “in the Russian way”, for example, the village of Auttava was renamed Avtovo, and the village of Kettele - into the more understandable “Kotly”, and so on. With the arrival of the Russians, the autochthonous population experienced a serious influence of Russian culture, which, in particular, affected the language, which led to its complete displacement.

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

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Meaning of the word Ingria

Ingria in the crossword dictionary

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Ingria

INGERMANLANDIA (from Swedish Ingermanland) is one of the names of the Izhora land.

Wikipedia

Ingria

Ingermanlandia(Ingria, Izhora, Izhora land; ; ; ; Izhera, Izhera land listen)) is an ethnocultural and historical region in the north-west of modern Russia. It is located along the banks of the Neva, limited by the Gulf of Finland, the Narva River, Lake Peipsi in the west and Lake Ladoga with the adjacent plains in the east. Its border with Karelia is considered to be the Sestra and Smorodinka rivers.

Ingria (album)

"Ingria"- the first official album of the St. Petersburg group “Electric Partisans” and the sixth original album of Vadim Kurylev. The album closes the trilogy “Wait for Godot” - “Equilibrium” - “Ingermanlandia”. Here we tried to combine the contemplative psychedelia of “Wait for Godot” with the radicalist drive of “Equilibrium”. In search of a lost country, dissolved in the Baltic mists, we visited different spaces and times - from the Hyperborean ice to the underground of an industrial metropolis. The howl of air raid sirens or the smoking rhymes of peat bogs - all this is in the music of “Ingria”.

Ingria (disambiguation)

• Ingria is a historical region.
• Izhora land is the historical name of the territory inhabited by the Izhora people, which largely coincides with Ingria.
• Administrative units:
  • Swedish Ingria was a province of Sweden from 1580 to 1595 and then from 1617 to 1721.
  • Ingria province is an administrative entity that existed during the time of Peter I.
• Estonian Ingria is a historical region in the western part of Ingria.
• The Republic of Northern Ingria is a short-term state formation (1919-1920) in the north of Ingria.
• Inkeri is a Finnish-language newspaper published in St. Petersburg in 1884-1917. Currently, the newspapers of the Ingrian Union of Estonia and the St. Petersburg organization of the Union of Ingrian Finns “Inkerin Liitto” are published under the same name.
• Ingermanlandia is a music album by the St. Petersburg group “Electric Partisans”.

Examples of the use of the word Ingria in literature.

There was one Ingria under her direct control, the Latvians and Estonians were at least angry, but...

Russia retreated Ingria, Livonia, Estland, Vyborg and southwestern Karelia.

Yes for a loss Ingria Forty-five thousand souls were given away and sixteen thousand were not available for money.

Peter again besieged Narva, which was the most important point Ingria, and took it by storm.

I can’t say for sure now whether it was in Estland or in Ingria, I only remember that it happened in a dense forest, when I suddenly saw that a monstrous wolf was rushing after me at full speed, driven by an unbearable winter hunger.

He came from the family of a nobleman of the Pskov province, whose Dutch ancestors settled in Ingria even when she was under the Swedes, before the victories of Peter the Great.