The language of the Rusyns. Rusyn language and Rusyns

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Rusyn language(self-names: Rusyn language, Ruska bisida, Russian language, Russian language) or Rusyn languages- a set of heterogeneous dialectal and literary-linguistic formations existing or existing among the Rusyns both on their ancestral lands in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, eastern Slovakia and the Lemko region in south-eastern Poland, and beyond their borders, in areas of compact residence of Rusyns in the territory of Vojvodina (Serbia), Slavonia (Croatia), in Hungary and northwestern Poland (see Operation Vistula), as well as in the United States and Canada. The total number of Rusyns and their descendants in the world is estimated by Rusyn organizations at 1.5 million people. The Rusyn language has a language code en:ISO 639-3 (rue) and belongs, along with Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, to the East Slavic languages. The Rusyn language is formed by two dialect groups - Carpatho-Rusyn (in the original Rusyn territories) and South Rusyn (settlers), which are characterized by regular West Slavic features while retaining some East Slavic features.

Linguists have differing opinions as to whether Ruthenian is a distinct Eastern language Slavic language. Ukrainian authorities and Ukrainian academic science do not recognize the Rusyns as a separate people, considering them an ethnographic group of Ukrainians. Until recently, the Rusyn language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian. Article 7, adopted in 2012, defines Rusyn as one of Ukraine's minority languages, but in 2018 this law was declared unconstitutional. A characteristic feature is the presence in it of a greater number of Church Slavonicisms than in the literary Ukrainian language. A feature that distinguishes the vocabulary of the Rusyn language from the vocabulary of other East Slavic languages is the presence in its composition of a large number of common Carpathian Polonisms and Slovakisms, Magyarisms and Germanisms.

Among non-Slavic lexical elements, the proportion of borrowings from the Hungarian language is especially large. West Slavic elements, Magyarisms, numerous Church Slavonicisms, a layer of unique Slavic vocabulary “are what distinguishes their language from other East Slavic languages, for example, from Ukrainian.”

In addition to the above mentioned features of the Rusyn language, the following can also be mentioned:

Classification of Sub-Carpathian (Rusyn) dialects by G. Yu. Gierovsky (1934)

The dialects of Subcarpathian Rus (according to G. Yu. Gierovsky) are divided into the Subcarpathian dialects proper (Southern Marmaros, Berezhski, North Marmaros, Uzh, East Zemplin and the dialect of the village of Zvaly), dialects experiencing Polish, Slovak and North Carpathian influence (Western Zemplin, Sharish, Spisz), North Carpathian (Verkhovyna, Hutsul and the dialect of the village of Rozsoshki), the dialect of the villages of Bochkova and Brustur (mixed with North Carpathian) and the dialect of the village of Kobylnik.

The old pronunciation is also preserved in the South Marmarosh dialect with sound s after To, G And X. Simultaneously sound And after the hissing ones w, and remains unchanged. They say here awl, shiti, zhito(unlike other Rusyn dialects, in which it is pronounced shylo, shyt, zhyto). Sound h in the South Marmarosh dialect it is hard.

In the eastern part of the distribution of this dialect, adjacent to Marmarosh, a pronunciation like kick, arms, legs, khizha; in the west near Mukachevo and near the Latoritsa river they pronounce sour, arms, legs, hut. Pronunciation awl, shiti, zhito represented in the eastern part, while Mukachevo and Latoritsa say shylo, shyti, zhyto with sound s after hissing ones (although this sound in this case is slightly different from the usual Rusyn s)

In most of the dialect (northwest of the Borzhava River) the words are used: pose(look), lem(only), dêv’adês’át(ninety), anyway(lime), musk (bowl), drag (drag), klepách’ (hammer), sukman (skirt).

In a smaller part of the dialect (in the valley of the Borzhava River and to the southeast of it), words from the neighboring South Maramaros dialect are used: nukati(look), only(only), dêv’yanósto(ninety), soundness(lime), damn(Bowl), bow(drag), klepách’(hammer), svúta(skirt).

Due to consumption lem local residents to the northwest of the Borzhava River received the nickname lemaks , living to the southeast of it and using only - lishak .

After the occupation of the territory of Sub-Carpathian Rus by the Hungarians in 1939, the Carpatho-Rusyn language received support from the occupation government, which considered the Rusyn-Magyarons to be Russified Hungarians, educational activities and book printing in the “Russian” language actively developed: as already mentioned, in 1941 one was published one of the most successful grammars of the Carpatho-Russian language is “Grammar of the Russian language”. In 1944, with the arrival of Soviet troops and after the annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia to the Ukrainian SSR, the Rusyn language and Rusyn identity were officially banned throughout the socialist camp, the Rusyns were called a subethnic group of the Ukrainian nation, and their language was one of the Ukrainian dialects, which even extended to The Bacvan-Srem Ruthenian minority is officially recognized by Yugoslavia.

After the fall of the Soviet regime in Eastern Europe in 1991, gradually all countries of the former socialist bloc recognized the Rusyn language independent language, and the Rusyn ethnic group is a separate people: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Croatia and even the Republic of Moldova [ ] . In many of these countries, the Rusyn language is supported at the state level in the information, educational, cultural and educational spheres.

Only Ukraine did not recognize the existence of the Rusyn language until 2012, continuing to consider it as a group of dialects of the Ukrainian language. But in 2018, the law on languages, which recognized the existence of the Rusyn language, was repealed.

The Rusyn language received the most comfortable conditions for development in the territory former Yugoslavia. Rusyns received cultural autonomy back in 1919 from the kingdom of the SHS, and in 1945, within the framework of the SFRY, they received political autonomy, becoming one of the titular nations of the autonomous region of Vojvodina. The Rusyn language in Serbia, in turn, to this day is one of the six official languages of Serbian Vojvodina, serving the Rusyn minority in all areas: the education system (preschool-primary-secondary-higher), publishing (periodicals, fiction and special literature) , media (Internet, radio, TV), cultural events and festivals, etc. Ploskanovica) Bereg county:

Ja, ... bozsusza zsivomu bohu, Szvjatui Troiczi, Otczu, Szinu i Szvjatomu Duchovi, Szvjatui, Precsisztui Marii i uszim Bozsim szvjatim, zse ja na buk polozsivsi usitok sztrach, hnyiv, lyubov, szvui vlaszni choszen albo skodu i kasdi umiszlenni csolovicsi priklad, na kosdoje toto, sto budu szvidovanni po pravgyi povim, jak szvoi, tak insich tutosnich obivatelei mozsnoszti i uzsitki, dobra, skodi i pochibnosti szoho szela po pravgyi iszpovim i iz nich majmensoje natyulko znaju ne zataju, tak mi Bo zse pomahaj i uszi svjati … etc.

I, ..., I adore the living God, the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the Holy Most Pure Mary and all the saints of God, and I, who have laid fear, anger, love, my domineering hosen albo Skoda and every deliberate human butt , for every thing that I know, in truth, I confess, like my own, as well as other local inhabitants, the opportunities and misfortunes, goodness, harm and vulgarity of this village, in truth, I confess and from them the greatest, as far as I know, I will not hide, so we, God, help and become holy... etc.

Dawnó-dawnó o̯ták robίlɪ, ščò taká bɷ́la… d'v'idúšnɪkɷ ta.. ta xodίw, ta.. mọ́jїj mám'i s'a snίw jakɷ́z' d'ίdo, ščo máw xv' ї́st, xvóst, ta snίw ji s 'a. Ta máma tam p’їšlá dọ n’óɣo, ta ščóz’ ɣovorίla z nίm.. taj máma xvóra bɷ́la. Why not? - ɣasίlɪ ji vọ́du, ta máma ɣét ɪz’b’il’íla, ɪššẹ́ xodίlɪ za ɣranίc’u, dẹ́z’ daléko, ta daválɪ ji vodɷ́ s’v’jačénọji, aválɪ ji krọ́v ɪs pérsta. Mọ́ji mám’i. Nno, ta v’ї́n mnóɣo čẹ́l’ade ták ščó.. obɷ́ xvọ́r’i bɷ́lɪ. … "" (the informant’s speech is conveyed using phonetic signs)

The same text in Cyrillic ( some pronunciation features are not conveyed):

Daaco-da, oh, they were robbed, shcho would have ... dvisniki ̊ that .. that walks, that .. moy ĭ ма я ia yakyy, shcho mak hv’s, tail, that SNIP ї SYA. That mother came before him, that mother spoke to him... that mother was ill. That mother came home, that woman put out the water - do you understand? - they extinguished the water, they beat their mother, they went abroad, far away, they gave them water, they gave blood from their fingers. Mốї mothers. But, there were a lot of people who were so... usually sick.

Example scientific text(Transcarpathian Ukraine, Subcarpathian Rusyn):

For the schooling of the Greek Catholic connivance by Kunz XVII. century, the beginning of the XVIII. centuries there are no mandatory taxes. The spectators were in the habit of becoming depressed, since the education of the populace was low. On this low level of education, Bishop Manuel Olshavsky repeatedly emphasizes his instructions and with sharp words scourges the lack of education of connivance, the leading away from them and the general tiredness of the Rusyn people. The priests took the boys, after having soned themselves (everyone called them priests), and, for good measure, they took the son of the cantor, who taught the son of God, taught him to write, read, and the circus had the same functions. After many years of office, a young man who was already married, who had often earned his own bread from farming, was presented to the bishop, and he gave the goud to the priest, and to the clerk.

Example of literary text (Eastern Slovakia, Pryashevsky Rusyn)

Then the fates are known to everyone. I good, I plan. At this hour, finding a person is like being in a cage. To blossom like the blossom of a cherry tree. We can get out of this completely when the time comes when the whole thing has ripened. If you find yourself in an unpolished way to finish the white house, you will be so injured that you will suffer your whole life. And if the people are warm, surrounded by affection, and develop in good conditions, you will fall out of the scare, like a mitzvah. This is how your future life will be. Because of the good foundation laid. It would be funny to work with this hope, but there is only one straight path to live... If only a person knew this... If only people could once again walk along this true path...

On the 22nd of 2012, in the Pryashiv restoration of “U babičky”, the Literary Evening of Laureates of the Alexander Dukhnovych Award for Rusyn Literature was held, which was awarded to the City for the River 2012. The new laureate was the remaining Rusyn poet from Kezhmark to the west of the Rusyn village Ostruzhnitsa - Yurko Kharitun.

Each city is transferred on the basis of the recommendation of the international group, the members of which were: prof. Dr. Patricia Krafczyk (chairman) and prof. Dr. Stefan Pu zo ZSA, and Assoc. PgDr. Valery Kupka, Ph.D., Zo Slovakia. The city is recognized by the Carpathian-Russian Science Center in Glasport (ZSA), on which is the president prof. Dr. Pavel Robert Machoy.

Rusyns (self-name - Rusnatsi) are a small (approximately 30 thousand people) ethnic group living in Yugoslavia, in some areas of Vojvodina and Croatia; the main concentration of Rusyns is the villages of Ruski Kerestur and Kotsur, cultural centers— Ruski Kerestur, Novi Sad, and also Vukovar. The Rusyn language (the Rusyns themselves call their language “Russki Yazyk”, and Russian - “Rosiyski” or “Velkoruski”) is an example of a Slavic language of limited distribution, a microlanguage.

In the mid-18th century, Rusyns moved from mixed Ukrainian-Slovak villages in Eastern Slovakia to the empty Serbian villages of Kerestur (Krstur) and Kotsur (Kutsura), and then settled in other settlements. Finding themselves in a foreign-language environment, while maintaining the peculiarities of their religion, the Rusyns retained their colloquial, although, of course, he could not avoid foreign language, in particular Serbo-Croatian, influence. Rusyns used as a literary and written language Church Slavonic language, it was, however, limited to confessional (religious) application; Along with it, the mixed “paganism” that was used in the 19th century was used. in Transcarpathian Rus'. Both of these languages were far from colloquial speech, and therefore could not satisfy the practical needs of the Rusyns. Spoken live speech began to be used in some cases in private correspondence.

In 1904, philologist and writer G. Kostelnik published a collection of his poems “Z moyogo valala” (“From my village”), which gave impetus to the creation of the Rusyn literary language. Two decades later, in 1923, G. Kostelnik’s “Grammar of the Bachvan-Russian Beshedi” was published, which defined the norms of the Rusyn language. Currently, the weekly newspaper “Ruske Slovo”, the children’s monthly “Pionirska Zahradka” (“Pioneer Garden”), and the literary and social magazine “Švetłosc” (“Light”) are published in the Rusyn literary language; Several books are published annually in the Rusyn language, as well as textbooks, since in a number of schools the Rusyn language is taught as native language in separate classes, there is also a full Rusyn school. In 1971, the Rusyn poet and educator M. Kocsis published the rules of Rusyn orthography (“Orthography of the Russian language”). Poets and writers M. Nagy, M. Vinay and others played a certain role in the development of the Rusyn language and literature. The following quatrain from G. Kostelnik can give some idea of the Rusyn language:

Rusyns use the Cyrillic alphabet in a version close to the Ukrainian one. Because the and - s do not differ, one letter is used And(no neither s, nor i), letter e transmits sound uh; Availability th before a vowel is conveyed by letters ї, є, yu, I; they also convey the softness of the previous n, l. To convey the softness of these consonants before O and at the end of a word it is used b. Letter ґ used to transmit explosive G. Other features of the use of letters do not require special explanation; The graphic-spelling system has a phonetic orientation to a certain extent.

Of the features of the Rusyn language, it should be noted: 1) the transition of soft h, s V f, w: schnig'snow', jam‘earth’, soft d, t- to affricates dz, ts: zen'day', spomnuts'recall'; 2) stress on the penultimate syllable; 3) disagreement: Krava'cow'; 4) in the genitive case plural common noun endings -oh: ludzokh; 5) in the 1st and 2nd person of past tense verbs, a modified auxiliary verb is retained: knew catfish, knew shi.

Rusyns consider themselves part of the Ukrainian people, but call the Rusyn language their “mother conversation” (native speech). Including the poems of T. G. Shevchenko in the school textbook “Matserinske Slovo”, they are translated into the Rusyn language.

The example of the Rusyn literary language shows how, under favorable conditions, the development of a literary language of comparative narrow use is possible. Using the example of the Rusyn language, one can get acquainted with some specific features of the development of microlanguages, in particular in the Slavic linguistic world. In the USSR, Tartu linguist A.D. Dulichenko specially deals with Slavic languages, whose materials were used in writing this paragraph.

Literature

Dulichenko A. D. Formation and development of the Rusyn literary language in Yugoslavia // Sov. Slavic studies. 1972, no. 3.

Dulichenko A. D. Literary Rusyn language of Yugoslavia: Essay on phonetics and morphology: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1973.

Kocsis M. M. Spelling of the Russian language. Novi Sad, 1971.

Kocsis M. M. Tame the terminology and vocabulary of Serbian-Croatian-Russian-Ukrainian. Novi Sad, 1970.

Dulicenko A. D. Die Entwicklung des literarischen Schaffens bei den Russinen in Jugoslawien: Letopis. Bautzen, 1974. Reihe B. Bd. 21, H. 1.

Dulichenko A. D. Materials for the bibliography of Rusyns of Yugoslavia // Studies in Russian and Slavic linguistics. Samarkand, 1969. Vol. 2.

Koval A.P. Ukrainians in Yugoslavia // Movoznavstvo. 1967. No. 2.

A. E. Suprun

RUSIN LANGUAGE

(Suprun A.E. Introduction to Slavic philology. - Minsk, 1989. - P. 132-135)

, Subcarpathian Rusyn language (Transcarpathia) , Bachvan-Rusyn language. Cm.. also articles Lemko dialect , Central Carpathian dialects ( Transcarpathian dialect), Boykovsky dialect , Hutsul dialect. Cm.. also articles Ukrainian language in Transcarpathia , Ukrainian language in Pryashivshchyna.

Rusyn language- a group of dialects spoken by ethnographic groups of Serbia, Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine. In Ukraine, speakers of these dialects live primarily in Transcarpathia. Some linguists view it as special language, the language has its own ISO 639-3 code, but most Ukrainian scientists classify it as a dialect of the Ukrainian language. The Law “On the Fundamentals of State Language Policy” recognized the Rusyn language as a language of a national minority in Ukraine.

Modern alternative names for the "Rusyn language" are "Ruthenian", "Carpathian", "Carpathian-Rusyn".

In fact, there are four “Rusyn” micromoves, three of which are “Serbian” (Bachvansko-Sremska or Pannonian / Bachvansko-Rusyn), “Slovak” (Lemko-Pryashevsky or Rusyn in Pryashivshchyna / Sharisko-Pryashevsky) and “Polish” ( Lemko in Poland or Lemko-Gorlicka) - was codified in the 1990s, while "Subcarpathian Ruthenian" or Rusyn in Transcarpathia is not codified and represents an array of Ukrainian dialects of the Transcarpathian region.

According to the ISO 639-3 code the Rusyn language, which was created on the basis of the southwestern dialects of the Ukrainian language, is assigned the code rue.

1. Historical situation

Page VIII from "Grammar..." Luchkaya.

"Unica Dialectus mansit absque Grammatica, et forte corruption, scilicet: Ruthenica, aut Carpatho-Ruskaѧ, quae praeter parvam Russiam, Poloniam, preacipue usu venit in Galicia, Lodomeria, Bukovina, et ab hinc per latus meridionale montium Carpathicorum, seu superiorem Hungariam usque Scepusium, cujusque labii animae in Diaecesi Munkatsiensi et Eperjesiensi, in parteque M. Varadinensi ad medium millionem numerantur."

“Without grammar, and perhaps without severe damage, the only language left is Russian or Carpatho-Russian, which is used, in addition to Little Russia, Poland, in Galicia, Volyn, Bukovina, and from here through the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains, or the upper Hungary, according to Spish, it is spoken by everyone in the Mukachevo and Pryashevo bishoprics, and in part of the diocese of Oradea Mare up to half a million people."

On page VIII, the boundaries of the distribution of the “Russian or Carpatho-Russian language” (“ruthenica, aut Carpatho-Russian”) are defined - “except for Little Russia, Poland, also in Galicia, Volyn, Bukovina, and from here through the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains , or upper Hungary, according to Spish, it is spoken by everyone in the Mukachevo and Pryashevo bishoprics, in part of the diocese of Oradea Mare, up to half a million people."

2. Official definition

2.1. Codification of three "Rusyn languages"

The modern use of codified dialects (Lemko language in Poland, Rusyn language in Pryashivshchyna, attempts to use the Rusyn language in Transcarpathia) instead of literary Ukrainian is explained by both political factors (lack of cultural ties with Ukraine, lack of state policy in Ukraine regarding the Ukrainian-Rusyn population of Poland, Slovakia, Romania , corresponding public policy other countries, aimed at weakening the Ukrainian ethnic group), and the revival of the old political idea of the beginning of Art. about the existence of Rusyns as a separate people from the Ukrainians - after the population of Eastern Galicia in the 30s. Art. changed the ethnonym “Rusyn” to “Ukrainian”, only the population of the outlying Ukrainian territories, which subsequently were not included in the Ukrainian state, continued to call themselves Rusyns. In Transcarpathia, out of a total population of 1.255 million people (Ukrainian - 1.010 million people), 10.1 thousand people continue to call themselves Rusyns.

Examples of three codified "Rusyn" micromes

Carpathian dialects have been studied by numerous dialectologists and linguists from many countries (from Ukraine - I. Verkhratsky, A. Zalessky, R. Kersti, I. Pankevich, S. Bevzenko, F. Zhilko, I. Cherednichenko, from Russia - M. Antoshin , G. Gierowski, G. Klepikova, L. Petrov, from Poland - A. Vincenz, V. Kuraszkiewicz, J. Rieger, S. Stieber, from the Czech Republic - I. Vera, Jan Husek, A. Leszka, J. Moravec, from Slovakia - S. Liptak, L. Novak, S. Tobiko, S. Tsambel, from Hungary - L. Balog-Beijri, L. Dezhe, from Romania - S. Penyuk, I. Patruts, R. Udler, from Bulgaria - D. Krinjala, V. Pogorelov, from Norway - A. Broch). About fifty master's and doctoral dissertations have been written and defended on materials from Pivdenny-Carpathian dialects, several dialect and onomastic dictionaries have been compiled (K. Shum, M. Gritsak, I. Dzendzelivsky, M. Duychak, I. Pankevich, M. Syuska, P. Chuchka) and linguistic atlases (S. Ganudel, I. Dzendzelivsky, P. Lizanets, I. Puyo, V. Latta, J. Rieger, I. Szabados, S. Stieber), dozens of monographs, hundreds of different articles and special thematic collections have been published. These studies have shown that these dialects, and above all their Verkhovyna complex, there are Hutsul, Boykiv and Lemko, are an organic part and a direct continuation of the dialects of the Carpathian dialect group of dialects of the south-eastern dialect of the Ukrainian language.

Each of the Transcarpathian dialects has dozens of local specific systemic phonetic and morphological features, hundreds lexical features. Almost every local dialect phenomenon has its continuation or repetition in neighboring or close Ukrainian dialects of Galicia, Bukovina and other dialects of the Ukrainian language. Most of the specific local features are Old Russian archaisms that were preserved in the Carpathians due to isolation from the rest of the Ukrainian lands, or borrowings from Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, German or South Slavic languages.

3. Features

3.1. Rusyn language in Vojvodina

Bachvansko-Rusinskaya (Bachvansko-Srimska, Pannonian) mikromova (self-name - Bachvan-Ruska besheda And Bachwan Russian language / language sometimes scientists qualify it as Bachvan-Srimic version of the Ukrainian literary language)- the literary language of 25 thousand Vojvodina Rusnaks, descendants of Ukrainian emigrants from the South-Western Lemko region, living in Vojvodina from the 18th - 19th centuries. (In the cities of New Sad, Verbas and in the villages of Russky Kerestur, Kotsur, Petrovka, Berkosovo, Mikloshevtsi, etc.). .

Bachvan-Rusyn micromova is codified based on the transitional Ukrainian-Slovak dialects of the Southwestern Lemko region with significant influences from the Serbian language, as well as Hungarian, Polish and German (sometimes Bachvan-Rusyn micromova is classified as "Slavic Esperanto"). Mikromova refers to both West Slavic and East Slavic languages.

The characteristic features of micromoves are:

transition of the Proto-Slavic *or, *ol, *ER, *el V ra, a, re, le (Reins"furrow", chapter"head", breg"shore, tubercle" Vlecic e"drag"), ro, lo (cut it up"step", young"bride"), oro, olo, ere (znorovits e"to get along" - about a horse, belly"guts").
sound transition transition * dj, * tj, * kt "in dz, ts (edzene"food, dish" help"help") or in j/f, h (Madge"limit", machokha, unuchka).
transition *r V ar (Barz"Very"), op (proudly"proud"), er (measurement e"it's getting dark")
transition to Proto-Slavic *l V ov/ol (wolf, yellow, sausage) And lo, lo (slunko"Sun", dlobats"to hammer").
transition * ъ V e (desk"board"), And (dijd"rain"), O (molga"haze");
transition * rъ, * rь, * lъ, * lь V ir/er, ri/re, lu, li/li (kertitsa, kirvavits, krestsiny, hribet, apple, blikha, gliboky).
fixed stress on the penultimate syllable.
nouns male in the dative plural they have ending (servant, clap), verbs in the 1st person singular present tense take end-m (sign, let’s do it).

Bachvan-Rusyn Mikromova - called "Ruski Jaazik" - is one of the official languages of Vojvodina. It conducts television and radio programs, provides training in primary schools, gymnasiums and at the department of Rusyn language and literature at the University of Novi Sad. Current Art. in the Bachvan-Rusyn micromovie, artistic, journalistic, scientific and formal business styles, they are issued periodicals - the weekly "Russian Word", the children's month "Zahradki", the youth month "Mak", the newspaper "Švetłosc", the newsletter "Studia Ruthenica".

The process of codification of the local Bachvan-Srim dialect and the formation of a specific version of the Ukrainian literary language was started by V. Hnatyuk, who in the summer of the year conducted a long folklore expedition on Bachka, which resulted in the recording and publication of the texts of 430 folk songs, 220 stories, numerous anecdotes, as well as folk wedding. In the city of G. Kostelnik, in his native dialect, a poetry collection “From my village” was published.

The founder of the literary Bachvan-Rusyn language, G. Kostelnik, emphasized that the Bachvan-Srim dialect is a dialect of the Ukrainian language and called on his compatriots to study the “book language” (i.e., the literary Ukrainian language), as well as to get closer to it in writing. In the essays “Dze Spada Nasha Besheda” (g.) and “Our Besheda” (g.) G. Kostelnik raises the question of the glotogenesis of the language of the Rusnakov of Yugoslavia, proves that Bachvanska Ruska Besheda is a dialect of the Ukrainian language that has suffered influence from Polish and Slovak languages.

An example of Bachvan-Rusyn micromova (Bachvan-Srimic variant of the Ukrainian literary language)

	Text of the Bachvan-Rusyn micromovie Vojvodina is autonomous in the country of citizens and citizens living in it, as part of the Republic of Serbia. Vojvodina is a region in the region that traditionally nurtures cultural traditions, religious traditions and other European principles and harmful things. Vojvodina is inseparable during this Republic of Serbia . Translation into Ukrainian literary language Vojvodina is an autonomous region that unites the citizens - men and women who live in it - as part of the Republic of Serbia. The Vojvodina region traditionally ensures the coexistence on its territory of many cultures and faiths, as well as other European principles and values. Vojvodina is an integral part of the Republic of Serbia.

Text of the Bachvan-Rusyn micromovie

Vojvodina is autonomous in the country of citizens and citizens living in it, as part of the Republic of Serbia. Vojvodina is a region in the region that traditionally nurtures cultural traditions, religious traditions and other European principles and harmful things. Vojvodina is inseparable during this Republic of Serbia .

Translation into Ukrainian literary language
Vojvodina is an autonomous region that unites the citizens - men and women who live in it - as part of the Republic of Serbia. The Vojvodina region traditionally ensures the coexistence on its territory of many cultures and faiths, as well as other European principles and values. Vojvodina is an integral part of the Republic of Serbia.

3.2. Rusyn language in Slovakia

One of the reasons for the revival of the “Neo-Russian” movement here in the city is the prestige of modern Ukraine, the orientation towards the “West” of both Slovakia as a whole and its Russian-Ukrainian national minority.

In many modern foreign publications, the Lemko dialect is considered precisely as a codified dialect of the Ukrainian language (for example, “Mali Rjecnik Lemkivskog Govora Ukrainskog Jezika” in Ukrainian. "Small Dictionary of the Lemko dialect of the Ukrainian language" , Alexa Pavlesin, Zagreb, Croatia, 2007).

A large number of Lemko organizations ("World Federation of Ukrainian Lemko Organizations", All-Ukrainian Society "Lemkoshchyna", "Young Lemkoshchyna" in Ukraine, "Union of Lemkos" in Poland) oppose the separation of Lemkos and consider them an ethnic group of the Ukrainian people. The Polish Ukrainian-language newspaper "Our Word" contains a Lemko page where materials are posted in the Lemko dialect of the Ukrainian language (different spellings).

Examples of the Lemko language (a codified Lemko dialect of the southwestern dialect of the Ukrainian language) in Poland

Presented in the title Lemkivska, Ukrainian identity, is, obviously, such a self-christening of the Lemkos, in which, recognizing the Lemko region as their closest “small” homeland, cultivating its traditions and language, they are simultaneously considered members of the “big” national, but also cultural and linguistic, Ukrainian society.

Text in Lemko language (codified Lemko dialect of the southwestern dialect of the Ukrainian language) in Cyrillic

On the occasion of the Nativity of Christ, our friends will enjoy the Lemkovina Portal.

Text in Lemko language (codified Lemko dialect of the southwestern dialect of the Ukrainian language) in Latin letters
Z okazyi Sviat Roz"destva Chrystovoho vszytkym naszym pryjatelam odvydz"ajuczym portal Lemkowyna.net z"yczyme spokinych, radisnych Sviat, odorvania od sztodennych problemiv, veseloj Malanky, av Novym 2010 Roci Boz"oj blahodaty, zdorov ia, szczescia i lubovy! .

Presentation in Ukrainian literary language
On the occasion of the Nativity of Christ, we wish all our friends who visit the portal "Lemkovina.net" calm, joyful holidays, forget about daily problems, cheerful Malanka, and in the New Year of God 2010, health, happiness and love!

Famous Polish linguists M. Lesiuv (pol. M. Łesi?w) and V. Mokry consider the Lemko dialect to be a dialect of the Ukrainian language.

3.4. Rusyn language in Transcarpathia

In contrast to the previous names of the written language in Transcarpathia - “Russian”, “Rusnatskoi”, “Rusnyatskoi”, “Ugro-Russian”, “Carpathian Russian language / conversation / beshedy / language” - the Polish name for the “Russian language” began to be widely used: Pol. "Język rusiński"- "Rusinian language / language".

IN pre-war times The “Russian language” in Transcarpathia referred to both the literary Ukrainian language (used with Transcarpathian regionalism) and written speech, built from elements of Church Slavonic, literary Russian and local Transcarpathian dialects (formerly Middle Transcarpathian and Lemko) - some linguists call it “paganism”. A significant difference between the “Russian language” (“paganism”) of pre-war times and the “Rusyn language” from the city is that lexically in the modern “Rusyn language” there is a much greater representation of living colloquial dialects.

Since the dialects of Transcarpathia (and the neighboring Pryashevshchyna) are very different from each other in vocabulary and phonetics, the various variants of the “Rusyn language” also differ from each other in both vocabulary and spelling: in fact, there is no single codified “Rusyn language” (for example, the name of Transcarpathia in the book by P.-R. Magocchi “The People of Nivydki” - P?Dkarpatska Rus, in the "Society of Pudkarpatsky Rusyns" - Pudkarpatskaya Rus, in the "Subcarpathian Republican Party" - Subcarpathian Rus', at I. Petrovtsiy - P?dkarpatskaya Rus). Most often in Transcarpathia, the basis of the “Rusyn language” is the Central Carpathian dialect of the southeastern dialect of the Ukrainian language (with the largest number of borrowings from the Hungarian language - Uzhansky and Berezky dialects, previously the Maramor dialect), which differs significantly from Hutsul in the east and Verkhovyna (Boikovo) dialects in the north of Transcarpathia. In the Pryashivshchyna, the Slovakized (phonetically, lexically and grammatically) Skhidnozemplinsky and Zahidnozemplinsky dialects of the Lemko treaty are most often taken as a basis, and the “Rusyn language” of the Pryashivshchina also differs very significantly from the “Rusyn language” of Transcarpathia.

An example of the Subcarpathian Rusyn language (Rusyn language in Transcarpathia)

Presentation in Ukrainian literary language Came crazy high commission from the Central Committee of the Communist Party. We checked everything. And finally, they are shown the physical training of the patients by the crazy people. The main thing here is jumping from the tower into the pool. Big communist bosses - auditors watch how idiots climb onto the tower, fold their hands like a swallow, and - fates jump. They came to the jumpers and began to praise them, and the crazy patients told the inspectors that the head doctor of the crazy people promised them that if they behaved well, he would pour water into the pool. Until then, they jump into the pool without water.

The “Neo-Russian” movement is generally not supported in the east of Transcarpathia within the distribution of the Hutsul dialect (the population of this part of the region identifies itself as “Ukrainian” or “Hutsul”, and considers Ukrainian to be their native language).

The Rusyn language in Transcarpathia, unlike the Lemko speech in Poland, the Rusyn language in Pryashivshchyna and the Bachwan-Rusyn language in Vojvodina, is not codified. Unsuccessful attempt codification based on the South-Maramor dialects (the language of the "Nyagiv instructions" or "Nyagiv bed") and the works of Magyaron Anthony Chasika was carried out in the city of I. Kerch, S. Popovich, M. Almashi and V. Molnar (in Mukachevo and The book "Mother's Language: A Letter Book of the Rusinian Language" was published in Moscow.)

The article by Podkarpatorusinsky, speech in Transcarpathia, provides detailed information about:

the beginning of the emergence of the “neo-Russian” movement in the Pryashivshchyna, Polish Lemkivshchyna and Transcarpathia,
the ideology of “neo-Russinism” in Transcarpathia using the example of the “Podkarpackie Republican Party”,
the beginning of the “neo-Russian” movement in Transcarpathia, which was associated, among other things, with the activities of the Communist Party of Ukraine,
recognition of the nationality of “Rusyns” on the territory of the Transcarpathian region by the Transcarpathian regional council (in particular by the Our Ukraine and Party of Regions factions) on March 7, and the decision of the Rakhiv district council on this matter on March 22,
about the leaders of the “neo-Rusyn” movement in Transcarpathia (Archpriest Dmitry Sidor, who is the head of the Soyma of Subcarpathian Rusyns and a deputy of the Transcarpathian Regional Council from the Our Ukraine party, head People's Council Rusyns of Transcarpathia Evgeniy Zhupan) and famous activists of “neo-Russianism” in Transcarpathia,
about the suppression by the leaders of the “neo-Russian” movement of scientific grounds for considering Transcarpathia to be part of the Ukrainian language (for example, the decision of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, which in its resolution No. 62756/19 of December 20 noted: “Since the local Russian dialect in Carpathian Rus', which the General Charter speaks of is undeniably a Little Russian dialect, it is necessary to recognize the Little Russian language as the written speech of the local population, i.e. Ukrainian "),
dialects of Transcarpathia,
features of the Subcarpathian Rusinian language (in vocabulary, grammar, word formation and phonetics), as defined in the “Encyclopedia of Subcarpathian Ruthenia” by I. Pop,
constant historical bilingualism of the speaking Transcarpathian dialects,
about the peculiarities of the language of "Nyagiv's teachings", among. 50s XVI century, considered one of the first works written in the living Ukrainian language, namely the Pivdenny-Marmoros dialect of the Central Carpathian dialect of the southwestern dialect of the Ukrainian language.

3.5. Pagan

Below are examples of the Ugro-Russian language ("paganism") of the 19th - early years. XX century

In 1848 people asked us, what are we? We said that we are the most humble Ruthenen (Lord! If our forefathers knew that we ourselves called ourselves by your name, with which our worst enemies baptized us during the persecution, they would stir in their graves.) [...] Or maybe are you Russian? Stadium interrogated us. We cursed soul-body that We are not Russians, not Russen, but that we are still Ruthenen, that our border is on the Zbruch, that we turn away from the so-called Russen, as if from damned schizmatics, with whom we do NOT want anything to do with each other. What is your letter? They interrogated us further. We said that our letter is the same as in the church books, and again we cursed the soul and body from the citizen [...] whom we deny as a stranger. Therefore, then they would have frightened us, so that we, connected by a thousand-year history, church ritual, language and literature with the great Russian people, would not have been foolish when we broke away from Austria, and if they had not allowed us to constitutional freedoms, if we were weak then they would have suppressed us, so that and did NOT breathe Russian breath.

"The Word", 1866

Apparently, the dictionary is leafed through for their own benefit by dialectologists, linguists, looking at the language, and, naturally, fakhmans, studying the history of the Rusyn literary language. According to the literary language of Rusiniv, Vremechko writes this: “Lem yakysto the prophet would be good for future stories, and somewhere someday there will be our own literary language in us.” Sese is narrowed and today can be accepted, here are the dishes and this day is true. As you know, the entire capital regularly indulged in spoiling, and taught the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages to create a fourth East Slavic literary language. The system has not been strengthened in recent years. In Eastern Slovakia and Pudkarpatya, new products and materials written in the Rusyn folk language appear.

Plan:

1. History
2 Distribution of dialects
3 Literary variants of the Rusyn language
4 Features of the Rusyn language (Rusyn dialects)
5 Classification of Sub-Carpathian (Rusyn) dialects by G. Yu. Gierovsky (1934)
6 Language recognition
7 Ethnonym
8 Alphabets
9 Language examples
- 9.1 An example of the Rusyn literary language of the 18th century
- 9.2 An example of the Verkhovyna dialect
- 9.3 Examples of modern Rusyn language
  - 9.3.1 The first book of Moses
10 Bibliography

Introduction

Rusyn language (Ruska besida, Russian language, Rusyn language, Russian language etc.) or Rusyn languages- a set of heterogeneous dialectal, supra-dialectal and literary-linguistic formations that exist or existed among the Rusyn ethnic group both in its ancestral lands in Subcarpathia, Western Ukraine and Eastern Slovakia, and areas of compact residence in the territory of Vojvodina in Serbia, and partly in Slavonia in Croatia, Hungary and Poland (the Lemkos who now live in the western regions and are classified as Rusyns), as well as in the USA and Canada. The total number of Rusyns and their descendants in the world is estimated by Rusyn organizations at 1.5 million people.

Linguists have different opinions as to whether Rusyn is a separate language East Slavic language. The Ukrainian authorities do not recognize the Rusyns as a separate people; they consider the Rusyn language to be a dialect of Ukrainian, and the Rusyns themselves are an ethnographic group of Ukrainians. A characteristic feature that lexically contrasts the Rusyn language with the Belarusian and Ukrainian and brings it closer to Russian is the presence in it of a large number of Church Slavonicisms and Old Russian words, absent in the literary Ukrainian language. A feature that distinguishes the vocabulary of the Rusyn language from the vocabulary of other East Slavic languages is the presence in its composition of a large number of common Carpathian Polonisms and Slovakisms, Magyarisms and Germanisms.

Distributed in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine (6,725 speakers according to the 2001 census) (According to information from the Association of Rusyn organizations “Soym of Subcarpathian Rusyns”, about 800 thousand Rusyns live in Transcarpathia. In 1941, in Transcarpathia, occupied at that time by Hungarian troops, according to the census, 500 lived thousand Rusyns (these data are inaccurate, since the Hungarian government supported the pro-Hungarian Rusyn intelligentsia, nicknamed “Magyarons” by the local population), as well as in the east of Slovakia (about 20 thousand speakers, 1991 census and 24 thousand who indicated their nationality - Rusyns ), in Hungary, Poland, Croatia and the Serbian autonomous region of Vojvodina.

Carpatho-Russian dialects represent, on the one hand, a continuation of the Ukrainian dialect continuum and share many common Slavic, all-Ukrainian and Western Ukrainian features, and on the other hand, they have specific features in phonetics, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, word formation, bringing them closer to the West Slavic, Slovak and Polish dialects. Among non-Slavic lexical elements, the proportion of borrowings from the Hungarian language is especially large. West Slavic elements, Magyarisms, numerous Church Slavonicisms, a layer of unique Slavic vocabulary “are what distinguishes their language from other East Slavic languages, for example, from Ukrainian.”

1. History

From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, three trends pursued by the Rusyn intelligentsia collided: some began to introduce Russian as a literary language, others Ukrainian, and others tried to form a literary Rusyn language on a folk basis. After World War II, only the Ukrainian language was legalized in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Soviet Transcarpathia. In Vojvodina, literary Ruthenian became established in the 1920s. In 1923, the first grammar was published, written in the Bachvan (Vojvodina) Rusyn language, the author of which was Gavriil Kostelnik. In 1924, the first Vojvodina-Rusyn newspaper “Ruski novini” (Novy Sad) was published. At the end of the 20th century, literary and linguistic construction intensified in Poland (grammar in 1992, the magazine “Besida”) and in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine (periodicals, grammar “Mother’s Language”, 1997).

Now representatives of the Rusyns are trying to create a third variety of the all-Rusyn literary language (two have already been codified in Slovakia and Vojvodina), in particular, by publishing texts in all varieties of Rusyn on the pages of the magazine “Rusin”.

There is no common literary language for all Rusyn languages. The dialects of the Rusyn language are divided into Carpathian and Pannonian, or Pannonian-Yugoslavian. While the Carpathian dialects are close to Ukrainian, the Pannonian dialects are almost identical to the Šariš dialect of the Eastern Slovak microlanguage.

The version codified in 1995 in Slovakia has up to 80% of words in common with the literary Ukrainian language. In the Rusyn dialects of Poland there are borrowings from Polish language, in the dialects of Transcarpathia and Slovakia there are borrowings from the Hungarian language, however, in Hungarian itself the influence of the surrounding Slavic languages, including Rusyn, is strongly felt.

2. Distribution of dialects

Subcarpathian (Dolinian and Verkhovyna) Ruthenian dialects distributed in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine and, partly, in the Presov region (capital Presov) in northeastern Slovakia.

The Dolinyanskys are divided into two groups: western (Lemac) and eastern (Maramorosh / Lishatsky). Lemac dialects are distributed from the Boržava valley in the east to the Cirochy valley in northeastern Slovakia in the west. Maramorosh are distributed from the Riki Valley and the Great Dil ridge in the west to the Teresva Valley in the east.

Verkhovyna dialects are common in the Mizhhirya and Volovets districts of the Transcarpathian region; they are transitions between the Boyko and Dolinyan dialects. Verkhovyna people are the descendants of the Boykos who moved to the mountainous regions of Podkarpackie starting from the 17th century.

Lemkowski distributed outside of Ukraine in the Presov region (capital Presov) in Slovakia on the southern (previously - on the northern, in the territory of present-day Poland, up to the Vistula operation) side of the Carpathians.

Some Lemkos identify themselves as Ukrainians and consider their language a dialect of Ukrainian. Some define themselves as a separate people with their own language.

3. Literary variants of the Rusyn language

Pryashevsky Rusyn - literary Rusyn language, codified in the Presov region (in Rusyn: spinning/spinning) in Slovakia based on the East Zemlya and West Zemlya dialects in January 1995. Also common in some emigrant communities, mainly in the USA.
Pannonian-Rusyn language distributed in northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia. Codified in 1923 on the basis of the dialect of Ruski Krstur (Vojvodina, Serbia) by the Greek Catholic priest, writer and poet G. Kostelnik. It is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The Rusyns of Bački and Srem for the most part consider themselves separate Slavic people, and their language as a separate literary Slavic language, however, a very active part of the local intelligentsia remains in the position that the South Rusyn language is a variant of the Ukrainian language, and its speakers are “part of the Ukrainian people.” In fact, as recent studies show, the genetic basis of the Rusyn language of Backa and Srem consists of the East Slovak Zemplin dialects of the Trebišov district and the East Slovak Šarish dialects of the Prešov district, and therefore the South Rusyn language is contrasted with other Rusyn languages in a number of phonological, morphological, lexical and synactic indicators / dialects and is close to the Eastern Slovak dialects of Sarish and Zemplin
Lemkowski - the literary language of the Lemkos living in southeastern Poland. In 2000, the “Gramatyka of the Lemko language” was published in Katowice, the authors of the book: Henryk Fontański and Miroslava Chomiak

4. Features of the Rusyn language (Rusyn dialects)

"The Sub-Carpatho-Rusyn dialect is characterized by some features not known to any of the other Ukrainian dialects. The most important of them are:

1. Distinguishing between two types of vowels uh And O. In the Sub-Carpatho-Rusyn dialect the vowel uh It is usually pronounced normally if it is followed by a hard consonant, for example: nebo, selo, derevo. If vowel uh is located in front of a softened consonant, the front part of the tongue when pronouncing it is significantly closer to the front (hard) palate, the lips stretch in the same way as when pronouncing a vowel And, when articulating the tongue, tension is felt, sound uh as a result, it acquires a different quality, becoming narrow or tense (graphically ê ) and sounds like German uh in a word See. ... Similarly, the Sub-Carpatho-Rusyn dialect has two different O: normal O, not different from Czech (eg. gold, swamp), And O, when pronounced, the lips are rounded (stretched), as when pronouncing at(graphically ô ). In a similar way O pronounced before soft consonants (eg. at zốlôt̓i, at bốlôt̓i) and if the following syllable contains a vowel at(eg. leg, wine pad. units h. nốgu, head, wine pad. units h. gốlôvu. …

2. Softened labials, softened R and semi-soft labials. In the Sub-Carpatho-Russian dialect, labials p, b, c, m soften if they are followed by the above-described narrow (tense) vowel ê . Pronounced, for example, up, look. R It is also softened before the same consonant, for example. on bêr̓êz̓i. Dental t, d, n before this sound they do not soften, but become semi-soft... Consonants z, c before ê are soft: mirror, church.

Softness of the labial V led at one time to his disappearance. So, for example, in all Subcarpathian dialects Russian word saint pronounced like fed up(V western group dialects) or how tenth(in the eastern group of dialects). ...

3. The Subcarpatho-Rusyn dialect retains s as an independent sound, different from And …

4. The Subcarpatho-Rusyn dialect differs from other dialects of the Ukrainian language in pronunciation I know instead of I know, I'll give it instead of I give... Likewise in the 3rd person plural. h.: know/know... In a word, in the Sub-Carpatho-Russian dialect there was a loss of intervocalic j …

5. The comparative degree (comparative) of adjectives is formed in the Carpatho-Russian dialect from the root of the adjective using the ending th for the masculine gender, -A for women and -оє for average. ..."

In addition to the above mentioned features of the Rusyn language, the following can also be mentioned:

Iotated And. Eg: finish, olayiti.(in literary Ukrainian it is denoted by the letter “Ї”)
Presence of sound ґ : Guta, Gerenda, Gambitsya(in literary Ukrainian the sound is also present, denoted by the letter “Ґ”).
Using a unique letter combination yy: third, upper.(the letter combination is absent in the literary language, but is found in dialects of many regions of Ukraine)
Reflexive pronouns are formed with a reflexive particle Xia, which is pronounced after the pronoun: Come back to us.
Use of verb forms be 1st -m/im, sme and 2nd person -s/is, eat present tense in the perfect form, when they replace pronouns, standing at the end, separately from the past tense verb. For example: zrobiv ym = I zrobiv, we have looked at this = we have looked at, fucked up = you fucked up.
Changing conditional verbs by tense: present. vr. we would povili / would povili more and past vr. we would have been povili / would have been very povili.

5. Classification of sub-Carpathian (Rusyn) dialects by G. Yu. Gierovsky (1934)

G. Yu. Gierovsky studied the folk dialects of Subcarpathian Rus for several years and visited many villages of the region. As a result of this painstaking work, the essay “The Language of Subcarpathian Rus” and the first dialectological map of Rusyn Subcarpathia appeared. This essay and map were first published in Czech, in the Czech magazine “Czechoslovak Fatherland Studies”, in the third volume, for 1934.

“The border between dynamic and fixed stress in sub-Krpatorian dialects is the Laborets River. Along this river is narrow strip transitional conversations with mixed types stresses in which the stress, although constant and unary, nevertheless retains relics of dynamic stress. The exact border of the multi-place accent in the west runs along the Chabalovtsy-Vyrava-Vilad line.

Differences in the method of stress for the classification of sub-Carpathian Russian dialects are, however, an insufficient criterion. It is necessary to take into account other differences in popular speech, for example, pronunciation kun or kun, kick or sour, khizha or hut etc. In accordance with this, the following most important groups of dialects of the Sub-Carpathian Russian dialect are distinguished.”

South Marmarosh dialect. In this dialect there are old extended sounds ō , ē at, ̓у(=promoted to the front row "yu" after soft consonants). Russians pop, ox here they sound like navel, vul. Same with the old ones ē (honey, ice) here sound like mnud(=mnyud), lud(=people). The words have a similar sound nous(carried) bunch(pitch).

Berezhsky dialect. In this dialect the old extended ones ō And ē V closed syllables changed into a tense, highly labialized sound ü front row: they say here pup, vul, kun; similar and mnüd, lüd(less often honey, ice with a vowel e, restored by analogy with the forms indirect cases honey, ice etc.). Word nüs"nose" in which ü arose from ō (gen. pad. singular "nose") is pronounced with a hard n. Word nous"carried" with soft n̓, Where ü came from ē (carried- and. R., carried- pl. h.).

The conjunction is used cool of ancient Russian origin in the meaning “what”.

Due to consumption lem local residents northwest of the Borzhava River received the nickname lemaks , living to the southeast of it and using only - lishak .

North Marmarosh dialect.
Ukrainian dialect.
East Zemplin dialect.
West Zemplin dialect.
Sharish dialect.
Spis dialect In the Spiš dialect, old extended sounds ō , ē in closed syllables changed to s, jы: kyn, mjyd. The peculiarity of the Spiš dialect is the pronunciation ji or jы in place of the old one ѣ : vjira, vjyra.

6. Language recognition

Rusyn language in official level was first recognized by the first Czechoslovak Republic in 1919-1920, within which Subcarpathian Rus had some autonomy, and the Carpatho-Rusyn “Russian” language had the status of the third language of the state. After the occupation of the territory of Sub-Carpathian Rus by the Hungarians in 1939, the autonomy and status of the Carpatho-Rusyn language were preserved, educational activities and printing in the “Russian” language actively developed: thus, in 1941, one of the most successful grammars of the Carpatho-Russian language was published - “Grammar of the Russian language” . In 1944, with the arrival of Soviet troops and after the annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia to the Ukrainian SSR, the Rusyn language and Rusyn identity were officially banned throughout the socialist camp, the Rusyns were called a subethnic group of the Ukrainian nation, and their language was one of the Ukrainian dialects, which even extended to The Bacvan-Srem Ruthenian minority is officially recognized by Yugoslavia. After the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1991, gradually all countries of the former socialist bloc recognized the Rusyn language as an independent language, and the Rusyn ethnic group as a separate people: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Croatia and even Moldova. In many of these countries, the Rusyn language is supported at the state level in the information, educational, cultural and educational spheres. The only exception is Ukraine, which still does not recognize the existence of the Rusyn language, continuing to consider it as a group of dialects of the Ukrainian language. The Rusyn language received the most comfortable conditions for development in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The Rusyns received cultural autonomy back in 1919 from the kingdom of the SHS, and in 1945, within the framework of the SFRY, they also received political autonomy, becoming one of the titular nations of the autonomous region of Vojvodina. The Rusyn language in Serbia, in turn, to this day is one of the six official languages of Serbian Vojvodina, serving the Rusyn minority in all areas: the education system (preschool-primary-secondary-higher), publishing (periodicals, fiction and special literature) , media (Internet, radio, TV), cultural events and festivals, etc.

7. Ethnonym

As an ethnonym, the word Rusin first appears in the Tale of Bygone Years and is used along with (Rus, Russian people), this is the name of people belonging to Rus': found in the Tale of Bygone Years, treaties of Oleg with the Greeks in 911 (mentioned 7 times) and Igor in 945 (mentioned 6 times), treaties of Smolensk with the Germans, and later used as an ethnonym in Kievan Rus, Galicia-Volyn Principality, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, common name for Ukrainians and Belarusians in the XIII-XVIII centuries.

In the Middle Ages, and especially active in the 16th-17th centuries, on the territory of modern central Ukraine, the so-called. Hetmanate, Rusyn term (English) Ruthenian), (lat. Rutheni, Ruteni), was applied to language, religion, and also as an ethnonym to designate the nationality of people living in these territories and was used as a synonym for the word “Russian”. On the territory of Galicia and Bukovina this name was preserved until the early 1950s, and in Transcarpathia it has been preserved to this day.

The language of modern Rusyns has two self-names - “Rusky” (“Russians”) and “Rusinsky”. The last one, wearing several artificial character, in Russian and Ukrainian is used much more often in order to distinguish it from Russian and Ukrainian (which in the territory of Austria-Hungary until the beginning of the twentieth century was called exclusively “Rusky”). Similarly, in English the name "Ruthenian" or "Rusyn" is used to distinguish it from "Russian". Native speakers themselves call it almost exclusively “Russian”; the adjective “Rusinsky” in relation to the language appears only in cross-cultural communication and is perceived as Russianism.

8. Alphabets

(options)

9. Language examples

9.1. An example of the Rusyn literary language of the 18th century

The original text of the oath in the Rusyn language (Hungarian alphabet) from the urbar of 1774 of the village of Czolánfalva (modern: Ploskanovica) of the county of Bereg:

Ja, ... bozsusza zsivomu bohu, Szvjatui Troiczi, Otczu, Szinu i Szvjatomu Duchovi, Szvjatui, Precsisztui Marii i uszim Bozsim szvjatim, zse ja na buk polozsivsi usitok sztrach, hnyiv, lyubov, szvui vlaszni choszen albo skodu i kasdi umiszlenni csolovicsi priklad, na kosdoje toto, sto budu szvidovanni po pravgyi povim, jak szvoi, tak insich tutosnich obivatelei mozsnoszti i uzsitki, dobra, skodi i pochibnosti szoho szela po pravgyi iszpovim i iz nich majmensoje natyulko znaju ne zataju, tak mi Bo zse pomahaj i uszi svjati … etc.

The same text of the oath, but in Cyrillic:

I, ..., I adore the living God, the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the Holy Most Pure Mary and all the saints of God, and I, who have laid fear, anger, love, my domineering hosen albo Skoda and every deliberate human butt , for every thing that I know, in truth, I confess, like my own, as well as other local inhabitants, the opportunities and misfortunes, goodness, harm and vulgarity of this village, in truth, I confess and from them the greatest, as far as I know, I will not hide, so we, God, help and become holy... etc.

9.2. An example of the Verkhovyna dialect

Torun dialect of the Eastern Verkhovinsk group:

"...About sorcerers and witches

The same text in Cyrillic ( some pronunciation features are not conveyed):

Daaco-da, oh, they were robbed, shcho would have ... dvisniki ̊ that .. that walks, that .. moy ĭ ма я ia yakyy, shcho mak hv’s, tail, that SNIP ї SYA. That mother was there before him, that mother was talking to him... that mother was ill. That mother came home, that woman put out the water - do you understand? - they extinguished the water, they beat their mother, they went abroad, far away, they gave them water, they gave blood from their fingers. Mốї mothers. But, there were a lot of people who were so... usually sick.

9.3. Examples of modern Rusyn language

The text, written in Pannonian Ruthenian, a Bačvano-Srem dialect, is linguistically close to the Šarišo-Prešov dialect of the Slovak language:

That rock was already given to another stretnutse gaburchanoh by the way, htorih in the Valala district, at Gaburi on July 8, 2006. rock, on his native breast was instilled by the headman of the Valala M. Juszczyk. Shchiri words, podzekovnost, piha and proud before the good voice of his valalu, vitanya for a long time unseen rodzini, guessed for a long time, on Gabura, on rodzina and tradition, there is no place for it on the ancient rodzini, ale and on the ancient cultural and cultural goals th and the sports program was created under the name: “Gabura spiva and shportuje”

Text in the Pryashevsky version of the Ruthenian literary language, codified in Slovakia:

That year, there was already another gathering of Gabur clans, who were instilled in the rural district of Gabur on July 8, 2006, in their native land by the head of the village M. Yuszczyk. Words to the soul, pride and pride for sharing a good word about your village, the history of long-unseen clans, remembering for a long time, to Gabur, to the homeland and traditions, there is little space in the line of clans and for the whole two decades ovi cultural-Spolochensk and sports actions , which used to go by the name: “Gabura sleeps and sports.”

The same text in the Lemko-Gorlice dialect, codified in Poland:

That fate saw the birth of another group of Gabur clans, whom the village head M. Yuszczyk brought to the land in the Silsky District in Gabur on 8. Lipetsa 2006. The rich words of pride and pride for the wide good glory of their village, soaring among the long-unseen clans, the memories of ancient times, Gaburi, homeland and traditions were not only in the stories of the clans, but also in the whole ancient cultural, family and sports saints, it happened before called “Gabura sleeps and sports.”

The same text in the Subcarpathian version of the Rusyn language, codified in Uzhgorod in 2002 (this is only one of the attempts at codification, but not generally accepted):

In this day and age there was already another meeting of Gabur fellow countrymen, who were welcomed to their native land in the Silsky District in Gabur on July 8, 2006 by the village headman M. Yushchik. Soulwoman, the words of podyaks and pride in the eagerness of the good glory of his villages, Vitanya Dovgo not visible fellow countrymen, goals about the long hours, about Gaburi, about Rodini and traditions, Mali Mali is not a lime on the Striki of the fellow countryman, Aibo and on the School Dwarfic and Sports Syatovi, which went by the name: “Gabura sleeps and does sports”

The same text in another variant of the Subcarpathian Rusyn language:

uv sisyum fatally there was a friend's meeting of the Gabur zimlyaks, kutrykh uv Sjålskoy administration uv Gaburovi July 8, 2006 fate on the native winter was greeted by the head of the force M. Yushchyk. Heartfelt words, words of gratitude and pride for the spread of good glory of the Svgo Sila, vÿtanyo long-lived zimlyakuv, memories of the old hours, of Gaburov, of the Rodynya and traditions of the small place or lem for the meeting of the zimlyakuv, aibo and for the whole two-day period cultural-communityvinnum ai sportivnum syatovi, around the corner I called: “Gabura to sleep and to engage in sports”

The same text in literary Ukrainian:

Whose fate was met by a friend of the Gabur fellow countrymen, who were in the Silsky District in Gabur on June 8, 2006, and the village headman M. Yuschik welcomed them to the native land. Broad words of such pride for the expansion of the good glory of his village, the legacy of long-lived fellow countrymen, the memory of ancient times, Gaburi, homeland and the tradition of the small place are not less in the name of fellow countrymen, but also in the double cultural life and the sports saint who was born under the name “Gabura sleeps and sports”

Russian analogue of the text :

This year, the second meeting of Gabur fellow countrymen took place, who were welcomed to their native land by the village head M. Juszczyk at the Village Administration in Gabur on July 8, 2006. Heartfelt words, words of gratitude and pride for spreading the good glory of their village, greetings from long-unseen fellow countrymen, memories of ancient times, about Gabur, about family and traditions took place not only at the meeting of fellow countrymen, but throughout the entire two-day cultural, social and sports action, which took place under the name: “Gabura sings and plays sports.”

9.3.1. The first book of Moses

The translation from Church Slavonic was carried out by Migal Tomcsanyi Jr. The copyright of the translation remains with him. This excerpt is posted on the Wikipedia page with his permission.

This is what the beginning looks like Old Testament- The first book of Moiseev in the Subcarpathian Rusyn language: Pirva book Muisiyova
To be
Head of the Pirva
1. Sutvurynno niba ay zimly; 26. sutvurynno chuluvÿka.

Uv nachalovy sutvury God no ah zimlyu.
Zimlya was bizdna and empty, ah timin over bizdno; Oh, the spirit of God is hovering over the water.
Ay puvÿv God: may you be holy. Oh, becoming a saint.
And when God looked out, he was holy; ah uddyol God is holy ud timinya.
Ay naimnyovav God is holy during the day, and timin nucciu. Ay, having been vichur, ay it was too early: ding yiden.
Ay puvov God: Nay tvird will be surrounded by water, And nay it will uddyal water ud water.
Ay suzdav God is strong; ay uddyoliv water, kutra pud tvirdyou ud water, kutra above tvirdyou. Oh, that's how it got.
Oh, God has given us the heavens. And having been vichur, it was too early: another ding.
Ay puvÿv God: nay sya zbere water, kutra pud nabom u yidnoє place. And find dry land. Oh, that's how it got.
Ay God has given us the land of winter, and the sub-early waters have brought us Murma. Oh, God forbid, all this is good.
Ay puvÿv God: nay the winter zilin will grow rusty, the grass will grow wildly, wildly fruitful, bearing fruit according to its genus, and at the end of the winter it will grow. Oh, that's how it got.
Oh, the winter has withered away the zilin, the grass, the grass, the seed, according to its kind, and the wildly, bearing fruit, at the kutum of the family, according to its kind. Oh, God forbid, all this is good.

An excerpt from the translation into the Sub-Carpathian-Rusyn language of a novel by the famous Sub-Carpathian writer - Mikhail Tomczanyi (Tomchanyi). Translation from Ukrainian was carried out by Migal Tomcsanyi Jr. The copyright of the translation remains with him. This excerpt is posted on the Wikipedia page with his permission.

Mikhailo Tomchani (Tomchaniy) Zhminiaky (novel)

Part of the feast

1. Zhminyak hung the reins on his neck, angrily puddling the chips of the yellow-colored plow purchased from Prushlum, he would have feared that it would turn over. Wun quickly got used to the hole in the hole, and it could not have been let out of his hands. The restless kun stepped quietly, without snorting, because the winter was at least krykhkou, aibo wet. Gazda eishov behind the plow from the waters for the new harvest. From a pud of kalap a drop of sweat ran down the glass, rose to the cheek, and then the zurvala ay fell on the reins. Ivan zuynav from the head vutsvyatshy on suntsovy, byt vÿtramy, vpoloshennyy duzhmy kalap ay virg go on susÿdovu niorana now. With his sleeve he put a cord from his bald head, and a pack of jumps into his unheard forelock, which is not the least bit of a fool. Vshidkyh blyzhnykh Ivan twisted ay trymav uv zhminya, aybo hair lem sya zgybaly pud go dolonyou, pak naraz stood on svuyo place ay dali stuyali giy yom sya htyolo. They were the Drutovs, so they were lyshyly. Zhminyak's mustache channels, zvysavuchy chornou pudkovo, ay small such a form, giy rut: giy would be notches uv stuyachum stulovs - zvirkha dolÿ. Zhminyakov’s face was a little plump, nous from gurbynkou, and the neck of the neck was like a braided curniv, standing in front of a wide plough. The figure was springy, on mutsny, nor wilma long nougat. Uv sisium fatal marciy sya rasgeneros sun. Ishkolovy hole-hole namorjav two thousand five hails tipla uv tyanyovi. Aibo Zhminyak sese zamachav on the tangled kunsky backs, which lusnyol on suntsov. But the pÿdzhak go lick uv kuntsovy nyvy, pu-pry roads. On Iyvanovy, she deprived Rozkapchan of a marmot made of house-woven fabric, disivÿ sÿra lega ah pudkovanya topanka, kuplinya zimou, for three thousand they blow kurun. The fields were alive with people. Chirisla on the plows ay motyty, kutro uv robotya freed ud zymuvnyuy irzhavchyny, blyshchaly on suntsyovy. Yes, I'm orav, I'm crushing each other. The crane popped up and poured out the cold water, now and then pouring out near the water. People got drunk from their thinness, from their very ardor, and filled up their water to the gills. Zhminyakovi Puyshov fiftieth hand. Throw zimou wun olds, irzhavs, gii toto zhylyozo on the plow, then visna zas virtuala mu muludust.…

10. Bibliography

Publications:1987-2003
Publications: 1993-2003

Notes

Ethnologue report for language code:rue - www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rue
According to national statistical offices:
- Slovakia - 54,907 - www.statistics.sk/webdata/english/census2001/tab/tab3a.htm
- Serbia - 15,626 - webrzs.stat.gov.rs/zip/esn31.pdf
- Ukraine - 6,725 - 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/regions/select_reg5/?box=5.5W&data1=1&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&data=1&botton=cens_db&k_t=00
- Croatia - 2,337 - www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02.html
- Poland - 5,800 - www.stat.gov.pl/english/
- Hungary - 1,098 - www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_28.html
- Czech Republic - 1,106 - www.czso.cz/csu/2005edicniplan.nsf/t/D6002FD8F5/$File/kap_I_05.pdf
1 2 Suprun A.E. Introduction to Slavic philology. - Minsk, 1989. - P. 132
Tomasz Kamusella The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. - Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. - 896 p. - ISBN 0-23-055070-3
1 2 3 Serbo-Sorbian (Serbo-Sorbian) and Rusyn (Rusyn) languages: on the issues of their comparative historical synchronicity and commonality. In the collection: Study of languages in line with the traditions of comparative historical and comparative linguistics - www.philol.msu.ru/~slavphil/books/30_10_2001.pdf, inf. materials and abstracts of reports, Moscow, MSU Publishing House, 2001, ISBN 5-211-04448-7
1 2 Mikulas Shpirko. Russian-Rusyn language contacts - publib.upol.cz/~obd/fulltext/Rossica36/Rossica36_15.pdf, Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci
1 2 A. Yu. Musorin From observations of the vocabulary of the Rusyn language - www.philology.ru/linguistics3/musorin-06b.htm. Actual problems word formation and lexicology. - Vol. Kh. - Novosibirsk, 2007. - P. 332-336.
IZBORNIK: RUSINSKA MOVA - izbornyk.org.ua/ukrmova/um87.htm. Izbornik: project of an electronic library of old Ukrainian literature.
However, from the examples of such Church Slavonicisms given by A. Musorin - www.philology.ru/linguistics3/musorin-06b.htm words youth, ruler, love of power, rise again, slave are ordinary words of the Ukrainian language (and the first three are absent in Russian), and the rest are used in it as archaisms (see Western Russian written language), “high” or confessional vocabulary
There are quite a few spelling errors in the article by A. Musorin - www.philology.ru/linguistics3/musorin-06b.htm Ukrainian words: “yakost” instead of “yakist”, “koshtovati” instead of “koshtuvati”, “kishenya” instead of “kishenya”, etc. In addition, the origin of some words is incorrect (for example, “fayny” is presented as a borrowing from English through Polish , although according to the most common opinion it is of German origin.)
All-Ukrainian population census 2001 | Regions of Ukraine | Selection result: - 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/regions/select_reg5/?box=5.5W&data1=1&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&data=1&botton=cens_db&k_t=00
TV channel INTER program “Details”. Broadcast September 7, 2007. - podrobnosti.ua/society/2006/09/07/346234.html
http://infru.de/snws/51/poloca-7.pdf - infru.de/snws/51/poloca-7.pdf Newspaper Slavic News from 09/10/2009
In Ukraine they fear that the Rusyns of Transcarpathia will proclaim a republic. Her “government” has already been created - txt.newsru.com/world/01dec2008/zakarp.html
Komsomolskaya Pravda 11/15/2009 - news.km.ru/na_zapade_ukrainy_vozrozhdaetsya
Ethnologue report for language code: rue - www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rue
http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/slov/scitanie/namj.htm - www.statistics.sk/webdata/slov/scitanie/namj.htm
G. Kostelnik. Grammar of Bachvan-Russian beshedi.// G. Kostelnik. Prose in Russian literary language. Novi Sad, 2011. ISBN 978-86-7105-223-8
V. V. Charsky. Rusyn language of Serbia and Croatia in the light of language contacts. Linguogenetic aspect. Moscow region, Shchelkovo, 2011. ISBN 978-5-904456-57-3
Henryk Fontański,Mirosława Chomiak. Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego "Śląsk" Sp. z.o.o. Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice 2000
Georgy Gerovsky. The language of Subcarpathian Rus (translation from Czech, the book was prepared for publication through the efforts of S. V. Sharapov) Moscow 1995
Georgij Gerovskij, “Jazyk Podkarpatské Rusi I., Lidová řeč Podkarpatské Rusi” (s mapou nářečí Podkarpatské Rusi), Československá vlastivěda, díl III. - Jazyk, stránky 480-517, Prague 1934.
Ivan Garayda. Grammar of the Russian language. Ungvar, 1941
Musorin - From observations of the vocabulary of the Rusyn language - www.philology.ru/linguistics3/musorin-06b.htm
Charsky Vyacheslav. South Russian language in the light of language contacts. Linguogenetic aspect. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philological Sciences. Moscow, 2008 - www.dissland.com/catalog/yuzhnorusinskiy_yazik_v_svete_yazikovih_kontaktov_lingvogeneticheskiy_aspekt.html
Istvan Udvari. Rusinian treasures of the urban reform of Maria Terizia. Nyiregyhaza, 1999.
S. L. Nikolaev, M. N. Tolstaya. Dictionary of the Carpatho-Ukrainian Torun dialect. Institute of Slavic Studies RAS, Moscow 2001

The Rusyn language is a whole group of different dialects and linguistic entities common among the Rusyn people, who lived in Ukraine in Transcarpathia, in eastern Slovakia and in southeastern Poland. Also, representatives of the nationality lived in some areas of Serbia, Croatia, Hungary and even in Canada and the United States.

Nowadays, according to statistics, the number of Rusyns is about one and a half million people. The Rusyn language is similar to Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as it belongs to the same language group.

Linguists' opinions

This language is one of the official languages of Vojvodina, an autonomous region of Serbia located north of the Danube. There is still no consensus on whether the Rusyn language can be considered independent. Ukrainian linguists, like the authorities, do not recognize the Rusyns as a separate nationality, considering them as an ethnographic group of Ukrainians, and their speech as a dialect of Ukrainian. However, not so long ago, in 2012, a resolution was adopted according to which Rusyn became the language of the small peoples of Ukraine.

Of course, two related languages existing in the same country will be similar. This is normal. The Rusyn language is no exception. His vocabulary, however, is much to a greater extent, rather than Ukrainian, is filled with Church Slavonicisms. Distinctive feature It is also the presence of Polonisms, Slovakisms, Germanisms and Magyarisms. Many lexical elements from Hungarian passed into the Rusyn language.

Collision History

In the 19th and until the mid-20th century, three trends prevailed in Rusyn cultural society. Russophiles proposed introducing Russian as a literary language, and Ukrainophiles, respectively, Ukrainian. The third group attempted to form a literary Rusyn language.

During the war, Podkarpackie was under Hungarian occupation, and the Podkarpackie Society of Sciences played a large role in the cultural development of the region. In the first year of the war, “Grammar of the Russian Language” was published, the author of which was Dr. Ivan Garayda, a teacher, translator, publisher, linguist and educator. It is he who creates the literary Subcarpathian Ruthenian. In subsequent years, magazines, newspapers and books were published in this language in the region.

Legal language

Despite the fact that in the post-war period the literary Ukrainian language was actively cultivated in Podkarpackie, it did not take root among the Rusyns. Moreover, mastering Ukrainian phonetic writing has become a big problem, in connection with which many Transcarpathian Rusyns still do not consider themselves Ukrainians.

Despite all this, after the war in Transcarpathia only Ukrainian was official, although in Vojvodina literary Rusyn was approved back in the twenties, and the first grammar was published in 1923.

A common literary Rusyn language has not yet emerged. A translator may not be required to understand different dialects - general essence the text can be understood even without knowing the language (provided you know another East Slavic language, for example Russian), but this is not enough for a complete perception of the literary work.

Main dialects

In the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine and in part of the Presov region in the northeast of Slovakia, the so-called Subcarpathian Ruthenian dialects are common, which, in turn, are divided into Verkhovyna and Dolinian. Dolinyansky is divided into western (Lematsky) and eastern (Lishatsky, or Maramoroshsky). The Lemac dialect is widespread in the west of north-eastern Slovakia. The Lisha dialect is spoken by Rusyns, who live in the territory from the Teresva Valley in the east to the Riki Valley in the west.

In the Transcarpathian region, in the Volovets and Mizhhirya regions, the Verkhovyna dialect is widespread, which is something between Dolinyansky and Boykovsky.

The Lemko dialect now exists in Slovakia on the southern side of the Carpathians. Some Lemkos consider themselves Ukrainians and their language as dialectal Ukrainian. The other part identifies itself as a separate people.

Peculiarities

The Rusyn language, the history of which is so unusual, has absorbed many nuances characteristic of dialects common in border areas.
It distinguishes two types of vowels o and e, which was observed in the Old Russian language and in most Northern Russian dialects. In Sub-Carpatho-Russian “e” is pronounced the same way as in Russian if it is followed by a hard consonant (nebo, selo, derevo), but if the same vowel is placed before a softened consonant, the nature of the sound changes. When pronouncing it, the tongue approaches the front palate, and the lips stretch, as with the sound “i”. There is tension in the articulation of the language, and the vowel “e” takes on a completely different sound, the sound becomes tense, narrow, as in the German word see.

The “o” sound can also have two pronunciation options. In the usual version, it is no different from the Russian or Czech “o”, but before soft consonants it is pronounced with elongated lips, resulting in something between “o” and “u”.
The labial consonants “p”, “b”, “v”, “m” in Sub-Carpathorusyn are pronounced with softening if they are followed by the soft “o” described above. The dental vowels “t”, “d”, “n” before this vowel do not soften completely, but become semi-soft, but “ts” and “z” become soft.

Other sounds

Since the labial sound “v” is soft when pronounced, it gradually disappeared completely. In all Subcarpathian dialects, the word “saint” began to be pronounced as “syaty” in the western part and as “syaty” among the eastern group of dialects.

But the sound “y” remained separate from “i”. Sub-Carpatho-Russian differs from the Ukrainian dialects in the pronunciation of words with the ending “ay”, for example: “davu” instead of “give” and “znavu” instead of “know”; in the third person plural the rule is preserved (davut, znavut).

Here are a few more characteristic features of Rusyn: iotated and (olaiiti, doyiti), the presence of the sound G", a unique letter combination "ы" (upper, third). Votive pronouns in this language are formed using the particle "sya", which is added after the pronoun ( nay id nam sya verne) These are the main features that distinguish the Rusyn language.

History of recognition

As mentioned above, Subcarpathia was occupied by the Hungarians, and in 1939 the Ruthenian language was supported by the occupation government. They considered the Rusyn-Magyarons to be Russified Hungarians. This time can be called, to a certain extent, the heyday of the Rusyn language: “Grammar of the Russian Language” is published, books are published, newspapers and magazines are printed. However, in 1944, Subcarpathia was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR, and the Soviet government prohibited cultural and educational activities carried out by the Rusyns. They are recognized only as a small ethnic group of Ukraine, and their language is recognized as a dialect, despite the fact that in Yugoslavia the Rusyns were officially recognized as a separate people.

It was only in 1991, after the fall of communism, that the countries that were part of the USSR gradually recognized the Rusyns as a people. In Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Romania and Russia, Rusyn is supported in the cultural and educational sphere, and more than twenty years later the Rusyns were recognized by Ukraine.

It is interesting that the word “Rusyn” has been known for quite a long time. Even in the Tale of Bygone Years, this ethnonym was used to refer to people living in Rus'. The word appears seven times in a treaty between Oleg and the Greeks dating back to 911. From the 13th to the 18th centuries, this was the name given to Ukrainians and Belarusians. In Lithuania and Poland at that time, Rusyns were any resident who professed Orthodoxy and spoke any East Slavic language or dialect (the Poles and Lithuanians themselves were mostly Catholics).

Until 1945, the adjective “Rusinskiy” did not exist; instead, “Russian” was used (hence the title of the book “Grammar of the Russian Language”). After the war, the word “Rusky” acquired the meaning “Russian,” which was reflected in both colloquial Rusyn and literary.

Studying Rusyn

This interesting archaic speech certainly attracts attention. There are many songs that Rusyns still sing in their native dialect, so you can start with them. It will not be difficult for any native speaker to learn the Rusyn language. The tutorial can be found on the relevant information resources, but communities in in social networks, dedicated to Rusyn, where native speakers communicate directly, and learn from them.

In addition, when taking a trip, you can spend some time in an area where Rusyn is spoken. This will give you a quick start in learning the language and will allow you to master phonetic features. But before you start learning, you need to decide on the dialect, since there is still no common literary Rusyn.